Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy: Current Progress and Challenges

Tuning surface morphology of AuNPs film via thiourea as a stable SERS platform for methylene blue

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively utilized in various fields such as sensors, life sciences, and catalysis. In this study, AuNPs were synthesized using a reduction method and subsequently treated with thiourea in an ethanol-water environment to prepare AuNPs film using a centrifugal deposition method for first time, resulting in the aggregation of the initial small-sized AuNPs into larger microsphere-like structures. The addition of thiourea facilitated the interconnection between AuNPs, ultimately leading to the formation of large stable gold microspheres. The sheet resistance of the AuNP films transitioned from being non-conductive to exhibiting a sheet resistance of 42.6 Ω/sq following thiourea treatment. The transformation from a flat surface to tightly connected particles resembling microspheres was observed from SEM images. The thiourea treatment not only altered the morphological characteristic of the AuNPs films but also significantly increased the number of scattering sites on their surface, leading to a substantial enhancement in the Raman scattering effect for methylene blue. This structural configuration also improved the electronic conduction and stability of the treated AuNPs films. Consequently, these findings suggest that AuNPs have promising application prospects in surface-enhanced Raman scatting (SERS), as well as in flexible electronics, catalysis, adsorption, and energy fields.

Converging frontiers in cancer treatment: the role of nanomaterials, mesenchymal stem cells, and microbial agents-challenges and limitations

Globally, people widely recognize cancer as one of the most lethal diseases due to its high mortality rates and lack of effective treatment options. Ongoing research into cancer therapies remains a critical area of inquiry, holding significant social relevance. Currently used treatment, such as chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery, often suffers from other problems like damaging side effects, inaccuracy, and the lack of ability to clear tumors. Conventional cancer therapies are usually imprecise and ineffective and usually develop resistance to treatments and cancer recurs. Cancer patients need fresh and innovative treatment that can reduce side effects while maximizing effectiveness. In recent decades several breakthroughs in these, and other areas of medical research, have paved the way for new avenues of fighting cancer including more focused and more effective alternatives. This study reviews exciting possibilities for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), nanomaterials, and microbial agents in the modern realm of cancer treatment. Nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated surprisingly high potential. They improve drug delivery systems (DDS) significantly, enhance imaging techniques remarkably, and target cancer cells selectively while protecting healthy tissues. MSCs play a double role in tissue repair and are a vehicle for novel cancer treatments such as gene treatments or NPs loaded with therapeutic agents. Additionally, therapies utilizing microbial agents, particularly those involving bacteria, offer an inventive approach to cancer treatment. This review investigates the potential of nanomaterials, MSCs, and microbial agents in addressing the shortcomings of conventional cancer therapies. We will also discuss the challenges and limitations of using these therapeutic approaches.

Nanotheranostics for gynecological cancers: a path forward for Africa

Nanoparticle-based therapies represent a transformative approach to managing gynecological cancers, offering targeted treatment strategies that minimize harm to healthy tissues while maximizing therapeutic efficacy. Despite their potential, implementing these advanced treatments in Africa is needed by a complex interplay of technological, economic, regulatory, and ethical challenges. This paper examines the current landscape of nanoparticle-based therapies, identifying critical barriers to their adoption, including inadequate infrastructure, high costs, and insufficient regulatory frameworks. Technological deficiencies manifest as a need for advanced nanoparticle synthesis, delivery, and diagnostics equipment, impeding research and clinical applications. Economically, the high production costs of nanoparticles, compounded by limited access to advanced diagnostic and treatment facilities, create significant financial barriers for healthcare systems and patients alike. Additionally, the regulatory environment needs to be more cohesive, characterized by a lack of established protocols and expertise to evaluate the unique properties of nanomedicines. However, opportunities for advancement exist through focused research and development initiatives. Targeted drug delivery systems, early detection methods, and immunotherapy integration are promising avenues to enhance treatment outcomes. Collaborative partnerships between African institutions and international research entities, alongside public-private collaborations, could bolster local capabilities in nanomedicine. To facilitate the integration of nanoparticle-based therapies, African governments must prioritize funding for nanomedicine research, create robust regulatory frameworks, and ensure equitable access to these innovative treatments. A concerted effort involving policy reforms, investment, and collaboration is essential for overcoming existing barriers and realizing the full potential of nanoparticle-based therapies in improving health outcomes for gynecological cancer patients across Africa.

Ultrasound-triggered drug release in vivo from antibubble-loaded macrophages

Nanoparticles have proven to be attractive carriers in therapeutic drug delivery since they can encapsulate, protect and stabilize a plethora of different drugs, thereby improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects. However, specific targeting of drug-loaded nanoparticles to the tissue of interest and a timely and spatially controlled release of drugs on demand still represent a challenge. Recently, gas-filled microparticles, so-called antibubbles, have been developed which can efficiently encapsulate liquid drug droplets. Here, we show that antibubbles are efficiently taken up by macrophages in vitro and are stably maintained for more than 48 h without compromising antibubble integrity and macrophage viability. We show that application of diagnostic ultrasound induces the disintegration of both antibubbles and carrier cells while not affecting non-loaded macrophages. Using 4-hydroxytamoxifen as a model drug, we show ultrasound-mediated drug release upon adoptive transfer of antibubble-loaded macrophages in mice. Together with the ability of macrophages to accumulate in inflamed tissues, antibubble-loaded macrophages represent an attractive tool for targeted delivery of drugs and its ultrasound-mediated spatial and temporal drug release, highlighting the therapeutic perspective of this strategy.

Folate receptor-targeted thiol-maleimide clicked chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose nanoparticles for cisplatin delivery in oral carcinoma

This study aimed to develop cisplatin (CDDP)-loaded folic acid (FA)-decorated nanoparticles (NPs) as targeted drug carrier towards overexpressed folate receptors on the oral carcinoma cell line (KB cells). The FA-conjugated thiolated succinyl chitosan (FA-SH-SCS) and maleimide-grafted-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-MAL) were synthesized and acquired in the preparation of NPs via thiol-maleimide click reaction. The physicochemical characteristics, drug loading, and drug release of the FA-decorated NPs (FA-NPs) were examined. Also, the in vitro biocompatibility, cellular uptake, and cell death mechanism were investigated. Relatively spherical NPs with negative charge were obtained with a size of approximately 200 nm. The formation of FA-NPs through click reaction was confirmed by the pH change and Ellman's assay. The release of CDDP from the FA-NPs was influenced by the acidic tumor environment condition. The FA-NPs were non-toxic to the normal cells. Furthermore, FA-NPs improved the cellular uptake of CDDP in oral carcinoma cells through specific recognition of folate receptors by FA-NPs. The delivery of CDDP by FA-NPs to the KB cell induced the apoptotic cell death pathway. Therefore, FA-NPs presented the potential to be effective nanocarriers for CDDP delivery in the treatment of oral cancer via active targeting approach.

Liquid Metal-Enabled Epidermal Interfaces

Soft materials are crucial for epidermal interfaces in biomedical devices due to their capability to conform to the body compared to rigid inorganic materials. Gels, liquids, and polymers have been extensively explored, but they lack sufficient electrical and thermal conductivity required for many application settings. Gallium-based alloys are molten metals at room temperature with exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity. These liquid metals and their composites can be directly applied onto the skin as interface materials. In this Spotlight on Applications, we focus on the rapidly evolving field of liquid metal-enabled epidermal interfaces featuring unique physical properties beyond traditional gels and polymers. We delve into the role of liquid metal in electrical and thermal biointerfaces in various epidermal applications. Current challenges and future directions in this active area are also discussed.

Unlocking the potential: integrating phytoconstituents and nanotechnology in skin cancer therapy - A comprehensive review

Skin carcinoma, which includes basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma, is influenced by various factors such as genetic predisposition, chemical exposures, immune system imbalances, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This review delves into the mechanisms behind the development of these cancers, exploring the therapeutic potential of microbial, plant derived compounds and nanoparticles in advancing skin cancer treatments. Special attention is given to the cytotoxic effects of anti-neoplastic agents from microbial sources on different cancer cell lines, particularly melanoma. Additionally, the review highlights the role of phytochemicals - such as quercetin, resveratrol, and curcumin alongside vitamins, terpenoids, and sulforaphane, in management of skin cancers through mechanisms like apoptosis induction and cell cycle regulation. Recent advancements in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, including NP and microemulsion formulations, are also discussed for their enhanced ability to specifically target cancer cells. The diverse roles of NPs in skin cancer therapy, especially in terms of targeted drug delivery and immune modulation, are reviewed. These innovative NPs formulations have showed improved skin penetration and tumor-specific delivery, reduced systemic toxicity and enhanced therapeutic effectiveness.

Nanoformulations in the treatment of lung cancer: current status and clinical potential

OBJECTIVE

Recent developments in nanotechnology have regained hope in enabling the eradication of lung cancer, while overcoming the drawbacks of the classic therapeutics. Nevertheless, there are still formidable obstacles that hinder the translation of such platforms from the bench into the clinic. Herein, we shed light on the clinical potential of these formulations and discuss their future directions.

SIGNIFICANCE OF REVIEW

The current article sheds light on the recent advancements in the recruitment of nanoformulations against lung cancer, focusing on their unique features, merits, and demerits. Moreover, inorganic nanoparticles, including gold, silver, magnetic, and carbon nanotubes are highlighted as emerging drug delivery technologies. Furthermore, the clinical status of these formulations is discussed, with particular attention on the challenges that they encounter in their clinical translation. Lastly, the future perspectives in this promising area are inspired.

KEY FINDINGS

Nanoformulations have a promising potential in improving the physico-chemical properties, pharmacokinetics, delivery efficiency, and selectivity of lung cancer therapeutics. The key challenges that encounter their clinical translation include their structural intricacy, high production cost, scale-up issues, and unclear toxicity profiles. The application of biodegradable platforms improves the biosafety of lung cancer-targeted nanomedicine. Moreover, the design of novel targeting strategies that apply a lower number of components can promote their industrial scalability and deliver them to the market at affordable prices.

CONCLUSIONS

Nanomedicines have opened up new possibilities for treating lung cancer. Focusing on tackling the challenges that hinder their clinical translation will promote the future of this area of endeavor.

Molecular insights into the anti-cancer activity of chitosan-okra mucilage polymeric nanocomposite doped with nano zero-valent iron against multi-drug-resistant oral carcinoma cells

Recent advances in nanotechnology, particularly those utilizing polymeric nanocomposites, have garnered significant attention for their effectiveness and biocompatibility in cancer diagnosis and treatment. In this study, a chitosan-okra mucilage polymeric nanocomposite doped with nano zero-valent iron (CS-OM-nZVI), synthesized using green chemistry principles, was evaluated for its anti-cancer activity against drug-resistant oral carcinoma cells (KBChR). The nanocomposite was created from chitosan, mucilage derived from okra biomass, and nano zerovalent iron particles synthesized through chemical reduction. The resulting nanocomposite exhibited a highly stable, crystalline nanoscale structure with excellent stability. Anti-cancer activity was assessed by measuring cell viability, apoptosis induction, oxidative stress markers, DNA fragmentation, and performing in silico docking studies between the components of the polymeric nanocomposite (CS-OM-nZVI) and key proteins involved in carcinoma pathogenesis. The nanocomposite demonstrated significant anticancer activity, with an IC50 of 600 μg/mL, indicating notable effects on cell viability. It also induced significant morphological changes associated with apoptosis, such as chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation. Additionally, the nanocomposite had a marked effect on oxidative stress markers, particularly catalase and superoxide dismutase activity. In silico docking studies revealed that the polymeric composite modulates and enhances both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways, confirmed by chitosan's binding to Caspase-3. This study suggests that the prepared nanocomposite is a promising anti-cancer agent against drug-resistant oral carcinoma cells, demonstrating a significant impact on cancer cell viability.

Advancements in breast cancer therapy: The promise of copper nanoparticles

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide and poses significant treatment challenges. Traditional therapies often lead to adverse side effects and resistance, necessitating innovative approaches for effective management.

OBJECTIVE

This review aims to explore the potential of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) in enhancing breast cancer therapy through targeted drug delivery, improved imaging, and their antiangiogenic properties.

METHODS

The review synthesizes existing literature on the efficacy of CuNPs in breast cancer treatment, addressing common challenges in nanotechnology, such as nanoparticle toxicity, scalability, and regulatory hurdles. It proposes a novel hybrid method that combines CuNPs with existing therapeutic modalities to optimize treatment outcomes.

RESULTS

CuNPs demonstrate the ability to selectively target cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues, leading to improved therapeutic efficacy. Their unique physicochemical properties facilitate efficient biodistribution and enhanced imaging capabilities. Additionally, CuNPs exhibit antiangiogenic activity, which can inhibit tumor growth by preventing the formation of new blood vessels.

CONCLUSION

The findings suggest that CuNPs represent a promising avenue for advancing breast cancer treatment. By addressing the limitations of current therapies and proposing innovative solutions, this review contributes valuable insights into the future of nanotechnology in oncology.

Nanotherapeutic strategy against glioblastoma using enzyme inhibitors

Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain cancer and thus patients with glioblastoma have a severely low 5-year survival rate (<5 %). Glioblastoma damages neural centers, causing severe depression, anxiety, and cognitive disorders. Glioblastoma is highly resistant to most of available anti-tumor medications, due to heterogeneity of glioblastoma as well as the presence of stem-like cells. To overcome the challenges in the current medications against glioblastoma, novel medications that are effective in treating the aggressive and heterogenous glioblastoma should be developed. Enzyme inhibitor and nanomedicine have been getting attention because of effective anticancer efficacies of enzyme inhibitors and a role of nanomedicine as effective carrier of chemotherapeutic drugs by targeting specific tumor areas. Furthermore, a tumor-initiating neuroinflammatory microenvironment, which is crucial for glioblastoma progression, was linked with several carcinogenesis pathways. Therefore, in this review, first we summarize neuroinflammation and glioblastoma-related neuropathways. Second, we discuss the importance of enzyme inhibitors targeting specific proteins in relation with neuroinflammation and glioblastoma-related molecular mechanisms. Third, we summarize recent findings on the significance of nanotherapeutic anticancer drugs developed using natural or synthetic enzyme inhibitors against glioblastoma as well as currently available Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs against glioblastoma.

Neurotoxicity of the antineoplastic drugs: "Doxorubicin" as an example

There is an increased prevalence of cancer, and chemotherapy is widely and routinely utilized to manage the majority of cancers; however, administration of chemotherapeutic drugs has faced limitations concerning the "off-target" cytotoxicity. Chemobrain and impairment of neurocognitive functions have been observed in a significant fraction of cancer patients or survivors and reduce their life quality; this could be ascribed to the ability of chemotherapeutic drugs to alter the structure and function of the brain. Doxorubicin (DOX), an FDA-approved chemotherapeutic drug with therapeutic effectiveness, is commonly used to treat several carcinomas clinically. DOX-triggered neurotoxicity is the most serious adverse reaction after DOX-induced cardiotoxicity which greatly limits its clinical application. DOX-induced neurotoxicity is a net of multiple mechanisms that have been verified in pre-clinical and clinical studies, such as oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial disruption, apoptosis, autophagy, disruption of neurotransmitters, and impairment of neurogenesis. There is a massive need for developing novel therapeutics for both cancer and DOX-associated neurotoxicity; therefore investigating the implicated mechanisms of DOX-induced chemobrain will reveal multi-targets for novel curative strategies. Recently, various neuroprotective mechanisms were employed to mitigate DOX-mediated neurotoxicity. For this purpose, therapeutic interventions using pharmacological compounds were developed to protect healthy "off-target" tissues from DOX-induced toxicity. In addition, nanoplatforms were used to enable target delivery of DOX; to prevent its deposition in non-cancerous tissues. The aim of the current review is to provide some reference value for the future management of DOX-induced neurotoxicity and to summarize the underlying mechanisms of DOX-mediated neurotoxicity and the potential therapeutic interventions.

Aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate conjugated to surface-modified Iron oxide nanoparticles as a magnetic targeting platform for photodynamic therapy of Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice

BACKGROUND

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a targeted treatment option for cancers that are non-responding to ordinary anticancer therapies. It involves activating a photosensitizer with a light source of a specific wavelength to destroy targeted cells and their surrounding vasculature. Aluminum phthalocyanine tetra sulfonate (AlPcS4) has gained attention as a second-generation photosensitizer for its strong absorption in the red-light region. AlPcS4 can be conjugated to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) to provide targeted drug delivery to the tumor cells while reducing its undesired effect on healthy tissues in other body parts.

METHODS

Magnetic glutamine functionalized iron oxide nanocomposites loaded with AlPcS4 (IONs-NH2-AlPcS4) were synthesized via the co-precipitation method. The conjugate (IONs-NH2-AlPcS4) was characterized by TEM, Zeta potential, DLS, FTIR, and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. Furthermore, its photodynamic activity was investigated using albino mice with induced Ehrlich solid tumors.

RESULTS

AlPcS4 was successfully conjugated to IONs-NH2 with a high loading efficiency of 54±2%. The synthesized conjugate exhibited a spherical shape, with 7 ± 2 nm particle size. The In vivo experiment revealed that the albino mice with induced Ehrlich solid tumor that were treated by combined PDT and magnetic targeting conjugate exhibited significant tumor regression and notably higher levels of necrotic tissue compared to the animals in other groups.

CONCLUSION

PDT mediated by magnetic targeting significantly inhibited tumor growth with minimal adverse effects, indicating its great potential as a promising strategy for solid cancer treatment.

AKT kinases as therapeutic targets

AKT, or protein kinase B, is a central node of the PI3K signaling pathway that is pivotal for a range of normal cellular physiologies that also underlie several pathological conditions, including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, overgrowth syndromes, and neoplastic transformation. These pathologies, notably cancer, arise if either the activity of AKT or its positive or negative upstream or downstream regulators or effectors goes unchecked, superimposed on by its intersection with a slew of other pathways. Targeting the PI3K/AKT pathway is, therefore, a prudent countermeasure. AKT inhibitors have been tested in many clinical trials, primarily in combination with other drugs. While some have recently garnered attention for their favorable profile, concern over resistance and off-target effects have continued to hinder their widespread adoption in the clinic, mandating a discussion on alternative modes of targeting. In this review, we discuss isoform-centric targeting that may be more effective and less toxic than traditional pan-AKT inhibitors and its significance for disease prevention and treatment, including immunotherapy. We also touch on the emerging mutant- or allele-selective covalent allosteric AKT inhibitors (CAAIs), as well as indirect, novel AKT-targeting approaches, and end with a briefing on the ongoing quest for more reliable biomarkers predicting sensitivity and response to AKT inhibitors, and their current state of affairs.

Microfluidics-generated PLA nanoparticles: impact of purification method on macrophage interactions, anti-inflammatory effects, biodistribution, and protein corona formation

Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are traditionally formulated using batch methodologies that are poorly scalable and require time consuming, hands-on purification procedures. Here, we prepared poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based polymeric NPs using a scalable microfluidics-based method and systematically investigated the impact of purification method (centrifugation versus tangential flow filtration (TFF)) to remove poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) on macrophage uptake, anti-inflammatory effects, biodistribution, and protein corona formation. TFF purification demonstrated significantly higher recovery of NPs compared to the centrifugation method, with little-to-no aggregation observed. PVA removal efficiency was superior with centrifugation, although TFF was comparable. NP cellular association, in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, and in vivo biodistribution studies suggested purification method-dependent alterations, which were correlated with protein corona profiles. This study underscores the potential of TFF, combined with microfluidics, as an efficient and high-yield purification method for NPs, and reveals the need for extensive confirmation of NP biological activity alongside physicochemical properties when developing NP therapeutics at-scale.

Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 in cancer immunotherapy: function, prognostic biomarker and therapeutic potentials

Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) has emerged as a key immune checkpoint regulating immune responses in the context of cancer. The inhibitory effect of LAG-3-expressing T cells contributes to suppressing anti-tumor immunity and promoting tumor progression. This review discusses the function of LAG-3 in immune suppression, its interactions with ligands, and its potential as a prognostic biomarker for cancers. We also explore therapeutic strategies targeting LAG-3, including monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and CAR T cells. This review summarizes the current preclinical and clinical studies on LAG-3, highlighting the potential of therapeutic regimens targeting LAG-3 to enhance antitumor immunity and improve patients' outcomes. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the mechanism of action of LAG-3 and optimize its application in tumor therapy.

Non-Viral Systems Based on PAMAM-Calix-Dendrimers for Regulatory siRNA Delivery into Cancer Cells

Cancer is one of the most common diseases in developed countries. Recently, gene therapy has emerged as a promising approach to cancer treatment and has already entered clinical practice worldwide. RNA interference-based therapy is a promising method for cancer treatment. However, there are a number of limitations that require vectors to deliver therapeutic nucleic acids to target tissues and organs. Active research is currently underway to find highly effective, low-toxic nanomaterials capable of acting as nanocarriers. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time the ability of symmetrical polyamidoamine dendronized thiacalix[4]arenes (PAMAM-calix-dendrimers) to form stable positively charged complexes with siRNAs, protect them from enzymatic degradation, and efficiently deliver gene material to HeLa cells. A distinctive feature of PAMAM-calix-dendrimers was the unusual decrease in hemo- and cytotoxicity with increasing generation, while these compounds did not cause toxic effects at concentrations required for siRNA binding and delivery. A comparative analysis of the efficiency of complex formation of PAMAM-calix-dendrimers and classical PAMAM dendrimers with siRNAs was also performed. The findings may facilitate the creation of novel unique gene delivery systems for cancer nanomedicine development.

Eco-friendly synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles fabricated using Fioria vitifolia L. and their Biomedical Potentials

The present study aimed to environmentally friendly synthesis of ZnO NPs using Fioria vitifolia leaf extracts which provides a sustainable and green approach for production of NPs. The produced ZnO NPs were evaluated using various spectrum approaches (UV-vis, FTIR XRD, TEM and EDAX). The synthesized ZnO NPs was confirmed by UV-Visible spectroscopy exhibited a peak at 370 nm. SEM imaging revealed a flash-like and needle-like bottom morphology. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis detected vibrations corresponding to alcohols, halides, and aromatics functional groups. TEM showed spherical-shaped NPs with an average diameter of 11 nm. XRD analysis exhibited distinct peaks at 2θ values of 31.7°, 34.3°, 36.2°, 47.4°, 56.6°, 62.8°, 66.4°, 67.9°, 69.1°, and 76.8°, corresponding to the crystallographic planes (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103), (200), (112), (201), (004), and (202) planes respectively. The antibacterial activity demonstrated significant zones of inhibition against E. coli (17±0.6 mm) and S. aureus (23.7±0.5 mm), and inhibition of biofilm formation in S. aureus and C. albicans. Additionally, S. mutans exhibited the highest sensitivity to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ZnO NPs, with complete inhibition occurring at 7.5 μg/mL. Furthermore, antioxidant DPPH assays exhibited IC50 values of 42 μg/mL. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory properties of ZnO NPs of F. vitifolia were evaluated in-vitro using models utilizing the human red blood cells (HRBC) membrane stabilization method (MSM), and it was shown to have an MSM of 83.87% at 250 μg/mL. Furthermore, ZnO NPs exhibited anticancer activity against the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line with an IC50 value of 35.50 μg/mL. Toxicological evaluation of FV-ZnO nanoparticles in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos indicated low toxicity at maximum concentration. These is first findings suggest that ZnO NPs synthesized from F. vitifolia leaf extracts possess significant antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Additionally, their low toxicity in zebrafish embryos makes them suitable for further development in antimicrobial therapies with minimal side effects, offering a sustainable, biocompatible solution to tackle multidrug-resistant microbial infections.

Synthetic and biological nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy

Cancer is becoming the main public health problem globally. Conventional chemotherapy approaches are slowly being replaced or complemented by new therapies that avoid the loss of healthy tissue, limit off-targets, and eradicate cancer cells. Immunotherapy is nowadays an important strategy for cancer treatment, that uses the host's anti-tumor response by activating the immune system and increasing the effector cell number, while, minimizing cancer's immune-suppressor mechanisms. Its efficacy is still limited by poor therapeutic targeting, low immunogenicity, antigen presentation deficiency, impaired T-cell trafficking and infiltration, heterogeneous microenvironment, multiple immune checkpoints and unwanted side effects, which could benefit from improved delivery systems, able to release immunotherapeutic agents to tumor microenvironment and immune cells. Nanoparticles (NPs) for immunotherapy (Nano-IT), have a huge potential to solve these limitations. Natural and/or synthetic, targeted and/or stimuli-responsive nanoparticles can be used to deliver immunotherapeutic agents in their native conformations to the site of interest to enhance their antitumor activity. They can also be used as co-adjuvants that enhance the activity of IT effector cells. These nanoparticles can be engineered in the natural context of cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes or can be fully synthetic. In this review, a detailed SWOT analysis is done through the comparison of engineered-synthetic and naturaly-derived nanoparticles in terms of their current and future use in cancer immunotherapy.

Recent Advances in Silica-Based Nanomaterials for Enhanced Tumor Imaging and Therapy

Cancer remains a formidable challenge, inflicting profound physical, psychological, and financial burdens on patients. In this context, silica-based nanomaterials have garnered significant attention for their potential in tumor imaging and therapy owing to their exceptional properties, such as biocompatibility, customizable porosity, and versatile functionalization capabilities. This review meticulously examines the latest advancements in the application of silica-based nanomaterials for tumor imaging and therapy. It underscores their potential in enhancing various cancer imaging modalities, including fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, ultrasound imaging, and multimodal imaging approaches. Moreover, the review delves into their therapeutic efficacy in chemotherapy, radiotherapy, phototherapy, immunotherapy, gas therapy, sonodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, starvation therapy, and gene therapy. Critical evaluations of the biosafety profiles and degradation pathways of these nanomaterials within biological environments are also presented. By discussing the current challenges and prospects, this review aims to provide a nuanced perspective on the clinical translation of silica-based nanomaterials, thereby highlighting their promise in revolutionizing cancer diagnostics, enabling real-time monitoring of therapeutic responses, and advancing personalized medicine.

Nrf2 pathways in neuroprotection: Alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment in aging

Mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment are widespread phenomena among the elderly, being crucial factors that contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important regulator of cellular defense systems, including that against oxidative stress. As such, increased Nrf2 activity may serve as a strategy to avert mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive decline. Scientific data on Nrf2-mediated neuroprotection was collected from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, specifically addressing mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment in older people. Search terms included "Nrf2", "mitochondrial dysfunction," "cognitive impairment," and "neuroprotection." Studies focusing on in vitro and in vivo models and clinical investigations were included to review Nrf2's therapeutic potential comprehensively. The relative studies have demonstrated that increased Nrf2 activity could improve mitochondrial performance, decrease oxidative pressure, and mitigate cognitive impairment. To a large extent, this is achieved through the modulation of critical cellular signalling pathways such as the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, mitochondrial biogenesis, and neuroinflammatory responses. The present review summarizes the recent progress in comprehending the molecular mechanisms regarding the neuroprotective benefits mediated by Nrf2 through its substantial role against mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment. This review also emphasizes Nrf2-target pathways and their contribution to cognitive function improvement and rescue from mitochondria-related abnormalities as treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases that often affect elderly individuals.

Recent advances in polymeric and lipid stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for cell-based cancer immunotherapy

Conventional cancer therapy has major limitations, including non-specificity, unavoidable side effects, low specific tumor accumulation and systemic toxicity. In recent years, more effective and precise treatment methods have been developed, including cell-based immunotherapy. Carriers that can accurately and specifically target cells and equip them to combat cancer cells are particularly important for developing this therapy. As a result, attention has been drawn to smart nanocarriers that can react to specific stimuli. Thus, stimuli-responsive nanocarriers have attracted increasing attention because they can change their physicochemical properties in response to stimulus conditions, such as pH, enzymes, redox agents, hypoxia, light and temperature. This review highlights recent advances in various stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, discussing loading, targeted delivery, cellular uptake, biocompatibility and immunomodulation in cell-based immunotherapy. Finally, future challenges and perspectives regarding the possible clinical translation of nanocarriers are discussed.

Enhanced Delivery and Potency of Chemotherapeutics in Melanoma Treatment via Magnetite Nanobioconjugates

Melanoma, known for its aggressive metastatic potential, poses significant treatment challenges. Despite the potent antiproliferative effects of anticancer drugs, systemic toxicity and low water solubility limit their efficacy. This study addresses these challenges by employing magnetite (Fe3O4) nanobioconjugates as a drug delivery system, aimed at enhancing drug solubility and reducing off-target effects in melanoma therapy. Magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) were engineered with functional molecules and loaded with the anticancer agents Temozolomide (TMZ) or paclitaxel (PTX). The nanobioconjugates were characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results validated the efficacious synthesis and drug loading, attaining efficiencies ranging from 32 to 72% for TMZ and 32 to 60% for PTX. Biocompatibility assessments demonstrated excellent tolerance, with minimal hemolysis rates and platelet aggregation. In vitro studies revealed enhanced cytotoxicity against A-375 human melanoma cells compared to free drugs, with cellular uptake facilitated primarily through macropinocytosis, caveolin-, and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Furthermore, the nanobioconjugates exhibited significant efficacy in targeting A-375 melanoma spheroids, underlining their potential in melanoma therapy. This research underscores magnetite nanobioconjugates as a promising avenue for targeted melanoma treatment, offering enhanced drug delivery specificity and reduced systemic toxicity in oncological drug delivery systems.

Cholesterol metabolism in pancreatic cancer and associated therapeutic strategies

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal cancers due to late diagnosis and high chemoresistance. Despite recent progression in the development of chemotherapies, immunotherapies, and potential nanoparticles-based approaches, the success rate of therapeutic response is limited which is further compounded by cancer drug resistance. Understanding of emerging biological and molecular pathways causative of pancreatic cancer's aggressive and chemoresistance is vital to improve the effectiveness of existing therapeutics and to develop new therapies. One such under-investigated and relatively less explored area of research is documenting the effect that lipids, specifically cholesterol, and its metabolism, impose on pancreatic cancer. Dysregulated cholesterol metabolism has a profound role in supporting cellular proliferation, survival, and promoting chemoresistance and this has been well established in various other cancers. Thus, we aimed to provide an in-depth review focusing on the significance of cholesterol metabolism in pancreatic cancer and relevant genes at play, molecular processes contributing to cellular cholesterol homeostasis, and current research efforts to develop new cholesterol-targeting therapeutics. We highlight the caveats, weigh in different experimental therapeutic strategies, and provide possible suggestions for future research highlighting cholesterol's importance as a therapeutic target against pancreatic cancer resistance and cancer progression.

Advances in smart nanotechnology-supported photodynamic therapy for cancer

Cancer has emerged as a formidable challenge in the 21st century, impacting society, public health, and the economy. Conventional cancer treatments often exhibit limited efficacy and considerable side effects, particularly in managing the advanced stages of the disease. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a contemporary non-invasive therapeutic approach, employs photosensitizers (PS) in conjunction with precise light wavelengths to selectively target diseased tissues, inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species and ultimately leading to cancer cell apoptosis. In contrast to conventional therapies, PDT presents a lower incidence of side effects and greater precision in targeting. The integration of intelligent nanotechnology into PDT has markedly improved its effectiveness, as evidenced by the remarkable synergistic antitumor effects observed with the utilization of multifunctional nanoplatforms in conjunction with PDT. This paper provides a concise overview of the principles underlying PS and PDT, while also delving into the utilization of nanomaterial-based PDT in the context of cancer treatment.

Harnessing curcumin and nanotechnology for enhanced treatment of breast cancer bone metastasis

Breast cancer (BC) bone metastasis poses a significant clinical challenge due to its impact on patient prognosis and quality of life. Curcumin (CUR), a natural polyphenol compound found in turmeric, has shown potential in cancer therapy due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. However, its metabolic instability and hydrophobicity have hindered its clinical applications, leading to a short plasma half-life, poor absorption, and low bioavailability. To enhance the drug-like properties of CUR, nanotechnology-based delivery strategies have been employed, utilizing polymeric, lipidic, and inorganic nanoparticles (NPs). These approaches have effectively overcome CUR's inherent limitations by enhancing its stability and cellular bioavailability both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, targeting molecules with high selectivity towards bone metastasized breast cancer cells can be used for site specific delivery of curcumin. Alendronate (ALN), a bone-seeking bisphosphonate, is one such moiety with high selectivity towards bone and thus can be effectively used for targeted delivery of curcumin loaded nanocarriers. This review will detail the process of bone metastasis in BC, elucidate the mechanism of action of CUR, and assess the efficacy of nanotechnology-based strategies for CUR delivery. Specifically, it will focus on how these strategies enhance CUR's stability and improve targeted delivery approaches in the treatment of BC bone metastasis.

Enhancing Proton Therapy Efficacy Through Nanoparticle-Mediated Radiosensitization

Proton therapy, characterized by its unique Bragg peak, offers the potential to optimize the destruction of cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues, positioning it as one of the most advanced cancer treatment modalities currently available. However, in comparison to heavy ions, protons exhibit a relatively lower relative biological effectiveness (RBE), which limits the efficacy of proton therapy. The incorporation of nanoparticles for radiosensitization presents a novel approach to enhance the RBE of protons. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of the recent advancements in augmenting the biological effects of proton therapy through the use of nanoparticles. It examines the various types of nanoparticles that have been the focus of extensive research, elucidates their mechanisms of radiation sensitization, and evaluates the factors influencing the efficiency of this sensitization process. Furthermore, this review discusses the latest synergistic therapeutic strategies that integrate nanoparticle-mediated radiosensitization and outlines prospective directions for the future application of nanoparticles in conjunction with proton therapy.

Nanomedicine for cancer patient-centered care

Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and an increase in incidence is estimated in the next future, due to population aging, which requires the development of highly tolerable and low-toxicity cancer treatment strategies. The use of nanotechnology to tailor treatments according to the genetic and immunophenotypic characteristics of a patient's tumor, and to allow its targeted release, can meet this need, improving the efficacy of treatment and minimizing side effects. Nanomedicine-based approach for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is a rapidly evolving field. Several nanoformulations are currently in clinical trials, and some have been approved and marketed. However, their large-scale production and use are still hindered by an in-depth debate involving ethics, intellectual property, safety and health concerns, technical issues, and costs. Here, we survey the key approaches, with specific reference to organ-on chip technology, and cutting-edge tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, through which nanosystems can meet the needs for personalized diagnostics and therapy in cancer patients. An update is provided on the nanopharmaceuticals approved and marketed for cancer therapy and those currently undergoing clinical trials. Finally, we discuss the emerging avenues in the field and the challenges to be overcome for the transfer of nano-based precision oncology into clinical daily life.

Combination non-targeted and sGRP78-targeted nanoparticle drug delivery outperforms either component to treat metastatic ovarian cancer

Metastatic ovarian cancer (MOC) is highly deadly, due in part to the limited efficacy of standard-of-care chemotherapies to metastatic tumors and non-adherent cancer cells. Here, we demonstrated the effectiveness of a combination therapy of GRP78-targeted (TNPGRP78pep) and non-targeted (NP) nanoparticles to deliver a novel DM1-prodrug to MOC in a syngeneic mouse model. Cell surface-GRP78 is overexpressed in MOC, making GRP78 an optimal target for selective delivery of nanoparticles to MOC. The NP + TNPGRP78pep combination treatment reduced tumor burden by 15-fold, compared to untreated control. Increased T cell and macrophage levels in treated groups also suggested antitumor immune system involvement. The NP and TNPGRP78pep components functioned synergistically through two proposed mechanisms of action. The TNPGRP78pep targeted non-adherent cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity, preventing the formation of new solid tumors, while the NP passively targeted existing solid tumor sites, providing a sustained release of the drug to the tumor microenvironment.

Cubosomes functionalized with antibodies as a potential strategy for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer

Breast cancers that overexpress human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) have poor prognosis. Moreover, available chemotherapies cause numerous side effects due to poor selectivity. To advance more effective and safer therapies for HER2-positive breast cancer, we explored the fusion of drug delivery technology and immunotherapy. Our research led to the design of immunocubosomes loaded with panobinostat and functionalized with trastuzumab antibodies, enabling precise targeting of breast cancer cells that overexpress HER2. We characterised the nanostructure of cubosomes using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Moreover, we confirmed the integrity of the trastuzumab antibodies on the immunocubosomes by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Additionally, we found that panobinostat-loaded immunocubosomes were more cytotoxic, and in an uptake-dependant manner, towards a HER2-positive breast cancer cell line (SKBR3) compared to a cell line representing healthy cells (L929). These results support that the functionalization of cubosomes with antibodies enhances both the effectiveness of the loaded drug and its selectivity for targeting HER2-positive breast cancer cells.

Exploring the therapeutic applications of nano-therapy of encapsulated cisplatin and anthocyanin-loaded multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated with chitosan-conjugated folic acid in targeting breast and liver cancers

This study aimed to assess the targeted nano-therapy of encapsulated cisplatin (Cis) and anthocyanin (Ant)-loaded multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT) coated with chitosan conjugated folic acid on breast MCF7 and liver HepG2 cancer cells. Zeta potential, UV-spectroscopy, FTIR, TEM, and SEM were used to evaluate CNT, its modified form (CNT Mod), CNT-loaded Cis NPs, CNT-loaded Ant NPs, and CNT- Cis + Ant NPs. All treatments induced apoptosis-dependent cytotoxicity in both cell lines as revealed functionally by the MTT assay, morphologically (DNA degradation) by acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) double staining, and molecularly (Bax upregulation and Bcl2 downregulation) by real-time PCR, with best effect for the combined treatment (CNT- Cis + Ant NPs). This combined treatment also significantly reduced inflammation (low TNFα), migration (low MMP9 and high TIMP1), and angiogenesis (low VEGF), while significantly increasing antioxidant status (high Nrf2 and OH-1) in MCF7 and HepG2 cells compared to other treatments. Interestingly, cells treated with CNT Mod exhibited higher cytotoxic, apoptotic, anti-migratory, and anti-angiogenic potentials relative to CNT-treated cells. In conclusion, targeted nano-therapy of encapsulated cisplatin and anthocyanin-loaded carbon nanotubes coated with chitosan conjugated folic acid can efficiently combat breast and liver cancers by sustained release, in addition to its apoptotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-metastatic, and anti-angiogenic effects.

A comprehensive review of Co3O4 nanostructures in cancer: Synthesis, characterization, reactive oxygen species mechanisms, and therapeutic applications

Nanotechnology involves creating, analyzing, and using tiny materials. Cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4 NPs) have several medicinal uses due to their unique antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, larvicidal, anticholinergic, antileishmanial, wound healing, and antidiabetic capabilities. Cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4 NPs) with attractive magnetic properties have found widespread use in biomedical applications, including magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic hyperthermia, and magnetic targeting. The high surface area of Co3O4 leads to unique electrical, optical, catalytic, and magnetic properties, which make it a promising candidate for biomedical bases. Additionally, cobalt nanoparticles with various oxidation states (i.e., Co2+, Co3+, and Co4+) are beneficial in numerous utilizations. Co3O4 nanoparticles as a catalyzer accelerate the conversion rate of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to harmful hydroxyl radicals (•OH), which destroy tumor cells. However, it is also possible to enhance the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and successfully treat cancer by combining these nanoparticles with drugs or other nanoparticles. This review summarizes the past concepts and discusses the present state and development of using Co3O4 NPs in cancer treatments by ROS generation. This review emphasizes the advances and current patterns in ROS generation, remediation, and some different cancer treatments using Co3O4 nanoparticles in the human body. It also discusses synthesis techniques, structure, morphological, optical, and magnetic properties of Co3O4 NPs.

Unlocking the potential of RGD-conjugated gold nanoparticles: a new frontier in targeted cancer therapy, imaging, and metastasis inhibition

In the rapidly evolving field of cancer therapeutics, the potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated with RGD peptides has emerged as a promising avenue for targeted therapy and imaging. Despite numerous studies demonstrating the effectiveness of RGD-conjugated AuNPs in specifically targeting tumor cells and enhancing radiation therapy (RT), a comprehensive review of these advancements is currently lacking. This review aims to fill this critical gap in the literature. Our analysis reveals that RGD-conjugated AuNPs have shown significant promise in improving the diagnosis and treatment of various types of cancer, including breast cancer. However, the full potential of this technology is yet to be realized. The development of multifunctional nanoplatforms incorporating AuNPs has opened new horizons for targeted therapy, dual-mode imaging, and inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis. This review is of paramount importance as it provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in this area, and highlights the areas where further research is needed. It is hoped that this review will inspire further investigations into this promising nanotechnology, ultimately leading to improved cancer diagnosis and therapy. Therefore, the findings presented in this review underscore the potential of AuNPs conjugated with RGD peptides as a revolutionary approach in cancer therapeutics. It is our fervent hope that this review will serve as a catalyst for further research in this exciting field.

Programmable bionanomaterials for revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy involves a cutting-edge method that utilizes the immune system to detect and eliminate cancer cells. It has shown substantial effectiveness in treating different types of cancer. As a result, its growing importance is due to its distinct benefits and potential for sustained recovery. However, the general deployment of this treatment is hindered by ongoing issues in maintaining minimal toxicity, high specificity, and prolonged effectiveness. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions to these challenges due to its notable attributes, including expansive precise surface areas, accurate ability to deliver drugs and controlled surface chemistry. This review explores the current advancements in the application of nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy, focusing on three primary areas: monoclonal antibodies, therapeutic cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell treatment. In adoptive cell therapy, nanomaterials enhance the expansion and targeting capabilities of immune cells, such as T cells, thereby improving their ability to locate and destroy cancer cells. For therapeutic cancer vaccines, nanoparticles serve as delivery vehicles that protect antigens from degradation and enhance their uptake by antigen-presenting cells, boosting the immune response against cancer. Monoclonal antibodies benefit from nanotechnology through improved delivery mechanisms and reduced off-target effects, which increase their specificity and effectiveness. By highlighting the intersection of nanotechnology and immunotherapy, we aim to underscore the transformative potential of nanomaterials in enhancing the effectiveness and safety of cancer immunotherapies. Nanoparticles' ability to deliver drugs and biomolecules precisely to tumor sites reduces systemic toxicity and enhances therapeutic outcomes.

Supernormal Temperature Sensing Performance Realized through the Blue Emitting Level of Er3+ along with Detection Ability in Deep Tissues

Fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR)-type optical thermometers based on thermally coupled energy levels (TCLs) of rare earth ions are suitable candidates for noncontact temperature detection in living organisms, microelectronics apparatus, and so forth. Therefore, the improvement of the thermometric sensitivity of TCL-based thermometers has become a research hotspot in recent years. Herein, ultrahigh sensitivity and outstanding resolution for temperature sensing have been realized in YNbO4: Yb3+/Er3+. Unusually, the thermally coupled three-level system of Er3+: 4F7/2/2H11/2/4S3/2 is first employed for optical thermometry based on FIR technology. A supernormal thermometric sensitivity of 2.67% K-1 is obtained from the thermally coupled 4F7/2 and 4S3/2 states due to the large energy gap between them, significantly surpassing that of most temperature sensors in the same category. Furthermore, the existence of the intermediate level 2H11/2 can effectively prevent the decoupling effect between 4F7/2 and 4S3/2. Additionally, the temperature sensing behavior realized by the Stark sublevels of the Er3+: 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition, with a penetration depth of 8 mm, shows the potential of temperature measurement in deep biological tissues, benefiting from its excitation and emission wavelengths located in the biological window. All of the data reveal that YNbO4: Yb3+/Er3+ is an ultrasensitive optical thermometer and exhibits the capacity of temperature detection in deep tissues.

A systematic review on hyaluronic acid coated nanoparticles: recent strategy in breast cancer management

Hyaluronic acid, a non-sulphated glycosaminoglycan has attracted its usage in the management of breast cancer. Drug-loaded nanoparticles with hyaluronic acid surface modifications show potential as a promising method for targeting and delivering drugs to the tumor site. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of articles and assess the impact of hyaluronic acid coated nanoparticles on breast cancer. The various database were used for this comprehensive review. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected according to the PRISMA guidelines. Studies associated with characterization, in vitro, and in vivo studies were collected and subjected for further analysis. According to the inclusion criteria, 41 literature were selected for analysis. From all the studies, it was observed that the nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid produced better particle size, shape, zeta potential, increased in vitro cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, cell apoptosis, and anti-tumor effect in vivo. Research has shown that hyaluronic acid exhibits a higher affinity for CD44 receptors, resulting in enhanced targeted nanoparticle activity on cancer cells while sparing normal cells.

Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanocarriers Accelerate On-Demand Drug Release to Combat Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant brain tumor with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Drug delivery by stimuli-responsive nanocarriers holds great promise for improving the treatment modalities of GBM. At the beginning of the review, we highlighted the stimuli-active polymeric nanocarriers carrying therapies that potentially boost anti-GBM responses by employing endogenous (pH, redox, hypoxia, enzyme) or exogenous stimuli (light, ultrasonic, magnetic, temperature, radiation) as triggers for controlled drug release mainly via hydrophobic/hydrophilic transition, degradability, ionizability, etc. Modifying these nanocarriers with target ligands further enhanced their capacity to traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and preferentially accumulate in glioma cells. These unique features potentially lead to more effective brain cancer treatment with minimal adverse reactions and superior therapeutic outcomes. Finally, the review summarizes the existing difficulties and future prospects in stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for treating GBM. Overall, this review offers theoretical guidelines for developing intelligent and versatile stimuli-responsive nanocarriers to facilitate precise drug delivery and treatment of GBM in clinical settings.

Targeting sub-cellular organelles for boosting precision photodynamic therapy

Among various cancer treatment methods, photodynamic therapy has received significant attention due to its non-invasiveness and high efficiency in inhibiting tumour growth. Recently, specific organelle targeting photosensitizers have received increasing interest due to their precise accumulation and ability to trigger organelle-mediated cell death signalling pathways, which greatly reduces the drug dosage, minimizes toxicity, avoids multidrug resistance, and prevents recurrence. In this review, recent advances and representative photosensitizers used in targeted photodynamic therapy on organelles, specifically including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, nucleus, and lysosomes, have been comprehensively reviewed with a focus on organelle structure and organelle-mediated cell death signalling pathways. Furthermore, a perspective on future research and potential challenges in precision photodynamic therapy has been presented at the end.

Targeting the lung tumour stroma: harnessing nanoparticles for effective therapeutic interventions

Lung cancer remains an influential global health concern, necessitating the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. The tumour stroma, which is known as tumour microenvironment (TME) has a central impact on tumour expansion and treatment resistance. The stroma of lung tumours consists of numerous cells and molecules that shape an environment for tumour expansion. This environment not only protects tumoral cells against immune system attacks but also enables tumour stroma to attenuate the action of antitumor drugs. This stroma consists of stromal cells like cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), suppressive immune cells, and cytotoxic immune cells. Additionally, the presence of stem cells, endothelial cells and pericytes can facilitate tumour volume expansion. Nanoparticles are hopeful tools for targeted drug delivery because of their extraordinary properties and their capacity to devastate biological obstacles. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary advancements in targeting the lung tumour stroma using nanoparticles. Various nanoparticle-based approaches, including passive and active targeting, and stimuli-responsive systems, highlighting their potential to improve drug delivery efficiency. Additionally, the role of nanotechnology in modulating the tumour stroma by targeting key components such as immune cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), hypoxia, and suppressive elements in the lung tumour stroma.

Nanospheres for curcumin delivery as a precision nanomedicine in cancer therapy

Cancer is ranked among the top causes of mortality throughout the world. Conventional therapies are associated with toxicity and undesirable side effects, rendering them unsuitable for prolonged use. Additionally, there is a high occurrence of resistance to anticancer drugs and recurrence in certain circumstances. Hence, it is essential to discover potent anticancer drugs that exhibit specificity and minimal unwanted effects. Curcumin, a polyphenol derivative, is present in the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa L.) and has chemopreventive, anticancer, radio-, and chemo-sensitizing activities. Curcumin exerts its anti-tumor effects on cancer cells by modulating the disrupted cell cycle through p53-dependent, p53-independent, and cyclin-dependent mechanisms. This review provides a summary of the formulations of curcumin based on nanospheres, since there is increasing interest in its medicinal usage for treating malignancies and tumors. Nanospheres are composed of a dense polymeric matrix, and have a size ranging from 10 to 200 nm. Lactic acid polymers, glycolic acid polymers, or mixtures of them, together with poly (methyl methacrylate), are primarily used as matrices in nanospheres. Nanospheres are suitable for local, oral, and systemic delivery due to their minuscule particle size. The majority of nanospheres are created using polymers that are both biocompatible and biodegradable. Previous investigations have shown that the use of a nanosphere delivery method can enhance tumor targeting, therapeutic efficacy, and biocompatibility of different anticancer agents. Moreover, these nanospheres can be easily taken up by mammalian cells. This review discusses the many curcumin nanosphere formulations used in cancer treatment.

Lipid nanoparticles-based RNA therapies for breast cancer treatment

Breast cancer (BC) prevails as a major burden on global healthcare, being the most prevalent form of cancer among women. BC is a complex and heterogeneous disease, and current therapies, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, frequently fall short in providing effective solutions. These treatments fail to mitigate the risk of cancer recurrence and cause severe side effects that, in turn, compromise therapeutic responses in patients. Over the last decade, several strategies have been proposed to overcome these limitations. Among them, RNA-based technologies have demonstrated their potential across various clinical applications, notably in cancer therapy. However, RNA therapies are still limited by a series of critical issues like off-target effect and poor stability in circulation. Thus, novel approaches have been investigated to improve the targeting and bioavailability of RNA-based formulations to achieve an appropriate therapeutic outcome. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been largely proven to be an advantageous carrier for nucleic acids and RNA. This perspective explores the most recent advances on RNA-based technology with an emphasis on LNPs' utilization as effective nanocarriers in BC therapy and most recent progresses in their clinical applications.

Fabrication of folic acid-conjugated pyrimidine-2(5H)-thione-encapsulated curdlan gum-PEGamine nanoparticles for folate receptor targeting breast cancer cells

In this study 5-((2-((3-methoxy benzylidene)-amino)-phenyl)-diazenyl)-4,6-diphenyl pyrimidine-2(5H)-thione was synthesized. The pharmacological applications of pyrimidine analogs are restricted due to their poor pharmacokinetic properties. As a solution, a microbial exopolysaccharide (curdlan gum) was used to synthesize folic acid-conjugated pyrimidine-2(5H)-thione-encapsulated curdlan gum-PEGamine nanoparticles (FA-Py-CG-PEGamine NPs). The results of physicochemical properties revealed that the fabricated FA-Py-CG-PEGamine NPs were between 100 and 400 nm in size with a majorly spherical shaped, crystalline nature, and the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity were 79.04 ± 0.79 %, and 8.12 ± 0.39 % respectively. The drug release rate was significantly higher at pH 5.4 (80.14 ± 0.79 %) compared to pH 7.2. The cytotoxic potential of FA-Py-CG-PEGamine NPs against MCF-7 cells potentially reduced the number of cells after 24 h with 42.27 μg × mL-1 as IC50 value. The higher intracellular accumulation of pyrimidine-2(5H)-thione in MCF-7 cells leads to apoptosis, observed by AO/EBr staining and flow cytometry analysis. The highest pyrimidine-2(5H)-thione internalization in MCF-7 cells may be due to folate conjugated on the surface of curdlan gum nanoparticles. Further, internalized pyrimidine-2(5H)-thione increases the intracellular ROS level, leading to apoptosis and inducing the decalin in mitochondrial membrane potential. These outcomes demonstrated that the FA-Py-CG-PEGamine NPs were specificity-targeting folate receptors on the plasma membranes of MCF-7 Cells.

Novel drug delivery systems in colorectal cancer: Advances and future prospects

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an abnormal proliferation of cells within the colon and rectum, leading to the formation of polyps and disruption of mucosal functions. The disease development is influenced by a combination of factors, including inflammation, exposure to environmental mutagens, genetic alterations, and impairment in signaling pathways. Traditional treatments such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are often used but have limitations, including poor solubility and permeability, treatment resistance, side effects, and post-surgery issues. Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) have emerged as a superior alternative, offering enhanced drug solubility, precision in targeting cancer cells, and regulated drug release. Thereby addressing the shortcomings of conventional therapies and showing promise for more effective CRC management. The present review sheds light on the pathogenesis, signaling pathways, biomarkers, conventional treatments, need for NDDS, and application of NDDS against CRC. Additionally, clinical trials, ongoing clinical trials, marketed formulations, and patents on CRC are also covered in the present review.

Therapeutic Efficacy of Quercetin and Its Nanoformulation Both the Mono- or Combination Therapies in the Management of Cancer: An Update with Molecular Mechanisms

Quercetin, a major representative of the flavonol subclass found abundantly in almost all edible vegetables and fruits, showed remarkable therapeutic properties and was beneficial in numerous degenerative diseases by preventing lipid peroxidation. Quercetin is beneficial in different diseases, such as atherosclerosis and chronic inflammation. This study aims to find out the anticancer activities of quercetin and to determine different mechanisms and pathways which are responsible for the anticancer effect. It also revealed the biopharmaceutical, toxicological characteristics, and clinical utilization of quercetin to evaluate its suitability for further investigations as a reliable anticancer drug. All of the relevant data concerning this compound with cancer was collected using different scientific search engines, including PubMed, Springer Link, Wiley Online, Web of Science, SciFinder, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. This review demonstrated that quercetin showed strong anticancer properties, including apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation, autophagy, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of angiogenesis, and inhibition of invasion and migration against various types of cancer. Findings also revealed that quercetin could significantly moderate and regulate different pathways, including PI3K/AKT-mTORC1 pathway, JAK/STAT signaling system, MAPK signaling pathway, MMP signaling pathway, NF-κB pathway, and p-Camk2/p-DRP1 pathway. However, this study found that quercetin showed poor oral bioavailability due to reduced absorption; this limitation is overcome by applying nanotechnology (nanoformulation of quercetin). Moreover, different investigations revealed that quercetin expressed no toxic effect in the investigated subjects. Based on the view of these findings, it is demonstrated that quercetin might be considered a reliable chemotherapeutic drug candidate in the treatment of different cancers. However, more clinical studies are suggested to establish the proper therapeutic efficacy, safety, and human dose.

Enhanced Tumor Site Accumulation and Therapeutic Efficacy of Extracellular Matrix-Drug Conjugates Targeting Tumor Cells

The extracellular matrix (ECM) engages in regulatory interactions with cell surface receptors through its constituent proteins and polysaccharides. Therefore, nano-sized extracellular matrix conjugated with doxorubicin (DOX) is utilized to produce extracellular matrix-drug conjugates (ECM-DOX) tailored for targeted delivery to cancer cells. The ECM-DOX nanoparticles exhibit rod-like morphology, boasting a commendable drug loading capacity of 4.58%, coupled with acid-sensitive drug release characteristics. Notably, ECM-DOX nanoparticles enhance the uptake by tumor cells and possess the ability to penetrate endothelial cells and infiltrate tumor multicellular spheroids. Mechanistic insights reveal that the internalization of ECM-DOX nanoparticle is facilitated through clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis, intricately involving hyaluronic acid receptors and integrins. Pharmacokinetic assessments unveil a prolonged blood half-life of ECM-DOX nanoparticles at 3.65 h, a substantial improvement over the 1.09 h observed for free DOX. A sustained accumulation effect of ECM-DOX nanoparticles at tumor sites, with drug levels in tumor tissues surpassing those of free DOX by several-fold. The profound therapeutic impact of ECM-DOX nanoparticles is evident in their notable inhibition of tumor growth, extension of median survival time in animals, and significant reduction in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. The ECM platform emerges as a promising carrier for avant-garde nanomedicines in the realm of cancer treatment.

Biophysical translational paradigm of polymeric nanoparticle: Embarked advancement to brain tumor therapy

Polymeric nanoparticles have emerged as promising contenders for addressing the intricate challenges encountered in brain tumor therapy due to their distinctive attributes, including adjustable size, biocompatibility, and controlled drug release kinetics. This review comprehensively delves into the latest developments in synthesizing, characterizing, and applying polymeric nanoparticles explicitly tailored for brain tumor therapy. Various synthesis methodologies, such as emulsion polymerization, nanoprecipitation, and template-assisted fabrication, are scrutinized within the context of brain tumor targeting, elucidating their advantages and limitations concerning traversing the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, strategies pertaining to surface modification and functionalization are expounded upon to augment the stability, biocompatibility, and targeting prowess of polymeric nanoparticles amidst the intricate milieu of the brain microenvironment. Characterization techniques encompassing dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and spectroscopic methods are scrutinized to evaluate the physicochemical attributes of polymeric nanoparticles engineered for brain tumor therapy. Moreover, a comprehensive exploration of the manifold applications of polymeric nanoparticles encompassing drug delivery, gene therapy, imaging, and combination therapies for brain tumours is undertaken. Special emphasis is placed on the encapsulation of diverse therapeutics within polymeric nanoparticles, thereby shielding them from degradation and enabling precise targeting within the brain. Additionally, recent advancements in stimuli-responsive and multifunctional polymeric nanoparticles are probed for their potential in personalized medicine and theranostics tailored for brain tumours. In essence, this review furnishes an all-encompassing overview of the recent strides made in tailoring polymeric nanoparticles for brain tumor therapy, illuminating their synthesis, characterization, and multifaceted application.

Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-Alpha (HIF-1α) and Cancer: Mechanisms of Tumor Hypoxia and Therapeutic Targeting

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) is necessary for cells to adapt to low oxygen levels often present in the tumor microenvironment. HIF-1α triggers a transcriptional program that promotes invasion, angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, and cell survival when it is active in hypoxic environments. These processes together lead to the growth and spread of tumors. This review article examines the molecular mechanisms by which HIF-1α contributes to tumor progression, including its regulation by oxygen-dependent and independent pathways, interactions with oncogenic signaling networks, and impact on the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, we explore current therapeutic strategies targeting HIF-1α, such as small molecule inhibitors, RNA interference, and immunotherapy approaches. Understanding the multifaceted roles of HIF-1α in cancer biology not only elucidates the complexities of tumor hypoxia but also opens avenues for developing novel and more effective cancer therapies.

Exploring the therapeutic potential of lipid-based nanoparticles in the management of oral squamous cell carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a highly malignant and invasive tumor with significant mortality and morbidity. Current treatment modalities such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy encounter significant limitations, such as poor targeting, systemic toxicity, and drug resistance. There is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies that offer targeted delivery, enhanced efficacy, and reduced side effects. The advent of lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) offers a promising tool for OSCC therapy, potentially overcoming the limitations of current therapeutic approaches. LNPs are composed of biodegradable and biocompatible lipids, which minimize the risk of toxicity and adverse effects. LNPs can encapsulate hydrophobic drugs, improving their solubility and stability in the biological environment, thereby enhancing their bioavailability. LNPs demonstrate significantly higher ability to encapsulate lipophilic drugs than other nanoparticle types. LNPs offer excellent storage stability, minimal drug leakage, and controlled drug release, making them highly effective nanoplatforms for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, LNPs can be modified by complexing them with specific target ligands on their surface. This surface modification allows the active targeting of LNPs to the tumors in addition to the passive targeting mechanism. Furthermore, the PEGylation of LNPs improves their hydrophilicity and enhances their biological half-life by reducing clearance by the reticuloendothelial system. This review aims to discuss current treatment approaches and their limitations, as well as recent advancements in LNPs for better management of OSCC.

Safety Evaluation of Carbon Dots in UM-UC-5 and A549 Cells for Biomedical Applications

BACKGROUNG

The rising complexity and associated side effects of cancer treatments highlight the need for safer and more effective therapeutic agents. Carbon-based nanomaterials such as CDs have been gaining prominence for their unique characteristics, opening avenues for diverse applications such as fluorescence imaging, drug and gene transport, controlled drug delivery, medical diagnosis, and biosensing. Despite promising advancements in research, it remains imperative to scrutinize the properties and potential cytotoxicity of newly developed CDs, ensuring their viability for these applications.

METHODS

We synthesized four N-doped CDs through a hydrothermal method. Cell viability assays were conducted on A549 and UM-UC-5 cancer cells at a range of concentrations and incubation times, both individually and with the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU).

RESULTS

The obtained results suggest that the newly developed CDs exhibit suitability for applications such as bioimaging, as no significant impact on cell viability was observed for CDs alone.