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Marinopoulou M, Åsberg Johnels J, Bornehag CG, Unenge Hallerbäck M, Billstedt E. Do Wechsler intelligence scales predict academic achievement in children with ADHD or autism? A systematic review and meta-analysis. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38850546 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2024.2361022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Intelligence tests predict academic achievement in typically developed children, however if this is the case also in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and/or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is not clear. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined if Wechsler intelligence scales predict academic achievement and/or grades in children, ages 6-16 years, with ADHD and/or ASD. We searched the databases PubMed, PsycINFO and Education Research Complete for studies published between 2000 and 2023. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess risk of bias. Narrative synthesis and meta-analysis were performed. Twelve studies (ADHD n = 1,834, ASD n = 176) were included in the review, and six samples (ADHD n = 1,112) of those were included in the meta-analyses. The results of the meta-analyses showed moderate overall weighted correlations between IQ and word reading, written language, and mathematics respectively. Similarly, the overall weighted correlations between processing speed and the aforementioned domains of academic achievement were moderate. Meta-analysis with additional Wechsler scales composite scores could not be conducted. In the narrative synthesis, Full Scale IQ was associated with academic achievement in both ADHD and ASD, and grades in ADHD. The limited number of ASD participants and the heterogeneity of the samples need to be considered when interpreting results. Generally, the results indicate that Wechsler scales are valuable in predicting academic achievement in children with ADHD or ASD. Motivation and other factors related with academic achievement need to be further explored in these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marinopoulou
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Habilitation, Region Värmland, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Jakob Åsberg Johnels
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Child Neuropsychiatric Clinic, Queen Silvia's Childrens Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Speech and language pathology unit, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Unenge Hallerbäck
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Eva Billstedt
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Child Neuropsychiatric Clinic, Queen Silvia's Childrens Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lin YJ, Lai MC, Yang LK, Gau SSF. Sex-differential patterns of neuropsychological functioning in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2024; 131:152464. [PMID: 38394925 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sex-differential prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) varies across the lifespan, but little is known about sex differences in executive functions in adults with ADHD. METHODS We assessed 261 adults, aged 18-40 years, diagnosed with ADHD (170 males [assigned at birth], aged 25.81 ± 5.49; 91 females, aged 27.76 ± 5.42) and 308 neurotypical adults (176 males, aged 24.62 ± 5.14; 132 female, aged 25.37 ± 5.42) via psychiatric interviews to confirm ADHD and other psychiatric diagnoses. They were assessed by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB) on Reaction Time (arousal/processing speed), Rapid Visual Information Processing (sustained attention), Spatial Span (spatial memory), Spatial Working Memory, Intradimentional/Extradimensional Shift (set-shifting), and Stocking of Cambridge (spatial planning). The primary analyses were adjusted for age, full-scale IQ, and co-occurring psychiatric conditions. RESULTS Adults with ADHD had various co-occurring psychiatric conditions without sex differences in ADHD-neurotypical differences. Both adult males and females with ADHD performed poorer in all CANTAB tasks than same-sex neurotypical adults. Significant sex-moderating effects were observed in neuropsychological performance, including greater ADHD-neurotypical differences in arousal for females than males and in location memory for spatial tasks in males than females. CONCLUSION There were no sex-moderating effects in the presence of co-occurring psychiatric conditions in adult ADHD. However, there were sex-moderating effects on how ADHD related to neuropsychological functioning in adulthood. ADHD was associated with more challenges in arousal/processing speed in females and more challenges in strategy use or inhibition in spatial memory in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry and Child Development Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; The Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Li-Kuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Beitou Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Despature I, Galiana A. Clinical and Cognitive Features of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with Intellectual Giftedness: A Systematic Review. Dev Neuropsychol 2023; 48:347-360. [PMID: 37929569 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2023.2279117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review was carried out on publications from the last 15 years that have studied the effect of intellectual giftedness, defined as IQ > 115, on the clinical and cognitive features of ADHD. Studies indicate that about 15% of people with high IQ meet ADHD criteria. IQ has shown no effect on the pharmacological treatment, and comorbidity does not differ from that of other children with ADHD. High IQ-ADHD, compared to average IQ-ADHD, tends to show less severity in cognitive and behavioral symptoms, as well as a better prognosis; however high IQ may mask ADHD symptoms delaying diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Despature
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Education, Department of Psychology of Health. Collado Villalba, Universidad a Distancia de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Galiana
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Education, Department of Psychology of Health. Collado Villalba, Universidad a Distancia de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Etterlid-Hägg V, Pauli M, Howner K. A Comparative Study of Prison Inmates With and Without ADHD: Which Neuropsychological and Self-Report Measures are Most Effective in Detecting ADHD Within Correctional Services? J Atten Disord 2023; 27:721-730. [PMID: 36927135 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231158764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study we aimed to investigate the screening and diagnostic properties of various self-report instruments to identify measures which most effectively detect ADHD in a correctional sample. METHOD The sample consisted of 193 male high security prisoners in Sweden. We investigated if measures of ADHD symptoms, executive functioning, impulsivity, estimated IQ and working memory could differentiate participants with ADHD from those with ASPD or no diagnosis. RESULTS Participants with ADHD obtained significantly higher total scores on all included measures. Although we found that some of the measures were more efficient in differentiating ADHD, mean values were generally elevated in the sample. CONCLUSION Results demonstrate the importance of investigating psychometric properties in relevant samples to assure a measurement's usefulness in different contexts, in this case a correctional setting, where the high influence of unspecific behavioral indicators in these measurements might negatively affect their validity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malin Pauli
- National Board of Forensic Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Howner
- National Board of Forensic Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kontakou A, Dimitriou G, Panagouli E, Thomaidis L, Psaltopoulou T, Sergentanis TN, Tsitsika A. Giftedness and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2022; 43:e483-e497. [PMID: 36040826 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Throughout the years, several myths have arisen suggesting that children diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders possess unusually high abilities in specific domains, depending on the disorder. On the other hand, special skills and talents in children with neurodevelopmental disorders are most commonly overshadowed by their difficulties and overlooked. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the association between giftedness and neurodevelopmental disorders. METHODS The related articles published in PubMed, Google Scholar, PsycINFO, and Embase up to December 31, 2020, as well as their reference lists, were reviewed systematically. RESULTS A total of 6069 studies were scanned, and 32 of them (9904 subjects) were deemed eligible for this systematic review. Studies have supported associations between autism spectrum disorders and music ability. Contradictory results have been published regarding associations between giftedness, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and specific learning disorders. Diagnostic methods seemed to modify associations between giftedness and neurodevelopmental disorders. CONCLUSION The dearth of the available evidence is prominent. More research is needed to investigate the field of dual exceptionality. Longitudinal studies are needed, addressing methodological challenges pertaining to variability in the definition of giftedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Kontakou
- 3rd Department of Pediatrics, "Attikon" University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Dimitriou
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Athens General Children's Hospital "Pan. & Aglaia Kyriakou," Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Panagouli
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health," Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Loretta Thomaidis
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health," Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Psaltopoulou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, "Alexandra" Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros N Sergentanis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, "Alexandra" Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Artemis Tsitsika
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health," Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Soares PSM, de Oliveira PD, Wehrmeister FC, Menezes AMB, Rohde LA, Gonçalves H. Does IQ Influence Association Between Working Memory and ADHD Symptoms in Young Adults? J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1097-1105. [PMID: 34779307 DOI: 10.1177/10870547211058813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the association between WM and ADHD symptoms in young adults and whether IQ-score influenced this association. METHOD Data from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study were analyzed (N = 2,845). Working memory and ADHD symptoms were collected at 22 years. IQ was examined at age 18. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to assess the associations between working memory and ADHD symptoms. We also evaluated whether IQ modified associations between working memory and ADHD symptoms. RESULTS Working memory was negatively associated with Inattention symptoms of ADHD. The association between working memory and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms of ADHD varied by IQ. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights to theories about the relationship between WM and ADHD symptoms as well as the development of interventions aimed at improving the performance of WM in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Leib SI, Keezer RD, Cerny BM, Holbrook LR, Gallagher VT, Jennette KJ, Ovsiew GP, Soble JR. Distinct Latent Profiles of Working Memory and Processing Speed in Adults with ADHD. Dev Neuropsychol 2021; 46:574-587. [PMID: 34743616 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2021.1999454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the neuropsychological profile of patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) based on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) working memory and processing speed indices. We aimed to establish whether distinct ADHD subtypes emerge based on neuropsychological testing and determine whether ADHD subgroups differ based on neurocognitive and demographic factors in 179 adult patients with ADHD. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) revealed four discrete latent subgroups within the sample, each with distinct patterns of working memory and processing speed. Classes significantly differed in demographically predicted IQ, education, and self-reported depression and anxiety. Results reveal heterogeneity in cognitive performance in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie I Leib
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard D Keezer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychology, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian M Cerny
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lindsey R Holbrook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Virginia T Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kyle J Jennette
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gabriel P Ovsiew
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jason R Soble
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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