Oxidative stress as a key modulator of cell fate decision in osteoarthritis and osteoporosis: a narrative review

Association between ethylene oxide exposure and osteoarthritis risk mediated by oxidative stress: evidence from NHANES 2013-2020

Ethylene oxide is extensively used for sterilizing medical equipment, and its carcinogenicity has been well documented. Furthermore, the onset of multiple diseases, including diabetes and hypertension, has been demonstrated to be associated with exposure to this compound. However, its association with osteoarthritis risk remains elusive. The study analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2013-2020, which included 6088 American adults, among whom 763 (12.5%) were diagnosed with osteoarthritis. We utilized a weighted generalized linear model to assess the correlation between ethylene oxide exposure levels and osteoarthritis risk. This study used mediation analysis to assess the functions of indicators of oxidative stress (γ-glutamyl transferase) and inflammation (alkaline phosphatase, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, and lymphocyte count) as mediators of how ethylene oxide affects osteoarthritis. The analysis revealed that elevated levels of ethylene oxide were correlated with a higher risk of osteoarthritis, even when controlling for other variables. The odds of developing osteoarthritis were 1.86 times higher in the fourth quartile than in the first quartile (95% confidence interval: 1.20-2.88, P = 0.0097, P for trend = 0.0087). Subgroup analyses indicated consistency across different cohorts. Mediation analysis revealed that oxidative stress (γ-glutamyl transferase), not inflammation, was the mediator linking ethylene oxide levels to the risk of osteoarthritis. This finding in a sample of American adults revealed a direct relationship between exposure to ethylene oxide and increased osteoarthritis risk. Oxidative stress has been suggested as a possible biological explanation for osteoarthritis caused by ethylene oxide.

Microplastics/nanoplastics contribute to aging and age-related diseases: Mitochondrial dysfunction as a crucial role

The pervasive utilization of plastic products has led to a significant escalation in plastic waste accumulation. Concurrently, the implications of emerging pollutants such as microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) on human health are increasingly being acknowledged. Recent research has demonstrated that MPs/NPs may contribute to the onset of human aging and age-related diseases. Additionally, MPs/NPs have the potential to induce mitochondrial damage, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction is widely recognized as a hallmark of aging; thus, it is necessary to elucidate the relationship between them. In this article, we first elucidate the distribution of MPs/NPs in various environmental media, their pathways into the human body, and their subsequent distribution within human tissues and organs. Subsequently, we examine the interplay between MPs/NPs, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the aging process. We aspire that this article will enhance awareness regarding the toxicity of MPs/NPs while also offering a theoretical framework to support the development of improved regulatory policies in the future.

Oxidative Balance Score Associated with Osteoporosis in Younger Women: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014 and 2017-2018 Data

OBJECTIVE

To explore the association between oxidative balance score (OBS) and osteoporosis risk, as well as to identify the specific population group.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, we included the data of 5,413 participants using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2013-2014 and 2017-2018. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) curves, logistic regression models, trend tests, and stratification analyses were used to evaluate the association between the OBS and osteoporosis risk. Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to identify independent factors related to OBS. Finally, whether OBS played a mediating role in osteoporosis was evaluated using a mediation analysis.

RESULTS

Patients with osteoporosis had a lower OBS, and a high OBS score was associated with a decreased risk of osteoporosis (p < 0.05). Further stratification analysis revealed that the relationship between OBS and osteoporosis was robust in the three models in female patients aged < 70 years, which was validated using a trend test (p < 0.05). Age and sex were independent predictors of osteoporosis and the OBS. The OBS was a mediator in the association between sex, but not age, and disease.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate a negative relationship between OBS and osteoporosis risk, which was pronounced in younger women and individuals aged < 70 years. Moreover, sex may be related to osteoporosis through the regulation of OBS.

Aging Impairs Implant Osseointegration Through a Novel Reactive Oxygen Species-Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α/p53 Axis

Enhancing bone-vessel coupling to form high-quality vascular-rich peri-implant bone is crucial for improving implant prognosis in elder patients. Notably, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) is known to promote osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling; however, this effect remains to be investigated in aged bone owing to the dual effect of HIF1α in different aged organs. In this study, HIF1α inhibitor or activator was applied to aged mice and their bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to investigate the effects and inner mechanism of HIF1α on the peri-implant osteogenesis and angiogenesis in senescent status. Cell senescence, along with osteogenic and angiogenic abilities of aged BMSCs, was detected, respectively. Meanwhile, a femur implant implantation model was constructed on aged mice, and the bone-vessel coupling of peri-implant bone was observed. Mandibular bone morphology was also detected to further provide evidence for clinical oral implantation. Furthermore, p53 expression was examined in vivo and in vitro following HIF1α intervention. A reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger was also adopted to further investigate the roles of ROS in the HIF1α-p53 axis. Results showed that the suppression of HIF1α alleviated senescence and osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling of aged BMSCs, while its activation aggravated these effects. The mandible phenotype and bone-vessel coupling in aged peri-implant bone also changed accordingly upon regulation of HIF1α. Mechanistically, p53 changed in the same direction as HIF1α in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the ROS scavenger reversed the HIF1α-p53 relationship and weakened the effect of HIF1α inhibitor on peri-implant bone improvement. In conclusion, in aged mice, highly expressed HIF1α impaired peri-implant bone-vessel coupling and implant osseointegration through p53, and accumulated ROS was a prerequisite for HIF1α to positively regulate p53. These findings provide new insights into the role of HIF1α and the ROS-HIF1α/p53 signaling axis, offering potential therapeutic targets to improve implant outcomes in elderly patients.

Supersulfides contribute to joint homeostasis and bone regeneration

The physiological functions of supersulfides, inorganic and organic sulfides with sulfur catenation, have been extensively studied. Their synthesis is mainly mediated by mitochondrial cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CARS2) that functions as a principal cysteine persulfide synthase. This study aimed to investigate the role of supersulfides in joint homeostasis and bone regeneration. Using Cars2AINK/+ mutant mice, in which the KIIK motif of CARS2 essential for supersulfide production was replaced with AINK, we evaluated the role of supersulfides in fracture healing and cartilage homeostasis during osteoarthritis (OA). Tibial fracture surgery was performed on the wild-type (Cars2+/+) and Cars2AINK/+ mice littermates. Bulk RNA-seq analysis for the osteochondral regeneration in the fracture model showed increased inflammatory markers and reduced osteogenic factors, indicative of impaired bone regeneration, in Cars2AINK/+ mice. Destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery was performed to produce the mouse OA model. Histological analyses with Osteoarthritis Research Society International and synovitis scores revealed accelerated OA progression in Cars2AINK/+ mice compared with that in Cars2+/+ mice. To assess the effects of supersulfides on OA progression, glutathione trisulfide (GSSSG) or saline was periodically injected into the mouse knee joints after the DMM surgery. Thus, supersulfides derived from CARS2 and GSSSG exogenously administered significantly inhibited inflammation and lipid peroxidation of the joint cartilage, possibly through suppression of ferroptosis, during OA development. This study represents a significant advancement in understanding anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant functions of supersulfides in skeletal tissues and may have a clinical relevance for the bone healing and OA therapeutics.

Cell death signaling in human erythron: erythrocytes lose the complexity of cell death machinery upon maturation

Over the recent years, our understanding of the cell death machinery of mature erythrocytes has been greatly expanded. It resulted in the discovery of several regulated cell death (RCD) pathways in red blood cells. Apoptosis (eryptosis) and necroptosis of erythrocytes share certain features with their counterparts in nucleated cells, but they are also critically different in particular details. In this review article, we summarize the cell death subroutines in the erythroid precursors (apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis) in comparison to mature erythrocytes (eryptosis and erythronecroptosis) to highlight the consequences of organelle clearance and associated loss of multiple components of the cell death machinery upon erythrocyte maturation. Recent advances in understanding the role of erythrocyte RCDs in health and disease have expanded potential clinical applications of these lethal subroutines, emphasizing their contribution to the development of anemia, microthrombosis, and endothelial dysfunction, as well as their role as diagnostic biomarkers and markers of erythrocyte storage-induced lesions. Fas signaling and the functional caspase-8/caspase-3 system are not indispensable for eryptosis, but might be retained in mature erythrocytes to mediate the crosstalk between both erythrocyte-associated RCDs. The ability of erythrocytes to switch between eryptosis and necroptosis suggests that their cell death is not a simple unregulated mechanical disintegration, but a tightly controlled process. This allows investigation of eventual pharmacological interventions aimed at individual cell death subroutines of erythrocytes.

From repellent to risk: DEET's adverse effects on hormones and bone health in kids

INTRODUCTION

Early life bone accumulation, which predicts future fragility fracture risk, is intimately associated with sex hormones. N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) is the primary and most effective active ingredient widely used globally, especially among children and adolescents. However, the effects of DEET on sex hormones and bone mass remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to explore the adverse effects of DEET exposure on bone mass and to elucidate the potential mediating roles of sex hormones in children and adolescents.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study analyzed 864 children and adolescents from NHANES 2013-2016. Urinary 3-diethyl-carbamoyl benzoic acid (DCBA) was employed as a biomarker for DEET exposure. The study examined the relationships between DCBA, sex hormones, and bone mass, with a particular focus on evaluating the independent and serial mediation effects of sex hormones on DEET-bone mass associations.

RESULTS

Increased DCBA was associated with decreased testosterone (TT), estrogen (E2), and free androgen index (FAI), alongside an increase in sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels, particularly pronounced among subjects < 12 years [β% (95 % CI) = -0.081 (-0.144, -0.017), -0.064 (-0.114, -0.013), -0.101 (-0.177, -0.024), and 0.020 (-0.009, 0.048), respectively] and non-overweight subjects [β% (95 % CI) = -0.160 (-0.234, -0.086), -0.103 (-0.158, -0.048), -0.195 (-0.282, -0.107), and 0.035 (0.012, 0.058), respectively]. Negative dose-response relationships between DCBA and bone mass were observed in non-overweight participants [β% (95 % CI) = -0.011 (-0.018, -0.005) and -0.027 (-0.041, -0.013) for total bone mineral density (BMD) and total bone mineral content (BMC), respectively], and in children < 12 years for total BMC [β% (95 % CI) = -0.012 (-0.024, 0.000)]. Additionally, TT, E2, and SHBG were found to significantly and independently mediate 15.41 % to 79.84 % of the relationship between DCBA and bone mass. Furthermore, serial mediation effects among sex hormones were detected between TT, E2, and SHBG.

CONCLUSIONS

DEET exerts a detrimental effect on bone health by interfering with sex hormones in children and adolescents, warranting heightened public concern.

Near-infrared Mo2Ti2C3 MXene gelatin-chitosan hydrogels with antioxidative, anti-inflammation activity for osteoarthritis treatment

Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) is prevalent in older adults which eventually lead to disability. Current treatment only alleviates symptoms but does not cure the disease. Herein, we implanted Mo2Ti2C3 MXene gelatin-chitosan hydrogels into the osteoarthritis knee joint in mice and treated with 808 nm laser radiation. We investigated MXene hydrogel structure and near infrared radiation (NIR) effect on cell biocompatibility, cartilage matrix synthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS)production and inflammation in vitro. In vivo anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) OA model treated with MXene hydrogel and NIR exhibits delayed osteoarthritis progression with fewer osteophyte and wider articular space, reduced cartilage lesion, lower Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) score, higher glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, higher number of aggrecan and col-II positive cells. Mo2Ti2C3 MXene hydrogel with NIR reduced M1 macrophage related IL-1β and IL-6, increased M2 macrophage related TGF-β and IL-10 in cartilage in OA. Mo2Ti2C3 MXene hydrogel with NIR attenuated ROS and chondrocytes apoptosis in vivo. Mo2Ti2C3 MXene hydrogel may provide a new strategy in treatment of OA.

Metformin-Loaded Tannic Acid Nanoparticles Attenuate Osteoarthritis by Promoting Chondrocyte Mitochondria Homeostasis Based on Mitocytosis

The oxidative stress microenvironment and mitochondrial dysfunction in chondrocytes are key mechanisms in the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Metformin (Met) has demonstrated multiple effects on mitochondria and is regarded as a potential therapeutic agent for OA. The low blood flow characteristics in the joint cavity make targeted local delivery of metformin crucial for its clinical application. In this study, tannic acid (TA), with its natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, was used to prepare self-assemble Met-loaded TA nanoparticles (NPs). The NPs exhibit excellent reactive oxygen scavenging capability, stability in various media, and an acid-responsive release of Met. In Vitro experiments showed that NPs possess excellent biocompatibility, effectively protecting chondrocyte viability in OA's pathological environment and preventing the senescence phenotype. In addition, NPs promoted the expression of antioxidant elements in chondrocytes, restored mitochondrial membrane potential, and enhanced mitocytosis to improve mitochondrial quality. In vivo experiments further confirmed that intra-articular injection of NPs in rats with post-traumatic OA improves cartilage matrix degradation, osteophyte formation, and subchondral bone sclerosis over 8 weeks. Tissue staining further confirmed the protective effects of NPs on chondrocyte mitochondria. Importantly, both in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that NPs provided superior cellular protection compared to TA or Met alone. Overall, this study demonstrates that NPs effectively against OA cartilage degeneration, with the advantages of easy preparation, high efficiency, and biosafety.

The role of GATA4 in mesenchymal stem cell senescence: A new frontier in regenerative medicine

The Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) is a multipotent progenitor cell with known differentiation potential towards various cell lineage, making it an appealing candidate for regenerative medicine. One major contributing factor to age-related MSC dysfunction is cellular senescence, which is the hallmark of relatively irreversible growth arrest and changes in functional properties. GATA4, a zinc-finger transcription factor, emerges as a critical regulator in MSC biology. Originally identified as a key regulator of heart development and specification, GATA4 has since been connected to several aspects of cellular processes, including stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Accumulating evidence suggests that the involvement of GATA4-nuclear signalizing in the process of MSC senescence-related traits may contribute to age-induced alterations in MSC behavior. GATA4 emerged as the central player in MSC senescence, interacting with several signaling pathways. Studies have shown that GATA4 expression is reduced with age in MSCs, which is associated with increased expression levels of senescence markers and impaired regenerative potential. At the mechanistic level, GATA4 regulates the expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, and oxidative stress response, thereby influencing the senescence phenotype in MSCs. The findings underscore the critical function of GATA4 in MSC homeostasis and suggest a promising new target to restore stem cell function during aging and disease. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie GATA4 mediated modulation of MSC senescence would provide an opportunity to develop new therapies to revitalize old MSCs to increase their regenerative function for therapeutic purposes in regenerative medicine.

Molecular Mechanisms of Immunoinflammatory Infiltration and Ferroptosis in Arthritis Revealed by a Combination of Bioinformatics and Single-Cell Analysis

Background

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a widespread chronic inflammatory disease in orthopedics, and its molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood.

Objective

The purpose of this work was to detect the immunological infiltration of OA and the manner of cell death utilizing bioinformatics and single-cell analysis in order to provide guidelines for clinical therapy and medicine.

Methods

Ferroptosis -associated genes were sourced from the ferroptosis Database, single-cell and bioinformatic expression profiles were chosen from the Gene Expression Comprehensive Database, and OA gene information was taken from GeneCards. To ascertain the categorization status of OA cells, single-cell analysis was conducted. Protein-protein interaction networks were established by SRING analysis, and functional enrichment was examined in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) databases. The important proteins of immune-ferroptosis death in OA were elucidated through co-analysis. Last but not least, network pharmacology and molecular docking support the mechanism by which resveratrol controls Ferroptosis in OA.

Results

The development of OA was found to be tightly related to chondrocytes and immune cells, particularly T and macrophage cells, according to single-cell analysis profile. In patients with OA, immune infiltration also revealed a notable infiltration of T cells, B cells, NK cells, monocytes, and macrophages. The hub genes were shown to be enriched in immunological responses, chemokine-mediated signaling pathways, and inflammatory responses, according to enrichment analysis. The main signaling pathways included autophagy, ferroptosis, the HIF-1 signaling pathway, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and the FoxO signaling pathway. Ferroptosis is a significant cell death mechanism that contributes to the advancement of osteoarthritis. Ferroptosis in chondrocytes is lessened by resveratrol regulation of GPX4, TFRC, and SLC7A11.

Conclusion

Various immune cell infiltrates, especially T cells and macrophages, play an important role in the progression of OA, and resveratrol ameliorates OA by modulating chondrocyte ferroptosis.

Recent applications of stimulus-responsive smart hydrogels for osteoarthritis therapy

Osteoarthritis is one of the most common degenerative joint diseases, which seriously affects the life of middle-aged and elderly people. Traditional treatments such as surgical treatment and systemic medication, often do not achieve the expected or optimal results, which leads to severe trauma and a variety of side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic options to overcome these problems. Hydrogels are widely used in biomedical tissue repairing as a platform for loading drugs, proteins and stem cells. In recent years, smart-responsive hydrogels have achieved excellent results as novel drug delivery systems in the treatment of osteoarthritis. This review focuses on the recent advances of endogenous stimuli (including enzymes, pH, reactive oxygen species and temperature, etc.) responsive hydrogels and exogenous stimuli (including light, shear, ultrasound and magnetism, etc.) responsive hydrogels in osteoarthritis treatment. Finally, the current limitations of application and future prospects of smart responsive hydrogels are summarized.

[Mechanism of sodium valproate in inhibiting ferroptosis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/Sirtuin 1 axis]

Objective

To investigate the effects of sodium valproate (VPA) in inhibiting Erastin-induced ferroptosis in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and its underlying mechanisms.

Methods

BMSCs were isolated from bone marrow of 8-week-old Spragur Dawley rats and identified [cell surface antigens CD90, CD44, and CD45 were analyzed by flow cytometry, and osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation abilities were assessed by alizarin red S (ARS) and oil red O staining, respectively]. Cells of passage 3 were used for the Erastin-induced ferroptosis model, with different concentrations of VPA for intervention. The optimal drug concentration was determined using the cell counting kit 8 assay. The experiment was divided into 4 groups: group A, cells were cultured in osteogenic induction medium for 24 hours; group B, cells were cultured in osteogenic induction medium containing optimal concentration Erastin for 24 hours; group C, cells were cultured in osteogenic induction medium containing optimal concentration Erastin and VPA for 24 hours; group D, cells were cultured in osteogenic induction medium containing optimal concentration Erastin and VPA, and 8 μmol/L EX527 for 24 hours. The mitochondrial state of the cells was evaluated, including the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Osteogenic capacity was assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and ARS staining. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expressions of osteogenic-related proteins [Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and osteopontin (OPN)], ferroptosis-related proteins [glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11)], and pathway-related proteins [adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)].

Results

The cultured cells were identified as BMSCs. VPA inhibited Erastin-induced ferroptosis and the decline of osteogenic ability in BMSCs, acting through the activation of the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway. VPA significantly reduced the levels of ROS and MDA in Erastin-treated BMSCs and significantly increased GSH levels. Additionally, the expression levels of ferroptosis-related proteins (GPX4, FTH1, and SLC7A11) significantly decreased. VPA also upregulated the expressions of osteogenic-related proteins (RUNX2 and OPN), enhanced mineralization and osteogenic differentiation, and increased the expressions of pathway-related proteins (AMPK and SIRT1). These effects could be reversed by the SIRT1 inhibitor EX527.

Conclusion

VPA inhibits ferroptosis in BMSCs through the AMPK/SIRT1 axis and promotes osteogenesis.

Relationship between serum carotenoids and osteoarthritis or degenerative arthritis: A cross-sectional study using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

BACKGROUND

Carotenoids possess essential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties; however, the relationships between carotenoids and osteoarthritis or degenerative arthritis (OA) remain inadequately understood. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between diverse serum carotenoid concentrations and OA in a large American cohort and to examine the influence of various factors on the association between carotenoids and OA.

METHODS

Data from the 2001-2006 and 2017-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were utilized. In our analysis, we utilized a directed acyclic graph to identify potential confounding variables. The associations between serum carotenoids (including total carotenoid, trans-lycopene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, α-carotene, and β-carotene) and OA were comprehensively evaluated via a weighted generalized linear model (GLM) and restricted cubic spline models. Threshold effect analyses were used to identify potential cutoff points, subgroup analyses were used to explore heterogeneity, interaction analyses were used to examine potential modifiers, and sensitivity analyses were used to validate the robustness of the findings.

RESULTS

The weighted GLM results revealed that, overall, the concentrations of various serum carotenoids did not exhibit a significant linear correlation with the probability of OA. Dose‒response curves and threshold effect analysis revealed a significant nonlinear relationship (P for overall = 0.027; P for nonlinearity = 0.019; P for likelihood ratio = 0.0128) between trans-lycopene (threshold effect) and OA, with an inflection point at 19.49 µg/dl. Further subgroup weighted linear regression analysis indicated that when the serum trans-lycopene concentration exceeded 19.49 µg/dl, there was a significant association [odds ratio (OR) = 0.89 (0.80-0.99); P = 0.027] between the per standard deviation trans-lycopene increase and a lower probability of OA after adjusting for other variables. Moreover, individuals with elevated trans-lycopene [0.70 (0.52-0.94); P = 0.018] in the fifth quintile had notably reduced odds of OA compared with those in the first quintile. When the trans-lycopene level is less than 19.49 µg/dl, no correlation exists between the two variables. Linear subgroup and interaction analyses revealed that when the concentration of carotenoids exceeded 19.49 µg/dl, various categorical factors did not significantly influence the relationship between trans-lycopene and OA overall. However, pairwise comparisons revealed that lower serum trans-lycopene concentrations are more closely associated with a greater probability of OA in elderly individuals [OR (95% CI) = 0.270 (0.112-0.654); P = 0.005; P for trend = 0.003] than in younger individuals [0.973 (0.385-2.463); P = 0.954; P for trend = 0.61] (P for interaction = 0.007).

CONCLUSIONS

In the American population, trans-lycopene rather than other types of carotenoids may exhibit a significantly negative correlation with OA, displaying a nonlinear pattern with a threshold point of approximately 19.49 µg/dl. This relationship may become more pronounced with increasing age.

The Interplay of Aging and PANoptosis in Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis: Implications for Novel Therapeutic Strategies

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease characterized by the progressive degradation of articular cartilage, synovial inflammation, and subchondral bone remodeling. This review explores the interplay between aging, PANoptosis, and inflammation in OA progression. Age-related cellular and immune dysfunctions, including cellular senescence, senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASPs), and immunosenescence, significantly contribute to joint degeneration. In OA, dysregulated apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, particularly in chondrocytes, exacerbate cartilage damage. Apoptosis, mediated by the JNK pathway, reduces chondrocyte density, while necroptosis and pyroptosis, involving RIPK-1/RIPK-3 and the NLRP3 inflammasome, respectively, amplify inflammation and cartilage destruction. Inflammatory cytokines and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) further enhance these PANoptotic pathways. Current therapeutic strategies primarily focus on anti-inflammatory agents such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids, with growing interest in anti-senescence drugs targeting cellular senescence and SASP. Additionally, exploring PANoptosis mechanisms offers potential for innovative OA treatments.

Ginkgetin delays the progression of osteoarthritis by inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways

BACKGROUND

Osteoarthritis (OA) is considered an advancing chronic degenerative joint disease, leading to severe physical functional impairment of patients. Its development is closely related to increased inflammation and oxidative stress within the joint. Ginkgetin (GK), a natural non-toxic chemical, has proven anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and neuroprotective effects.

METHODS

First, this study utilizes network pharmacology to explore the intrinsic connection between GK and OA. In vitro, SW1353 human cartilage cells were stimulated with Tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide (TBHP), and different GK concentrations were pre-treated to evaluate its protective effects. GK's anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects were comprehensively assessed via MTT assay, western blot, cell immunofluorescence, ELISA, and transcriptome sequencing. Potential underlying mechanisms were also explored. In vivo, OA was induced in rats via anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT), and GK's impact on cartilage protection was further assessed via histological analysis and western blot.

RESULTS

Network pharmacology has revealed that GK regulates OA via several key pathways, especially NF-κB, HIF-1, PI3K-AKT, and substances like reactive oxygen species. In vitro experiments showed GK effectively reverses oxidative stress damage from TBHP, inhibits inflammatory factor release, and protects Extracellular matrix (ECM) from degradation. These functions may be achieved via the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. In vivo experiments showed GK significantly reduced proteoglycan loss from ACLT and inhibited matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) and ADAMTS5 (A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5) production, effectively preventing cartilage degeneration in rats.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that GK has potential as a therapeutic agent for OA, offering new strategies and directions for OA treatment.

High-Throughput Screening Strategy and Metal-Organic Framework-Based Multifunctional Controlled-Release Nanomaterial for Osteoarthritis Therapy

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative disease that lacks effective therapy. Oxidative stress is one of the major factors contributing to OA; however, treatments targeting oxidative stress are still lacking. In the current study, we established an oxidative stress-induced cell death model in chondrocytes in vitro and screened drugs that may suppress oxidative stress-induced cell death. Ethyl gallate (EG) was identified as the most potent drug against oxidative stress-induced cell death out of more than 600 drugs in the natural product library. Application of drugs without an appropriate delivery system for OA therapy may have drawbacks such as low bioavailability, short action time, and poor efficacy. Herein, poly-His6-zinc assembly (PZA), a pH-responsive metal-organic framework (MOF) loaded with EG (EG@PZA) was designed for OA therapy. It was demonstrated that EG@PZA may have the lysosome escape property, which dramatically increases the utilization of EG. Furthermore, EG@PZA showed enhanced release capability of EG in the acidic microenvironment. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that EG@PZA effectively suppresses oxidative stress-induced extracellular matrix degradation, ferroptosis, and senescence in chondrocytes and also ameliorates OA in the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) mouse model in vivo. Together, the current study showed that EG@PZA may become a potential controlled-release nanomaterial for effective OA therapy.

Application and progress of 3D printed biomaterials in osteoporosis

Osteoporosis results from a disruption in skeletal homeostasis caused by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. Conventional treatments, such as pharmaceutical drugs and hormone replacement therapy, often yield suboptimal results and are frequently associated with side effects. Recently, biomaterial-based approaches have gained attention as promising alternatives for managing osteoporosis. This review summarizes the current advancements in 3D-printed biomaterials designed for osteoporosis treatment. The benefits of biomaterial-based approaches compared to traditional systemic drug therapies are discussed. These 3D-printed materials can be broadly categorized based on their functionalities, including promoting osteogenesis, reducing inflammation, exhibiting antioxidant properties, and inhibiting osteoclast activity. 3D printing has the advantages of speed, precision, personalization, etc. It is able to satisfy the requirements of irregular geometry, differentiated composition, and multilayered structure of articular osteochondral scaffolds with boundary layer structure. The limitations of existing biomaterials are critically analyzed and future directions for biomaterial-based therapies are considered.

Metabolism-Related Adipokines and Metabolic Diseases: Their Role in Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) affects several joints but tends to be more prevalent in those that are weight-bearing, such as the knees, which are the most heavily loaded joints in the body. The incidence and disability rates of OA have continued to increase and seriously jeopardise the quality of life of middle-aged and older adults. However, OA is more than just a wear and tear disease; its aetiology is complex, and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has emerged as a critical driver of OA development. This condition contributes to the formation of a distinct phenotype, termed metabolic syndrome-associated osteoarthritis (MetS-OA),which differs from other metabolically related diseases by its unique pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical presentation. As key mediators of MetS, metabolic adipokines such as leptin, lipocalin, and resistin regulate inflammation and bone metabolism through distinct or synergistic signaling pathways. Their modulation of inflammatory responses and bone remodeling processes plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of OA. Due to their central role in regulating inflammation and bone remodeling, metabolic adipokines not only deepen our understanding of MetS-OA pathogenesis but also represent promising targets for novel therapeutic strategies that could slow disease progression and improve clinical outcomes in affected patients.

Mechanism of hyperbaric oxygen therapy downregulating H-type angiogenesis in subchondral bone of knee osteoarthritis through the PHD2/HIF-1α pathway

OBJECTIVE

To explore the mechanism of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in inhibiting subchondral bone angiogenesis and delaying the progression of osteoarthritis through the PHD2/HIF-1α signaling pathway.

METHODS

Mice were randomly divided into three groups (control group, osteoarthritis group, and hyperbaric oxygen treatment group). The effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on osteoarthritis was evaluated using Micro-CT, Safranin O-Fast Green staining, and detection of osteoarthritis inflammation markers (MMP-13, ADAMTS-5, Col2a1, and Aggrecan). The activation relationship between PHD2 and downstream signaling pathways was investigated through gene knockout and overexpression experiments. Finally, cell scratch assays, tube formation assays, and chondrogenic differentiation experiments were conducted to verify the mechanism of the PHD2/HIF-1α signaling pathway under hyperbaric oxygen stimulation.

RESULTS

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy delayed the progression of osteoarthritis in mice. It promoted chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, inhibited angiogenesis, enhanced PHD2 expression, and suppressed the production of HIF-1α and VEGFA. Silencing/overexpression of PHD2 resulted in increased/decreased production of HIF-1α and VEGFA, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The hyperbaric oxygen environment promotes the expression of PHD2, accelerates the degradation of HIF-1α, and inhibits the production of VEGFA, thereby reducing the generation of type H vessels in subchondral bone.

Regulation of enzymatic lipid peroxidation in osteoblasts protects against postmenopausal osteoporosis

Oxidative stress plays a critical role in postmenopausal osteoporosis, yet its impact on osteoblasts remains underexplored, limiting therapeutic advances. Our study identifies phospholipid peroxidation in osteoblasts as a key feature of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Estrogen regulates the transcription of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), an enzyme crucial for reducing phospholipid peroxides in osteoblasts. The deficiency of estrogen reduces GPX4 expression and increases phospholipid peroxidation in osteoblasts. Inhibition or knockout of GPX4 impairs osteoblastogenesis, while the elimination of phospholipid peroxides rescues bone formation and mitigates osteoporosis. Mechanistically, 4-hydroxynonenal, an end-product of phospholipid peroxidation, binds to integrin-linked kinase and triggers its protein degradation, disrupting RUNX2 signaling and inhibiting osteoblastogenesis. Importantly, we identified two natural allosteric activators of GPX4, 6- and 8-Gingerols, which promote osteoblastogenesis and demonstrate anti-osteoporotic effects. Our findings highlight the detrimental role of phospholipid peroxidation in osteoblastogenesis and underscore GPX4 as a promising therapeutic target for osteoporosis treatment.

Dipropyl phthalate induces craniofacial chondrogenic defects in zebrafish embryos

Dipropyl phthalate (DPRP), a plasticizer commonly utilized in the plastics industry, has been identified in food and the environment and has the potential to present a hazard to human health and the environment. In this study, the first comprehensive evaluation of DPRP-induced craniofacial chondrogenic defects was conducted using a zebrafish model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 1, 2, and 4 mg/L DPRP from 6 to 96 h post-fertilization. At 80 hpf, it was observed that exposure to DPRP resulted in craniofacial developmental malformations, which were mainly characterized by the shortening of the mandibular pharyngeal arches and the inability of the accompanying artery to elongate forward. The resulting phenotype was similar to that of micrognathia syndrome. Transcriptome sequencing and molecular docking analyses revealed that DPRP down-regulated chondrocyte-related genes and induced activation of the FoxO signaling pathway, which in turn interfered with cell proliferation and apoptosis. In this process, DPRP induced elevated levels of oxidative stress in the craniofacial pharyngeal arch while promoting inflammatory responses. This ultimately led to craniofacial chondrogenic malformations in zebrafish. The present study demonstrates that DPRP induces developmental toxicity of zebrafish craniofacial cartilage, which may have adverse effects on other aquatic organisms and humans.

Terminal complement complex deposition on chondrocytes promotes premature senescence in age- and trauma-related osteoarthritis

Background

The complement system is locally activated after joint injuries and leads to the deposition of the terminal complement complex (TCC). Sublytic TCC deposition is associated with phenotypical alterations of human articular chondrocytes (hAC) and enhanced release of inflammatory cytokines. Chronic inflammation is a known driver of chondrosenescence in osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, we investigated whether TCC deposition contributes to stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) during aging in vivo and after ex vivo cartilage injury.

Methods

Femoral condyles of male 13-week-old and 72-week-old CD59-ko (higher TCC deposition), C6-deficient (insufficient TCC formation), and C57BL/6 (WT) mice were collected to assess age-related OA. Furthermore, macroscopically intact human and porcine cartilage explants were traumatized and cultured with/without 30% human serum (HS) to activate the complement system. Explants were additionally treated with clusterin (CLU, TCC inhibitor), N-acetylcysteine (NAC, antioxidant), Sarilumab (IL-6 receptor inhibitor), STAT3-IN-1 (STAT3 inhibitor), or IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) in order to investigate the consequences of TCC deposition. Gene and protein expression of senescence-associated markers such as CDKN1A and CDKN2A was determined.

Results

In the murine aging model, CD59-ko mice developed after 72 weeks more severe OA compared to C6-deficient and WT mice. mRNA analysis revealed that the expression of Cdkn1a, Cdkn2a, Tp53, Il1b, and Il6 was significantly increased in the cartilage of CD59-ko mice. In human cartilage, trauma and subsequent stimulation with HS increased mRNA levels of CDKN1A, CDKN2A, and IL6, while inhibition of TCC formation by CLU reduced the expression. Antioxidative therapy with NAC had no anti-senescent effect. In porcine tissue, HS exposure and trauma had additive effects on the number of CDKN2A-positive cells, while Sarilumab, STAT-IN-1, and IL-1RA reduced CDKN2A expression by trend.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that complement activation and consequent TCC deposition is associated with chondrosenescence in age-related and trauma-induced OA. We provided evidence that the SIPS-like phenotype is more likely induced by TCC-mediated cytokine release rather than oxidative stress. Overall, targeting TCC formation could be a future approach to attenuate OA progression.

Therapeutic Potential of Bioactive Peptides Derived from Natural Products of Tortoiseshell and Antler in Alleviating Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis

Tortoiseshell and antler, the main components of Guilu Erxian Jiao, are natural products that can be used as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to alleviate osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. However, research on the active ingredients in tortoiseshell and antler for alleviating osteoporosis and osteoarthritis remains insufficient. This study primarily compares the antioxidant capacity of tortoiseshell gelatin and antler gelatin and their bioactive peptides, as well as their effects on the cell viability of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts and HIG-82 chondrocytes. Our results indicate that when tortoiseshell and antler are combined with their respective bioactive peptides, the antioxidant capacity and cell viability of osteoblasts and chondrocytes are superior to the effects of either used alone. Comparing the antioxidant capacity and cell viability of osteoblasts and chondrocytes of tortoiseshell and antler and their respective bioactive peptides when used alone, we found that tortoiseshell and its bioactive peptides have better cell viability and calcium deposition for osteoblasts compared to the antler and its bioactive peptides. Conversely, antler and its bioactive peptides exhibit stronger antioxidant capacity and better cell viability for chondrocytes than tortoiseshell and its bioactive peptides. These results suggest that the alleviation of osteoporosis may mainly be attributed to tortoiseshell and its bioactive peptides, while the alleviation of osteoarthritis may mainly be attributed to antler and its bioactive peptides. When tortoiseshell and antler are used together, they can provide the best therapeutic effects for both osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.

An "All-in-One" Strategy to Reconstruct Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritic Microenvironment Using γ-Fe2O3@TA@ALN Nanoparticles

Current clinical strategies for the treatment of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) primarily target cartilage biology, overlooking the synergetic effect of various cells and inorganic components in shaping the arthritic microenvironment, thereby impeding the effectiveness of existing therapeutic options for TMJOA. Here, γ-Fe2O3@TA@ALN magnetic nanoparticles (γ-Fe2O3@TA@ALN MNPs) composed of γ-Fe2O3, tannic acid (TA), and alendronate sodium (ALN) are engineered to reconstruct the osteoarthritic microenvironment and mitigate TMJOA progression. γ-Fe2O3@TA@ALN MNPs can promote chondrocytes' proliferation, facilitate chondrogenesis and anisotropic organization, enhance lubrication and reduce cartilage wear, and encourage cell movement. Magnetic-responsive γ-Fe2O3@TA@ALN MNPs also exhibit pH sensitivity, which undergoes decomposition within acidic environment to release ALN on demand. Under a 0.2 T static magnetic field, γ-Fe2O3@TA@ALN MNPs accelerate the synthesis of cartilage-specific proteins, and suppress catabolic-related genes expression and reactive oxygen species generation, affording additional protection to TMJ cartilage. In TMJOA mouse models, articular injection of γ-Fe2O3@TA@ALN MNPs effectively alleviates cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone loss in short and long terms, offering promising avenues for the development of therapeutic interventions for TMJOA.

Therapeutic role of aripiprazole in cartilage defects explored through a drug repurposing approach

Articular cartilage has a limited regenerative capacity, resulting in poor spontaneous healing of damaged tissue. Despite various scientific efforts to enhance cartilage repair, no single method has yielded satisfactory results. With rising drug development costs, drug repositioning has emerged as a viable alternative. This study aimed to identify a drug capable of improving cartilage defects by analyzing chondrogenesis-related microarray data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) public database. We utilized datasets GSE69110, GSE107649, GSE111822, and GSE116173 to identify genes associated with cartilage differentiation, employing StringTie for differential gene expression analysis and extracting drug data from the Drug-Gene Interaction database. Additionally, we aimed to verify the cartilage regeneration potential of the identified drug through experiments using cellular and animal models. We evaluated the effects of aripiprazole on adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) and chondrocytes using qRT-PCR and a 3D pellet culture system. In vivo, we assessed cartilage restoration by combining aripiprazole with a scaffold and implanting it into artificially induced cartilage defects in Sprague-Dawley rats. Subsequent mRNA sequencing provided insights into the mechanistic pathways involved. Our results showed that aripiprazole significantly increased mRNA expression of COL2A1 and SOX9, markers of chondrogenesis, and promoted chondrogenic condensation in vitro. Furthermore, aripiprazole effectively enhanced cartilage regeneration in the rat model. KEGG pathway and Gene Ontology Biological Processes (GOBP) analyses of the mRNA sequencing data revealed that aripiprazole upregulated genes related to ribosomes and cytoplasmic translation, thereby facilitating chondrogenesis. In conclusion, our findings suggest that aripiprazole is a promising candidate for improving damaged cartilage, offering a novel approach to cartilage regeneration.

The association between composite dietary antioxidant index and rheumatoid arthritis: evidence from NHANES 2001-2020

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning from 2001 to 2020.

METHODS

CDAI is based on the intake of vitamins A, C, E, manganese, selenium, and zinc from the diet. RA patients were identified through questionnaire responses. Weighted multivariate regression analysis was employed to examine the association between CDAI and RA. Additionally, restricted cubic splines were utilized to assess potential non-linear relationships. Subgroup analyses were used to explore whether the relationship between CDAI and RA remained consistent across subgroups (e.g., sex, age, smoking status, etc.). We also used interaction terms to assess whether these subgroup variables influence the relationship between CDAI and RA risk. Finally, we also performed sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of the main findings after excluding patients with a history of diabetes.

RESULTS

The study included a total of 11,266 patients. After adjusting for all covariates, the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that each unit increase in CDAI was associated with a 4% reduction in the odds of RA (odds ratio = 0.96, 95% confidence interval = 0.94-0.99). The incidence of RA was found to decrease as CDAI levels increased (P for trend < 0.05). In the restricted cubic spline analysis, a linear relationship between CDAI and RA was observed. Subgroup analyses and interactions demonstrated that the negative association between CDAI and RA was consistent across all subgroups and was influenced by smoking.

CONCLUSION

This study indicates a negative correlation between CDAI and RA, suggesting that CDAI may serve as a valuable and convenient marker for reducing the risk of RA in US adults.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER

Not applicable.

WTAP mediates IL-1β-induced chondrocyte injury by enhancing CA12 mRNA stability depending on m6A modification

BACKGROUND

Osteoarthritis (OA) poses a significant risk to the mobility of patients. Carbonic anhydrase 12 (CA12) can boost apoptosis and inflammation in several cancers, but its role in OA is unknown.

METHODS

Differentially expressed genes in OA were analyzed using the GEO database (GSE169077). RT-qPCR and western blot estimated relative mRNA and protein levels of CA12. Cell viability and apoptosis were estimated by cell counting and flow cytometry assays. Oxidative stress (OxS) was determined by detecting with ROS and MDA levels, as well as CAT and SOD activities. Cytokine levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were detected by ELISA. Parameters associated with apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) were detected by western blot. The m6A modification profile was determined by methylated RNA immunoprecipitation assays.

RESULTS

Relative CA12 and wilms' tumor 1-associating protein (WTAP) mRNA and protein levels were overexpressed in OA articular cartilages and IL-1β-challenged chondrocytes CHON-001. CA12 silencing impaired IL-1β-induced cell apoptosis, inflammation, OxS, and ECM degradation in chondrocytes. Yet, CA12 overexpression exerted an opposing function. WTAP reinforced the stability of CA12 mRNA depending on the m6A modification. Furthermore, WTAP knockdown weakened cell apoptosis, inflammation, OxS, and ECM degradation in chondrocytes induced by IL-1β, but these changes were impaired after CA12 overexpression. In addition, WTAP knockdown mitigates cartilage degeneration in DMM-induced mouse models.

CONCLUSION

IL-1β-induced WTAP enhances CA12 mRNA stability depending on m6A modification, thus promoting chondrocyte apoptosis, inflammatory response, OxS, and ECM degradation, providing evidence to support the possibility of WTAP and CA12 as potential targets for OA treatment.

Association between the composite dietary antioxidant index and all-cause mortality in individuals with osteoarthritis via NHANES data

The impact of antioxidant intake on the prognosis of osteoarthritis (OA) patients remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) and all-cause mortality in OA patients. A total of 35,590 participants with OA from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2020) were included in this study. We analysed the associations between the CDAI and the risk of all-cause mortality in OA patients via a multivariate Cox regression model. Restricted cubic spline regression was used to investigate the dose-response associations between the CDAI and mortality. We also conducted stratified analyses and interaction tests to explore underlying effect modification. After multivariable adjustment, each one-unit increase in the CDAI was associated with a 2.1% reduction in the risk of mortality. Compared with those in the low CDAI group, the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality for patients in the high CDAI group were lower [Model 1 (HR 0.648, 95% CI 0.557-0.754), Model 2 (HR 0.739, 95% CI 0.627-0.871), and Model 3 (HR 0.788, 95% CI 0.661-0.941)]. We observed a negative nonlinear relationship between the CDAI and all-cause mortality (P < 0.05). Stratification analyses and interaction tests confirmed the robustness of the results. We found a negative nonlinear relationship between the CDAI and all-cause mortality in OA patients. A higher CDAI was significantly associated with a lower risk of mortality. These results highlight the potential advantages of monitoring and evaluating the CDAI status in preventing mortality among patients with OA.

Ultra-Long-Term Anti-Inflammatory Polyphenol Capsule to Remodel the Microenvironment for Accelerating Osteoarthritis Healing by Single Dosage

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic inflammatory disease that leads to disability and death. Existing therapeutic agents often require frequent use, which can lead to drug resistance and long-term side effects. Polyphenols have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. However, they are limited by their short half-life and low bioavailability. This work presents a novel pure polyphenol capsule for sustained release of polyphenols, which is self-assembled via hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds. The capsule enhances cellular uptake, scavenges reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, reduces inflammatory markers, and remodels the OA microenvironment by inhibiting the p38 MAPK pathway. The capsule overcomes the limitations of short half-life and low bioavailability of polyphenols and achieves single-dose cure in mouse and dog OA models, providing an optimal therapeutic window for OA repair. Taking advantage of simple manufacturing, convenient administration, and pure polyphenol composition, these capsules show great potential for clinical treatment of osteoarthritis and chronic inflammatory diseases.

Morin Improves the Bone Histomorphology and Biochemical Markers in an Animal Model of Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporosis by Suppressing Autophagy and Apoptosis

Osteoporosis (OP) is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease and an important postmenopausal consequence. This study aimed to investigate the effects of morin, a flavonoid with beneficial properties, on ovariectomy-induced OP. Animals were ovariectomized (OVX) and treated with different doses of morin (15, 30, and 45 mg/kg/day) or estradiol (10 μg/kg/day) for 10 weeks by gavage. Then bone histo-stereology, bone-related biochemical indicators, and gene and protein levels of autophagy and apoptosis-related markers were analyzed. In comparison to controls, OVX significantly decreased the number of osteoblasts (5.78 × 106 vs. 1.66 × 106) and osteocytes (32.55 × 106 vs. 11.92 × 106), whereas increasing the number of osteoclasts (83.38 × 103 vs. 392.1 × 103). Moreover, OVX caused a remarkable decrease in bone structures and Ca, P, and estradiol levels while increasing ALP and OC (p < 0.001). The administration of 45 mg/kg/day morin restored the effects of OP on bone histomorphology and biochemical markers (p < 0.05). Further studies revealed that morin caused a 7.1% and 36.6% decrease in the bone level of LC3 and BECN1 proteins, respectively, compared to the OVX group. Also, morin caused a significant decrease of 47.4% in the CASP3 level and a significant increase of 23.6% in the BCL-2 level compared to OVX animals (p < 0.001). The present findings showed that morin is potentially able to improve the bone-related histomorphological and biochemical changes caused by osteoporosis, which is probably attributed to the suppression of apoptosis- and autophagy-caused cell death.

Alignment considerations in degenerative spinal conditions: A narrative review

Background

With an aging population, degenerative spinal diseases are contributing significantly to the healthcare's burden. Spinal alignment in the context of adult spinal deformities has become an important domain of research.

Methods

We conducted a narrative review of the latest considerations in spinal alignment within the context of degenerative spinal conditions, discussed current strategies for morphological assessment and finally identified potential areas for future research.

Results

This review reported that degenerative spinal conditions lead to a complex disruption of spinal alignment. It also highlighted the importance of spino-pelvic alignment with specific attention to compensatory mechanisms that occur in response to spinal deformities. Emerging technologies including Artificial Intelligence and epigenetics are showing promises in terms of patient care.

Conclusions

Understanding spinal alignment in degenerative conditions underscores the importance of dynamic and individualized assessments. Future research should integrate emerging technologies along with traditional clinical practices in order to optimize patient outcomes and minimize complications for patients suffering from degenerative spinal diseases.

From dysfunction to healing: advances in mitochondrial therapy for Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint condition characterised by cartilage deterioration and changes in bone morphology, resulting in pain and impaired joint mobility. Investigation into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying OA has highlighted the significance of mitochondrial dysfunction in its progression. Mitochondria, which are cellular organelles, play a crucial role in regulating energy metabolism, generating reactive oxygen species, and facilitating essential biological processes including apoptosis. In recent years, the utilisation of exogenous drugs and MT to improve mitochondrial function in chondrocytes has shown great promise in OA treatment. Numerous studies have investigated the potential of stem cells and extracellular vesicles in mitochondrial transfer. This review aims to explore the underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in OA and assess the progress in utilising mitochondrial transfer as a therapeutic approach for this disease.

Targeting Synovial Macrophages with Astaxanthin-Loaded Liposomes for Antioxidant Treatment of Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease highly associated with an imbalance in the network of inflammatory factors and typically characterized by oxidative stress and cartilage damage. Moreover, the specificity of the joint structure makes it difficult for drugs to achieve good penetration and effective enrichment in the joint cavity. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that increase the specific targeting of drugs to inflammatory joint and incorporate antioxidative stress effects are important to improve the efficacy of OA. Here, we developed a folic acid-modified liposomal nanoparticle (AST@Lip-FA) loaded with the antioxidant astaxanthin (AST) to enhance the water solubility and stability of AST and to target the delivery of AST to the site of OA, leading to a significant improvement in therapeutic efficacy. In vitro experiments demonstrated that, due to the recognition by FA of the receptor folate receptor β on the surface of activated macrophages, the cellular uptake efficiency of AST@Lip-FA was increased. Meanwhile, intracellularly overexpressed inflammatory mediators such as reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide were efficiently removed by AST@Lip-FA. In addition, in the ACLT-induced OA mouse model, AST@Lip-FA was precisely enriched in the inflamed joints and achieved long-term retention, fully utilizing the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cartilage-protecting effects of AST to effectively alleviate the progression of OA. In summary, AST@Lip-FA has an important prospect as a potential and effective therapeutic strategy for OA.

Intra-articular injection of platinum nanozyme-loaded silk fibroin/pullulan hydrogels relieves osteoarthritis through ROS scavenging and ferroptosis suppression

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated ferroptosis plays a critical role in the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Consequently, it is speculated that anti-ferroptosis agents could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for managing OA. In this study, a hydrogel incorporating platinum (Pt) nanozyme was synthesized by dispersing Pt nanoparticles (NPs) within a matrix of silk fibroin (SF) and oxidized pullulan (oxPL). This hydrogel allows for a substantial and sustained release of up to 30 days. The gelation time (from 140.3 ± 42.3 s to 460.0 ± 40.0 s), swelling capacity (from 57.7 ± 3.8 % to 24.0 ± 7.0 %), and degradation rate (from 60.3 ± 4.7 % to 32.0 ± 4.6 %) of the hydrogels can be modulated by adjusting the Pt NP content. The Pt@SF/oxPL hydrogel effectively eliminates ROS due to its catalase-like and superoxide dismutase-like enzymatic properties. In vitro studies demonstrated that Pt@SF/oxPL efficiently mitigated the process of ferroptotic cell death in chondrocytes. More critically, intra-articular administration of Pt@SF/oxPL showcased therapeutic advantages by both protecting and stimulating the regeneration of cartilage throughout the progression of OA. Collectively, this study suggests that Pt@SF/oxPL hydrogels could potentially serve as an effective treatment for OA, presenting a novel nanozyme-based therapeutic approach for this condition.

CCL4/CCR5 regulates chondrocyte biology and OA progression

BACKGROUND

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix degradation. This study aimed to investigate the role of CCL4/CCR5 in regulating chondrocyte apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in OA progression.

METHODS

Bioinformatics analysis was employed to identify CCL4 as the target gene, following which primary chondrocytes were treated with varying concentrations of CCL4. Apoptosis rate of chondrocytes and ROS levels were assessed using flow cytometry. The mechanism by which CCL4 regulated the extracellular matrix was investigated through Western blot and Immunofluorescence analyses. Additionally, maraviroc, a CCR5 inhibitor, was administered to chondrocytes in order to explore the potential signaling pathway of CCL4/CCR5.

RESULTS

Our study found that CCL4 was predominantly up-regulated among the top 10 hub genes identified in RNA-sequencing analysis. Validation through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) confirmed elevated CCL4 expression in patients with Hip joint osteoarthritis, knee joint osteoarthritis, and facet joint osteoarthritis. The upregulation of CCL4 was associated with an increase in chondrocyte apoptosis and ROS levels. Mechanistically, CCL4, upon binding to its receptor CCR5, triggered the downstream phosphorylation of P65 in the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In vitro experiments demonstrated that treatment with maraviroc mitigated chondrocyte apoptosis, reduced intracellular ROS levels, and attenuated extracellular matrix degradation.

CONCLUSION

The study highlights the critical role of CCL4/CCR5 in modulating chondrocyte apoptosis and ROS levels in OA progression. Targeting this pathway may offer promising therapeutic interventions for mitigating the pathogenic mechanisms associated with OA.

The interplay between osteoarthritis and osteoporosis: Mechanisms, implications, and treatment considerations - A narrative review

This comprehensive review examines the relationship between osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis (OP), two common disorders in the elderly. OA involves joint cartilage degeneration and pain, while OP leads to fractures due to reduced bone mass. Despite different pathologies, both conditions share risk factors such as age and genetics. Studies reveal mixed results: some show higher bone mineral density (BMD) in OA patients, suggesting an inverse relationship, while others find no significant link. Proposed mechanisms include mechanical loading, bone remodeling, and inflammation. Clinical strategies focus on maintaining bone health in OA and monitoring joint health in OP, with treatments like bisphosphonates and exercise. Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing integrated treatments to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Further research is needed to clarify these complex mechanisms.

Beneficial Effects on Oxidative Stress and Human Health by Dietary Polyphenols

During the past few years, researchers have dedicated themselves to studying phytochemicals which make up the nutritional and non-nutritional bioactive compounds found in fruits, vegetables, cereals, and other plant foods [...].

Role and mechanism of Actein on condylar bone metabolism in APOE deletion-induced osteoporotic mice

AIMS

To investigate the effects of Actein from Cimicifugae Rhizoma on condylar bone and cartilage in APOE deletion-induced osteoporotic mice, and to preliminarily explore the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

Sixty 8-week-old female mice were used, which underwent APOE-/- and ovariectomy procedures, followed by oral administration of Actein (15 mg/kg) and Atorvastatin Calcium (AC, 3 mg/kg) for eight weeks. Body weight, uterine weight, and systemic indexes related to bone metabolism and lipid metabolism were assessed in each group. Changes in condylar bone histomorphometric parameters were evaluated using Micro-CT. Morphological changes in the condyle were observed with Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E), Safranin O/Fast Green, and Alcian Blue Hematoxylin/Orange G (ABH/OG) staining, with OARSI pathology scoring performed. Sirius red staining and immunofluorescence were used to determine the expression levels of Collagen I (Col I) and Collagen III (Col III) in bone matrix, and Col II in cartilage matrix. Immunohistochemistry assessed the relative expression levels of ALP and proteins associated with the Wnt/β-catenin/RUNX2 signaling pathway.

RESULTS

APOE-/- exacerbates ovariectomy -induced osteoporosis (OP) in condylar of mice. Actein and AC significantly reversed OP, improved bone mineral density (BMD), increased bone microarchitecture, and restored abnormal calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the blood and urine. Morphologically, APOE-/- and ovariectomy reduced condylar cartilage thickness, disrupted chondrocyte arrangement, chondrocyte cleavage, and clustered aggregation, resembling osteoarthritis (OA)-like changes. Actein and AC partially restored the disrupted chondrocyte arrangement, smoothed chondrocyte cleavage, and up-regulated the levels of chondrocyte matrix (Col II, aggrecan) and bone matrix (Col III, ALP). Actein reversed the OA process, potentially through the Wnt/β-catenin/RUNX2 signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

APOE-/- and ovariectomy induced OP, leading to OA-like lesions in condylar of mice. Actein promoted cartilage repair and trabecular bone recovery by increasing extracellular matrix synthesis (Col II, Col III, aggrecan), reversing the OA process, possibly through the Wnt/β-catenin/RUNX2 signaling pathway.

Protective and Detoxifying Effects of Resveratrol on Zearalenone-Mediated Toxicity: A Review

Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. fungi and is widely found in moldy corn, wheat, barley, and other grains. ZEA is distributed to the whole body via blood circulation after metabolic transformation in animals. Through oxidative stress, immunosuppression, apoptosis, autophagy, and mitochondrial dysfunction, ZEA leads to hepatitis, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, abortion, and stillbirth in female animals, and decreased sperm motility in male animals. In recent years, due to the influence of climate, storage facilities, and other factors, the problem of ZEA pollution in global food crops has become particularly prominent, resulting in serious problems for the animal husbandry and feed industries, and threatening human health. Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural product with therapeutic activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. RSV can alleviate ZEA-induced toxic effects by targeting signaling pathways such as NF-κB, Nrf2/Keap1, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR via attenuating oxidative damage, inflammatory response, and apoptosis, and regulating cellular autophagy. Therefore, this paper provides a review of the protective effect of RSV against ZEA-induced toxicity and its molecular mechanism, and discusses the safety and potential clinical applications of RSV in the search for natural mycotoxin detoxification agents.

Modulation of Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 1b Expression and Activity in Muscle Pathophysiology in Osteoarthritis and Osteoporosis

In the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis, articular cartilage and bone represent the target tissues, respectively, but muscle is also involved. Since many changes in energy metabolism occur in muscle with aging, the aim of the present work was to investigate the involvement of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1b (Cpt1b) in the muscle pathophysiology of the two diseases. Healthy subjects (CTR, n = 5), osteoarthritic (OA, n = 10), and osteoporotic (OP, n = 10) patients were enrolled. Gene expression analysis conducted on muscle and myoblasts showed up-regulation of CPT1B in OA patients; this result was confirmed by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analyses and enzyme activity assay, which showed increased Cpt1b activity in OA muscle. In addition, CPT1B expression resulted down-regulated in cultured OP myoblasts. Given the potential involvement of Cpt1b in the modulation of oxidative stress, we investigated ROS levels, which were found to be lower in OA myoblasts, and gene expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen oxidase 4 (Nox4), which resulted up-regulated in OA cells. Finally, the immunofluorescence of BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 (Bnip3) showed a decreased expression in OP myoblasts, with respect to CTR and OA. Contextually, through an ultrastructural analysis conducted by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), the presence of aberrant mitochondria was observed in OP muscle. This study highlights the potential role of Cpt1b in the regulation of muscle homeostasis in both osteoarthritis and osteoporosis, allowing for the expansion of the current knowledge of what are the molecular biological pathways involved in the regulation of muscle physiology in both diseases.

Association between dynapenic abdominal obesity and arthritis among the middle-aged and older Chinese: a longitudinal study

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to assess the longitudinal association between dynapenic abdominal obesity and new-onset arthritis among the middle-aged and older Chinese population.

METHODS

We included 6863 participants from the 2011 and 2015 waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Dynapenia was defined as handgrip strength < 28 kg for males, and < 18 kg for females. Abdominal obesity was defined as a waist circumference ≥ 90 cm for males and ≥ 85 cm for females. Based on the definitions, all participants were divided into four groups: no dynapenia and no abdominal obesity (ND/NAO), abdominal obesity alone (ND/AO), dynapenia alone (D/NAO), and dynapenia and abdominal obesity (D/AO). The association between dynapenic abdominal obesity and new-onset arthritis was assessed by sex using the Poisson regression models.

RESULTS

After a four-year follow-up, 1272 (18.53%) participants reported new-onset arthritis. Those in the D/AO group had a significantly increased risk of new-onset arthritis compared to those in the ND/NAO group (adjusted relative risk (RR): 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.77). In females, the ND/AO (RR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.03-1.43) and D/AO (RR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.01-1.93) groups were associated with a higher risk of arthritis. This significant association was not observed in males.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicated that the combined effect of dynapenia and abdominal obesity significantly increased the risk of new-onset arthritis in females, but this association was not observed in males.

An in situ forming cartilage matrix mimetic hydrogel scavenges ROS and ameliorates osteoarthritis after superficial cartilage injury

Superficial cartilage defects represent the most prevalent type of cartilage injury encountered in clinical settings, posing significant treatment challenges. Here, we fabricated a cartilage extracellular matrix mimic hydrogel (GHC, consisting of Gelatin, Hyaluronic acid, and Chondroitin sulfate) to avoid the exacerbation of cartilage deterioration, which is often driven by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a pro-inflammatory microenvironment. The GHC hydrogel exhibited multifunctional properties, including in situ formation, tissue adhesiveness, anti-ROS capabilities, and the promotion of chondrogenesis. The enhancement of tissue adhesion was achieved by chemically modifying hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate with o-nitrobenzene, enabling a covalent connection to the cartilage surface upon light irradiation. In vitro characterization revealed that GHC hydrogel facilitated chondrocyte adhesion, migration, and differentiation into cartilage. Additionally, GHC hydrogels demonstrated the ability to scavenge ROS in vitro and inhibit the production of inflammatory factors by chondrocytes. In the animal model of superficial cartilage injury, the hydrogel effectively promoted cartilage ECM regeneration and facilitated the interface integration between the host tissue and the material. These findings suggest that the multifunctional GHC hydrogels hold considerable promise as a strategy for cartilage defect repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Superficial cartilage defects represent the most prevalent type of cartilage injury encountered in the clinic. Previous cartilage tissue engineering materials are only suitable for full-thickness cartilage defects or osteochondral defects. Here, we developed a multifunctional GHC hydrogel composed of gelatin, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulfate, which are natural cartilage extracellular matrix components. The drug-free and cell-free hydrogel not only avoids immune rejection and drug toxicity, but also shows good mechanical properties and biocompatibility. More importantly, the GHC hydrogel could adhere tightly to the superficial cartilage defects and promote cartilage regeneration while protecting against oxidation. This natural ingredients and multifunctional hydrogel is a potential material for repairing superficial cartilage defects.

Tisochrysis lutea Fucoxanthin Suppresses NF-κB, JNK, and p38-Associated MMP Expression in Arthritis Pathogenesis via Antioxidant Activity

Tisochrysis lutea is a highly nutritious marine microalga that has various applications in aquaculture and biotechnology. However, the effects of T. lutea extract (TLE) on osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis remain unexplored. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of TLE on OA development. We found that TLE inhibits the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity in an OA mouse model generated by the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery. In vivo assays of the OA model mice demonstrated that TLE has a protective effect against cartilage destruction by inhibiting MMP3 and MMP13 expression. To enable the medical use of TLE, the components of TLE were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Interestingly, we found that Fucoxanthin accounts for 41.2% of TLE and showed anti-catabolic and antioxidant effects under IL-1β-treated in vitro conditions. RNA sequencing analysis showed that fucoxanthin decreased p38, NF-κB, and JNK signaling pathway gene expression, all of which are activated by IL-1β. Furthermore, in vivo analysis showed that fucoxanthin inhibited the IL-1β-stimulated phosphorylation of p65, JNK, and p38. These results highlight new possibilities for the use of TLE as a source of fucoxanthin, an antioxidant, for OA treatment.

S-Equol Ameliorates Menopausal Osteoarthritis in Rats through Reducing Oxidative Stress and Cartilage Degradation

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disease leading to articular cartilage destruction. Menopausal and postmenopausal women are susceptible to both OA and osteoporosis. S-equol, a soy isoflavone-derived molecule, is known to reduce osteoporosis in estrogen-deficient mice, but its role in OA remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the effect of S-equol on different degrees of menopausal OA in female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats induced by estrogen deficiency caused by bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) combined with intra-articular injection of mono-iodoacetate (MIA). Knee joint histopathological change; serum biomarkers of bone turnover, including N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) and N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX-I); the cartilage degradation biomarkers hyaluronic acid (HA) and N-terminal propeptide of type II procollagen (PIINP); and the matrix-degrading enzymes matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13, as well as the oxidative stress-inducing molecules nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), were assessed for evaluation of OA progression after S-equol supplementation for 8 weeks. The results showed that OVX without or with MIA injection induced various severity levels of menopausal OA by increasing pathological damage, oxidative stress, and cartilage matrix degradation to various degrees. Moreover, S-equol supplementation could significantly reduce these increased biomarkers in different severity levels of OA. This indicates that S-equol can lessen menopausal OA progression by reducing oxidative stress and the matrix-degrading enzymes involved in cartilage degradation.

Harnessing cerium-based biomaterials for the treatment of bone diseases

Bone, an actively metabolic organ, undergoes constant remodeling throughout life. Disturbances in the bone microenvironment can be responsible for pathologically bone diseases such as periodontitis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. Conventional bone tissue biomaterials are not adequately adapted to complex bone microenvironment. Therefore, there is an urgent clinical need to find an effective strategy to improve the status quo. In recent years, nanotechnology has caused a revolution in biomedicine. Cerium(III, IV) oxide, as an important member of metal oxide nanomaterials, has dual redox properties through reversible binding with oxygen atoms, which continuously cycle between Ce(III) and Ce(IV). Due to its special physicochemical properties, cerium(III, IV) oxide has received widespread attention as a versatile nanomaterial, especially in bone diseases. This review describes the characteristics of bone microenvironment. The enzyme-like properties and biosafety of cerium(III, IV) oxide are also emphasized. Meanwhile, we summarizes controllable synthesis of cerium(III, IV) oxide with different nanostructural morphologies. Following resolution of synthetic principles of cerium(III, IV) oxide, a variety of tailored cerium-based biomaterials have been widely developed, including bioactive glasses, scaffolds, nanomembranes, coatings, and nanocomposites. Furthermore, we highlight the latest advances in cerium-based biomaterials for inflammatory and metabolic bone diseases and bone-related tumors. Tailored cerium-based biomaterials have already demonstrated their value in disease prevention, diagnosis (imaging and biosensors) and treatment. Therefore, it is important to assist in bone disease management by clarifying tailored properties of cerium(III, IV) oxide in order to promote the use of cerium-based biomaterials in the future clinical setting. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this review, we focused on the promising of cerium-based biomaterials for bone diseases. We reviewed the key role of bone microenvironment in bone diseases and the main biological activities of cerium(III, IV) oxide. By setting different synthesis conditions, cerium(III, IV) oxide nanostructures with different morphologies can be controlled. Meanwhile, tailored cerium-based biomaterials can serve as a versatile toolbox (e.g., bioactive glasses, scaffolds, nanofibrous membranes, coatings, and nanocomposites). Then, the latest research advances based on cerium-based biomaterials for the treatment of bone diseases were also highlighted. Most importantly, we analyzed the perspectives and challenges of cerium-based biomaterials. In future perspectives, this insight has given rise to a cascade of cerium-based biomaterial strategies, including disease prevention, diagnosis (imaging and biosensors) and treatment.

Association between composite dietary antioxidant and bone mineral density in children and adolescents aged 8-19 years: findings from NHANES

Dietary antioxidants may have beneficial effects on bone health, but it remains uncertain in children and adolescents. This study investigates the association of composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) with bone mineral density (BMD) in children and adolescents aged 8-19 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2010. The study assessed the relationship between CDAI and BMD in 2994 individuals aged 8-19 years (average age 13.48 ± 3.32 years) from the NHANES 2007-2010. Multivariate linear regression analyses were utilized to detect the association between CDAI and total spine, femur neck, and total femur BMD, adjusting for confounders including age, race/ethnicity, sex, poverty income ratio (PIR), body mass index (BMI), serum phosphorus and calcium. Stratified analyses and interaction tests were performed to examine the stability of the results. The weighted characteristics showed that subjects in the fourth CDAI quartile were more likely to be older, men, and Non-Hispanic White. They have higher values of serum total calcium and phosphorus. After adjusting all confounders, CDAI was positively associated with the total spine (β = 0.0031 95% CI 0.0021-0.0040), total femur (β = 0.0039 95% CI 0.0028-0.0049), and femur neck BMD (β = 0.0031 95% CI 0.0021-0.0040) in children and adolescents. Furthermore, we found no interaction effects between different race/ethnicity, age, and sex groups. Our findings suggest that dietary intake of multiple antioxidants was positively associated with BMD in children and adolescents. These findings provide valuable evidence for improving bone health in the early stages of life. However, more prospective studies are required to validate our findings and their causal relationship.

Functional Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease, affecting more than 595 million people worldwide. Nanomaterials possess superior physicochemical properties and can influence pathological processes due to their unique structural features, such as size, surface interface, and photoelectromagnetic thermal effects. Unlike traditional OA treatments, which suffer from short half-life, low stability, poor bioavailability, and high systemic toxicity, nanotherapeutic strategies for OA offer longer half-life, enhanced targeting, improved bioavailability, and reduced systemic toxicity. These advantages effectively address the limitations of traditional therapies. This review aims to inspire researchers to develop more multifunctional nanomaterials and promote their practical application in OA treatment.

The Role of Traditional Chinese Medicines in the Treatment of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis (OP) represents a substantial public health issue and is associated with increasing rates of morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by reduced bone mineral density, deterioration of bone tissue quality, disruption of the microarchitecture of bones, and compromised bone strength. These changes may be attributed to the following factors: intercellular communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts; imbalanced bone remodeling; imbalances between osteogenesis and adipogenesis; imbalances in hormonal regulation; angiogenesis; chronic inflammation; oxidative stress; and intestinal microbiota imbalances. Treating a single aspect of the disease is insufficient to address its multifaceted nature. In recent decades, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has shown great potential in the treatment of OP, and the therapeutic effects of Chinese patent drugs and Chinese medicinal herbs have been scientifically proven. TCMs, which contain multiple components, can target the diverse pathogeneses of OP through a multitargeted approach. Herbs such as XLGB, JTG, GSB, Yinyanghuo, Gusuibu, Buguzhi, and Nvzhenzi are among the TCMs that can be used to treat OP and have demonstrated promising effects in this context. They exert their therapeutic effects by targeting various pathways involved in bone metabolism. These TCMs balance the activity of osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) and osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells), and they exhibit anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-oxidative, and estrogen-like functions. These multifaceted mechanisms underlie the efficacy of these herbs in the management and treatment of OP. Herein, we examine the efficacy of various Chinese herbs and Chinese patent drugs in treating OP by reviewing previous clinical trials and basic experiments, and we examine the potential mechanism of these therapies to provide evidence regarding the use of TCM for treating OP.

Insights into the Role of Glutathione Peroxidase 3 in Non-Neoplastic Diseases

Reactive oxygen species (ROSs) are byproducts of normal cellular metabolism and play pivotal roles in various physiological processes. Disruptions in the balance between ROS levels and the body's antioxidant defenses can lead to the development of numerous diseases. Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3), a key component of the body's antioxidant system, is an oxidoreductase enzyme. GPX3 mitigates oxidative damage by catalyzing the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into water. Beyond its antioxidant function, GPX3 is vital in regulating metabolism, modulating cell growth, inducing apoptosis and facilitating signal transduction. It also serves as a significant tumor suppressor in various cancers. Recent studies have revealed aberrant expression of GPX3 in several non-neoplastic diseases, associating it with multiple pathological processes. This review synthesizes the current understanding of GPX3 expression and regulation, highlighting its extensive roles in noncancerous diseases. Additionally, this paper evaluates the potential of GPX3 as a diagnostic biomarker and explores emerging therapeutic strategies targeting this enzyme, offering potential avenues for future clinical treatment of non-neoplastic conditions.