1
|
Witter AE. Acute toxicity of petroleum asphalt seal coat leachates to Ceriodaphnia dubia is linked to polymer preservatives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173123. [PMID: 38740202 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Low-VOC waterborne asphalt-emulsion (AE) seal coat is considered more sustainable than solvent-based coal-tar emulsion seal coat because asphalt emulsions contain negligible amounts of carcinogenic PAHs and release fewer harmful volatile organic compounds. Yet, many low-VOC coatings leach water-soluble substances under outdoor conditions. To investigate the chemical composition of seal coat leachates, three AE formulations were cured under natural weathering conditions and exposed to simulated runoff over a 10-day field trial. Runoff was collected and concentrated using ion-exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Leached compounds included hydrocarbons, esters, amines, siloxanes, plasticizers, biocides, polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers, urethanes, and toluene diisocyanate (TDI). Glycol ethers comprised 29-97 % of the measured leachate mass. Two seal coat formulations contained isothiazolinone biocides, methylchloro- and methylisothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT; 0.5 mg/L in runoff), while a third seal coat formulation continuously leached TDI, a reactive polyurethane (PU) precursor (0.7 mg/L in runoff). Biocide-containing leachates showed acute toxicity to the freshwater water flea, Ceriodaphnia dubia after 48 h, while TDI-containing leachate showed no acute toxicity, suggesting that leachate toxicity was due to in-can polymer preservatives. As biocides are implicated in impaired reproductive signaling, these results support the use of alkaline pH to avoid biofouling and reinforce the goal of reducing and/or avoiding the use of biocides altogether, especially for environmentally friendly products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Witter
- Dickinson College, Department of Chemistry, Carlisle, PA 17013, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Santos J, Rodríguez-Romero A, Cifrian E, Maldonado-Alameda A, Chimenos JM, Andrés A. Eco-toxicity assessment of industrial by-product-based alkali-activated binders using the sea urchin embryogenesis bioassay. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 341:118100. [PMID: 37209591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
New cement-based materials such as alkali-activated binders (AABs) or geopolymers allow the incorporation of waste or industrial by-products in their formulation, resulting an interesting valorization technique. Therefore, it is essential to inquire about the potential environmental and health impacts throughout their life cycle. In the European context, a minimum aquatic toxicity tests battery has been recommended for construction products, but their potential biological effects on marine ecosystems have not been considered. In this study, three industrial by-products, PAVAL® (PV) aluminum oxide, weathered bottom ash (WBA) resulting from incinerator bottom ash and glass cullet recycling waste (CSP), were evaluated as precursors in the AAB formulation from an environmental point of view. To determine the potential effects on marine environment caused by the leaching of contaminants from these materials into seawater, the leaching test EN-12457-2 and an ecotoxicity test using the model organism sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus were conducted. The percentage of abnormal larval development was selected as endpoint of the toxicity test. Based on the results obtained from the toxicity tests, AABs have less damaging impact (EC50 values: 49.2%-51.9%) on the marine environment in general than raw materials. The results highlight the need to stablish a specific battery of toxicity tests for the environmental assessment of construction products on marine ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Santos
- GER Green Engineering and Resources Group, Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - A Rodríguez-Romero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510, Cádiz, Spain
| | - E Cifrian
- GER Green Engineering and Resources Group, Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - A Maldonado-Alameda
- DIOPMA Design and Optimization of Processes and Materials, Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Chimenos
- DIOPMA Design and Optimization of Processes and Materials, Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Andrés
- GER Green Engineering and Resources Group, Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, 39005, Santander, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Accardo S, Schiavo S, Parrella L, Montereali MR, Lama G, Verdolotti L, Manzo S. Do new cement-based mortars pose a significant threat to the aquatic environment? CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138818. [PMID: 37156284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the use of multi-functional mortars has increased significantly, with interesting applications in the sustainable construction. In the environment, the cement-based materials are subjected to leaching, so the assessment of potential adverse effects upon aquatic ecosystem is necessary. This study focuses on the evaluation of the ecotoxicological threat and of a new type of cement-based mortar (CPM-D) and its raw materials leachates. A screening risk assessment were performed by Hazard Quotient methods. The ecotoxicological effects were investigated by a test battery with bacteria, crustacean, and algae. Two different procedures, Toxicity test Battery Index (TBI) and Toxicity Classification System (TCS), to obtain a single value for toxicity rank were used. Raw materials showed the highest metal mobility and in particular, for Cu, Cd and V potential hazard was evidenced. Leachate toxicity assessment evidenced the highest effects linked to cement and glass while the mortar showed the lowest ecotoxicological risk. TBI procedure allows a finer classification of effect linked to materials with respect to TCS which is based on worst case approach. A safe by design approach taking into account the potential and the effective hazard of the raw materials and of their combinations could allow to achieve sustainable formulations for building materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Accardo
- ENEA CR PORTICI, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy; Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Schiavo
- ENEA CR PORTICI, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Luisa Parrella
- ENEA CR PORTICI, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lama
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB - CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Letizia Verdolotti
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB - CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Sonia Manzo
- ENEA CR PORTICI, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Müller A, Österlund H, Nordqvist K, Marsalek J, Viklander M. Releases of micropollutants from building surface materials into rainwater and snowmelt induced runoff. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138730. [PMID: 37080475 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Building surface materials, exposed to wash-off by rainwater or snowmelt, are recognised as one of the significant urban diffuse pollution sources contributing to the impairment of stormwater quality. The pollution conveyed by roof runoff originates from two potential sources, migration of surface material constituents, or wash-off of pollutants deposited on the surface by atmospheric deposition. This study investigated the releases of metals and several groups of contaminants of emerging concern: alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates, and phthalates, from commercially available materials, which are commonly used on buildings and structure surfaces in the urban environment. The materials tested included the following: metal sheets of stainless steel, copper, zinc, galvanised steel, corten steel, corrugated and coated steel, coated zinc; and bitumen-based roofing felt and shingles, as well as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) from two manufacturers. The stainless steel was considered a control material serving to estimate pollutant contributions deposited on the pilot panels from the surrounding environment. Moreover, this study presents novel data on roof snowmelt induced runoff quality, not reported in the previous literature. The experimental setup consisted of 2-m2 rectangular panels mounted in triplicates of each material and placed in an open-air setting on the campus of Luleå University of Technology, Sweden. Runoff leaving the gently sloping material panels was collected during 11 rain and three snowmelt driven runoff events occurring over a five-year period. The results showed that, in general, the micropollutant concentrations and loads were lower in snowmelt than rain induced runoff, and no decreasing trend was detected in the releases of phthalates or metals during the study period. Moreover, on a yearly basis, copper sheets were estimated to release 0.6 g/m2 Cu to runoff, zinc and galvanised sheets 1.3 and 0.7 g/m2 Zn, respectively, and, PVC sheets were estimated to release up to 78 mg/m2 of diisononyl phthalate (DINP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Müller
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Heléne Österlund
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Nordqvist
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Jiri Marsalek
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Maria Viklander
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fekete-Kertész I, Stirling T, Vaszita E, Berkl Z, Farkas É, Hedwig S, Remmen K, Lenz M, Molnár M, Feigl V. Ecotoxicity attenuation by acid-resistant nanofiltration in scandium recovery from TiO 2 production waste. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15512. [PMID: 37128350 PMCID: PMC10148044 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of high-grade scandium (Sc) ores and recovery strategies has stimulated research on the exploitation of non-ore-related secondary sources that have great potential to safeguard the critical raw materials supply of the EU's economy. Waste materials may satisfy the growing global Sc demand, specifically residues from titanium dioxide (TiO2) production. New technologies are being developed for the recovery of Sc from such residues; however, the possible environmental impacts of intermediary products and residues are usually not considered. In order to provide a comprehensive ecotoxicity characterisation of the wastes and intermediate residues resulting from one promising new technology, acid-resistant nanofiltration (arNF), a waste-specific ecotoxicity toolkit was established. Three ecotoxicity assays were selected with specific test parameters providing the most diverse outcome for toxicity characterisation at different trophic levels: Aliivibrio fischeri (bacteria) bioluminescence inhibition (30 min exposure), Daphnia magna (crustacean) lethality and immobilisation (24 h exposure) and Lemna minor (plant) growth inhibition with determination of the frond number (7 d exposure). According to our results, the environmental impact of the generated intermediate and final residues on the aquatic ecosystem was mitigated by the consecutive steps of the filtration methods applied. High and statistically significant toxicity attenuation was achieved according to each test organism: toxicity was lowered based on EC20 values, according to the A. fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay (by 97%), D. magna lethality (by 99%) and L. minor frond number (by 100%), respectively, after the final filtration step, nanofiltration, in comparison to the original waste. Our results underline the importance of assessing chemical technologies' ecotoxicological and environmental impacts with easy-to-apply and cost-effective test methods to showcase the best available technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Fekete-Kertész
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Hungary
| | - Tamás Stirling
- Institute of Biochemistry, Szeged Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
- University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Emese Vaszita
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Berkl
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Hungary
| | - Éva Farkas
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Hungary
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Høgskoleveien 7, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Sebastian Hedwig
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten Remmen
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Markus Lenz
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
- Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Institute for Ecopreneurship, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland.
| | - Mónika Molnár
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Hungary
| | - Viktória Feigl
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Santos J, Cifrian E, Rodriguez-Romero A, Yoris-Nobile AI, Blanco-Fernandez E, Castro-Fresno D, Andres A. Assessment of the environmental acceptability of potential artificial reef materials using two ecotoxicity tests: Luminescent bacteria and sea urchin embryogenesis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136773. [PMID: 36220438 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological analysis of construction products is a relatively unexplored area at international level. Aquatic toxicity tests on construction products has been recommended recently for freshwater environment. However, the biological effects of alternative materials on marine ecosystem are still not considered. In this study, the main aim was to assess the environmental impact of alternative mortars proposed as artificial reefs (ARs) materials. The ARs specimens were developed by 3D printing, based on cement and geopolymer mortars using recycled sands of glass and seashells. For this purpose, a leaching test and two different toxicity bioassays, luminosity reduction of marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri (Microtox®) and the success of embryo-larval development of sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus, were conducted. From the leaching results it should be noted that the mobility of all trace elements considered in both, raw materials and mortars, meet the inert landfill limits, except As, Mo, Se or Sb in the leachates geopolymer mortars. However, the results obtained from the both bioassays show low environmental acceptability for those mortars containing shell sand, probably due to the degradation of the organic matter adhered to the shells. On the other hand, cement mortars obtain better results than geopolymer mortars, regardless of the aggregate used, showing certain consistency with the leaching behaviour, since they present the lowest mobility of trace chemical elements. Therefore, the results supporting the environmental acceptability of its potential use as alternative materials in the production of ARs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, Cantabria, 39005, Spain
| | - Eva Cifrian
- Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, Cantabria, 39005, Spain.
| | - Araceli Rodriguez-Romero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, 11510, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Ana Andres
- Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, Cantabria, 39005, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Construction for Health; Reversing the Impacts. BUILDINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings12081133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The health of humans and the planet are the most vital contemporary issues and essential components of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Scientists and professionals strive for integrated, evolving, healthy, and sustainable solutions encompassing biodiversity and industrial ecology, while offering viable economic attainments. The building industry, especially construction, is an extensive economic counterpart that largely influences health on various levels. On a practical scale, most direct or indirect impacts on health are related to conventional construction systems (CCSs), particularly their materialisations and implementation methods. Therefore, from a global perspective, emerging technologies or remodelled methods to accomplish sustainable use, reuse, and recycling, and improving the planet’s health to ensure the wellbeing of its inhabitants, are crucial. The current research is part of a broader study on “programmable construction systems” (PCSs), concentrating on “programmable construction materials” (PCMs) for health. Therefore, issues are reviewed, relevancies are addressed, and health-oriented concepts are discussed. Example concepts of formulation and the simplified toolkit creations follow the problems’ sources in a case study, providing insight into the resulting multiscale impacts on real-life practices. The results prove the method’s potential and validate its simplicity and applicability through an abstract examination of a newly built case study. Finally, the summarised outcomes of other extensive studies on societal preferences also confirm the feasibility of the hypothesis (i.e., the healthy materialisation) also from a social perspective.
Collapse
|
8
|
Fathollahi A, Makoundou C, Coupe SJ, Sangiorgi C. Leaching of PAHs from rubber modified asphalt pavements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:153983. [PMID: 35189212 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to, for the first time, quantify the total content of 16 priority EPA PAHs in end-of-life tyre derived crumb rubber granulates and various manufactured rubberised asphalt mix designs. After identifying the availability of 16 EPA PAHs, the leaching behaviour of rubberised asphalt specimens, were evaluated using the Dynamic Surface Leaching Test (DSLT) based on CEN/TS 16637-2:2014 standard. This was prior to modelling the release mechanisms of PAHs by utilizing a mathematical diffusion-controlled leaching model. According to the results, the total content of 16 EPA PAHs in crumb rubber granulates ranged between 0.061 and 8.322 μg/g, which were associated with acenaphthene and pyrene, respectively. The total content of PAHs in rubberised asphalt specimens varied between 0.019 and 4.992 μg/g depending on the volume of crumb rubber granulates in the asphalt concrete mix design, and type of binder. Results of the leaching experiments revealed that the highest leached PAHs were benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene and naphthalene with a 64-days cumulative release per specimen surface area > 1 μg/m2. Acenaphthylene, fluoranthene, fluorene and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene were released in cumulative concentrations between 0.1 and 1 μg/m2. The PAHs with a cumulative release potential below 0.1 μg/m2 during DSLT were benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene and chrysene. The diffusion coefficients, which were calculated by mathematical modelling of DSLT data, revealed that the leaching process of 16 EPA PAHs from surface of rubberised asphalt concrete mix designs fitted all the criteria set by the NEN 7345 standard for diffusion-controlled leaching during all stages of leaching experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Fathollahi
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton on Dunsmore, CV8 3LG, UK.
| | - Christina Makoundou
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stephen J Coupe
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton on Dunsmore, CV8 3LG, UK
| | - Cesare Sangiorgi
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ecotoxicity of Concrete Containing Fine-Recycled Aggregate: Effect on Photosynthetic Pigments, Soil Enzymatic Activity and Carbonation Process. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recycling of materials such as masonry or concrete is one of the suitable ways to reduce amount of disposed construction and demolition waste (CDW). However, the environmental safety of products containing recycled materials must be guaranteed. To verify overall environmental benefits of recycled concrete, this work considers ecotoxicity of recycled concrete, as well as potential environmental impacts of their life cycle. Moreover, impacts related with carbonation of concrete is considered in terms of durability and influence of potential CO2 uptake. Concrete containing fine recycled aggregate from two different sources (masonry and concrete) were examined experimentally at the biochemical level and compared with reference samples. Leaching experiments are performed in order to assess physicochemical properties and aquatic ecotoxicity using water flea, freshwater algae and duckweed. The consequences, such as effects of material on soil enzymatic activity (dehydrogenase activity), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), and the carbonation process, are verified in the laboratory and included in the comparison with the theoretical life cycle assessment. As a conclusion, environmental safety of recycled concrete was verified, and its overall potential environmental impact was lower in comparison with reference concrete.
Collapse
|
10
|
Molla AS, Tang P, Sher W, Bekele DN. Chemicals of concern in construction and demolition waste fine residues: A systematic literature review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113654. [PMID: 34482107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing use of chemical additives in construction and their potential threat to the environment and human health, many C&DW studies lack a comprehensive view of chemicals of concern (COC) in C&DW. This study systematically reviewed published studies from 2010 to August 2021 using a keyword search methodology to explore COC in C&DW fine residues based on 73 articles identified from 5 prominent databases. Results show that trace/heavy metals (As, Cr, Cu, Cd, and Pb) as well as high concentrations of toxic gasses (methane, hydrogen sulphide and mercury vapour) have been reported in landfills. Besides, organic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and brominated flame retardants have been found in landfill leachates in the Netherlands and widely detected in landfill leachates in Sweden, Japan, and Canada. The potential of these contaminants to cause health complications has also been reported. Carcinogenicity, liver and kidney damage, cumulative damage, neurological disorders and foetal damage were reported as associated health implications of exposure to COC from C&DW. A waste disposal lens was used to explore the factors that influence the environment and human health impacts (pH, gypsum and organic content, size fraction, atmospheric exposure and liquid infiltration rate). Despite environmental and health issues relating to C&DW fine residues, the ultimate destination for C&DW fine residues remains in general landfills. Although significant efforts in managing C&DW have been implemented at various levels, those specifically targeting C&DW fine residues remain sparse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adane Sewhunegn Molla
- School of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Newcastle, University Dr, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Patrick Tang
- School of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Newcastle, University Dr, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Willy Sher
- School of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Newcastle, University Dr, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Dawit Nega Bekele
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, University Dr, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Müller A, Österlund H, Marsalek J, Viklander M. Comparison of three explorative methods for identifying building surface materials contributing pollutants to stormwater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113574. [PMID: 34450299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Runoff from building and structure surfaces may contribute to the pollution of urban stormwater and, thereby, to the degradation of the receiving water quality. Various micropollutants have been found in surface runoff from buildings in the urban environment, including metals and organic micropollutants. Effective methods for identification of such pollutants and their sources are the prerequisites for the development of control measures. In this paper, three different methods for the identification of building surface materials acting as sources of metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn), nonylphenols and phthalates are presented: (i) screening of the material composition, (ii) laboratory leaching experiments with synthetic rainwater, and (iii) open-air pilot testing of material panels exposed to actual rainfall and runoff. These three methods cover a wide span of experimental aspects, including, e.g., size of material samples, resource demands, and control of influential factors. Nine materials commonly used on building and structure surfaces in the urban environment were tested: metal sheets of zinc, copper, galvanised steel, coated corrugated steel and stainless steel; and, four different roofing membranes of bitumen as well as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The experimental results indicated that all three methods were meritorious in providing some information contributing to the identification of pollutant sources. The screening of material composition for targeted pollutants is relatively quick and inexpensive, but may fail to identify minor sources of pollutants, or may identify the substances present in the material, but not released in contact with water. Laboratory leaching was generally effective in identifying sources of substances present in surface runoff, but was unsuitable for estimating the magnitude of actual concentrations in building runoff. Open-air pilot studies of material samples (exposed area = 2 m2) were thought to provide the results corresponding well to concentrations in runoff from actual building surfaces, but required relatively large financial and labour resources. Thus, the choice of the method for pollutant identification should be based on study objectives, and some benefits may be achieved using more than one method in an integrated manner; e.g., composition screening and lab or open-air leaching of targeted materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Müller
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Heléne Österlund
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Jiri Marsalek
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Maria Viklander
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Klein K, Heß S, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Oehlmann J. Locomotor behavior of Neocaridina palmata: a study with leachates from UV-weathered microplastics. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12442. [PMID: 34820186 PMCID: PMC8588861 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Weathering of plastics leads to the formation of increasingly smaller particles with the release of chemical compounds. The latter occurs with currently unknown environmental impacts. Leachate-induced effects of weathered microplastics (MPs) are therefore of increasing concern. To investigate the toxicity of the chemical mixtures from such plastics, we exposed the freshwater shrimp Neocaridina palmata to enriched leachates from unweathered and artificially weathered (UV-A/B light) MPs (≤1 mm) from recycled low-density polyethylene (LDPE-R) pellets and from a biodegradable, not fully bio-based starch blend (SB) foil. We analyzed the individual locomotor activity (moved distance and frozen events) on day 1, 3, 7 and 14 of exposure to five leachate concentrations equivalent to 0.40–15.6 g MPs L−1, representing the upper scale of MPs that have been found in the environment. The median moved distance did not change as a function of concentration, except for the unweathered SB treatment on day 14 that indicated hyperactivity with increasing concentrations. Significant impacts were solely detected for few concentrations and exposure days. Generally, no consistent trend was observed across the experiments. We further assessed the baseline toxicity of the samples in the Microtox assay and detected high bioluminescence inhibitions of the bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri. This study demonstrates that neither the recycled nor the biodegradable material are without impacts on test parameters and therefore cannot be seen as safe alternative for conventional plastics regarding the toxicity. However, the observed in vitro toxicity did not result in substantial effects on the behavior of shrimps. Overall, we assume that the two endpoints examined in the atyid shrimp N. palmata were not sensitive to chemicals leaching from plastics or that effects on the in vivo level affect other toxic endpoints which were not considered in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Klein
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Heß
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schulte-Oehlmann
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Solouki A, Fathollahi A, Viscomi G, Tataranni P, Valdrè G, Coupe SJ, Sangiorgi C. Thermally Treated Waste Silt as Filler in Geopolymer Cement. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14175102. [PMID: 34501190 PMCID: PMC8434220 DOI: 10.3390/ma14175102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the feasibility of including silt, a by-product of limestone aggregate production, as a filler in geopolymer cement. Two separate phases were planned: The first phase aimed to determine the optimum calcination conditions of the waste silt obtained from Società Azionaria Prodotti Asfaltico Bituminosi Affini (S.A.P.A.B.A. s.r.l.). A Design of Experiment (DOE) was produced, and raw silt was calcined accordingly. Geopolymer cement mixtures were made with sodium or potassium alkali solutions and were tested for compressive strength and leaching. Higher calcination temperatures showed better compressive strength, regardless of liquid type. By considering the compressive strength, leaching, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the optimum calcination temperature and time was selected as 750 °C for 2 h. The second phase focused on determining the optimum amount of silt (%) that could be used in a geopolymer cement mixture. The results suggested that the addition of about 55% of silt (total solid weight) as filler can improve the compressive strength of geopolymers made with Na or K liquid activators. Based on the leaching test, the cumulative concentrations of the released trace elements from the geopolymer specimens into the leachant were lower than the thresholds for European standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Solouki
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (P.T.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alireza Fathollahi
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton-on-Dunsmore CV8 3LG, UK; (A.F.); (S.J.C.)
| | | | - Piergiorgio Tataranni
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (P.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Giovanni Valdrè
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 1, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Stephen J. Coupe
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton-on-Dunsmore CV8 3LG, UK; (A.F.); (S.J.C.)
| | - Cesare Sangiorgi
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (P.T.); (C.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Maldonado-Alameda A, Giro-Paloma J, Rodríguez-Romero A, Serret J, Menargues A, Andrés A, Chimenos JM. Environmental potential assessment of MSWI bottom ash-based alkali-activated binders. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125828. [PMID: 34492789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alkali-activated binders (AABs) stand out as a sustainable alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as they can be formulated using by-products or waste as raw materials. However, the presence of hazardous compounds in residues can lead to an increase in AABs' toxicity due to the highly alkaline media. Therefore, it is extremely important to evaluate their environmental risks to validate their use as building materials. This study environmentally assessed AABs prepared with two different fractions (0-30 mm and 8-30 mm) of weathered bottom ash (AA-WBA) from WtE plants. The potential leachate toxicity of AA-WBA was assessed using granular and monolithic leaching tests that simulated end-of-life and service life scenarios, respectively. Furthermore, an acute toxicity test with crustacean Daphnia magna as model organisms was conducted to determine the relationship between the leachate metal(loid) concentrations and the ecotoxicity of AA-WBA. The results showed higher metal(loid) concentrations in AA-WBA specimens prepared with the 0-30 mm fraction of WBA. The service life scenario revealed multiple metal(loid)-release mechanisms. The 48 h EC50 value (close to 10%; moderate toxicity) indicated that the use of the coarse fraction of WBA increased the immobilisation of the metal(loid)s. Finally, the correlation between the concentrations of some of the metal(loid)s and toxicity was demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Maldonado-Alameda
- DIOPMA Design and Optimization of Processes and Materials, Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Giro-Paloma
- DIOPMA Design and Optimization of Processes and Materials, Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - J Serret
- UTOX. Unit of Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Menargues
- UTOX. Unit of Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Andrés
- GER Green Engineering and Resources Group, Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, Cantabria, Spain
| | - J M Chimenos
- DIOPMA Design and Optimization of Processes and Materials, Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bridson JH, Gaugler EC, Smith DA, Northcott GL, Gaw S. Leaching and extraction of additives from plastic pollution to inform environmental risk: A multidisciplinary review of analytical approaches. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125571. [PMID: 34030416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is prevalent worldwide and has been highlighted as an issue of global concern due to its harmful impacts on wildlife. The extent and mechanism by which plastic pollution effects organisms is poorly understood, especially for microplastics. One proposed mechanism by which plastics may exert a harmful effect is through the leaching of additives. To determine the risk to wildlife, the chemical identity and exposure to additives must be established. However, there are few reports with disparate experimental approaches. In contrast, a breadth of knowledge on additive release from plastics is held within the food, pharmaceutical and medical, construction, and waste management industries. This includes standardised methods to perform migration, extraction, and leaching studies. This review provides an overview of the approaches and methods used to characterise additives and their leaching behaviour from plastic pollution. The limitations of these methods are highlighted and compared with industry standardised approaches. Furthermore, an overview of the analytical strategies for the identification and quantification of additives is presented. This work provides a basis for refining current leaching approaches and analytical methods with a view towards understanding the risk of plastic pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H Bridson
- Scion, 49 Sala Street, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand; School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | | | - Dawn A Smith
- Scion, 49 Sala Street, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
| | - Grant L Northcott
- Northcott Research Consultants Limited, 20 River Oaks Place, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Sally Gaw
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Augustyniak A, Jablonska J, Cendrowski K, Głowacka A, Stephan D, Mijowska E, Sikora P. Investigating the release of ZnO nanoparticles from cement mortars on microbiological models. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01695-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIncorporating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) into cement mortars may provide additional functions, e.g., self-cleaning and antibacterial or electroconductive ability. However, these NPs are also known for their potential toxicity. During the life cycle of a cement mortar, various abrasive forces cause the release of admixtures to the natural environment. The effect of the released NPs on model microorganisms has not been extensively studied. Previous studies have shown that nanomaterials may affect various microorganisms’ physiological responses, including changes in metabolic activity, biofilming, or growth rate. In this study, we have focused on evaluating the response of model microorganisms, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, towards ZnO nanoparticles released from cement mortars in different deterioration scenarios. The addition of ZnO nanoparticles to cement mortars had a noticeable effect on impeding the strength development. We have also detected that depending on the deterioration scenario, the release of ZnO nanoparticles was varied. Our studies have also shown that even though the release of nanoform ZnO could be limited by poor dispersion or the used filtration technique, the eluates have caused slight but statistically significant changes in the physiological features of studied microorganisms showing relatively low toxicity.
Collapse
|
17
|
Coal Fly Ash–Clay Based Geopolymer-Incorporating Electric Arc Furnace Dust (EAFD): Leaching Behavior and Geochemical Modeling. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11020810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The recent recovery processes of electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) include stabilization within materials with potential uses in the construction sector. The stabilization of EAFD by alkaline activation of different alumina-silicates, resulting in low-cost and environmentally friendly materials. The leaching standards within the different European regulations allow evaluating waste materials and products. This work aims to study the introduction of EAFD in FA–clay geopolymers, assessing the environmental and geochemical behavior in two different scenarios, disposal, and utilization. For it, the compliance equilibrium-based batch test (EN 12457-2) and pH dependence test (EN 14429) have been used. The dosages of EAFD in the geopolymeric matrix are 5% to 20% with curing temperatures of 75 °C and 225 °C. The introduction of EAFD favors the development of the flexural strength. From the environmental point of view, metals related to EAFD, such as Zn, Pb, or Cu, are retained in the matrix. While As or Se, comes mainly from clay, present a high concentration. Therefore, the role of clay should be analyzed in future research. As expected by the high iron content in the EAFD, the iron complexes on the surface of the material are responsible for immobilization of metals in this type of matrix.
Collapse
|
18
|
von Wolff MA, Pflugmacher S, Stephan D. Testing of Eluates from Waterproof Building Materials for Potential Environmental Effects Due to the Behavior of Enchytraeus albidus. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14020294. [PMID: 33430017 PMCID: PMC7827505 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the potential environmental impact of construction products, it is necessary to evaluate their influence on organisms exposed to them or their eluates under environmental conditions. The behavior of the white worm Enchytraeus albidus is a useful tool for assessing the potential environmental impact of construction products in contact with water and soil. This study investigates the environmental effects of eluates from two construction products, a reactive waterproofing product, and an injection resin, on the reproduction and avoidance behavior of E. albidus. The eluates were prepared according to existing guidelines. The soil used for the tests was moistened with the eluates of the construction products. The reproduction results of the worms were collected after six weeks of exposure. Offsprings were counted under the microscope and statistically analyzed. Results from the avoidance behavior were collected after 48 h of exposure, and results were compared with the reproduction results. The eluates from both construction products induced significant changes in the reproduction behavior of E. albidus. Undiluted or only slightly diluted eluates of the injection resin drastically reduced the reproduction of the worms, whereas the leaches of the reactive waterproofing product only had a minor effect. The avoidance results for the injection resin indicates that its presence in the habitat is clearly detrimental to the survival of E. albidus, while the avoidance results for the waterproofing resin showed an initial avoidance of the eluates, but no harmful effects were observed. The avoidance test is a way of rapid toxicity screening of environmental samples when time is a critical parameter to measure possible environmental effects. This study shows that ecotoxicological tests using Enchytraeids are a valuable and important tool for understanding the mode of action of eluates from construction products in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marya Anne von Wolff
- Group of Building Materials and Construction Chemistry, Department of Civil Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13B, 13555 Berlin, Germany;
- Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST Europe), Stuhlsatzenhausweg 97, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST Europe), Stuhlsatzenhausweg 97, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
| | - Dietmar Stephan
- Group of Building Materials and Construction Chemistry, Department of Civil Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13B, 13555 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-314-72101
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chemical and Leaching Behavior of Construction and Demolition Wastes and Recycled Aggregates. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su122410326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Construction and demolition wastes are widely recognized as the main waste stream in the EU, and their recycling and recovery is an important issue in sustainable building industry development. The composition of construction and demolition wastes is highly heterogeneous and is influenced by several factors, including the raw materials and construction products used. The environmental performance of these materials are therefore considerably variable and, in some cases, do not comply with the regulatory limits established to ensure the protection of the natural environment. In this context, this paper presents a data analysis on the environmental behavior of construction and demolition wastes and recycled aggregates in terms of both chemical composition and the release of contaminants according to a leaching test. Subsequently, the most critical parameters for recovery were identified and statistically evaluated. The leaching results showed that SO4, Cu, and COD are critical compounds for both CDWs and RAs.
Collapse
|
20
|
Vega-Garcia P, Schwerd R, Scherer C, Schwitalla C, Johann S, Rommel SH, Helmreich B. Influence of façade orientation on the leaching of biocides from building façades covered with mortars and plasters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139465. [PMID: 32464397 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biocides used in building façades to prevent potential growth of algae, fungi and bacteria are of major concern regarding the quality of stormwater runoff. The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of the façade orientation on the biocide release under real weather conditions to gain information for the development of on-site treatment systems. Field tests with model houses containing two different plaster compositions were carried out over a period of 18 months. The results of the analyzed rain events demonstrate that façade orientation plays an important role in the leaching loads of biocides. Biocide loads in the runoff decreased corresponding to the wind direction. High cumulated active substance discharges of diuron (149 mg/m2), carbendazim (43.5 mg/m2), terbutryn (9.3 mg/m2) and octylisothiazolinone (OIT) (31.9 mg/m2) were found in the runoff of the façades facing the predominant weather orientation. Meanwhile, the highest concentrations of diuron (2.8 mg/L) and OIT (0.7 mg/L) were observed in the runoff from façades with smaller runoff volumes. The obtained results demonstrate that treatment facilities have to be installed at all building sides. The hydraulic and the substance load is highest at the weather side, which has a strong influence on the dimension and the lifetime of the treatment system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vega-Garcia
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626 Valley, Germany; Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Regina Schwerd
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626 Valley, Germany
| | - Christian Scherer
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626 Valley, Germany
| | - Christoph Schwitalla
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626 Valley, Germany
| | - Sabine Johann
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626 Valley, Germany
| | - Steffen H Rommel
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Brigitte Helmreich
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Assessment of Surface Water Quality Using Multivariate Analysis: Case Study of the Crati River, Italy. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12082214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The water vulnerability of the Crati river (Calabria, Italy), was assessed by applying chemometric methods on a large number of analytical parameters. This study was applied to a data set collected in the years 2015–2016, recording 30 physical–chemical and geological parameters at 25 sampling points, measured both for water and for sediments. The processing of the data by principal component analysis (PCA) allowed for highlighting the influence of the components most responsible for pollution. The accumulation of heavy metals in the water was detected only in two samples near the source of the river. On the contrary, their concentration values in the sediments exceeded the legal limit in several sites, probably due to their proximity to urban areas. In this case, high concentrations of chromium, mercury and nickel were detected both at the mouth of the river and along the valley. Lead was only detected in one sediment sample. The multivariate analysis techniques proved to be very useful to completely characterize the areas surrounding a river course and facilitate the development of a risk map to monitor health risks to the local population.
Collapse
|
22
|
Sackey LNA, Kočí V. Assessing the effects of tropical wood leachate to Desmodesmus subspicatus, Lemna minor and Daphnia magna. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04268. [PMID: 32671242 PMCID: PMC7339063 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghana has a long history as a major supplier of high-value hardwood timber and wood products to many countries. The research seeks to assess the effects of tropical wood leachates to aquatic organisms. Hence, five wood samples were selected; Mahogany (Khaya ivorensis), Cedrela (Cedrela odorata), Emire (Terminalia ivorensis), Wawa (Triplochiton scleroxylon) and Ceiba (Ceiba pendandra) from Oboyow forest reserve in Eastern Region- Ghana to assess their toxicity to aquatic organisms. Toxicity tests: Algal (Desmodesmus subspicatus) Duckweed (Lemna minor) and crustacean (Daphnia magna) were carried out using exposures to concentrations of 20, 30, 45, 67 and 100% v/v wood leachate in control media. The high levels of phenols measured in the various wood leachates was the main cause of toxicity. The percentage median Inhibition Concentration (%IC50) of the various wood leachate, ranged from 21.5 - 55.6% with mahogany exhibiting the highest toxicity and wawa the lowest. All the wood leachates were toxic to the aquatic organisms. The %IC50 showed both confirmed and potential toxicity among the various wood leachates and established that there was significant difference between various wood leachate toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyndon N A Sackey
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6 - Dejvice, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Kočí
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6 - Dejvice, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jahangir M, Khan U. Development of an Efficient Analytical Method for the Extraction and Analysis of Biocide Contents from the Textile Test Specimens on LC-DAD. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2020; 2020:3047961. [PMID: 32309008 PMCID: PMC7149327 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3047961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are frequently used in the manufacturing of textiles that are in direct contact with human skin. Recently regulated biocides do not have validated methods for testing; so, their presence cannot be estimated in the consumer products. Hence a rapid method was developed for the separation and quantitative analysis of biocide contents (2-methyl-4-isothaizolin (MIT), 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothaizolin-3-one (CIT), 2-octo-4-isothaizolin-3-one (OIT), and 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenxy) phenol (triclosan)) from the textile test specimens. Test specimens were extracted with methanolic sonication and purified by centrifugation and filtration. Biocide contents were separated at C18 column with 0.4% acetic acid: methanol (1 : 1 v/v) under isocratic mode and detected at 280 nm wavelength. Pretreatment factors such as extraction solvent, extraction method, dilution ratio, and extraction time were optimized initially and plotted calibration curve showed regression (r 2 ≥ 0.9995) in the range of 1.0-5.0 mg L-1. Recoveries were between 95% and 108% with the relative standard deviation ≤ 4%. Limits of detection (LODs) were between 0.06 mg L-1 and 0.12 mg L-1 and limits of quantification (LOQs) were between 0.21 mg L-1 and 0.38 mg L-1. From the results, conclusion was made that the method can achieve the purpose of quantitative detection and the analysis of real test specimens verified the reliability of this method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jahangir
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Uzman Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dehdasht G, Ferwati MS, Zin RM, Abidin NZ. A hybrid approach using entropy and TOPSIS to select key drivers for a successful and sustainable lean construction implementation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228746. [PMID: 32023306 PMCID: PMC7001944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful implementation of the lean concept as a sustainable approach in the construction industry requires the identification of critical drivers in lean construction. Despite this significance, the number of in-depth studies toward understanding the considerable drivers of lean construction implementation is quite limited. There is also a shortage of methodologies for identifying key drivers. To address these challenges, this paper presents a list of all essential drivers within three aspects of sustainability (social, economic, and environmental) and proposes a novel methodology to rank the drivers and identify the key drivers for successful and sustainable lean construction implementation. In this regard, the entropy weighted Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was employed in this research. Subsequently, an empirical study was conducted within the Malaysian construction industry to demonstrate the proposed method. Moreover, sensitivity analysis and comparison with the existing method were engaged to validate the stability and accuracy of the achieved results. The significant results obtained in this study are as follows: presenting, verifying and ranking of 63 important drivers; identifying 22 key drivers; proposing an MCDM model of key drivers. The outcomes show that the proposed method in this study is an effective and accurate tool that could help managers make better decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Dehdasht
- School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - M. Salim Ferwati
- Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rosli Mohamad Zin
- School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Nazirah Zainul Abidin
- School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Paijens C, Bressy A, Frère B, Moilleron R. Biocide emissions from building materials during wet weather: identification of substances, mechanism of release and transfer to the aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3768-3791. [PMID: 31656996 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are added to or applied on building materials to prevent microorganisms from growing on their surface or to treat them. They are leached into building runoff and contribute to diffuse contamination of receiving waters. This review aimed at summarizing the current state of knowledge concerning the impact of biocides from buildings on the aquatic environment. The objectives were (i) to assess the key parameters influencing the leaching of biocides and to quantify their emission from buildings, (ii) to determine the different pathways from urban sources into receiving waters and (iii) to assess the associated environmental risk. Based on consumption data and leaching studies, a list of substances to monitor in receiving water was established. Literature review of their concentrations in the urban water cycle showed evidences of contamination and risk for aquatic life, which should put them into consideration for inclusion to European or international monitoring programs. However, some biocide concentration data in urban and receiving waters is still missing to fully assess their environmental risk, especially for isothiazolinones, iodopropynyl carbamate, zinc pyrithione and quaternary ammonium compounds, and little is known about their transformation products. Although some models supported by actual data were developed to extrapolate emissions on larger scales (watershed or city scales), they are not sufficient to prioritize the pathways of biocides from urban sources into receiving waters during both dry and wet weathers. Our review highlights the need to reduce emissions and limit their transfer into rivers and reports several solutions to address these issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Paijens
- Leesu, UMR-MA-102, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Université Paris-Est Créteil, AgroParisTech, 6 et 8 avenue Blaise Pascal - Cité Descartes, 77455, Champs-sur-Marne Cedex 2, France
- Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Adèle Bressy
- Leesu, UMR-MA-102, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Université Paris-Est Créteil, AgroParisTech, 6 et 8 avenue Blaise Pascal - Cité Descartes, 77455, Champs-sur-Marne Cedex 2, France.
| | - Bertrand Frère
- Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Régis Moilleron
- Leesu, UMR-MA-102, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, AgroParisTech, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Heisterkamp I, Gartiser S, Kalbe U, Bandow N, Gloßmann A. Assessment of leachates from reactive fire-retardant coatings by chemical analysis and ecotoxicity testing. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:85-93. [PMID: 30921640 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The environmental compatibility of reactive fire-retardant coatings (intumescent paints) was investigated by a combination of leaching and ecotoxicological tests. Three representative fire-retardant coating systems were tested using two leaching procedures: "Horizontal Dynamic Surface Leaching Test" (DSLT) and the "Intermittent Immersion Test" (IIT). All eluate fractions (8 for DSLT and 9 for IIT) were analyzed for pH, conductivity, concentration of total organic carbon and selected anions und cations. Additionally, a GC-MS screening of selected fractions was conducted for identification of organic compounds. Eluate fractions 1 + 2 and fraction 7 of the DSLT were analyzed in four ecotoxicological tests (algae, daphnia, fish egg, luminescent bacteria) and in one genotoxicity test (umu). Concentration of most analytes was rather low or below limit of detection for many eluates. Analytes detected in eluates of all three products are Zn, Ba, SO42- and PO43-. Release patterns do not indicate a general trend: some compounds show maximum release in the first fractions while for others the maximum was observed in later test stages. Ecotoxic effects in eluates were found, which were higher in the eluate fraction 7 (maximum lowest ineffective dilution for luminescent bacteria (LIDL) 256) than in the eluate fraction 1 + 2 (maximum LIDL = 24). The sensitivity of the test systems was very different with highest effects for luminescent bacteria, followed by algae and daphnia and without effects in the fish egg test and umu test. A biotest battery for the comprehensive assessment is therefore advisable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ute Kalbe
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Bandow
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Gloßmann
- Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik, Kolonnenstraße 30 B, 10829 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mocová KA, Sackey LNA, Renkerová P. Environmental Impact of Concrete and Concrete-Based Construction Waste Leachates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/290/1/012023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
28
|
Gómez-Rojo R, Alameda L, Rodríguez Á, Calderón V, Gutiérrez-González S. Characterization of Polyurethane Foam Waste for Reuse in Eco-Efficient Building Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11020359. [PMID: 30960343 PMCID: PMC6419407 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the European Union, the demand for polyurethane is continually growing. In 2017, the estimated value of polyurethane production was 700,400 Tn, of which 27.3% is taken to landfill, which causes an environmental problem. In this paper, the behaviour of various polyurethane foams from the waste of different types of industries will be analyzed with the aim of assessing their potential use in construction materials. To achieve this, the wastes were chemically tested by means of CHNS, TGA, and leaching tests. They were tested microstructurally by means of SEM. The processing parameters of the waste was calculated after identifying its granulometry and its physical properties i.e., density and water absorption capacity. In addition, the possibility of incorporating these wastes in plaster matrices was studied by determining their rendering in an operational context, finding out their mechanical resistance to flexion and compression at seven days, their reaction to fire as well as their weight per unit of area, and their thermal behaviour. The results show that in all cases, the waste is inert and does not undergo leaching. The generation process of the waste determines the foam’s microstructure in addition to its physical-chemical properties, which directly affect building materials in which they are included, thus offering different ways in which they can be applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Gómez-Rojo
- Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas e I.C.T., Escuela Politécnica Superior, C/Villadiego S/N 09001, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Lourdes Alameda
- Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas e I.C.T., Escuela Politécnica Superior, C/Villadiego S/N 09001, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Ángel Rodríguez
- Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas e I.C.T., Escuela Politécnica Superior, C/Villadiego S/N 09001, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Verónica Calderón
- Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas e I.C.T., Escuela Politécnica Superior, C/Villadiego S/N 09001, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Sara Gutiérrez-González
- Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas e I.C.T., Escuela Politécnica Superior, C/Villadiego S/N 09001, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|