1
|
Negro M, Crisafulli O, D'Antona G. Effects of essential amino acid (EAA) and glutamine supplementation on skeletal muscle wasting in acute, subacute, and postacute conditions. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 62:224-233. [PMID: 38843393 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Under optimal physiological conditions, muscle mass maintenance is ensured by dietary protein, which balances the amino acid loss during the post-absorption period and preserves the body's protein homeostasis. Conversely, in critical clinical conditions (acute, subacute or postacute), particularly those related to hypomobility or immobility, combined with malnutrition, and local/systemic inflammation, the loss of muscle mass and strength can be quantitatively significant. A decline of more than 1% in muscle mass and of more than 3% in muscle strength has been registered in subjects with aged 20-37 yr after just five days of bed rest, similarly to those observed during one year of age-related decline in individuals over the age of 50. Loss of muscle mass and strength can have a dramatic effect on subjects' functional capacities, on their systemic metabolic control and on the amino acid reserve function, all of which are fundamental for the maintenance of other organs' and tissues' cell processes. References available indicate that the average 1%-2% reduction per day of muscle mass in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) could represent an independent predictor of hospital mortality and physical disability in the five years following hospitalization. After just a few days or weeks of administration, supplementation with EAAs and glutamine has shown significant effects in maintaining muscle size and strength, which are typically negatively affected by some acute/subacute or postacute critical conditions (muscle recovery after surgery, oncology patients, ICU treatments), especially in the elderly or in those with pre-existing degenerative diseases. In this review, we focused on the theoretical bases and the most relevant clinical studies of EAA and glutamine supplementation as a single compound, with the aim of clarifying whether their combined use in a blend (EAAs-glutamine) could be potentially synergistic to prevent disease-related muscle wasting and its impact on the duration and quality of patients' clinical course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Negro
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale nelle Attività Motorie e Sportive (CRIAMS) - Sport Medicine Centre, University of Pavia, Voghera, Italy
| | - Oscar Crisafulli
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale nelle Attività Motorie e Sportive (CRIAMS) - Sport Medicine Centre, University of Pavia, Voghera, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D'Antona
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale nelle Attività Motorie e Sportive (CRIAMS) - Sport Medicine Centre, University of Pavia, Voghera, Italy; Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fei S, Kang J, Ou M, Liu H, Zhang X, Luo Q, Li K, Chen K, Zhao J. Effects of essential amino acids supplementation in a low-protein diet on growth performance, intestinal health and microbiota of juvenile blotched snakehead (Channa maculata). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109555. [PMID: 38615703 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Developing a low-protein feed is important for the sustainable advancement of aquaculture. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation in a low-protein diet on the growth, intestinal health, and microbiota of the juvenile blotched snakehead, Channa maculata in an 8-week trial conducted in a recirculating aquaculture system. Three isoenergetic diets were formulated to include a control group (48.66 % crude protein (CP), HP), a low protein group (42.54 % CP, LP), and a low protein supplementation EAA group (44.44 % CP, LP-AA). The results showed that significantly lower weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were observed in fish that were fed LP than in the HP and LP-AA groups (P < 0.05). The HP and LP-AA groups exhibited a significant increase in intestinal villus length, villus width, and muscular thickness compared to the LP group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the HP and LP-AA groups demonstrated significantly higher levels of intestinal total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) compared to the LP group (P < 0.05). The apoptosis rate of intestinal cells in the LP group was significantly higher than those in the LP and HP groups (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of superoxide dismutase (sod), nuclear factor kappa B p65 subunit (nfκb-p65), heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), and inhibitor of NF-κBα (iκba) in the intestine were significantly higher in the LP group than those in the HP and LP-AA groups (P < 0.05). The 16s RNA analysis indicated that EAA supplementation significantly increased the growth of Desulfovibrio and altered the intestinal microflora. The relative abundances of Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria were positively correlated with antioxidant parameters (CAT and T-AOC), whereas Desulfobacterota was negatively correlated with sod and T-AOC. The genera Bacillus, Bacteroides, and Rothia were associated with the favorable maintenance of gut health. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with EAAs to achieve a balanced amino acid profile could potentially reduce the dietary protein levels from 48.66 % to 44.44 % without adversely affecting the growth and intestinal health of juvenile blotched snakeheads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhan Fei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, PR China
| | - Jiamin Kang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China
| | - Mi Ou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, PR China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, PR China
| | - Xincheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, PR China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, PR China
| | - Kaibin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, PR China
| | - Kunci Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, PR China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kang M, Kang M, Yoo J, Lee J, Lee S, Yun B, Song M, Kim JM, Kim HW, Yang J, Kim Y, Oh S. Dietary supplementation with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IDCC3201 alleviates sarcopenia by modulating the gut microbiota and metabolites in dexamethasone-induced models. Food Funct 2024; 15:4936-4953. [PMID: 38602003 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05420a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Probiotics can exert direct or indirect influences on various aspects of health claims by altering the composition of the gut microbiome and producing bioactive metabolites. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IDCC3201 on skeletal muscle atrophy in dexamethasone-induced C2C12 cells and a mouse animal model. Dexamethasone treatment significantly reduced C2C12 muscle cell viability, myotube diameter, and levels of muscle atrophic markers (Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1). These effects were alleviated by conditioned media (CM) and cell extract (EX) derived from L. rhamnosus IDCC3201. In addition, we assessed the in vivo therapeutic effect of L. rhamnosus IDCC3201 in a mouse model of dexamethasone (DEX)-induced muscle atrophy. Supplementation with IDCC3201 resulted in significant enhancements in body composition, particularly in lean mass, muscle strength, and myofibril size, in DEX-induced muscle atrophy mice. In comparison to the DEX-treatment group, the normal and DEX + L. rhamnosus IDCC3201 groups showed a higher transcriptional level of myosin heavy chain family genes (MHC1, MHC1b, MHC2A, 2bB, and 2X) and a reduction in atrophic muscle makers. These analyses revealed that L. rhamnosus IDCC3201 supplementation led to increased production of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and improved the Allobaculum genus within the gut microbiota of muscle atrophy-induced groups. Taken together, our findings suggest that L. rhamnosus IDCC3201 represents a promising dietary supplement with the potential to alleviate sarcopenia by modulating the gut microbiome and metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minkyoung Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseon Yoo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujeong Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohyun Yun
- Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo 58762, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Kim
- College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoo Yang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangnam Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ferrando AA, Wolfe RR, Hirsch KR, Church DD, Kviatkovsky SA, Roberts MD, Stout JR, Gonzalez DE, Sowinski RJ, Kreider RB, Kerksick CM, Burd NA, Pasiakos SM, Ormsbee MJ, Arent SM, Arciero PJ, Campbell BI, VanDusseldorp TA, Jager R, Willoughby DS, Kalman DS, Antonio J. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Effects of essential amino acid supplementation on exercise and performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2263409. [PMID: 37800468 PMCID: PMC10561576 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2263409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) presents this position based on a critical examination of literature surrounding the effects of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation on skeletal muscle maintenance and performance. This position stand is intended to provide a scientific foundation to athletes, dietitians, trainers, and other practitioners as to the benefits of supplemental EAA in both healthy and resistant (aging/clinical) populations. EAAs are crucial components of protein intake in humans, as the body cannot synthesize them. The daily recommended intake (DRI) for protein was established to prevent deficiencies due to inadequate EAA consumption. The following conclusions represent the official position of the Society: 1. Initial studies on EAAs' effects on skeletal muscle highlight their primary role in stimulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and turnover. Protein turnover is critical for replacing degraded or damaged muscle proteins, laying the metabolic foundation for enhanced functional performance. Consequently, research has shifted to examine the effects of EAA supplementation - with and without the benefits of exercise - on skeletal muscle maintenance and performance. 2. Supplementation with free-form EAAs leads to a quick rise in peripheral EAA concentrations, which in turn stimulates MPS. 3. The safe upper limit of EAA intake (amount), without inborn metabolic disease, can easily accommodate additional supplementation. 4. At rest, stimulation of MPS occurs at relatively small dosages (1.5-3.0 g) and seems to plateau at around 15-18 g. 5. The MPS stimulation by EAAs does not require non-essential amino acids. 6. Free-form EAA ingestion stimulates MPS more than an equivalent amount of intact protein. 7. Repeated EAA-induced MPS stimulation throughout the day does not diminish the anabolic effect of meal intake. 8. Although direct comparisons of various formulas have yet to be investigated, aging requires a greater proportion of leucine to overcome the reduced muscle sensitivity known as "anabolic resistance." 9. Without exercise, EAA supplementation can enhance functional outcomes in anabolic-resistant populations. 10. EAA requirements rise in the face of caloric deficits. During caloric deficit, it's essential to meet whole-body EAA requirements to preserve anabolic sensitivity in skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arny A. Ferrando
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Robert R. Wolfe
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Katie R. Hirsch
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - David D. Church
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Shiloah A. Kviatkovsky
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Drew E. Gonzalez
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ryan J. Sowinski
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology, and Health, St Charles, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Burd
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stefan M. Pasiakos
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J. Ormsbee
- Florida State University, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Shawn M. Arent
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Paul J. Arciero
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Skidmore College, Health and Physiological Sciences, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Bill I. Campbell
- University of South Florida, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Trisha A. VanDusseldorp
- Bonafede Health, LLC, JDS Therapeutics, Harrison, NY, USA
- Jacksonville University, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Darryn S. Willoughby
- University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Human Performance Lab, School of Exercise and Sport Science, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Douglas S. Kalman
- Nova Southeastern University, Dr. Kiran C Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sindhu R, Supreeth M, Prasad SK, Thanmaya M. Shuttle between arginine and lysine: influence on cancer immunonutrition. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1461-1473. [PMID: 37728630 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids which are essential nutrients for all cell types' survival are also recognised to serve as opportunistic/alternative fuels in cancers auxotrophic for specific amino acids. Accordingly, restriction of amino acids has been utilised as a therapeutic strategy in these cancers. Contrastingly, amino acid deficiencies in cancer are found to greatly impair immune functions, increasing mortality and morbidity rates. Dietary and supplemental amino acids in such conditions have revealed their importance as 'immunonutrients' by modulating cellular homeostasis processes and halting malignant progression. L-arginine specifically has attracted interest as an immunonutrient by acting as a nodal regulator of immune responses linked to carcinogenesis processes through its versatile signalling molecule, nitric oxide (NO). The quantum of NO generated directly influences the cytotoxic and cytostatic processes of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence. However, L-lysine, a CAT transporter competitor for arginine effectively limits arginine input at high L-lysine concentrations by limiting arginine-mediated effects. The phenomenon of arginine-lysine antagonism can, therefore, be hypothesised to influence the immunonutritional effects exerted by arginine. The review highlights aspects of lysine's interference with arginine-mediated NO generation and its consequences on immunonutritional and anti-cancer effects, and discusses possible alternatives to manage the condition. However, further research that considers monitoring lysine levels in arginine immunonutritional therapy is essential to conclude the hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Sindhu
- Department of Microbiology, JSS-Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - M Supreeth
- Department of Microbiology, JSS-Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Shashanka K Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS-Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - M Thanmaya
- Department of Microbiology, JSS-Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sui Y, Che Y, Zhong Y, He L. Genome-Wide Association Studies Using 3VmrMLM Model Provide New Insights into Branched-Chain Amino Acid Contents in Rice Grains. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2970. [PMID: 37631180 PMCID: PMC10459631 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a globally important food source providing carbohydrates, amino acids, and dietary fiber for humans and livestock. The branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) level is a complex trait related to the nutrient quality of rice. However, the genetic mechanism underlying the BCAA (valine, leucine, and isoleucine) accumulation in rice grains remains largely unclear. In this study, the grain BCAA contents and 239,055 SNPs of a diverse panel containing 422 rice accessions were adopted to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a recently proposed 3VmrMLM model. A total of 357 BCAA-content-associated main-effect quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) were identified from 15 datasets (12 BCAA content datasets and 3 BLUP datasets of BCAA). Furthermore, the allelic variation of two novel candidate genes, LOC_Os01g52530 and LOC_Os06g15420, responsible for the isoleucine (Ile) content alteration were identified. To reveal the genetic basis of the potential interactions between the gene and environmental factor, 53 QTN-by-environment interactions (QEIs) were detected using the 3VmrMLM model. The LOC_Os03g24460, LOC_Os01g55590, and LOC_Os12g31820 were considered as the candidate genes potentially contributing to the valine (Val), leucine (Leu), and isoleucine (Ile) accumulations, respectively. Additionally, 10 QTN-by-QTN interactions (QQIs) were detected using the 3VmrMLM model, which were putative gene-by-gene interactions related to the Leu and Ile contents. Taken together, these findings suggest that the implementation of the 3VmrMLM model in a GWAS may provide new insights into the deeper understanding of BCAA accumulation in rice grains. The identified QTNs/QEIs/QQIs serve as potential targets for the genetic improvement of rice with high BCAA levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liqiang He
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Soleimani E, Abbasalizad Farhangi M. Protein Quality, Glycemic and Metabolic Indices and Anthropometric Features Among Overweight and Obese Adults. Nutr Metab Insights 2023; 16:11786388231181038. [PMID: 37435042 PMCID: PMC10331230 DOI: 10.1177/11786388231181038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Various studies have shown an inverse relationship between the quality of protein intake based on essential amino acids (EAAs) with obesity and its complications. We assumed that increasing EAAs-based protein intake quality improves glycemic and metabolic markers and anthropometric measurements in obese and overweight people. Methods This cross-sectional study included 180 obese and overweight participants aged 18 to 35. Dietary information was obtained using an 80-item food frequency questionnaire. The total intake of EAAs was calculated using the United States department of agriculture (USDA) database. Quality protein was defined as the ratio of EAAs (gr) to total dietary protein (gr). Sociodemographic status, physical activity (PA), and anthropometric characteristics were evaluated using a valid and reliable method. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) tests adjusted for sex, PA, age, energy, and body mass index (BMI) were used to measure this association. Results Protein quality intake was highest among the group with the lowest weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and fat mass (FM); and on the other hand, the fat-free mass (FFM) has increased; also Increasing the quality of protein intake improved the lipid profile and some glycemic indices and insulin sensitivity, although this association was not significant. Conclusions Increasing the quality of protein intake significantly improved anthropometric measurements, and also improved some glycemic and metabolic indices although, their relationship was not significant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ensiye Soleimani
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Montenegro J, Armet AM, Willing BP, Deehan EC, Fassini PG, Mota JF, Walter J, Prado CM. Exploring the Influence of Gut Microbiome on Energy Metabolism in Humans. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:840-857. [PMID: 37031749 PMCID: PMC10334151 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has a profound influence on host physiology, including energy metabolism, which is the process by which energy from nutrients is transformed into other forms of energy to be used by the body. However, mechanistic evidence for how the microbiome influences energy metabolism is derived from animal models. In this narrative review, we included human studies investigating the relationship between gut microbiome and energy metabolism -i.e., energy expenditure in humans and energy harvest by the gut microbiome. Studies have found no consistent gut microbiome patterns associated with energy metabolism, and most interventions were not effective in modulating the gut microbiome to influence energy metabolism. To date, cause-and-effect relationships and mechanistic evidence on the impact of the gut microbiome on energy expenditure have not been established in humans. Future longitudinal observational studies and randomized controlled trials utilizing robust methodologies and advanced statistical analysis are needed. Such knowledge would potentially inform the design of therapeutic avenues and specific dietary recommendations to improve energy metabolism through gut microbiome modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Montenegro
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anissa M Armet
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Benjamin P Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edward C Deehan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States; Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States
| | - Priscila G Fassini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nutrology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João F Mota
- School of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, and Department of Medicine, University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, and Department of Medicine, University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Naseri K, Dabiri H, Olfatifar M, Shahrbaf MA, Yadegar A, Soheilian-Khorzoghi M, Sadeghi A, Saadati S, Rostami-Nejad M, Verma AK, Zali MR. Evaluation of gut microbiota of iranian patients with celiac disease, non-celiac wheat sensitivity, and irritable bowel syndrome: are there any similarities? BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:15. [PMID: 36647022 PMCID: PMC9841652 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Individuals with celiac disease (CD), non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), show overlapping clinical symptoms and experience gut dysbiosis. A limited number of studies so far compared the gut microbiota among these intestinal conditions. This study aimed to investigate the similarities in the gut microbiota among patients with CD, NCWS, and IBS in comparison to healthy controls (HC). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this prospective study, in total 72 adult subjects, including CD (n = 15), NCWS (n = 12), IBS (n = 30), and HC (n = 15) were recruited. Fecal samples were collected from each individual. A quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) test using 16S ribosomal RNA was conducted on stool samples to assess the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacterium spp., and Lactobacillus spp. RESULTS In all groups, Firmicutes and Lactobacillus spp. had the highest and lowest relative abundance respectively. The phylum Firmicutes had a higher relative abundance in CD patients than other groups. On the other hand, the phylum Bacteroidetes had the highest relative abundance among healthy subjects but the lowest in patients with NCWS. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. was lower in subjects with CD (P = 0.035) and IBS (P = 0.001) compared to the HCs. Also, the alteration of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B ratio) was statistically significant in NCWS and CD patients compared to the HCs (P = 0.05). CONCLUSION The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), as a powerful multivariate analysis, suggested that the investigated gut microbial profile of patients with IBS and NCWS share more similarities to the HCs. In contrast, patients with CD had the most dissimilarity compared to the other groups in the context of the studied gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Naseri
- grid.1017.70000 0001 2163 3550School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Hossein Dabiri
- grid.411600.2Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Olfatifar
- grid.444830.f0000 0004 0384 871XGastroenterology and Hepatology Diseases Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Shahrbaf
- grid.411600.2Celiac Disease Department, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- grid.411600.2Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Soheilian-Khorzoghi
- grid.411600.2Celiac Disease Department, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- grid.411600.2Celiac Disease Department, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeede Saadati
- grid.411600.2Celiac Disease Department, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- grid.411600.2Celiac Disease Department, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anil K. Verma
- grid.7010.60000 0001 1017 3210Celiac Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- grid.411600.2Celiac Disease Department, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mauro CSI, Hassani MK, Barone M, Esposito MT, Calle Y, Behrends V, Garcia S, Brigidi P, Turroni S, Costabile A. Cerrado and Pantanal fruit flours affect gut microbiota composition in healthy and post-COVID-19 individuals: an in vitro pilot fermentation study. Int J Food Sci Technol 2023; 58:IJFS16274. [PMID: 36721386 PMCID: PMC9880733 DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.16274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerrado and Pantanal plants can provide fruits with high nutritional value and antioxidants. This study aims to evaluate four fruit flours (from jatobá pulp, cumbaru almond, bocaiuva pulp and bocaiuva almond) and their effects on the gut microbiota in healthy (HD) and post-COVID-19 individuals (PC). An in vitro batch system was carried out, the microbiota was analysed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and the short-chain fatty acids ratio was determined. Furthermore, the effect of jatobá pulp flour oil (JAO) on cell viability, oxidative stress and DNA damage was investigated in a myelo-monocytic cell line. Beyond confirming a microbiota imbalance in PC, we identified flour-specific effects: (i) reduction of Veillonellaceae with jatobá extract in PC samples; (ii) decrease in Akkermansia with jatoba and cumbaru flours; (iii) decreasing trend of Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus with all flours tested, with the exception of the bocaiuva almond in HD samples for Ruminococcus and (iv) increase in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in PC samples with bocaiuva almond flour. JAO displayed antioxidant properties protecting cells from daunorubicin-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and DNA damage. The promising microbiota-modulating abilities of some flours and the chemopreventive effects of JAO deserve to be further explored in human intervention studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monica Barone
- Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical SciencesUniversity of BolognaBologna40138Italy
| | | | - Yolanda Calle
- School of Life and Health SciencesUniversity of RoehamptonLondonSW15 4JDUK
| | - Volker Behrends
- School of Life and Health SciencesUniversity of RoehamptonLondonSW15 4JDUK
| | - Sandra Garcia
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyState University of LondrinaLondrina86057‐970Brazil
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical SciencesUniversity of BolognaBologna40138Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Unit of Microbiome Science and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyUniversity of BolognaBologna40126Italy
| | - Adele Costabile
- School of Life and Health SciencesUniversity of RoehamptonLondonSW15 4JDUK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
L-Theanine Regulates the Abundance of Amino Acid Transporters in Mice Duodenum and Jejunum via the mTOR Signaling Pathway. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010142. [PMID: 36615799 PMCID: PMC9824403 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is a key organ for the absorption of amino acids. L-theanine (LTA) is a structural analog of glutamine and a characteristic non-protein amino acid found in tea (Camellia sinensis) that regulates lipid and protein metabolism. The present study explored the role of LTA in intestinal amino acid absorption, protein synthesis, and its mechanisms. Overall, our findings suggest that LTA supplementation not only affects serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP), total protein (TP), and urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, but it also upregulates the mRNA and protein expression of amino acid transporters (EAAT3, EAAT1, 4F2hc, y+LAT1, CAT1, ASCT2, and B0AT1), and activates the mTOR signaling pathway. The downstream S6 and S6K1 proteins are regulated, and the expression of amino acid transporters is regulated. These findings suggest that LTA increases intestinal AA absorption, promotes protein metabolism, and increases nitrogen utilization by upregulating AAT expression, activating the mTOR signaling pathway, and phosphorylating the mTOR downstream proteins S6 and S6K1.
Collapse
|
12
|
Threonine Facilitates Cd Excretion by Increasing the Abundance of Gut Escherichia coli in Cd-Exposed Mice. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010177. [PMID: 36615370 PMCID: PMC9822384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) can easily enter the body through the food chain and threaten health since Cd pollution is prevalent in the environment. Gut microbiota is necessary for the reduction of metal ions. To reduce Cd-induced harmful impacts and Cd accumulation in the body, we investigated the effect of amino acids on gut microbiota and Cd excretion in (fecal Cd) Cd-exposed mice. The screening of 20 amino acids showed that threonine (Thr) effectively increased fecal Cd, and reduced Cd-induced intestinal structural damage. The abundance of Escherichia-Shigella genus and KF843036_g significantly increased after the oral administration of Thr. As the type species of the Escherichia-Shigella genus, Escherichia coli exhibited high similarity to KF843036_g species and significantly decreased Cd-induced gut damage. Cd contents in the liver, kidney, and gut of Cd-exposed mice were also significantly (p < 0.05) decreased after E. coli treatment, while the contents in the feces were increased. The results demonstrated the potential roles that gut E. coli might play in Thr-mediated Cd excretion in Cd-exposed mice. The findings may provide important data for better understanding the molecular biological mechanism of Thr in reducing Cd accumulation in the body.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lu J, Jin X, Yang S, Li Y, Wang X, Wu M. Immune mechanism of gut microbiota and its metabolites in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1034537. [PMID: 36590426 PMCID: PMC9794627 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1034537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with unusual changes in the human gut microbiota, most commonly coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, hypertension, and heart failure. Immune mechanisms maintain a dynamic balance between the gut microbiota and the host immune system. When one side changes and the balance is disrupted, different degrees of damage are inflicted on the host and a diseased state gradually develops over time. This review summarizes the immune mechanism of the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the occurrence of common CVDs, discusses the relationship between gut-heart axis dysfunction and the progression of CVD, and lists the currently effective methods of regulating the gut microbiota for the treatment of CVDs.
Collapse
|
14
|
Higher Intake of Total Dietary Essential Amino Acids Is Associated with a Lower Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adults. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224771. [PMID: 36432458 PMCID: PMC9694173 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that a well-balanced intake of total essential amino acids (EAAs) may be associated with lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Korean adults. This population-based cross-sectional study included 25,787 participants aged ≥30 years from the 2008-2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Dietary information was obtained from 24 h recall data. Demographic and lifestyle factors were assessed using self-administered questionnaires, and metabolic biomarkers were obtained from a health examination. Total essential amino acid score (EAAS) was calculated to determine whether essential amino acid (EAA) intake meets the recommended nutrient intake (RNI). Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression models. After adjusting for multiple confounding factors, participants with higher EAAS had a significantly lower prevalence of high blood pressure (OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75-0.98), hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.76-0.98), and Metabolic syndrome (MetS) (OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.74-0.996). Spline regression analysis confirmed linearity of the association between total EAAS and MetS. EAA intake and MetS are associated with an inverse dose-response relationship in which metabolic disease may be prevented when the overall EAA intake meets the RNI.
Collapse
|
15
|
Habte ML, Beyene EA, Feyisa TO, Admasu FT, Tilahun A, Diribsa GC. Nutritional Values of Teff ( Eragrostis tef) in Diabetic Patients: Narrative Review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2599-2606. [PMID: 36035517 PMCID: PMC9416382 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s366958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Teff (Eragrostis tef) is an indigenous crop in Ethiopia and exists in white, red, and mixed varieties. Several types of research confirmed that teff is rich in many essential amino acids, slowly digesting carbohydrates, essential fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, fibers, and other components. Since teff has a low glycemic index, is enriched in essential amino acids and fatty acids, and contains nutritionally balanced minerals, vitamins, and their precursors, it could be a promising food for the prevention and management of diabetes. People with diabetes mellitus are recommended to feed on a diet having a low glycemic index and enriched in essential nutrients. Objective This review aimed to summarize the nutritional composition of teff (Eragrostis tef) and its value in diabetic patients. Methodology We searched Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar for studies on the nutritional composition of teff and its value for diabetic patients published in English since 2010. Conclusion According to available data, teff is a nutritionally valuable food type for diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mezgebu Legesse Habte
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Etsegenet Assefa Beyene
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teka Obsa Feyisa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Fitalew Tadele Admasu
- Department Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Anmut Tilahun
- Department Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun Chala Diribsa
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu Z, Xu C, Zheng T, Li Q, Yang S, Shao J, Guan W, Zhang S. A critical role of AMP-activated protein kinase in regulating intestinal nutrient absorption, barrier function, and intestinal diseases. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3705-3716. [PMID: 35892164 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most important organs in animals, the intestine is responsible for nutrient absorption and acts as a barrier between the body and the environment. Intestinal physiology and function require the participation of energy. 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a classical and highly expressed energy regulator in intestinal cells, regulates the process of nutrient absorption and barrier function and is also involved in the therapy of intestinal diseases. Studies have yielded findings that AMPK regulates the absorption of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in the intestine primarily by regulating transportation systems, as we detailed here. Moreover, AMPK is involved in the regulation of the intestinal mechanical barrier and immune barrier through manipulating the expression of tight junctions, antimicrobial peptides, and secretory immunoglobulins. In addition, AMPK also participates in the regulation of intestinal diseases, which indicates that AMPK is a promising therapeutic target for intestinal diseases and cancer. In this review, we summarized the current understanding regarding how AMPK regulates intestinal nutrient absorption, barrier function, and intestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengfei Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Tenghui Zheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihui Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siwang Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayuan Shao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Genton L, Pruijm M, Teta D, Bassi I, Cani PD, Gaïa N, Herrmann FR, Marangon N, Mareschal J, Muccioli GG, Stoermann C, Suriano F, Wurzner-Ghajarzadeh A, Lazarevic V, Schrenzel J. Gut barrier and microbiota changes with glycine and branched-chain amino acid supplementation in chronic haemodialysis patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:1527-1539. [PMID: 34535959 PMCID: PMC8718035 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that glycine increases fat-free mass in chronic haemodialysis patients with features of malnutrition as compared with branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). This multicentre randomized double-blind crossover study evaluates the impact of these amino acids on the gut barrier and microbiota. METHODS Haemodialysis patients were included if they had plasma albumin <38 g/L or weight loss >5% of dry body weight, and daily dietary intakes <30 kcal/kg and <1 g protein/kg. They consumed glycine or BCAA (7 g twice daily) for 4 months and underwent a 1 month washout period, before crossover of supplementations. Faecal microbiota (16S rRNA gene sequencing) and immunoglobulin A (IgA), serum levels of cytokines, surrogate markers of intestinal permeability, appetite mediators, and endocannabinoids were obtained at the start and end of each supplementation. Supplementations were compared by multiple mixed linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex, month of supplementation (0 and 4 in each period), and period (Period 1: first 4 months; Period 2: last 4 months). Microbiota comparisons were performed using principal coordinate analysis and permutational multivariate analysis of variance, Shannon diversity index estimate and analysis of composition of microbiomes analysis, and Wilcoxon tests. RESULTS We analysed 27 patients compliant to the supplementations. Multiple mixed linear regression models were significant only for interleukin-6 (P = 0.002), glucagon-like peptide 1 (P = 0.028), cholecystokinin (P = 0.021), and peptide YY (P = 0.002), but not for the other outcomes. The significant models did not show any impact of the type of supplementation (P < 0.05 in all models). Principal coordinate analysis and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (P = 0.0001) showed strong microbiota clustering by subject, but no effect of the amino acids. Bacterial alpha diversity and zero-radius operational taxonomic unit richness remained stable, whatever the supplementation. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (0.030; Q1-Q3 0.008-0.078 vs. 0.004; Q1-Q3 0.001-0.070) and Bifidobacterium dentium (0.0247; Q1-Q3 0.002-0.191 vs. 0.003; Q1-Q3 0.001-0.086) significantly decreased with the BCAA supplementation. CONCLUSIONS The BCAA and glycine supplementations had no impact on the serum levels of cytokines, appetite mediators, intestinal permeability, endocannabinoids, or faecal IgA. Overall faecal microbiota composition and microbial diversity did not change with the glycine or BCAA supplementation but decreased the abundance of L. paracasei and B. dentium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Genton
- Unit of Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Menno Pruijm
- Service of Nephrology, University Hospitals of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Teta
- Service of Nephrology, Cantonal Hospital of Sion, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Bassi
- Service of Nephrology, Cantonal Hospital of Sion, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nadia Gaïa
- Genomic Research Lab and Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Herrmann
- Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Marangon
- Service of Nephrology, Geneva University Hospitals and Clinique of Champel, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julie Mareschal
- Unit of Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Stoermann
- Service of Nephrology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Suriano
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arlene Wurzner-Ghajarzadeh
- Service of Nephrology, University Hospitals of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Lazarevic
- Genomic Research Lab and Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Genomic Research Lab and Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang P, Dong Y, Jiao J, Zuo K, Han C, Zhao L, Ding S, Yang X, Chen M, Li J. Cigarette smoking status alters dysbiotic gut microbes in hypertensive patients. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2021; 23:1431-1446. [PMID: 34029428 PMCID: PMC8678690 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Smoking not only is one of the most important risk factors of hypertension (HTN), but also alters the composition of gut microbiota (GM) in previous studies. Although dysbiosis of GM has been implicated in HTN, how GM alters in patients with HTN under smoking status is still not clear. This study aimed to explore the difference in intestinal microflora among smokers with HTN (S-HTN), nonsmokers with HTN (NS-HTN), and smokers without HTN (S-CTR) and identify whether cigarette smoking led to disordered intestinal microbiota in patients with HTN. Metagenomic sequencing analysis of fecal specimens was conducted in nonsmokers without HTN (NS-CTR, n = 9), S-CTR (n = 9), NS-HTN (n = 18), and S-HTN (n = 23). Compared with S-CTR or NS-HTN, the GM in S-HTN was disordered, with lower microbial α-diversity and significant difference of β-diversity on axes as compared to S-CTR at genus and species level. The microbial enterotype in S-HTN was inclined to Prevotella-dominant type. Dramatic changes in the intestinal genera and species composition were observed in S-HTN, including reduced enrichment of Phycisphaera and Clostridium asparagiforme. Moreover, the intestinal function altered in S-HTN. Therefore, the findings of the present study revealed GM disorders in S-HTN and clarified the role of smoking in impairing the intestinal microbiome in HTN. Tobacco control is particularly important for improving GM in patients with HTN, and might be beneficial in preventing future cardiovascular events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ying Dong
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jie Jiao
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Kun Zuo
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chunming Han
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lei Zhao
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shu Ding
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xinchun Yang
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Mulei Chen
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jing Li
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of HypertensionBeijing Chaoyang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zakaria NF, Hamid M, Khayat ME. Amino Acid-Induced Impairment of Insulin Signaling and Involvement of G-Protein Coupling Receptor. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072229. [PMID: 34209599 PMCID: PMC8308393 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are needed for general bodily function and well-being. Despite their importance, augmentation in their serum concentration is closely related to metabolic disorder, insulin resistance (IR), or worse, diabetes mellitus. Essential amino acids such as the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have been heavily studied as a plausible biomarker or even a cause of IR. Although there is a long list of benefits, in subjects with abnormal amino acids profiles, some amino acids are correlated with a higher risk of IR. Metabolic dysfunction, upregulation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, the gut microbiome, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, inflammation, and the collusion of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the indicators and causes of metabolic disorders generating from amino acids that contribute to IR and the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review summarizes the current understanding of the true involvement of amino acids with IR. Additionally, the involvement of GPCRs in IR will be further discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Fatini Zakaria
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Muhajir Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Ezuan Khayat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hsu WH, Lin LJ, Lu CK, Kao ST, Lin YL. Effect of You-Gui-Wan on House Dust Mite-Induced Mouse Allergic Asthma via Regulating Amino Acid Metabolic Disorder and Gut Dysbiosis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060812. [PMID: 34070764 PMCID: PMC8229888 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese herbal remedies have long been used for enhancing immunity and treating asthma. However, the evidence-based efficacy remains to be supported. This study aimed to explore the potential bio-signatures in allergic asthma and the effect of You-Gui-Wan (YGW), a traditional Chinese herbal prescription, on dust mite-induced mouse allergic asthma. Extract of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p), a dust mite, was intratracheally administered to induce allergic asthma in mice. Serum metabolomic and 16S rRNA-based microbiome profiling were used to analyze untargeted metabolites with levels significantly changed and gut microbiota composition, respectively. Results indicated that 10 metabolites (acetylcarnitine, carnitine, hypoxanthine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, norleucine, isoleucine, betaine, methionine, and valine), mainly associated with branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism, aromatic amino acid (AAA) biosynthesis, and phenylalanine metabolism were markedly elevated after Der p treatment. YGW administration reversed the levels for 7 of the 10 identified metabolites, chiefly affecting BCAA metabolism. On 16S DNA sequencing, disordered Der p-induced gut microbiota was significantly alleviated by YGW. Multiple correlation analysis showed a good correlation between gut microbiota composition and levels of selected metabolites. Our study showed YGW administration effectively alleviated BCAA metabolic disorder and improved gut dysbiosis. This study provides support for YGW administration with benefits for allergic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Jen Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (L.-J.L.); (S.-T.K.)
| | - Chung-Kuang Lu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Shung-Te Kao
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (L.-J.L.); (S.-T.K.)
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Lian Lin
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10050, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 5520)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Enantioselective and Synergistic Herbicidal Activities of Common Amino Acids Against Amaranthus tricolor and Echinochloa crus-galli. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072071. [PMID: 33916510 PMCID: PMC8038461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids have a wide range of biological activities, which usually rely on the stereoisomer presented. In this study, glycine and 21 common α-amino acids were investigated for their herbicidal property against Chinese amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.). Both d- and l-isomers, as well as a racemic mixture, were tested and found that most compounds barely inhibited germination but moderately suppressed seedling growth. Various ratios of d:l-mixture were studied and synergy between enantiomers was found. For Chinese amaranth, the most toxic d:l-mixtures were at 3:7 (for glutamine), 8:2 (for methionine), and 5:5 (for tryptophan). For barnyard grass, rac-glutamine was more toxic than the pure forms; however, d-tryptophan exhibited greater activity than racemate and l-isomer, indicating the sign of enantioselective toxicity. The mode of action was unclear, but d-tryptophan caused bleaching of leaves, indicating pigment synthesis of the grass was inhibited. The results highlighted the enantioselective and synergistic toxicity of some amino acids, which relied upon plant species, chemical structures, and concentrations. Overall, our finding clarifies the effect of stereoisomers, and provides a chemical clue of amino acid herbicides, which may be useful in the development of herbicides from natural substances.
Collapse
|
22
|
Powder coating and dissolution rate modification of L-leucine supplements with hydrophilic fumed SiO2 nanoparticles by ultrasonic irradiation in high-pressure liquid CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.105104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
23
|
Lange C, Bifari F. Editorial: Metabolic Regulation of Stem Cells and Tissue Growth. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:625606. [PMID: 33584202 PMCID: PMC7876400 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.625606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lange
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ruocco C, Segala A, Valerio A, Nisoli E. Essential amino acid formulations to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2021; 24:88-95. [PMID: 33060458 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Both restriction and supplementation of specific amino acids or branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are described to improve metabolic homeostasis, energy balance, and health span. This review will discuss the recent findings of the role of amino acid supplements in the regulation of mitochondrial health. RECENT FINDINGS A mixture of essential amino acids (EAAs), BCAA enriched mixture, was found to extend healthy life span in elderly mice and prevent multiple diseases associated with an energy deficit, similarly to caloric restriction or fasting-mimicking diets. A growing body of evidence highlights mitochondria as the central target of this supplement: it promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and the activation of antioxidant defence systems in different physiological (e.g., exercise or ageing) or pathological conditions (e.g., sarcopenia, muscular dystrophy, liver steatosis, or impaired cognition). Based on these results, new formulas have been created enriched with Krebs cycle substrates, behaving more efficiently than BCAA enriched mixture. SUMMARY EAA-BCAA balanced supplements might be valuable not only for healthy individuals undergoing to energy deficit (e.g., athletes) during strenuous exercise or training but also against diseases characterized by a dysregulated catabolic state or mitochondrial dysfunction, such as age-related disorders. The associated mechanistic processes should be identified as potential pharmacological targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ruocco
- Department of Biomedical Technology and Translational Medicine, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, University of Milan, Milan
| | - Agnese Segala
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Department of Biomedical Technology and Translational Medicine, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, University of Milan, Milan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liao ZQ, Ji QF, Zhou BJ. Strategies for inflammatory bowel disease drug research by targeting gut microbiota. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2020; 28:1112-1120. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v28.i22.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is complex, which may be associated with genetic factors, environmental factors, intestinal mucosal barrier function, immune response, and gut microbiota. At present, there is no cure for IBD, and therefore there is an urgent need to develop therapeutic drugs. Gut microbiota is considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of IBD and is thus an important target for IBD drug research, with the function of regulating the vital activities of host, modulating the immune response, and protecting against intestinal flora disorders. This paper briefly discusses the strategies for IBD drug research by targeting gut microbiota. Fecal transplantation and human microbiota-associated model are effective ways to elucidate the mechanism of IBD therapeutic drugs. Drugs that can enrich probiotics or inhibit harmful bacteria have great potential for the treatment of IBD. Exploring the causal relationship between the changes in gut microbiota and IBD therapeutic drugs through multiple molecular techniques is the focus of IBD drug research in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Qiong Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518017, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qui-Feng Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518017, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ben-Jie Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518017, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Muyskens JB, Winbush A, Foote DM, Turnbull DW, Dreyer HC. Essential amino acid supplementation alters the p53 transcriptional response and cytokine gene expression following total knee arthroplasty. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:980-991. [PMID: 32881622 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00022.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing muscle atrophy following orthopedic surgery is critical during the postoperative period. Our previous work in patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) showed that the vast majority of atrophy occurs within 2 wk following surgery and that essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation attenuates this atrophy. We used RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to identify genes associated with atrophy after TKA with and without EAAs. Analysis of overrepresented gene-ontology terms revealed that p53 signaling and the cytokine-cytokine receptor pathways were highly upregulated after TKA. Relative to the placebo group, the EAA group had altered expression of p53 regulators such as MDM2. This altered expression may account for differences between groups in timing of upregulation of some p53 targets such as apoptosis genes, and may account for the reduction in muscle loss in the subjects receiving EAAs. Furthermore, we observed altered expression of a large number of cytokine-signaling genes including TNFRSF12A, which plays a critical role in muscle atrophy, myogenesis, fibrosis, and the noncanonical NF-κB pathway.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Total knee arthroplasty is the most frequently performed inpatient surgical procedure for those over 45 yr in the United States. Following surgery, patients lose a large amount of muscle, which impacts functional mobility. Previously, our laboratory found that supplementing patients' diets with essential amino acids (EAAs) reduces postsurgical muscle loss. Here, our goal was to characterize the transcriptional changes associated with surgery with and without EAA supplementation to uncover the underlying mechanisms by which EAAs attenuate this muscle loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ari Winbush
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Douglas M Foote
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Douglas W Turnbull
- Genomics and Cell Characterization Core Facility, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Hans C Dreyer
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fotschki B, Juśkiewicz J, Jurgoński A, Amarowicz R, Opyd P, Bez J, Muranyi I, Lykke Petersen I, Laparra Llopis M. Protein-Rich Flours from Quinoa and Buckwheat Favourably Affect the Growth Parameters, Intestinal Microbial Activity and Plasma Lipid Profile of Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2781. [PMID: 32932953 PMCID: PMC7551680 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, dietary products with quinoa and buckwheat have attracted attention mostly due to the high nutritive value of their protein fraction. However, their dietary effect on intestinal microbiota activity and related systemic responses are still poorly understood. Therefore, a 2 week study of twenty-eight growing male Wistar rats was conducted to investigate the effects of quinoa (QU) and buckwheat (BK) protein-rich flours on the growth parameters, intestinal microbial activity, plasma lipid profile, and inflammatory markers. The biological value of protein and body weight gain were considerably increased in the QU and BK groups compared with those in the soy protein isolate group. Moreover, both flours increased the microbial activity of α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, and α-galactosidase and the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the caecum. The studied flours favourably reduced the plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. In rats fed a diet with QU, elevated levels of plasma interleukin 6 and alanine transaminase were observed. The effect of QU on inflammatory markers may be related to the increased expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the liver and to the decreased level of plasma albumin. In conclusion, quinoa and buckwheat protein-rich flours are valuable sources of proteins that favourably affect growth parameters, gut metabolism, and blood lipid profile in rats; however, only the buckwheat flour has no effect on inflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Fotschki
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.J.); (A.J.); (R.A.); (P.O.)
| | - Jerzy Juśkiewicz
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.J.); (A.J.); (R.A.); (P.O.)
| | - Adam Jurgoński
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.J.); (A.J.); (R.A.); (P.O.)
| | - Ryszard Amarowicz
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.J.); (A.J.); (R.A.); (P.O.)
| | - Paulina Opyd
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.J.); (A.J.); (R.A.); (P.O.)
| | - Jürgen Bez
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, Giggenhauser Str. 35, D-85354 Freising, Germany; (J.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Isabel Muranyi
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, Giggenhauser Str. 35, D-85354 Freising, Germany; (J.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Iben Lykke Petersen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C., Denmark;
| | - Moisés Laparra Llopis
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), Ctra. de Canto Blanco n° 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
A paradoxical double challenge has emerged in the last decades with respect to nutrition and nutrition-related clinical conditions. Hunger-related undernutrition continues to represent an unacceptable burden, although its prevalence has been encouragingly reduced worldwide. On the other hand, the prevalence of overweight and obesity, defined as fat excess accumulation with negative impact on individual health, has dramatically increased due to increasingly pervasive obesogenic lifestyle changes. Undernutrition and obesity may coexist in world regions, Countries and even smaller communities and households, being referred to as double burden of malnutrition. It is however important to point out that fat accumulation and obesity may also induce additional nutritional derangements in affected individuals, both directly through metabolic and body composition changes and indirectly through acute and chronic diseases with negative impact on nutritional status. In the current narrative review, associations between fat accumulation in obesity and malnutrition features as well as their known causes will be reviewed and summarized. These include risk of loss of skeletal muscle mass and function (sarcopenia) that may allow for malnutrition diagnosis also in overweight and obese individuals, thereby introducing a new clinically relevant perspective to the obesity-related double burden of malnutrition concept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Barazzoni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Vaiserman A, Romanenko M, Piven L, Moseiko V, Lushchak O, Kryzhanovska N, Guryanov V, Koliada A. Differences in the gut Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio across age groups in healthy Ukrainian population. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:221. [PMID: 32698765 PMCID: PMC7374892 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota plays an important role in physiological and pathological processes of the host organism, including aging. Microbiota composition was shown to vary significantly throughout the life course. Age-related changes in the composition of microbiota were reported in several human studies. In present study, age-related dynamics of phylogenetic profile of gut microbiota was investigated in 1550 healthy participants from Ukrainian population. RESULTS Significant changes in the microbiota composition determined by qRT-PCR at the level of major microbial phyla across age groups have been observed. The relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes phyla increased, while that of Bacteroidetes decreased from childhood to elderly age. Accordingly, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio was shown to significantly increase until elder age. In both sexes, odds to have F/B > 1 tended to increase with age, reaching maximum values in elder age groups [OR = 2.7 (95% CI, 1.2-6.0) and OR = 3.7 (95% CI, 1.4-9.6) for female and male 60-69-year age groups, respectively, compared to same-sex reference (0-9-year) age groups]. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, data from our study indicate that composition of the human intestinal microbiota at the level of major microbial phyla significantly differs across age groups. In both sexes, the F/B ratio tends to increase with age from 0-9-year to 60-69-year age groups. Further studies are needed for a better understanding of mechanisms underlying age-related dynamics of human microbiota composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Romanenko
- Institute of Gerontology, Vyshgorodskaya st. 67, Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Liubov Piven
- Institute of Gerontology, Vyshgorodskaya st. 67, Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | | | - Oleh Lushchak
- Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Alexander Koliada
- Institute of Gerontology, Vyshgorodskaya st. 67, Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bolasco P. Hemodialysis-Nutritional Flaws in Diagnosis and Prescriptions. Could Amino Acid Losses be the Sharpest "Sword of Damocles"? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061773. [PMID: 32545868 PMCID: PMC7353226 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the strengths and weaknesses emerging from diagnostic evaluations and prescriptions in an intent to prevent progression over time of malnutrition and/or protein-energy wasting (PEW) in hemodialysis (HD) patients. In particular, indications of the most effective pathway to follow in diagnosing a state of malnutrition are provided based on a range of appropriate chemical-clinical, anthropometric and instrumental analyses and monitoring of the nutritional status of HD patients. Finally, based on the findings of recent studies, therapeutic options to be adopted for the purpose of preventing or slowing down malnutrition have been reviewed, with particular focus on protein-calorie intake, the role of oral and/or intravenous supplements and efficacy of some classes of amino acids. A new determining factor that may lead inexorably to PEW in hemodialysis patients is represented by severe amino acid loss during hemodialysis sessions, for which mandatory compensation should be introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piergiorgio Bolasco
- Nephrology Consultant, Sardinian Regional Public Health Institution, 09047 Selargius, Italy; ; Tel.: +39-333-2914-844; Fax: +39-070-609-3240
- Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment Group of the Italian Society of Nephrology, University Street, 11, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Verdugo-Meza A, Ye J, Dadlani H, Ghosh S, Gibson DL. Connecting the Dots Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Metabolic Syndrome: A Focus on Gut-Derived Metabolites. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051434. [PMID: 32429195 PMCID: PMC7285036 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the microbiome in health and disease has gained considerable attention and shed light on the etiology of complex diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Since the microorganisms inhabiting the gut can confer either protective or harmful signals, understanding the functional network between the gut microbes and the host provides a comprehensive picture of health and disease status. In IBD, disruption of the gut barrier enhances microbe infiltration into the submucosae, which enhances the probability that gut-derived metabolites are translocated from the gut to the liver and pancreas. Considering inflammation and the gut microbiome can trigger intestinal barrier dysfunction, risk factors of metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance may have common roots with IBD. In this review, we focus on the overlap between IBD and MetS, and we explore the role of common metabolites in each disease in an attempt to connect a common origin, the gut microbiome and derived metabolites that affect the gut, liver and pancreas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Verdugo-Meza
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Kelowna, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (A.V.-M.); (J.Y.); (H.D.)
| | - Jiayu Ye
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Kelowna, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (A.V.-M.); (J.Y.); (H.D.)
| | - Hansika Dadlani
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Kelowna, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (A.V.-M.); (J.Y.); (H.D.)
| | - Sanjoy Ghosh
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Kelowna, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (A.V.-M.); (J.Y.); (H.D.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (D.L.G.); Tel.: +1250-807-8790 (D.L.G.)
| | - Deanna L. Gibson
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Kelowna, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (A.V.-M.); (J.Y.); (H.D.)
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (D.L.G.); Tel.: +1250-807-8790 (D.L.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Complete neural stem cell (NSC) neuronal differentiation requires a branched chain amino acids-induced persistent metabolic shift towards energy metabolism. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104863. [PMID: 32407957 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) neuronal differentiation requires a metabolic shift towards oxidative phosphorylation. We now show that a branched-chain amino acids-driven, persistent metabolic shift toward energy metabolism is required for full neuronal maturation. We increased energy metabolism of differentiating neurons derived both from murine NSCs and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by supplementing the cell culture medium with a mixture composed of branched-chain amino acids, essential amino acids, TCA cycle precursors and co-factors. We found that treated differentiating neuronal cells with enhanced energy metabolism increased: i) total dendritic length; ii) the mean number of branches and iii) the number and maturation of the dendritic spines. Furthermore, neuronal spines in treated neurons appeared more stable with stubby and mushroom phenotype and with increased expression of molecules involved in synapse formation. Treated neurons modified their mitochondrial dynamics increasing the mitochondrial fusion and, consistently with the increase of cellular ATP content, they activated cellular mTORC1 dependent p70S6 K1 anabolism. Global transcriptomic analysis further revealed that treated neurons induce Nrf2 mediated gene expression. This was correlated with a functional increase in the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) scavenging mechanisms. In conclusion, persistent branched-chain amino acids-driven metabolic shift toward energy metabolism enhanced neuronal differentiation and antioxidant defences. These findings offer new opportunities to pharmacologically modulate NSC neuronal differentiation and to develop effective strategies for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
33
|
Berberine ameliorates colonic damage accompanied with the modulation of dysfunctional bacteria and functions in ulcerative colitis rats. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:1737-1749. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
34
|
Fellendorf FT, Platzer M, Pilz R, Rieger A, Kapfhammer HP, Mangge H, Dalkner N, Zelzer S, Meinitzer A, Birner A, Bengesser SA, Queissner R, Hamm C, Hartleb R, Reininghaus EZ. Branched-chain amino acids are associated with metabolic parameters in bipolar disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 20:821-826. [PMID: 29898625 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2018.1487077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: An important aspect of bipolar disorder (BD) research is the identification of biomarkers pertaining to the somatic health state. The branched-chain essential amino acids (BCAAs), viz valine, leucine and isoleucine, have been proposed as biomarkers of an individual's health state, given their influence on protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis inhibition.Methods: BCAA levels of 141 euthymic/subsyndromal individuals with BD and 141 matched healthy controls (HC) were analysed by high-pressure lipid chromatography and correlated with clinical psychiatric, anthropometric and metabolic parameters.Results: BD and HC did not differ in valine and isoleucine, whereas leucine was significantly lower in BD. Furthermore, correlations were found between BCAAs and anthropometric and glucose metabolism data. All BCAAs correlated with lipid metabolism parameters in females. There were no associations between BCAAs and long-term clinical parameters of BD. A negative correlation was found between valine and Hamilton Depression-Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory II, in male individualsConclusions: Our results indicate the utility of BCAAs as biomarkers for the current state of health, also in BD. As BD individuals have a high risk for overweight/obesity, in association with comorbid medical conditions (e.g. cardiovascular diseases or insulin resistance), health state markers are urgently required. However, no illness-specific associations were found in this euthymic/subsyndromal BD group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederike T Fellendorf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Platzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rene Pilz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexandra Rieger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Kapfhammer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Mangge
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nina Dalkner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sieglinde Zelzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Meinitzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Armin Birner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Susanne A Bengesser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Queissner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carlo Hamm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Riccarda Hartleb
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Z Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liao Z, Zhang S, Liu W, Zou B, Lin L, Chen M, Liu D, Wang M, Li L, Cai Y, Liao Q, Xie Z. LC-MS-based metabolomics analysis of Berberine treatment in ulcerative colitis rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1133:121848. [PMID: 31756623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is often accompanied by metabolic imbalance and Berberine can relieve the symptoms of IBD, but the mechanism is still unclear. To explore the relationship between IBD, metabolism and Berberine, dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) model was built and urine and feces samples were analyzed with ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, followed by multivariate statistical analyses. Targeted metabolomics was applied to verify and supplement the result of amino acids tested by non-targeted metabolomics. The study found that Berberine could ameliorate UC and improve metabolic disorders. The level of 4 metabolites increased and 35 decreased in urine and these metabolites mainly belong to amino acid, glucide, organic acid and purine. Besides, Berberine could reduce the level of 5 metabolites and raise the level of 7 metabolites in feces, which mainly belong to amino acid and lipid. Additionally, these altered metabolites were mainly related to amino acids metabolism, purine metabolism, vitamin metabolism, lipid metabolism and citrate cycle pathways. Furthermore, microbiome metabolism may be regulated by Berberine in UC. In general, this study provides a useful approach for exploring the mechanism of Berberine in the treatment of UC from the perspective of metabolomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiong Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaobao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shen Zhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Baorong Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shen Zhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Deliang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shen Zhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shen Zhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongfeng Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510407, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shen Zhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou 510407, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Martano G, Borroni EM, Lopci E, Cattaneo MG, Mattioli M, Bachi A, Decimo I, Bifari F. Metabolism of Stem and Progenitor Cells: Proper Methods to Answer Specific Questions. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:151. [PMID: 31249511 PMCID: PMC6584756 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells can stay quiescent for a long period of time or proliferate and differentiate into multiple lineages. The activity of stage-specific metabolic programs allows stem cells to best adapt their functions in different microenvironments. Specific cellular phenotypes can be, therefore, defined by precise metabolic signatures. Notably, not only cellular metabolism describes a defined cellular phenotype, but experimental evidence now clearly indicate that also rewiring cells towards a particular cellular metabolism can drive their cellular phenotype and function accordingly. Cellular metabolism can be studied by both targeted and untargeted approaches. Targeted analyses focus on a subset of identified metabolites and on their metabolic fluxes. In addition, the overall assessment of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) gives a measure of the overall cellular oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial function. Untargeted approach provides a large-scale identification and quantification of the whole metabolome with the aim to describe a metabolic fingerprinting. In this review article, we overview the methodologies currently available for the study of invitro stem cell metabolism, including metabolic fluxes, fingerprint analyses, and single-cell metabolomics. Moreover, we summarize available approaches for the study of in vivo stem cell metabolism. For all of the described methods, we highlight their specificities and limitations. In addition, we discuss practical concerns about the most threatening steps, including metabolic quenching, sample preparation and extraction. A better knowledge of the precise metabolic signature defining specific cell population is instrumental to the design of novel therapeutic strategies able to drive undifferentiated stem cells towards a selective and valuable cellular phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Monica Borroni
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Egesta Lopci
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital-IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cattaneo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Mattioli
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Bachi
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Decimo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Supplementation with Beef Extract Improves Exercise Performance and Reduces Post-Exercise Fatigue Independent of Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111740. [PMID: 30424538 PMCID: PMC6266735 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Beef extract (BE) is a nutritional supplement obtained by cooking beef meat. Compared with traditional chicken essence or clam extract, BE is cheaper to produce and may be used for wound healing, as a chemotherapy supplement, or to prevent fatigue. In this study, we evaluated the potential beneficial effects of BE on exercise performance and the related role of the gut microbiota. Pathogen-free male BALB/c mice were divided into three groups to receive vehicle or BE (0, 12.3, or 24.6 mL/kg) by oral gavage for 28 days. Exercise performance was evaluated using forelimb grip strength, swimming time to exhaustion, and physiological levels of fatigue-related biomarkers (serum lactate, blood urea nitrogen, and glucose levels) after physical challenges. BE supplementation elevated endurance and grip strength in a dose-dependent manner; significantly decreased lactate and blood urea nitrogen levels after physical challenge; and significantly increased muscle glycogen content. The germ-free mice supplemented with BE or an equal-calorie portion of albumin did not show significant differences from the other groups in exercise performance and levels of related biomarkers. Therefore, BE supplementation improved endurance and reduced fatigue, which might be related to BE composition, but had no correlation with the gut microbiota.
Collapse
|
38
|
Bifari F, Manfrini R, Dei Cas M, Berra C, Siano M, Zuin M, Paroni R, Folli F. Multiple target tissue effects of GLP-1 analogues on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Pharmacol Res 2018; 137:219-229. [PMID: 30359962 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating experimental and clinical evidences over the last decade indicate that GLP-1 analogues have a series of central nervous system and peripheral target tissues actions which are able to significantly influence the liver metabolism. GLP-1 analogues pleiotropic effects proved to be efficacious in T2DM subjects not only reducing liver steatosis and ameliorating NAFLD and NASH, but also in lowering plasma glucose and liver inflammation, improving cardiac function and protecting from kidney dysfunction. While the experimental and clinical data are robust, the precise mechanisms of action potentially involved in these protective multi-target effects need further investigation. Here we present a systematic review of the most recent literature data on the multi-target effects of GLP-1 analogues on the liver, on adipose and muscular tissue and on the nervous system, all capable of influencing significant aspects of the fatty liver disease physiopathology. From this analysis, we can conclude that the multi-target beneficial action of the GLP-1 analogues could explain the positive effects observed in animal and human models on progression of NAFLD to NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Manfrini
- Department of Internal Medicine ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Dei Cas
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Berra
- Metabolic Disease and Diabetes, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Siano
- Department of Internal Medicine ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Zuin
- Unit of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Paroni
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Folli
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dato S, Hoxha E, Crocco P, Iannone F, Passarino G, Rose G. Amino acids and amino acid sensing: implication for aging and diseases. Biogerontology 2018; 20:17-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-018-9770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
40
|
Insulin resistance in obesity: an overview of fundamental alterations. Eat Weight Disord 2018; 23:149-157. [PMID: 29397563 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major health risk factor, and obesity-induced morbidity and complications account for huge costs for affected individuals, families, healthcare systems, and society at large. In particular, obesity is strongly associated with the development of insulin resistance, which in turn plays a key role in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated cardiometabolic complications, including metabolic syndrome components, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Insulin sensitive tissues, including adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver, are profoundly affected by obesity both at biomolecular and functional levels. Altered adipose organ function may play a fundamental pathogenetic role once fat accumulation has ensued. Modulation of insulin sensitivity appears to be, at least in part, related to changes in redox balance and oxidative stress as well as inflammation, with a relevant underlying role for mitochondrial dysfunction that may exacerbate these alterations. Nutrients and substrates as well as systems involved in host-nutrient interactions, including gut microbiota, have been also identified as modulators of metabolic pathways controlling insulin action. This review aims at providing an overview of these concepts and their potential inter-relationships in the development of insulin resistance, with particular regard to changes in adipose organ and skeletal muscle.
Collapse
|