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Zhu Y, Tian Y, Han S, Wang J, Liu Y, Yin J. Structure, evolution, and roles of SWEET proteins in growth and stress responses in plants. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130441. [PMID: 38417760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are exported by the SWEET family of transporters, which is a novel class of carriers that can transport sugars across cell membranes and facilitate sugar's long-distance transport from source to sink organs in plants. SWEETs play crucial roles in a wide range of physiologically important processes by regulating apoplastic and symplastic sugar concentrations. These processes include host-pathogen interactions, abiotic stress responses, and plant growth and development. In the present review, we (i) describe the structure and organization of SWEETs in the cell membrane, (ii) discuss the roles of SWEETs in sugar loading and unloading processes, (iii) identify the distinct functions of SWEETs in regulating plant growth and development including flower, fruit, and seed development, (iv) shed light on the importance of SWEETs in modulating abiotic stress resistance, and (v) describe the role of SWEET genes during plant-pathogen interaction. Finally, several perspectives regarding future investigations for improving the understanding of sugar-mediated plant defenses are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei, China; Spice Crops Research Institute, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei, China.
| | - Ye Tian
- Spice Crops Research Institute, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei, China
| | - Shuo Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei, China.
| | - Jie Wang
- Spice Crops Research Institute, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei, China.
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Spice Crops Research Institute, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei, China
| | - Junliang Yin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei, China.
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2
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Yang T, Zhao X, Bai J, Lv W, Chen Q, Hu J, Liu G, Zhao Y, Zhou H, Zhao M, Zheng H. Transcriptome analysis of genes involved in the pathogenesis mechanism of potato virus Y in potato cultivar YouJin. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1353814. [PMID: 38511006 PMCID: PMC10951100 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1353814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) can be infected by various viruses, but out of all of viruses, the potato virus Y (PVY) is the most detrimental. Research shows that the potato cultivar YouJin is especially vulnerable to PVY and displays severe symptoms, including leaf vein chlorosis, curled leaf margins, large necrotic spots on the leaf blades, and the growth of small new leaves. Methods PVY infection in potato cultivar YouJin was confirmed through symptom observation, RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis. Transcriptome sequencing was used to analyze the genes associated with PVY pathogenesis in this cultivar. Result Transcriptome analysis of differential genes was conducted in this study to examine the pathogenesis of PVY on YouJin. The results showed that 1,949 genes were differentially regulated, including 853 upregulated genes and 1,096 downregulated genes. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that carbohydrate synthesis and metabolism pathways were suppressed, and electron transferase and hydrolase activities were reduced. Moreover, there were increased expression levels of protein kinase genes. By focusing on plant-pathogen interaction pathways, six core genes all upregulating the WARK family of transcription factors were obtained. Additionally, a constructed PPI network revealed the identification of key modular differential genes, such as downregulated photosynthesis-related protein genes and upregulated AP2/ERF-ERF transcription factors. Functional network enrichment analysis revealed that PVY infection limited RNA metabolism, glutathionylation, and peroxiredoxin activity while triggering the expression of associated defense genes in YouJin. After analyzing the above, 26 DEGs were screened and 12 DEGs were confirmed via RT-qPCR. Conclusion These results establish a hypothetical framework for clarifying the pathogenesis of PVY in the YouJin variety of potatoes, which will help design the disease resistance of YouJin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xingyue Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jinjiang Bai
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wenxia Lv
- Inner Mongolia Zhongjia Agricultural Biotechnology Co., Siziwang Banner, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Siziwang Banner Agricultural and Livestock Products Quality and Safety Inspection and Testing Station, Siziwang Banner, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Inner Mongolia Zhongjia Agricultural Biotechnology Co., Siziwang Banner, China
| | - Guangjing Liu
- Inner Mongolia Zhongjia Agricultural Biotechnology Co., Siziwang Banner, China
| | - Yuanzheng Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Hongyou Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of the Development and Resource Utilization of Biological Pesticide in Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, China
| | - Mingmin Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of the Development and Resource Utilization of Biological Pesticide in Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, China
| | - Hongli Zheng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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Jiang T, Zhou T. Unraveling the Mechanisms of Virus-Induced Symptom Development in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2830. [PMID: 37570983 PMCID: PMC10421249 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, induce significant changes in the cellular physiology of host cells to facilitate their multiplication. These alterations often lead to the development of symptoms that interfere with normal growth and development, causing USD 60 billion worth of losses per year, worldwide, in both agricultural and horticultural crops. However, existing literature often lacks a clear and concise presentation of the key information regarding the mechanisms underlying plant virus-induced symptoms. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive review to highlight the crucial interactions between plant viruses and host factors, discussing key genes that increase viral virulence and their roles in influencing cellular processes such as dysfunction of chloroplast proteins, hormone manipulation, reactive oxidative species accumulation, and cell cycle control, which are critical for symptom development. Moreover, we explore the alterations in host metabolism and gene expression that are associated with virus-induced symptoms. In addition, the influence of environmental factors on virus-induced symptom development is discussed. By integrating these various aspects, this review provides valuable insights into the complex mechanisms underlying virus-induced symptoms in plants, and emphasizes the urgency of addressing viral diseases to ensure sustainable agriculture and food production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Malavika M, Prakash V, Chakraborty S. Recovery from virus infection: plant's armory in action. PLANTA 2023; 257:103. [PMID: 37115475 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This review focuses on different factors involved in promoting symptom recovery in plants post-virus infection such as epigenetics, transcriptional reprogramming, phytohormones with an emphasis on RNA silencing as well as role of abiotic factors such as temperature on symptom recovery. Plants utilize several different strategies to defend themselves in the battle against invading viruses. Most of the viral proteins interact with plant proteins and interfere with molecular dynamics in a cell which eventually results in symptom development. This initial symptom development is countered by the plant utilizing various factors including the plant's adaptive immunity to develop a virus tolerant state. Infected plants can specifically target and impede the transcription of viral genes as well as degrade the viral transcripts to restrict their proliferation by the production of small-interfering RNA (siRNA) generated from the viral nucleic acid, known as virus-derived siRNA (vsiRNA). To further escalate the degradation of viral nucleic acid, secondary siRNAs are generated. The production of virus-activated siRNA (vasiRNA) from the host genome causes differential regulation of the host transcriptome which plays a major role in establishing a virus tolerant state within the infected plant. The systemic action of vsiRNAs, vasiRNA, and secondary siRNAs with the help of defense hormones like salicylic acid can curb viral proliferation, and thus the newly emerged leaves develop fewer symptoms, maintaining a state of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malavika
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ved Prakash
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Qiao N, Liu Y, Liu J, Zhang D, Chi W, Li J, Zhu X, Liu H, Li F. Antagonism of tomato spotted wilt virus against tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Nicotiana benthamiana detected by transcriptome analysis. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:23-37. [PMID: 36371493 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-022-01325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato spot wilt virus (TSWV) and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) are highly harmful viruses in agricultural production, which can cause serious economic losses to crops and even devastating consequences for vegetable yield in some countries and regions. Although the two viruses belong to different families and have different transmission vectors, they share most hosts. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the transcriptomic expression of single and mixed inoculations of TSWV and TYLCV, leading to antagonism using high-throughput RNA sequencing. METHODS We confirmed the single and mixed infections of these viruses in Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) by artificial inoculation. And the expression changes of related genes and their biological functions and pathways during the mixed infection of TSWV and TYLCV were analyzed by comparative transcriptome. RESULTS Basically, similar symptoms were observed in the plants singly infected with TSWV and co-infected with TYLCV; the symptoms of TYLCV in the co-infected plants were not obvious compared with single TYLCV infections. When inoculated with TYLCV, the accumulation of the virus significantly reduced in single and mixed infections with TSWV; the TSWV accumulated slightly less in co-infection with TYLCV, whereas this reduction was much smaller than that of TYLCV. The results suggested that TSWV had an antagonistic effect on the accumulation of TYLCV in N. benthamiana. It mainly focused on the changes in unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) caused by the co-infection of TSWV and TYLCV. The eight pathways enriched by upregulated DEGs mainly included amino acid biosynthesis, citrate cycle (or tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA cycle), and so on. However, only pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and peptidoglycan biosynthesis could be downregulated in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway in which peptidoglycan biosynthesis was involved in upregulated and downregulated pathways. CONCLUSIONS The antagonistic effect of TSWV on TYLCV in N.benthamiana and the change trends and specific pathways of DEGs in this process were found. Our study provided new insights into the host regulation and competition between viruses in response to TSWV and TYLCV mixed infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qiao
- Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, Shandong, China.,College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yongguang Liu
- Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Dezhen Zhang
- Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjuan Chi
- Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Jintang Li
- Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Fajun Li
- Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, Shandong, China
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Wang Y, Luo Y, Hu D, Song B. Design, Synthesis, Anti-Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Activity, and Mechanism of Action of Thienopyrimidine-Containing Dithioacetal Derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6015-6025. [PMID: 35576166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is insufficient viricide to effectively control tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). To address this pending issue, a series of thienopyrimidine-containing dithioacetal derivatives were prepared and tested for their anti-TSWV activities. A subsequent three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship was constructed to indicate the development of optimal compound 35. The obtained compound 35 had excellent anti-TSWV curative, protective, and inactivating activities (63.0, 56.6, and 74.1%, respectively), and the EC50 values of protective and inactivating activities of compound 35 were 252.8 and 113.5 mg/L, respectively, better than those of ningnanmycin (284.8 and 144.7 mg/L) and xiangcaoliusuobingmi (624.9 and 300.0 mg/L). In addition, the anti-TSWV activity of compound 35 was associated with defense-related enzyme activities, enhanced photosynthesis, and reduced stress response, thereby enhancing disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuqin Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Baoan Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
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7
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Transcriptome and Small RNA Profiling of Potato Virus Y Infected Potato Cultivars, Including Systemically Infected Russet Burbank. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030523. [PMID: 35336930 PMCID: PMC8952017 DOI: 10.3390/v14030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Potatoes are the world’s most produced non-grain crops and an important food source for billions of people. Potatoes are susceptible to numerous pathogens that reduce yield, including Potato virus Y (PVY). Genetic resistance to PVY is a sustainable way to limit yield and quality losses due to PVY infection. Potato cultivars vary in their susceptibility to PVY and include susceptible varieties such as Russet Burbank, and resistant varieties such as Payette Russet. Although the loci and genes associated with PVY-resistance have been identified, the genes and mechanisms involved in limiting PVY during the development of systemic infections have yet to be fully elucidated. To increase our understanding of PVY infection, potato antiviral responses, and resistance, we utilized RNA sequencing to characterize the transcriptomes of two potato cultivars. Since transcriptional responses associated with the extreme resistance response occur soon after PVY contact, we analyzed the transcriptome and small RNA profile of both the PVY-resistant Payette Russet cultivar and PVY-susceptible Russet Burbank cultivar 24 h post-inoculation. While hundreds of genes, including terpene synthase and protein kinase encoding genes, exhibited increased expression, the majority, including numerous genes involved in plant pathogen interactions, were downregulated. To gain greater understanding of the transcriptional changes that occur during the development of systemic PVY-infection, we analyzed Russet Burbank leaf samples one week and four weeks post-inoculation and identified similarities and differences, including higher expression of genes involved in chloroplast function, photosynthesis, and secondary metabolite production, and lower expression of defense response genes at those time points. Small RNA sequencing identified different populations of 21- and 24-nucleotide RNAs and revealed that the miRNA profiles in PVY-infected Russet Burbank plants were similar to those observed in other PVY-tolerant cultivars and that during systemic infection ~32% of the NLR-type disease resistance genes were targeted by 21-nt small RNAs. Analysis of alternative splicing in PVY-infected potato plants identified splice variants of several hundred genes, including isoforms that were more dominant in PVY-infected plants. The description of the PVYN-Wi-associated transcriptome and small RNA profiles of two potato cultivars described herein adds to the body of knowledge regarding differential outcomes of infection for specific PVY strain and host cultivar pairs, which will help further understanding of the mechanisms governing genetic resistance and/or virus-limiting responses in potato plants.
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Rubio B, Fernandez O, Cosson P, Berton T, Caballero M, Lion R, Roux F, Bergelson J, Gibon Y, Schurdi-Levraud V. Metabolic Profile Discriminates and Predicts Arabidopsis Susceptibility to Virus under Field Conditions. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11040230. [PMID: 33918649 PMCID: PMC8069729 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11040230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As obligatory parasites, plant viruses alter host cellular metabolism. There is a lack of information on the variability of virus-induced metabolic responses among genetically diverse plants in a natural context with daily changing conditions. To decipher the metabolic landscape of plant-virus interactions in a natural setting, twenty-six and ten accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana were inoculated with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), in two field experiments over 2 years. The accessions were measured for viral accumulation, above-ground biomass, targeted and untargeted metabolic profiles. The phenotypes of the accessions ranged from susceptibility to resistance. Susceptible and resistant accessions were shown to have different metabolic routes after inoculation. Susceptible genotypes accumulate primary and secondary metabolites upon infection, at the cost of hindered growth. Twenty-one metabolic signatures significantly accumulated in resistant accessions whereas they maintained their growth as mock-inoculated plants without biomass penalty. Metabolic content was demonstrated to discriminate and be highly predictive of the susceptibility of inoculated Arabidopsis. This study is the first to describe the metabolic landscape of plant-virus interactions in a natural setting and its predictive link to susceptibility. It provides new insights on plant-virus interactions. In this undomesticated species and in ecologically realistic conditions, growth and resistance are in a permanent conversation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Rubio
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (B.R.); (O.F.); (P.C.); (T.B.); (M.C.); (R.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Olivier Fernandez
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (B.R.); (O.F.); (P.C.); (T.B.); (M.C.); (R.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Patrick Cosson
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (B.R.); (O.F.); (P.C.); (T.B.); (M.C.); (R.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Thierry Berton
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (B.R.); (O.F.); (P.C.); (T.B.); (M.C.); (R.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Mélodie Caballero
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (B.R.); (O.F.); (P.C.); (T.B.); (M.C.); (R.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Roxane Lion
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (B.R.); (O.F.); (P.C.); (T.B.); (M.C.); (R.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Fabrice Roux
- CNRS, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, LIPM, F-31320 Castanet-Tolosan, France;
| | - Joy Bergelson
- Ecology & Evolution, University of Chicago, 1101 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Yves Gibon
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (B.R.); (O.F.); (P.C.); (T.B.); (M.C.); (R.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Valérie Schurdi-Levraud
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (B.R.); (O.F.); (P.C.); (T.B.); (M.C.); (R.L.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Osmani Z, Sabet MS, Nakahara KS, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A, Vahabi K, Moieni A, Shams-Bakhsh M. Identification of a defense response gene involved in signaling pathways against PVA and PVY in potato. GM CROPS & FOOD 2020; 12:86-105. [PMID: 33028148 PMCID: PMC7553743 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2020.1823776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Potato is the most important non-grain food crop in the world. Viruses, particularly potato virus Y (PVY) and potato virus A (PVA), are among the major agricultural pathogens causing severe reduction in potato yield and quality worldwide. Virus infection induces host factors to interfere with its infection cycle. Evaluation of these factors facilitates the development of intrinsic resistance to plant viruses. In this study, a small G-protein as one of the critical signaling factors was evaluated in plant response to PVY and PVA to enhance resistance. For this purpose, the gene expression dataset of G-proteins in potato plant under five biotic (viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and insects) and four abiotic (cold, heat, salinity, and drought) stress conditions were collected from gene expression databases. We reduced the number of the selected G-proteins to a single protein, StSAR1A, which is possibly involved in virus inhibition. StSAR1A overexpressed transgenic plants were created via the Agrobacterium-mediated method. Real-time PCR and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests of transgenic plants mechanically inoculated with PVY and PVA indicated that the overexpression of StSAR1A gene enhanced resistance to both viruses. The virus-infected transgenic plants exhibited a greater stem length, a larger leaf size, a higher fresh/dry weight, and a greater node number than those of the wild-type plants. The maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, stomatal conductivity, and net photosynthetic rate in the virus-infected transgenic plants were also obviously higher than those of the control. The present study may help to understand aspects of resistance against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Osmani
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Sabet
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Kenji S Nakahara
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , Sapporo Japan
| | - Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Khabat Vahabi
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller- University , Jena, Germany
| | - Ahmad Moieni
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Shams-Bakhsh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that tolerance is a host defense strategy against pathogens as widespread and successful as resistance. Since the concept of tolerance was proposed more than a century ago, it has been in continuous evolution. In parallel, our understanding of its mechanistic bases and its consequences for host and pathogen interactions, ecology, and evolution has grown. This review aims at summarizing the conceptual changes in the meaning of tolerance inside and outside the field of phytopathology, emphasizing difficulties in demonstrating and quantifying this trait. We also discuss evidence of tolerance and current knowledge on its genetic regulation, mechanisms, and role in host-pathogen coevolution, highlighting common patterns across hosts and pathogens. We hope that this comprehensive review attracts more plant pathologists to the study of this key plant defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain;
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain;
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11
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Lemke P, Moerschbacher BM, Singh R. Transcriptome Analysis of Solanum Tuberosum Genotype RH89-039-16 in Response to Chitosan. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1193. [PMID: 32903855 PMCID: PMC7438930 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the worldwide most important nongrain crop after wheat, rice, and maize. The autotetraploidy of the modern commercial potato makes breeding of new resistant and high-yielding cultivars challenging due to complicated and time-consuming identification and selection processes of desired crop features. On the other hand, plant protection of existing cultivars using conventional synthetic pesticides is increasingly restricted due to safety issues for both consumers and the environment. Chitosan is known to display antimicrobial activity against a broad range of plant pathogens and shows the ability to trigger resistance in plants by elicitation of defense responses. As chitosan is a renewable, biodegradable and nontoxic compound, it is considered as a promising next-generation plant-protecting agent. However, the molecular and cellular modes of action of chitosan treatment are not yet understood. In this study, transcriptional changes in chitosan-treated potato leaves were investigated via RNA sequencing. Leaves treated with a well-defined chitosan polymer at low concentration were harvested 2 and 5 h after treatment and their expression profile was compared against water-treated control plants. We observed 32 differentially expressed genes (fold change ≥ 1; p-value ≤ 0.05) 2 h after treatment and 83 differentially expressed genes 5 h after treatment. Enrichment analysis mainly revealed gene modulation associated with electron transfer chains in chloroplasts and mitochondria, accompanied by the upregulation of only a very limited number of genes directly related to defense. As chitosan positively influences plant growth, yield, and resistance, we conclude that activation of electron transfer might result in the crosstalk of different organelles via redox signals to activate immune responses in preparation for pathogen attack, concomitantly resulting in a generally improved metabolic state, fostering plant growth and development. This conclusion is supported by the rapid and transient production of reactive oxygen species in a typical oxidative burst in the potato leaves upon chitosan treatment. This study furthers our knowledge on the mode of action of chitosan as a plant-protecting agent, as a prerequisite for improving its ability to replace or reduce the use of less environmentally friendly agro-chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno M. Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ratna Singh
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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12
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Rajamäki ML, Sikorskaite-Gudziuniene S, Sarmah N, Varjosalo M, Valkonen JPT. Nuclear proteome of virus-infected and healthy potato leaves. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:355. [PMID: 32727361 PMCID: PMC7392702 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection of plants by viruses interferes with expression and subcellular localization of plant proteins. Potyviruses comprise the largest and most economically damaging group of plant-infecting RNA viruses. In virus-infected cells, at least two potyviral proteins localize to nucleus but reasons remain partly unknown. RESULTS In this study, we examined changes in the nuclear proteome of leaf cells from a diploid potato line (Solanum tuberosum L.) after infection with potato virus A (PVA; genus Potyvirus; Potyviridae) and compared the data with that acquired for healthy leaves. Gel-free liquid chromatography-coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify 807 nuclear proteins in the potato line v2-108; of these proteins, 370 were detected in at least two samples of healthy leaves. A total of 313 proteins were common in at least two samples of healthy and PVA-infected leaves; of these proteins, 8 showed differential accumulation. Sixteen proteins were detected exclusively in the samples from PVA-infected leaves, whereas other 16 proteins were unique to healthy leaves. The protein Dnajc14 was only detected in healthy leaves, whereas different ribosomal proteins, ribosome-biogenesis proteins, and RNA splicing-related proteins were over-represented in the nuclei of PVA-infected leaves. Two virus-encoded proteins were identified in the samples of PVA-infected leaves. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that PVA infection alters especially ribosomes and splicing-related proteins in the nucleus of potato leaves. The data increase our understanding of potyvirus infection and the role of nucleus in infection. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the nuclear proteome of potato leaves and one of the few studies of changes occurring in nuclear proteomes in response to plant virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna-Liisa Rajamäki
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sidona Sikorskaite-Gudziuniene
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kaunas Street 30, Babtai, LT-54333, Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - Nandita Sarmah
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari P T Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Taglienti A, Tiberini A, Ciampa A, Piscopo A, Zappia A, Tomassoli L, Poiana M, Dell'Abate MT. Metabolites response to onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) infection in 'Rossa di Tropea' onion during storage: a 1 H HR-MAS NMR study. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:3418-3427. [PMID: 32166770 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant viral infections induce changes in metabolic components in the host plant, with potential effects on compositional, organoleptic and storability features of agricultural products. Identification of modulated metabolites may provide clues concerning pathways implementing responses in plant-pathogen interactions. A time course study of metabolic fingerprinting of onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV)-infected versus healthy 'Rossa di Tropea' onion bulbs was performed using proton high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H HR-MAS NMR) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), providing an overview of the metabolic state of the bulb in response to OYDV infection during storage. RESULTS Metabolites accumulated/depleted upon infection were identified, belonging to flavonoid, saccharide, amino acid and organic acid classes. A decrease in quercetin glucosides content and antioxidant activity was observed in infected bulbs; some amino acids (Arg, Asn, Phe, Val) accumulated, while others were depleted (Leu); for some metabolites, a bimodal time-course was observed during storage (Glc, Lys). Virus interference on metabolic pathways, and the effects of the metabolic shift on edible product storability, organoleptic and nutritional quality were discussed. CONCLUSIONS OYDV infection induces a metabolic shift in 'Rossa di Tropea' onion during bulb storage, involving several pathways and affecting storability and organoleptic and nutritional quality of bulbs at marketable stage. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Taglienti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Tiberini
- Department of Agricultural Science, University 'Mediterraena' of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ciampa
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
| | - Amalia Piscopo
- Department of Agricultural Science, University 'Mediterraena' of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Angela Zappia
- Department of Agricultural Science, University 'Mediterraena' of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Laura Tomassoli
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Poiana
- Department of Agricultural Science, University 'Mediterraena' of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Dell'Abate
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
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14
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Križnik M, Baebler Š, Gruden K. Roles of small RNAs in the establishment of tolerant interaction between plants and viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 42:25-31. [PMID: 32480352 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In a tolerant plant-virus interaction, viral multiplication is sustained without substantial effects on plant growth or reproduction. Such interactions are, in natural environments, frequent and sometimes even beneficial for both interactors. Here we compiled evidence showing that small RNAs modulate plant immune responses and growth, hence adjusting its physiology to enable a tolerant interaction. Importantly, the role of small RNAs in tolerant interactions resembles that required for establishment of a mutualistic symbiosis. Tolerance can become a sustainable strategy for breeding for virus resistance as selection pressure for emergence of more aggressive strains is low. Understanding the processes underlying establishment of tolerance is, therefore, important for the development of future crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Križnik
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Baebler
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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15
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Baebler Š, Coll A, Gruden K. Plant Molecular Responses to Potato Virus Y: A Continuum of Outcomes from Sensitivity and Tolerance to Resistance. Viruses 2020; 12:E217. [PMID: 32075268 PMCID: PMC7077201 DOI: 10.3390/v12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most economically important virus affecting potato production. PVY manipulates the plant cell machinery in order to successfully complete the infecting cycle. On the other side, the plant activates a sophisticated multilayer immune defense response to combat viral infection. The balance between these mechanisms, depending on the plant genotype and environment, results in a specific outcome that can be resistance, sensitivity, or tolerance. In this review, we summarize and compare the current knowledge on molecular events, leading to different phenotypic outcomes in response to PVY and try to link them with the known molecular mechanisms.
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16
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Carvajal-Lopez P, Von Borstel FD, Torres A, Rustici G, Gutierrez J, Romero-Vivas E. Microarray-Based Quality Assessment as a Supporting Criterion for de novo Transcriptome Assembly Selection. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2020; 17:198-206. [PMID: 30059314 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2018.2860997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RNA-Sequencing and de novo assembly have enabled the analysis of species with non-available reference transcriptomes, although intrinsic features (biological and technical) induce errors in the reconstruction. A strategy to resolve these errors consists of varying assembling process parameters to generate multiple reconstructions. However, the best assembly selection remains a challenge. Quantitative metrics for quality assessment have been inconsistent when compared with pertinent references. In this paper, a criterion for supporting assembly selection based on mapping DNA microarray hybridized probes to assembly sets is proposed. Mouse and fruit fly RNA-Seq datasets were assembled with standard de novo procedures. Quality assessment was estimated using quantitative metrics and the proposed criterion. The assembly that best mapped to the available reference transcriptomes of these model species provided the highest quality assembly. The hybridized probes identified the best assemblies, whereas quantitative metrics remained inconsistent. For example, subtle probe mapping difference of 0.25 percent, but statistically significant (ANOVA, p < 0.05), enabled the assembly selection that led to identify 3,719 more contigs and led to 1,049 further mapped contigs to the mouse reference transcriptome. The microarray data availability for non-model species makes the proposed criterion suitable for quality assessment of multiple de novo assembly strategies.
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17
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Stare T, Ramšak Ž, Križnik M, Gruden K. Multiomics analysis of tolerant interaction of potato with potato virus Y. Sci Data 2019; 6:250. [PMID: 31673114 PMCID: PMC6823367 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most economically important viral pathogen of potato worldwide. Different potato cultivars react to the pathogen differently, resulting in resistant, tolerant or disease outcome of the interaction. Here we focus on tolerant interaction between potato cv. Désirée and PVYNTN. To capture the response in its full complexity, we analyzed the dynamic changes on multiple molecular levels, including transcriptomics, sRNAomics, degradomics, proteomics and hormonomics. The analysis was complemented by the measurements of viral accumulation, photosynthetic activity and phenotypisation of the symptoms. Besides cv. Désirée we also studied its transgenic counterpart depleted for the accumulation of salicylic acid (NahG-Désirée). This multiomics analysis provides better insights into the mechanisms leading to tolerant response of potato to viral infection and can be used as a base in further studies of plant immunity regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Stare
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Živa Ramšak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Križnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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18
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Kanwar P, Jha G. Alterations in plant sugar metabolism: signatory of pathogen attack. PLANTA 2019; 249:305-318. [PMID: 30267150 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current understanding, future challenges and ongoing quest on sugar metabolic alterations that influence the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. Intricate cellular and molecular events occur during plant-pathogen interactions. They cause major metabolic perturbations in the host and alterations in sugar metabolism play a pivotal role in governing the outcome of various kinds of plant-pathogen interactions. Sugar metabolizing enzymes and transporters of both host and pathogen origin get differentially regulated during the interactions. Both plant and pathogen compete for utilizing the host sugar metabolic machinery and in turn promote resistant or susceptible responses. However, the kind of sugar metabolism alteration that is beneficial for the host or pathogen is yet to be properly understood. Recently developed tools and methodologies are facilitating research to understand the intricate dynamics of sugar metabolism during the interactions. The present review elaborates current understanding, future challenges and ongoing quest on sugar metabolism, mobilization and regulation during various plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kanwar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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19
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Paudel DB, Sanfaçon H. Exploring the Diversity of Mechanisms Associated With Plant Tolerance to Virus Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1575. [PMID: 30450108 PMCID: PMC6224807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance is defined as an interaction in which viruses accumulate to some degree without causing significant loss of vigor or fitness to their hosts. Tolerance can be described as a stable equilibrium between the virus and its host, an interaction in which each partner not only accommodate trade-offs for survival but also receive some benefits (e.g., protection of the plant against super-infection by virulent viruses; virus invasion of meristem tissues allowing vertical transmission). This equilibrium, which would be associated with little selective pressure for the emergence of severe viral strains, is common in wild ecosystems and has important implications for the management of viral diseases in the field. Plant viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that divert the host cellular machinery to complete their infection cycle. Highjacking/modification of plant factors can affect plant vigor and fitness. In addition, the toxic effects of viral proteins and the deployment of plant defense responses contribute to the induction of symptoms ranging in severity from tissue discoloration to malformation or tissue necrosis. The impact of viral infection is also influenced by the virulence of the specific virus strain (or strains for mixed infections), the host genotype and environmental conditions. Although plant resistance mechanisms that restrict virus accumulation or movement have received much attention, molecular mechanisms associated with tolerance are less well-understood. We review the experimental evidence that supports the concept that tolerance can be achieved by reaching the proper balance between plant defense responses and virus counter-defenses. We also discuss plant translation repression mechanisms, plant protein degradation or modification pathways and viral self-attenuation strategies that regulate the accumulation or activity of viral proteins to mitigate their impact on the host. Finally, we discuss current progress and future opportunities toward the application of various tolerance mechanisms in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Babu Paudel
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada
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20
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Couture JJ, Singh A, Charkowski AO, Groves RL, Gray SM, Bethke PC, Townsend PA. Integrating Spectroscopy with Potato Disease Management. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:2233-2240. [PMID: 30145947 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-18-0054-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spectral phenotyping is an efficient method for the nondestructive characterization of plant biochemical and physiological status. We examined the ability of a full range (350 to 2,500 nm) of foliar spectral data to (i) detect Potato virus Y (PVY) and physiological effects of the disease in visually asymptomatic leaves, (ii) classify different strains of PVY, and (iii) identify specific potato cultivars. Across cultivars, foliar spectral profiles of PVY-infected leaves were statistically different (F = 96.1, P ≤ 0.001) from noninfected leaves. Partial least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) accurately classified leaves as PVY infected (validation κ = 0.73) and the shortwave infrared spectral regions displayed the strongest correlations with infection status. Although spectral profiles of different PVY strains were statistically different (F = 6.4, P ≤ 0.001), PLS-DA did not classify different strains well (validation κ = 0.12). Spectroscopic retrievals revealed that PVY infection decreased photosynthetic capacity and increased leaf lignin content. Spectral profiles of potato cultivars also differed (F = 9.2, P ≤ 0.001); whereas average spectral classification was high (validation κ = 0.76), the accuracy of classification varied among cultivars. Our study expands the current knowledge base by (i) identifying disease presence before the onset of visual symptoms, (ii) providing specific biochemical and physiological responses to disease infection, and (iii) discriminating between multiple cultivars within a single plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Singh
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology
| | | | - R L Groves
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - S M Gray
- Emerging Pest and Pathogen Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), and Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - P C Bethke
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, USDA-ARS, and Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - P A Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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21
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Ramšak Ž, Coll A, Stare T, Tzfadia O, Baebler Š, Van de Peer Y, Gruden K. Network Modeling Unravels Mechanisms of Crosstalk between Ethylene and Salicylate Signaling in Potato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:488-499. [PMID: 29934298 PMCID: PMC6130022 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To develop novel crop breeding strategies, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms underlying the interaction between plants and their pathogens. Network modeling represents a powerful tool that can unravel properties of complex biological systems. In this study, we aimed to use network modeling to better understand immune signaling in potato (Solanum tuberosum). For this, we first built on a reliable Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) immune signaling model, extending it with the information from diverse publicly available resources. Next, we translated the resulting prior knowledge network (20,012 nodes and 70,091 connections) to potato and superimposed it with an ensemble network inferred from time-resolved transcriptomics data for potato. We used different network modeling approaches to generate specific hypotheses of potato immune signaling mechanisms. An interesting finding was the identification of a string of molecular events illuminating the ethylene pathway modulation of the salicylic acid pathway through Nonexpressor of PR Genes1 gene expression. Functional validations confirmed this modulation, thus supporting the potential of our integrative network modeling approach for unraveling molecular mechanisms in complex systems. In addition, this approach can ultimately result in improved breeding strategies for potato and other sensitive crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Živa Ramšak
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anna Coll
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Stare
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Oren Tzfadia
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Špela Baebler
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Kristina Gruden
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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22
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Zagorščak M, Blejec A, Ramšak Ž, Petek M, Stare T, Gruden K. DiNAR: revealing hidden patterns of plant signalling dynamics using Differential Network Analysis in R. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:78. [PMID: 30186360 PMCID: PMC6117943 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progress in high-throughput molecular methods accompanied by more complex experimental designs demands novel data visualisation solutions. To specifically answer the question which parts of the specifical biological system are responding in particular perturbation, integrative approach in which experimental data are superimposed on a prior knowledge network is shown to be advantageous. RESULTS We have developed DiNAR, Differential Network Analysis in R, a user-friendly application with dynamic visualisation that integrates multiple condition high-throughput data and extensive biological prior knowledge. Implemented differential network approach and embedded network analysis allow users to analyse condition-specific responses in the context of topology of interest (e.g. immune signalling network) and extract knowledge concerning patterns of signalling dynamics (i.e. rewiring in network structure between two or more biological conditions). We validated the usability of software on the Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum tuberosum datasets, but it is set to handle any biological instances. CONCLUSIONS DiNAR facilitates detection of network-rewiring events, gene prioritisation for future experimental design and allows capturing dynamics of complex biological system. The fully cross-platform Shiny App is hosted and freely available at https://nib-si.shinyapps.io/DiNAR. The most recent version of the source code is available at https://github.com/NIB-SI/DiNAR/ with a DOI 10.5281/zenodo.1230523 of the archived version in Zenodo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Zagorščak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Blejec
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Živa Ramšak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Petek
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Stare
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract
The two major mechanisms of plant defense against pathogens are resistance (the host's ability to limit pathogen multiplication) and tolerance (the host's ability to reduce the effect of infection on its fitness regardless of the level of pathogen multiplication). There is abundant literature on virtually every aspect of plant resistance to pathogens. Although tolerance to plant pathogens is comparatively less understood, studies on this plant defense strategy have led to major insights into its evolution, mechanistic basis and genetic determinants. This review aims at summarizing current theories and experimental evidence on the evolutionary causes and consequences of plant tolerance to pathogens, as well as the existing knowledge on the genetic determinants and mechanisms of tolerance. Our review reveals that (i) in plant-pathogen systems, resistance and tolerance generally coexist, i.e., are not mutually exclusive; (ii) evidence of tolerance polymorphisms is abundant regardless of the pathogen considered; (iii) tolerance is an efficient strategy to reduce the damage on the infected host; and (iv) there is no evidence that tolerance results in increased pathogen multiplication. Taken together, the work discussed in this review indicates that tolerance may be as important as resistance in determining the dynamics of plant-pathogen interactions. Several aspects of plant tolerance to pathogens that still remain unclear and which should be explored in the future, are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA) and E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA) and E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
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Križnik M, Petek M, Dobnik D, Ramšak Ž, Baebler Š, Pollmann S, Kreuze JF, Žel J, Gruden K. Salicylic Acid Perturbs sRNA-Gibberellin Regulatory Network in Immune Response of Potato to Potato virus Y Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2192. [PMID: 29312421 PMCID: PMC5744193 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus Y is the most economically important potato viral pathogen. We aimed at unraveling the roles of small RNAs (sRNAs) in the complex immune signaling network controlling the establishment of tolerant response of potato cv. Désirée to the virus. We constructed a sRNA regulatory network connecting sRNAs and their targets to link sRNA level responses to physiological processes. We discovered an interesting novel sRNAs-gibberellin regulatory circuit being activated as early as 3 days post inoculation (dpi) before viral multiplication can be detected. Two endogenous sRNAs, miR167 and phasiRNA931 were predicted to regulate gibberellin biosynthesis genes GA20-oxidase and GA3-oxidase. The increased expression of phasiRNA931 was also reflected in decreased levels of GA3-oxidase transcripts. Moreover, decreased concentration of gibberellin confirmed this regulation. The functional relation between lower activity of gibberellin signaling and reduced disease severity was previously confirmed in Arabidopsis-virus interaction using knockout mutants. We further showed that this regulation is salicylic acid-dependent as the response of sRNA network was attenuated in salicylic acid-depleted transgenic counterpart NahG-Désirée expressing severe disease symptoms. Besides downregulation of gibberellin signaling, regulation of immune receptor transcripts by miR6022 as well as upregulation of miR164, miR167, miR169, miR171, miR319, miR390, and miR393 in tolerant Désirée, revealed striking similarities to responses observed in mutualistic symbiotic interactions. The intertwining of different regulatory networks revealed, shows how developmental signaling, disease symptom development, and stress signaling can be balanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Križnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- JoŽef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Petek
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Dobnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Živa Ramšak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Baebler
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid UPM - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan F. Kreuze
- Global Program of Integrated Crop and Systems Research, International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru
| | - Jana Žel
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Stare T, Ramšak Ž, Blejec A, Stare K, Turnšek N, Weckwerth W, Wienkoop S, Vodnik D, Gruden K. Erratum to: Bimodal dynamics of primary metabolism-related responses in tolerant potato-Potato virus Y interaction. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:226. [PMID: 28288559 PMCID: PMC5347168 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Time-Sampled Population Sequencing Reveals the Interplay of Selection and Genetic Drift in Experimental Evolution of Potato Virus Y. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00690-17. [PMID: 28592544 PMCID: PMC5533922 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00690-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are one of the fastest-evolving biological entities. Within their hosts, they exist as genetically diverse populations (i.e., viral mutant swarms), which are sculpted by different evolutionary mechanisms, such as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift, and also the interactions between genetic variants within the mutant swarms. To elucidate the mechanisms that modulate the population diversity of an important plant-pathogenic virus, we performed evolution experiments with Potato virus Y (PVY) in potato genotypes that differ in their defense response against the virus. Using deep sequencing of small RNAs, we followed the temporal dynamics of standing and newly generated variations in the evolving viral lineages. A time-sampled approach allowed us to (i) reconstruct theoretical haplotypes in the starting population by using clustering of single nucleotide polymorphisms' trajectories and (ii) use quantitative population genetics approaches to estimate the contribution of selection and genetic drift, and their interplay, to the evolution of the virus. We detected imprints of strong selective sweeps and narrow genetic bottlenecks, followed by the shift in frequency of selected haplotypes. Comparison of patterns of viral evolution in differently susceptible host genotypes indicated possible diversifying evolution of PVY in the less-susceptible host (efficient in the accumulation of salicylic acid).IMPORTANCE High diversity of within-host populations of RNA viruses is an important aspect of their biology, since they represent a reservoir of genetic variants, which can enable quick adaptation of viruses to a changing environment. This study focuses on an important plant virus, Potato virus Y, and describes, at high resolution, temporal changes in the structure of viral populations within different potato genotypes. A novel and easy-to-implement computational approach was established to cluster single nucleotide polymorphisms into viral haplotypes from very short sequencing reads. During the experiment, a shift in the frequency of selected viral haplotypes was observed after a narrow genetic bottleneck, indicating an important role of the genetic drift in the evolution of the virus. On the other hand, a possible case of diversifying selection of the virus was observed in less susceptible host genotypes.
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Stare T, Stare K, Weckwerth W, Wienkoop S, Gruden K. Comparison between Proteome and Transcriptome Response in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Leaves Following Potato Virus Y (PVY) Infection. Proteomes 2017; 5:proteomes5030014. [PMID: 28684682 PMCID: PMC5620531 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes5030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by viral infection are affecting all major crops. Being an obligate intracellular organisms, chemical control of these pathogens is so far not applied in the field except to control the insect vectors of the viruses. Understanding of molecular responses of plant immunity is therefore economically important, guiding the enforcement of crop resistance. To disentangle complex regulatory mechanisms of the plant immune responses, understanding system as a whole is a must. However, integrating data from different molecular analysis (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, smallRNA regulation etc.) is not straightforward. We evaluated the response of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) following the infection with potato virus Y (PVY). The response has been analyzed on two molecular levels, with microarray transcriptome analysis and mass spectroscopy-based proteomics. Within this report, we performed detailed analysis of the results on both levels and compared two different approaches for analysis of proteomic data (spectral count versus MaxQuant). To link the data on different molecular levels, each protein was mapped to the corresponding potato transcript according to StNIB paralogue grouping. Only 33% of the proteins mapped to microarray probes in a one-to-one relation and additionally many showed discordance in detected levels of proteins with corresponding transcripts. We discussed functional importance of true biological differences between both levels and showed that the reason for the discordance between transcript and protein abundance lies partly in complexity and structure of biological regulation of proteome and transcriptome and partly in technical issues contributing to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Stare
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Katja Stare
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1010 Wien, Austria.
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1010 Wien, Austria.
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Chen S, Li F, Liu D, Jiang C, Cui L, Shen L, Liu G, Yang A. Dynamic expression analysis of early response genes induced by potato virus Y in PVY-resistant Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:297-311. [PMID: 27896424 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Dynamic transcriptional changes of the host early responses genes were detected in PVY-resistant tobacco varieties infected with Potato virus Y; PVY resistance is a complex process that needs series of stress responses. Potato virus Y (PVY) causes a severe viral disease in cultivated crops, especially in Solanum plants. To understand the molecular basis of plant responses to the PVY stress, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and microarray approaches were combined to identify the potentially important or novel genes that were involved in early stages (12 h, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 days) of tobacco response to PVY infection. Dynamic changes of the host plant early responses to PVY infection on a transcriptional level were detected. In total, 167 different expressed ESTs were identified. The majority of genes involved in the metabolic process were found to be down-regulated at 12 h and 1 day, and then up-regulated at least one later period. Genes related to signaling and transcriptions were almost up-regulated at 12 h, 1 or 2 days, while stress response genes were almost up-regulated at a later stage. Genes involved in transcription, transport, cell wall, and several stress responses were found to have changed expression during the PVY infection stage, and numbers of these genes have not been previously reported to be associated with tobacco PVY infection. The diversity expression of these genes indicated that PVY resistance is a complex process that needs a series of stress responses. To resist the PVY infection, the tobacco plant has numerous active and silent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Fengxia Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Caihong Jiang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Lijie Cui
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Lili Shen
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Guanshan Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
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Bettini PP, Marvasi M, Fani F, Lazzara L, Cosi E, Melani L, Mauro ML. Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolB gene affects photosynthesis and chlorophyll content in transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 204:27-35. [PMID: 27497742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Insertion of Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolB gene into plant genome affects plant development, hormone balance and defence. However, beside the current research, the overall transcriptional response and gene expression of rolB as a modulator in plant is unknown. Transformed rolB tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivar Tondino has been used to investigate the differential expression profile. Tomato is a well-known model organism both at the genetic and molecular level, and one of the most important commercial food crops in the world. Through the construction and characterization of a cDNA subtracted library, we have investigated the differential gene expression between transgenic clones of rolB and control tomato and have evaluated genes specifically transcribed in transgenic rolB plants. Among the selected genes, five genes encoding for chlorophyll a/b binding protein, carbonic anhydrase, cytochrome b6/f complex Fe-S subunit, potassium efflux antiporter 3, and chloroplast small heat-shock protein, all involved in chloroplast function, were identified. Measurement of photosynthesis efficiency by the level of three different photosynthetic parameters (Fv/Fm, rETR, NPQ) showed rolB significant increase in non-photochemical quenching and a, b chlorophyll content. Our results point to highlight the role of rolB on plant fitness by improving photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla P Bettini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Marvasi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Fabiola Fani
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Luigi Lazzara
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Elena Cosi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Melani
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Mauro
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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Dynamic cross-talk between host primary metabolism and viruses during infections in plants. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 19:50-5. [PMID: 27442236 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Upon infection plant viruses modulate cellular functions and resources to survive and reproduce. Plant cells in which the virus is replicating are transformed into strong metabolic sinks. This conversion gives rise to a massive reprogramming of plant primary metabolism. Such a metabolic shift involves perturbations in carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids that eventually lead to increase respiration rates, and/or decrease in photosynthetic activity. By doing so, plants provide metabolic acclimation against cellular stress and meet the increased demand for energy needed to sustain virus multiplication and defense responses against viruses. This review will highlight our current knowledge pertaining to the contribution of primary metabolism to the outcome of viral infections in plants.
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Primary Metabolism, Phenylpropanoids and Antioxidant Pathways Are Regulated in Potato as a Response to Potato virus Y Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146135. [PMID: 26727123 PMCID: PMC4738437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato production is one of the most important agricultural sectors, and it is challenged by various detrimental factors, including virus infections. To control losses in potato production, knowledge about the virus—plant interactions is crucial. Here, we investigated the molecular processes in potato plants as a result of Potato virus Y (PVY) infection, the most economically important potato viral pathogen. We performed an integrative study that links changes in the metabolome and gene expression in potato leaves inoculated with the mild PVYN and aggressive PVYNTN isolates, for different times through disease development. At the beginning of infection (1 day post-inoculation), virus-infected plants showed an initial decrease in the concentrations of metabolites connected to sugar and amino-acid metabolism, the TCA cycle, the GABA shunt, ROS scavangers, and phenylpropanoids, relative to the control plants. A pronounced increase in those metabolites was detected at the start of the strong viral multiplication in infected leaves. The alterations in these metabolic pathways were also seen at the gene expression level, as analysed by quantitative PCR. In addition, the systemic response in the metabolome to PVY infection was analysed. Systemic leaves showed a less-pronounced response with fewer metabolites altered, while phenylpropanoid-associated metabolites were strongly accumulated. There was a more rapid onset of accumulation of ROS scavengers in leaves inoculated with PVYN than those inoculated with PVYNTN. This appears to be related to the lower damage observed for leaves of potato infected with the milder PVYN strain, and at least partially explains the differences between the phenotypes observed.
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