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Fan QS, Lin HJ, Hu YJ, Jin J, Yan HH, Zhang RQ. Biocontrol of strawberry Botrytis gray mold and prolong the fruit shelf-life by fumigant Trichoderma spp. Biotechnol Lett 2024:10.1007/s10529-024-03498-9. [PMID: 38811460 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-024-03498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Objectives To screen high active volatile organic compounds (VOCs)-producing Trichoderma isolates against strawberry gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, and to explore their antagonistic mode of action against the pathogen. VOCs produced by nine Trichoderma isolates (Trichoderma atroviride T1 and T3; Trichoderma harzianum T2, T4 and T5; T6, T7, T8 and T9 identified as Trichoderma asperellum in this work) significantly inhibited the mycelial growth (13.9-63.0% reduction) and conidial germination (17.6-96.3% reduction) of B. cinerea, the highest inhibition percentage belonged to VOCs of T7; in a closed space, VOCs of T7 shared 76.9% and 100% biocontrol efficacy against gray mold on strawberry fruits and detached leaves, respectively, prolonged the fruit shelf-life by 3 days in presence of B. cinerea, completely protected the leaves from B. cinerea infecting; volatile metabolites of T7 damaged the cell membrane permeability and integrity of B. cinerea, thereby inhibiting the mycelial growth and conidial germination. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the VOCs contain 23 potential compounds, and the majority of these compounds were categorised as alkenes, alcohols, and esters, including PEA and 6PP, which have been reported as substances produced by Trichoderma spp. T. asperellum T7 showed high biofumigant activity against mycelial growth especially conidial germination of B. cinerea and thus protected strawberry fruits and leaves from gray mold, which acted by damaging the pathogen's plasma membrane and resulting in cytoplasm leakage, was a potential biofumigant for controlling pre- and post-harvest strawberry gray mold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q S Fan
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - H J Lin
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Y J Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - J Jin
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - H H Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - R Q Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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2
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Ianiri G, Barone G, Palmieri D, Quiquero M, Gaeta I, De Curtis F, Castoria R. Transcriptomic investigation of the interaction between a biocontrol yeast, Papiliotrema terrestris strain PT22AV, and the postharvest fungal pathogen Penicillium expansum on apple. Commun Biol 2024; 7:359. [PMID: 38519651 PMCID: PMC10960036 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06031-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Biocontrol strategies offer a promising alternative to control plant pathogens achieving food safety and security. In this study we apply a RNAseq analysis during interaction between the biocontrol agent (BCA) Papiliotrema terrestris, the pathogen Penicillium expansum, and the host Malus domestica. Analysis of the BCA finds overall 802 upregulated DEGs (differentially expressed genes) when grown in apple tissue, with the majority being involved in nutrients uptake and oxidative stress response. This suggests that these processes are crucial for the BCA to colonize the fruit wounds and outcompete the pathogen. As to P. expansum analysis, 1017 DEGs are upregulated when grown in apple tissue, with the most represented GO categories being transcription, oxidation reduction process, and transmembrane transport. Analysis of the host M. domestica finds a higher number of DEGs in response to the pathogen compared to the BCA, with overexpression of genes involved in host defense signaling pathways in the presence of both of them, and a prevalence of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) only during interaction with P. expansum. This analysis contributes to advance the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that underlie biocontrol activity and the tritrophic interaction of the BCA with the pathogen and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ianiri
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Barone
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Davide Palmieri
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Michela Quiquero
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Ilenia Gaeta
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Filippo De Curtis
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Raffaello Castoria
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
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3
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Sun S, Tang N, Han K, Wang Q, Xu Q. Effects of 2-Phenylethanol on Controlling the Development of Fusarium graminearum in Wheat. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2954. [PMID: 38138097 PMCID: PMC10745961 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Applying plant-derived fungicides is a safe and sustainable way to control wheat scab. In this study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of wheat cultivars with and without the resistance gene Fhb1 were analyzed by GC-MS, and 2-phenylethanol was screened out. The biocontrol function of 2-phenylethanol on Fusarium graminearum was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Metabolomics analysis indicated that 2-phenylethanol altered the amino acid pathways of F. graminearum, affecting its normal life activities. Under SEM and TEM observation, the mycelial morphology changed, and the integrity of the cell membrane was destroyed. Furthermore, 2-phenylethanol could inhibit the production of mycotoxins (DON, 3-ADON, 15-ADON) by F. graminearum and reduce grain contamination. This research provides new ideas for green prevention and control of wheat FHB in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (S.S.); (N.T.)
| | - Nawen Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (S.S.); (N.T.)
| | - Kun Han
- Departmen of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China;
| | - Qunqing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (S.S.); (N.T.)
- Departmen of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China;
| | - Qian Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (S.S.); (N.T.)
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4
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Caruso DJ, Palombo EA, Moulton SE, Duggan PJ, Zaferanloo B. Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Endophytic Alternaria sp. Isolated from Eremophila longifolia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1459. [PMID: 37760755 PMCID: PMC10525891 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The threat to public health resulting from the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is ever rising. One of the major bacterial pathogens at the forefront of this problem is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA, for which there is a great need to find alternative treatments. One of the most promising alternatives is endophytic fungi, which were shown to produce a vast array of bioactive compounds, including many novel antibacterial compounds. In this study, two endophytic Alternaria sp., EL 24 and EL 35, were identified from the leaves of Eremophila longifolia. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts of their culture filtrates were found to inhibit both methicillin-sensitive S. aureus ATCC 25923 and MRSA strains M173525 and M180920. The activity of each extract was shown to be greatly affected by the growth medium, with considerable reductions in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) observed when tested in tryptic soy broth with glucose (TSBG) compared with Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB). Both extracts displayed significant (p ≤ 0.05) antibiofilm activity against all three S. aureus strains, the greatest of which was that of EL 35, which reduced biofilm formation by M180920 by 72%, while that of EL 24 resulted in a 57% reduction against ATCC 25923. Both extracts also disrupted established biofilms, of which the most effective was EL 35, which reduced the M180920 biofilm by 64%, while EL 24 also performed best against M180920, reducing biofilm by 54%. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the EL 24 EtOAc extract revealed five known compounds. This study highlights the promise of endophytic fungi from Australian plants as a potential source of substances effective against important bacterial pathogens. Further understanding of the responsible compounds and their mechanisms could lead to the development of treatments effective against MRSA, as well as novel biofilm-resistant biomedical materials, contributing towards reducing the burden of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Caruso
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Enzo A Palombo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Simon E Moulton
- Department of Engineering Technologies, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Peter J Duggan
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Bita Zaferanloo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
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5
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Du Y, Zhu J, Tian Z, Long C. PdStuA Is a Key Transcription Factor Controlling Sporulation, Hydrophobicity, and Stress Tolerance in Penicillium digitatum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:941. [PMID: 37755049 PMCID: PMC10532665 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum has become one of the main pathogens in citrus due to its high spore production and easy spread. In this study, the function of the APSES transcription factor StuA in P. digitatum was characterized, and the results indicated that it was involved in conidium and conidiophore development. No conidiophores were observed in the mycelium of the ∆PdStuA mutant that had grown for two days, while an abnormal conidiophore was found after another two days of incubation, and only small thin phialides as well as a very small number of spores were formed at the top of the hyphae. Moreover, it was observed that the ∆PdStuA mutant showed various defects, such as reduced hydrophobicity and decreased tolerance to cell wall inhibitors and H2O2. Compared to the original P. digitatum, the colony diameter of the ∆PdStuA mutant was not significantly affected, but the growth of aerial hyphae was obviously induced. In in vivo experiments, the spore production of the ∆PdStuA mutant grown on citrus fruit was remarkably decreased; however, there was no significant difference in the lesion diameter between the mutant and original strain. It could be inferred that less spore production might result in reduced spread in citrus, thereby reducing the green mold infection in citrus fruit during storage. This study provided a gene, PdStuA, which played key role in the sporulation of P. digitatum, and the results might provide a reference for the molecular mechanisms of sporulation in P. digitatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Du
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jinfan Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhonghuan Tian
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Chaoan Long
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
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6
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Surovy MZ, Rahman S, Rostás M, Islam T, von Tiedemann A. Suppressive Effects of Volatile Compounds from Bacillus spp. on Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum (MoT) Pathotype, Causal Agent of Wheat Blast. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1291. [PMID: 37317265 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum (MoT) pathotype is the causal agent of wheat blast, which has caused significant economic losses and threatens wheat production in South America, Asia, and Africa. Three bacterial strains from rice and wheat seeds (B. subtilis BTS-3, B. velezensis BTS-4, and B. velezensis BTLK6A) were used to explore the antifungal effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Bacillus spp. as a potential biocontrol mechanism against MoT. All bacterial treatments significantly inhibited both the mycelial growth and sporulation of MoT in vitro. We found that this inhibition was caused by Bacillus VOCs in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, biocontrol assays using detached wheat leaves infected with MoT showed reduced leaf lesions and sporulation compared to the untreated control. VOCs from B. velezensis BTS-4 alone or a consortium (mixture of B. subtilis BTS-3, B. velezensis BTS-4, and B. velezensis BTLK6A) of treatments consistently suppressed MoT in vitro and in vivo. Compared to the untreated control, VOCs from BTS-4 and the Bacillus consortium reduced MoT lesions in vivo by 85% and 81.25%, respectively. A total of thirty-nine VOCs (from nine different VOC groups) from four Bacillus treatments were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), of which 11 were produced in all Bacillus treatments. Alcohols, fatty acids, ketones, aldehydes, and S-containing compounds were detected in all four bacterial treatments. In vitro assays using pure VOCs revealed that hexanoic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, and phenylethyl alcohol are potential VOCs emitted by Bacillus spp. that are suppressive for MoT. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for MoT sporulation were 250 mM for phenylethyl alcohol and 500 mM for 2-methylbutanoic acid and hexanoic acid. Therefore, our results indicate that VOCs from Bacillus spp. are effective compounds to suppress the growth and sporulation of MoT. Understanding the MoT sporulation reduction mechanisms exerted by Bacillus VOCs may provide novel options to manage the further spread of wheat blast by spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musrat Zahan Surovy
- Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Shahinoor Rahman
- Division of Agricultural Entomology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Rostás
- Division of Agricultural Entomology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tofazzal Islam
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Andreas von Tiedemann
- Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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7
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Duan WY, Zhang SB, Lei JD, Qin YL, Li YN, Lv YY, Zhai HC, Cai JP, Hu YS. Protection of postharvest grains from fungal spoilage by biogenic volatiles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3375-3390. [PMID: 37115251 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Fungal spoilage of postharvest grains poses serious problems with respect to food safety, human health, and the economic value of grains. The protection of cereal grains from deleterious fungi is a critical aim in postharvest grain management. Considering the bulk volume of grain piles in warehouses or bins and food safety, fumigation with natural gaseous fungicides is a promising strategy to control fungal contamination on postharvest grains. Increasing research has focused on the antifungal properties of biogenic volatiles. This review summarizes the literature related to the effects of biogenic volatiles from microbes and plants on spoilage fungi on postharvest grains and highlights the underlying antifungal mechanisms. Key areas for additional research on fumigation with biogenic volatiles in postharvest grains are noted. The research described in this review supports the protective effects of biogenic volatiles against grain spoilage by fungi, providing a basis for their expanded application in the management of postharvest grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yan Duan
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai-Bing Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun-Dong Lei
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Liang Qin
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Nan Li
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Yong Lv
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Chen Zhai
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ping Cai
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Sen Hu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
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8
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Drężek K, Sobczyk MK, Kállai Z, Detman A, Bardadyn P, Mierzejewska J. Valorisation of Whey Permeate in Sequential Bioprocesses towards Value-Added Products-Optimisation of Biphasic and Classical Batch Cultures of Kluyveromyces marxianus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087560. [PMID: 37108722 PMCID: PMC10146618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Whey permeate is categorised as hazardous wastewater for aquatic environments, mainly due to its high lactose content. Therefore, it must be valorised before being released into the environment. One pathway for whey permeate management is its use in biotechnological processes. Herein, we present roads for whey permeate valorisation with the K. marxianus WUT240 strain. The established technology is based on two bioprocesses. During first, 2.5 g/L 2-phenylethanol and fermented plant oils enriched with different flavourings are obtained after 48 h biphasic cultures at 30 °C. The second process leads to a maximum of 75 g ethanol/L (YP/S = 0.53 g/g) after 96 h at 30 °C. Moreover, established whey permeate valorisation pathways reduced its biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand values by 12- to 3-fold, respectively. Together, the present study reports a complete, effective, and environmentally friendly whey permeate management strategy while simultaneously enabling the acquisition of valuable compounds with substantial application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Drężek
- Department of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Krystyna Sobczyk
- Department of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zoltán Kállai
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anna Detman
- Laboratory of White Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paula Bardadyn
- Department of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Mierzejewska
- Department of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Farlow AJ, Rupasinghe DB, Naji KM, Capon RJ, Spiteller D. Rosenbergiella meliponini D21B Isolated from Pollen Pots of the Australian Stingless Bee Tetragonula carbonaria. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041005. [PMID: 37110428 PMCID: PMC10142583 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosenbergiella bacteria have been previously isolated predominantly from floral nectar and identified in metagenomic screenings as associated with bees. Here, we isolated three Rosenbergiella strains from the robust Australian stingless bee Tetragonula carbonaria sharing over 99.4% sequence similarity with Rosenbergiella strains isolated from floral nectar. The three Rosenbergiella strains (D21B, D08K, D15G) from T. carbonaria exhibited near-identical 16S rDNA. The genome of strain D21B was sequenced; its draft genome contains 3,294,717 bp, with a GC content of 47.38%. Genome annotation revealed 3236 protein-coding genes. The genome of D21B differs sufficiently from the closest related strain, Rosenbergiella epipactidis 2.1A, to constitute a new species. In contrast to R. epipactidis 2.1A, strain D21B produces the volatile 2-phenylethanol. The D21B genome contains a polyketide/non-ribosomal peptide gene cluster not present in any other Rosenbergiella draft genomes. Moreover, the Rosenbergiella strains isolated from T. carbonaria grew in a minimal medium without thiamine, but R. epipactidis 2.1A was thiamine-dependent. Strain D21B was named R. meliponini D21B, reflecting its origin from stingless bees. Rosenbergiella strains may contribute to the fitness of T. carbonaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Farlow
- Chemical Ecology/Biological Chemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Darshani B Rupasinghe
- Chemical Ecology/Biological Chemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Khalid M Naji
- Chemical Ecology/Biological Chemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Robert J Capon
- Centre for Drug Discovery, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dieter Spiteller
- Chemical Ecology/Biological Chemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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10
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Zhan Y, Xu H, Tan HT, Ho YS, Yang D, Chen S, Ow DSW, Lv X, Wei F, Bi X, Chen S. Systematic Adaptation of Bacillus licheniformis to 2-Phenylethanol Stress. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0156822. [PMID: 36752618 PMCID: PMC9972911 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01568-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The compound 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) is a bulk flavor and fragrance with a rose-like aroma that can be produced by microbial cell factories, but its cellular toxicity inhibits cellular growth and limits strain performance. Specifically, the microbe Bacillus licheniformis has shown a strong tolerance to 2-PE. Understanding these tolerance mechanisms is crucial for achieving the hyperproduction of 2-PE. In this report, the mechanisms of B. licheniformis DW2 resistance to 2-PE were studied by multi-omics technology coupled with physiological and molecular biological approaches. 2-PE induced reactive oxygen species formation and affected nucleic acid, ribosome, and cell wall synthesis. To manage 2-PE stress, the antioxidant and global stress response systems were activated; the repair system of proteins and homeostasis of the ion and osmotic were initiated. Furthermore, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and NADPH synthesis pathways were upregulated; correspondingly, scanning electron microscopy revealed that cell morphology was changed. These results provide deeper insights into the adaptive mechanisms of B. licheniformis to 2-PE and highlight the potential targets for genetic manipulation to enhance 2-PE resistance. IMPORTANCE The ability to tolerate organic solvents is essential for bacteria producing these chemicals with high titer, yield, and productivity. As exemplified by 2-PE, bioproduction of 2-PE represents a promising alternative to chemical synthesis and plant extraction approaches, but its toxicity hinders successful large-scale microbial production. Here, a multi-omics approach is employed to systematically study the mechanisms of B. licheniformis DW2 resistance to 2-PE. As a 2-PE-tolerant strain, B. licheniformis displays multifactorial mechanisms of 2-PE tolerance, including activating global stress response and repair systems, increasing NADPH supply, changing cell morphology and membrane composition, and remodeling metabolic pathways. The current work yields novel insights into the mechanisms of B. licheniformis resistance to 2-PE. This knowledge can also be used as a clue for improving bacterial performances to achieve industrial-scale production of 2-PE and potentially applied to the production of other relevant organic solvents, such as tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haixia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hween Tong Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Swan Ho
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuwen Chen
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dave Siak-Wei Ow
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuezhi Bi
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Perez VC, Zhao H, Lin M, Kim J. Occurrence, Function, and Biosynthesis of the Natural Auxin Phenylacetic Acid (PAA) in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:266. [PMID: 36678978 PMCID: PMC9867223 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Auxins are a class of plant hormones playing crucial roles in a plant's growth, development, and stress responses. Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is a phenylalanine-derived natural auxin found widely in plants. Although the auxin activity of PAA in plants was identified several decades ago, PAA homeostasis and its function remain poorly understood, whereas indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the most potent auxin, has been used for most auxin studies. Recent studies have revealed unique features of PAA distinctive from IAA, and the enzymes and intermediates of the PAA biosynthesis pathway have been identified. Here, we summarize the occurrence and function of PAA in plants and highlight the recent progress made in PAA homeostasis, emphasizing PAA biosynthesis and crosstalk between IAA and PAA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica C. Perez
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Haohao Zhao
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Makou Lin
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetic Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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12
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Perfume Guns: Potential of Yeast Volatile Organic Compounds in the Biological Control of Mycotoxin-Producing Fungi. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15010045. [PMID: 36668865 PMCID: PMC9866025 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi in the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Gloeosporium, Monilinia, Mucor, Penicillium, and Rhizopus are the most common cause of pre- and postharvest diseases of fruit, vegetable, root and grain commodities. Some species are also able to produce mycotoxins, secondary metabolites having toxic effects on human and non-human animals upon ingestion of contaminated food and feed. Synthetic fungicides still represent the most common tool to control these pathogens. However, long-term application of fungicides has led to unacceptable pollution and may favour the selection of fungicide-resistant mutants. Microbial biocontrol agents may reduce the incidence of toxigenic fungi through a wide array of mechanisms, including competition for the ecological niche, antibiosis, mycoparasitism, and the induction of resistance in the host plant tissues. In recent years, the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been proposed as a key mechanism of biocontrol. Their bioactivity and the absence of residues make the use of microbial VOCs a sustainable and effective alternative to synthetic fungicides in the management of postharvest pathogens, particularly in airtight environments. In this review, we will focus on the possibility of applying yeast VOCs in the biocontrol of mycotoxigenic fungi affecting stored food and feed.
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De Clerck C, Josselin L, Vangoethem V, Lassois L, Fauconnier ML, Jijakli H. Weapons against Themselves: Identification and Use of Quorum Sensing Volatile Molecules to Control Plant Pathogenic Fungi Growth. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122459. [PMID: 36557712 PMCID: PMC9784989 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is often defined as a mechanism of microbial communication that can regulate microbial behaviors in accordance with population density. Much is known about QS mechanisms in bacteria, but fungal QS research is still in its infancy. In this study, the molecules constituting the volatolomes of the plant pathogenic fungi Fusarium culmorum and Cochliobolus sativus have been identified during culture conditions involving low and high spore concentrations, with the high concentration imitating overpopulation conditions (for QS stimulation). We determined that volatolomes emitted by these species in conditions of overpopulation have a negative impact on their mycelial growth, with some of the emitted molecules possibly acting as QSM. Candidate VOCs related to QS have then been identified by testing the effect of individual volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on mycelial growth of their emitting species. The antifungal effect observed for the volatolome of F. culmorum in the overpopulation condition could be attributed to ethyl acetate, 2-methylpropan-1-ol, 3-methylbutyl ethanoate, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, and pentan-1-ol, while it could be attributed to longifolene, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol, and ethyl acetate for C. sativus in the overpopulation condition. This work could pave the way to a sustainable alternative to chemical fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline De Clerck
- AgricultureIsLife, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Laurie Josselin
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Valentine Vangoethem
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Ludivine Lassois
- Plant Genetics and Rhizosphere Processes Lab., Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Haïssam Jijakli
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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14
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Gangireddygari VSR, Cho IS, Choi S, Yoon JY. Inhibitory Effects of Pepper Mild Mottle Virus Infection by Supernatants of Five Bacterial Cultures in Capsicum annuum L. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 38:646-655. [PMID: 36503193 PMCID: PMC9742801 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.08.2022.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), one of the most prevalent viruses in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a non-enveloped, rod-shaped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus classified in the genus Tobamovirus. The supernatants of five bacterial cultures (Pseudomonas putida [PP], Bacillus licheniformis [BLI], P. fluorescens [PF], Serratia marcescens [SER], and B. amyloliquifaciens [BA]) were analyzed to find novel antiviral agents to PMMoV in chili pepper. Foliar spraying with supernatants (1:1, v/v) obtained from Luria-Bertani broth cultures of PP, BLI, PF, SER, and BA inhibited PMMoV infection of chili pepper if applied before the PMMoV inoculation. Double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that treatments of five supernatants resulted in 51-66% reductions in PMMoV accumulation in the treated chili pepper. To identify key compounds in supernatants of PP, BLI, PF, SER, and BA, the supernatants were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The 24 different types of compounds were identified from the supernatants of PP, BLI, PF, SER, and BA. The compounds vary from supernatants of one bacterial culture to another which includes simple compounds-alkanes, ketones, alcohols, and an aromatic ring containing compounds. The compounds triggered the inhibitory effect on PMMoV propagation in chili pepper plants. In conclusion, the cultures could be used to further conduct tissue culture and field trial experiments as potential bio-control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Subba Reddy Gangireddygari
- Virology Unit, Horticulture, and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - In-Sook Cho
- Virology Unit, Horticulture, and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Sena Choi
- Virology Unit, Horticulture, and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Graduate School on Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Joenbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea
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15
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Zou X, Wei Y, Jiang S, Xu F, Wang H, Zhan P, Shao X. ROS Stress and Cell Membrane Disruption are the Main Antifungal Mechanisms of 2-Phenylethanol against Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14468-14479. [PMID: 36322824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE), a common compound found in plants and microorganisms, exhibits broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Using Botrytis cinerea, we demonstrated that 2-PE suppressed mycelium growth in vitro and in strawberry fruit and reduced natural disease without adverse effects to fruit quality. 2-PE caused structural damage to mycelia, as shown by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. From RNA sequencing analysis we found significantly upregulated genes for enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging systems including sulfur metabolism and glutathione metabolism, indicating that ROS stress was induced by 2-PE. This was consistent with results from assays demonstrating an increase ROS and hydrogen peroxide levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, and malondialdehyde content in treated cells. The upregulation of ATP-binding cassette transporter genes, the downregulation of major facilitator superfamily transporters genes, and the downregulation of ergosterol biosynthesis genes indicated a severe disruption of cell membrane structure and function. This was consistent with results from assays demonstrating compromised membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation. To summarize, 2-PE exposure suppressed B. cinerea growth through ROS stress and cell membrane disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Henry Fok School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
| | - Yingying Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Shu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Hongfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Pingping Zhan
- the Bio-ultrastructure Analysis Laboratory of the Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Xingfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
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16
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Dimethyl Dicarbonate as a Food Additive Effectively Inhibits Geotrichum citri-aurantii of Citrus. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152328. [PMID: 35954094 PMCID: PMC9368502 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC), a food additive, can be added to a variety of foods as a preservative. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of DMDC on Geotrichum citri-aurantii in vitro and in vivo, as well as the potential antifungal mechanism. In vitro experiments showed that 250 mg/L DMDC completely inhibited the growth of G. citri-aurantii and significantly inhibited spore germination by 96.33%. The relative conductivity and propidium iodide (PI) staining results showed that DMDC at 250 mg/L increased membrane permeability and damaged membrane integrity. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and 2, 7-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCHF-DA) staining determination indicated that DMDC resulted in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis found that the mycelia were distorted and the surface collapsed after DMDC treatment. Morphological changes in mitochondria and the appearance of cavities were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vivo, 500 mg/L DMDC and G. citri-aurantii were inoculated into the wounds of citrus. After 7 days of inoculation, DMDC significantly reduced the disease incidence and disease diameter of sour rot. The storage experiment showed that DMDC treatment did not affect the appearance and quality of fruits. In addition, we found that DMDC at 500 mg/L significantly increased the activity of citrus defense-related enzymes, including peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). Therefore, DMDC could be used as an effective method to control citrus sour rot.
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17
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Effects of fungicide treatment on metabolite profiles of Aquilaria malaccensis. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Li G, Liu S, Wu L, Wang X, Cuan R, Zheng Y, Liu D, Yuan Y. Characterization and Functional Analysis of a New Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase (CaMK1) in the Citrus Pathogenic Fungus Penicillium italicum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070667. [PMID: 35887424 PMCID: PMC9323541 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) act as a class of crucial elements in Ca2+-signal transduction pathways that regulate fungal growth, sporulation, virulence, and environmental stress tolerance. However, little is known about the function of such protein kinase in phytopathogenic Penicillium species. In the present study, a new CaMK gene from the citrus pathogenic fungus P. italicum, designated PiCaMK1, was cloned and functionally characterized by gene knockout and transcriptome analysis. The open reading frame of PiCaMK1 is 1209 bp in full length, which encodes 402 amino acid residues (putative molecular weight ~45.2 KD) with the highest homologous (~96.3%) to the P. expansum CaMK. The knockout mutant ΔPiCaMK1 showed a significant reduction in vegetative growth, conidiation, and virulence (i.e., to induce blue mold decay on citrus fruit). ΔPiCaMK1 was less sensitive to NaCl- or KCl-induced salinity stress and less resistant to mannitol-induced osmotic stress, indicating the functional involvement of PiCaMK1 in such environmental stress tolerance. In contrast, the PiCaMK1-complemented strain ΔPiCaMK1COM can restore all the defective phenotypes. Transcriptome analysis revealed that knockout of PiCaMK1 down-regulated expression of the genes involved in DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, meiosis, pyrimidine and purine metabolisms, and MAPK signaling pathway. Our results suggested the critical role of PiCaMK1 in regulating multiple physical and cellular processes of citrus postharvest pathogen P. italicum, including growth, conidiation, virulence, and environmental stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqi Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (G.L.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (R.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Shaoting Liu
- School of Public Administration, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China;
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (G.L.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (R.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (G.L.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (R.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Rongrong Cuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (G.L.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (R.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Yongliang Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China;
| | - Deli Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (G.L.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (R.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Yongze Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (G.L.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (R.C.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Vázquez MB, Matencio A, Bianchinotti MV, García-Carmona F, López-Nicolás JM. Enhanced production of 2-phenylethanol by salicylic acid and cyclodextrins in cell suspension cultures of the unexplored filamentous fungus Monochaetinula geoffroeana. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:1609-1618. [PMID: 34405402 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Phenylethanol (PEA) is a higher aromatic alcohol with a rose-like odor, which is used in several industries. Although PEA can be synthesized, consumers are increasingly concerned about the toxicity of chemically synthesized products, and prefer natural aroma compound. PEA occurs naturally in the environment but concentrations are too low to justify extraction. RESULTS The present study offers a novel biological source of PEA: the filamentous fungi Monochaetinula geoffroeana. We report the highest recorded yield of PEA of fungal origin to date: 6.52 g L-1 . The volatility and low water solubility of PEA can affect its use in many industries, for which reason complexation studies of PEA and cyclodextrins were carried out using the phase solubility technique. PEA formed 1:1 stoichiometric inclusion complexes with natural and modified CDs, the highest encapsulation constant being obtained with MβCD (K1:1 = 299.88 L mol-1 ). The complexation process significantly increased the water solubility of PEA. A computational study showed a high degree of correlation between computed scores and experimental values. Furthermore, this study reports the role of salicylic acid as an effective elicitor for improved PEA production by the studied fungi. Supplementation with 10 μmol L-1 salicylic acid increased PEA production from 6.52 to 10.54 g L-1 . CONCLUSION The best treatment to enhance PEA production by M. geoffroeana under laboratory conditions was to use salicylic acid 10 μmol L-1 . Due to the commercial importance of PEA, further investigation is needed to improve PEA production by M. geoffroeana and to optimize culture conditions in order to standardize yields. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Vázquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Adrián Matencio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Manuel López-Nicolás
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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20
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Biological Control and Plant Growth Promotion by Volatile Organic Compounds of Trichoderma koningiopsis T-51. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020131. [PMID: 35205885 PMCID: PMC8875031 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are widely used in plant disease control and growth promotion due to their high efficacy and multiple biocontrol mechanisms. Trichoderma koningiopsis T-51 is an effective biocontrol agent against gray mold disease by direct contact. However, the indirect physical contact biocontrol potential of Trichoderma spp. is not clear. In this study, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by T-51 showed high inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum. The percentage of B. cinerea and F. oxysporum mycelial growth inhibition by T-51 VOCs was 73.78% and 43.68%, respectively. In both B. cinerea and F. oxysporum, conidial germination was delayed, and germ tube elongation was suppressed when exposed to T-51 VOCs, and the final conidial germination rate of B. cinerea decreased significantly after T-51 treatment. The VOCs from T-51 reduced the Botrytis fruit rot of tomato compared with that noted when using the control. Moreover, the T-51 VOCs significantly increased the size and weight of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Twenty-four possible compounds, which were identified as alkenes, alkanes, and esters, were detected in VOCs of T-51. These results indicate that T. koningiopsis T-51 can exert biological control by integrating actions to suppress plant disease and promote plant growth.
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Pennerman KK, Yin G, Bennett JW. Eight-carbon volatiles: prominent fungal and plant interaction compounds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:487-497. [PMID: 34727164 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Signaling via volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has historically been studied mostly by entomologists; however, botanists and mycologists are increasingly aware of the physiological potential of chemical communication in the gas phase. Most research to date focuses on the observed effects of VOCs on different organisms such as differential growth or metabolite production. However, with the increased interest in volatile signaling, more researchers are investigating the molecular mechanisms for these effects. Eight-carbon VOCs are among the most prevalent and best-studied fungal volatiles. Therefore, this review emphasizes examples of eight-carbon VOCs affecting plants and fungi. These compounds display different effects that include growth suppression in both plants and fungi, induction of defensive behaviors such as accumulation of mycotoxins, phytohormone signaling cascades, and the inhibition of spore and seed germination. Application of '-omics' and other next-generation sequencing techniques is poised to decipher the mechanistic basis of volatiles in plant-fungal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla K Pennerman
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Guohua Yin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Joan W Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Comparative Genomic and Metabolomic Analysis of Termitomyces Species Provides Insights into the Terpenome of the Fungal Cultivar and the Characteristic Odor of the Fungus Garden of Macrotermes natalensis Termites. mSystems 2022; 7:e0121421. [PMID: 35014870 PMCID: PMC8751386 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01214-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrotermitinae termites have domesticated fungi of the genus Termitomyces as food for their colony, analogously to human farmers growing crops. Termites propagate the fungus by continuously blending foraged and predigested plant material with fungal mycelium and spores (fungus comb) within designated subterranean chambers. To test the hypothesis that the obligate fungal symbiont emits specific volatiles (odor) to orchestrate its life cycle and symbiotic relations, we determined the typical volatile emission of fungus comb biomass and Termitomyces nodules, revealing α-pinene, camphene, and d-limonene as the most abundant terpenes. Genome mining of Termitomyces followed by gene expression studies and phylogenetic analysis of putative enzymes related to secondary metabolite production encoded by the genomes uncovered a conserved and specific biosynthetic repertoire across strains. Finally, we proved by heterologous expression and in vitro enzymatic assays that a highly expressed gene sequence encodes a rare bifunctional mono-/sesquiterpene cyclase able to produce the abundant comb volatiles camphene and d-limonene. IMPORTANCE The symbiosis between macrotermitinae termites and Termitomyces is obligate for both partners and is one of the most important contributors to biomass conversion in the Old World tropic’s ecosystems. To date, research efforts have dominantly focused on acquiring a better understanding of the degradative capabilities of Termitomyces to sustain the obligate nutritional symbiosis, but our knowledge of the small-molecule repertoire of the fungal cultivar mediating interspecies and interkingdom interactions has remained fragmented. Our omics-driven chemical, genomic, and phylogenetic study provides new insights into the volatilome and biosynthetic capabilities of the evolutionarily conserved fungal genus Termitomyces, which allows matching metabolites to genes and enzymes and, thus, opens a new source of unique and rare enzymatic transformations.
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Santos H, Augusto C, Reis P, Rego C, Figueiredo AC, Fortes AM. Volatile Metabolism of Wine Grape Trincadeira: Impact of Infection with Botrytis cinerea. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11010141. [PMID: 35009143 PMCID: PMC8747702 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aroma of grapes is cultivar dependent and is influenced by terroir, vineyard practices, and abiotic and biotic stresses. Trincadeira is a non-aromatic variety associated with low phenolic content and high sugar and organic acid levels. This cultivar, widely used in Portuguese wines, presents high susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea. This work aimed to characterise the volatile profile of Trincadeira grapes and how it changes under infection with B. cinerea. Thirty-six volatile organic compounds were identified, from different functional groups, namely alcohols, ester acetates, fatty acid esters, fatty acids, aldehydes, and products of the lipoxygenase pathway. Both free and glycosidic volatile organic compounds were analysed by Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry for component quantification and identification, respectively. A multivariance analysis showed a clear discrimination between healthy and infected grapes with 2-trans-hexenal and isoamyl-acetate among the compounds identified as negative and positive markers of infection, respectively. Ester acetates such as 2-phenylethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate were present in higher contents in infected samples, whereas the contents of several fatty acid esters, such as ethyl decanoate and ethyl dodecanoate, decreased. These data were integrated with quantitative PCR data regarding genes involved in volatile metabolism and showed up-regulation of a gene coding for Hydroperoxide Lyase 2 in infected grapes. Altogether, these changes in volatile metabolism indicate an impact on the grape quality and may be related to defence against B. cinerea. The presence/absence of specific compounds might be used as infection biomarkers in the assessment of Trincadeira grapes' quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Santos
- BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (H.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Catarina Augusto
- BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (H.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Pedro Reis
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food-Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Cecília Rego
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food-Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Ana Cristina Figueiredo
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV), DBV, C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Ana Margarida Fortes
- BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (H.S.); (C.A.)
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Development of a Continuous System for 2-Phenylethanol Bioproduction by Yeast on Whey Permeate-Based Medium. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237388. [PMID: 34885969 PMCID: PMC8658864 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is an alcohol with a rosy scent and antimicrobial activity, and therefore, it is widely used in the food and cosmetic industries as an aroma and preservative. This work was aimed to draw up a technology for 2-PE bioproduction on whey permeate, which is waste produced by the dairy industry, rich in lactase and proteins. Its composition makes it a harmful waste to dispose of; however, with a properly selected microorganism, it could be converted to a value-added product. Herein, two yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus strains and one Kluyveromyces lactis, isolated from dairy products, were tested for 2-PE production, firstly on standard media and then on whey permeate based media in batch cultures. Thereafter, the 2-PE bioproduction in a continuous system in a 4.8 L bioreactor was developed, and subsequently, the final product was recovered from culture broth. The results showed that the yield of 2-PE production increased by 60% in the continuous culture compared to batch culture. Together with a notable reduction of chemical oxygen demand for whey permeate, the present study reports a complete, effective, and environmentally friendly strategy for 2-PE bioproduction with a space-time yield of 57.5 mg L-1 h-1.
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Tian Z, Du Y, Yang F, Zhao J, Liu S, Zhang D, Long CA. Chromosome Genome Sequencing and Comparative Transcriptome-Based Analyses of Kloeckera apiculata 34-9 Unveil the Potential Biocontrol Mechanisms Against Citrus Green Mold. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:752529. [PMID: 34858366 PMCID: PMC8631199 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.752529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological control is an environmentally friendly, safe, and replaceable strategy for disease management. Genome sequences of a certain biocontrol agent could lay a solid foundation for the research of molecular biology, and the more refined the reference genome, the more information it provides. In the present study, a higher resolution genome of Kloeckera apiculata 34-9 was assembled using high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) technology. A total of 8.07 M sequences of K. apiculata 34-9 genome was anchored onto 7 pesudochromosomes, which accounting for about 99.51% of the whole assembled sequences, and 4,014 protein-coding genes were annotated. Meanwhile, the detailed gene expression changes of K. apiculata 34-9 were obtained under low temperature and co-incubation with Penicillium digitatum treatments, respectively. Totally 254 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected with low temperature treatment, of which 184 and 70 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Some candidate genes were significantly enriched in ribosome biosynthesis in eukaryotes and ABC transporters. The expression of gene Kap003732 and Kap001595 remained upregulated and downregulated through the entire time-points, respectively, indicating that they might be core genes for positive and negative response to low temperature stress. When co-incubation with P. digitatum, a total of 2,364 DEGs were found, and there were 1,247 upregulated and 1,117 downregulated genes, respectively. Biosynthesis of lysine and arginine, and phenylalanine metabolism were the highest enrichment of the cluster and KEGG analyses of the co-DEGs, the results showed that they might be involved in the positive regulation of K. apiculata 34-9 response to P. digitatum. The completeness of K. apiculata 34-9 genome and the transcriptome data presented here are essential for providing a high-quality genomic resource and it might serve as valuable molecular properties for further studies on yeast genome, expression pattern of biocontrol system, and postharvest citrus storage and preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujie Du
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao-An Long
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Khruengsai S, Pripdeevech P, D'Souza PE, Panuwet P. Biofumigation activities of volatile compounds from two Trichoderma afroharzianum strains against Fusarium infections in fresh chilies. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:5861-5871. [PMID: 33788973 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two Fusarium fungi, F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum, have been recognized as major pathogenic fungi that cause postharvest decay of chili fruits. Ozone and some toxic chemicals are used to control pathogenic infections, leading to longer storage lives of agricultural commodities. However, these chemicals may pose some risks to the applicators and the environment. Therefore, alternative, easy-to-use fumigants for effective control of Fusarium infections in harvested fresh chilies are needed. RESULTS Two endophytic fungi, Trichoderma afroharzianum strain MFLUCC19-0090 and T. afroharzianum strain MFLUCC19-0091, were isolated from Schefflera leucantha leaves. Their volatile compounds were investigated for antifungal activities against F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum. In vitro results showed that the volatile compounds produced by each strain inhibited pathogen growth. Additionally, the Trichoderma-derived volatile compounds significantly reduced Fusarium-related disease severity and incidence percentages in the inoculated fresh chilies. Antifungal properties of the volatile compounds were found to be specific to the species of the tested pathogens (MFLUCC19-0090 greatly suppressed F. oxysporum and MFLUCC19-0091 greatly suppressed F. proliferatum). Seventy-three volatile compounds were detected from both strains. Among the major volatile compounds detected, phenyl ethyl alcohol was found to possess the strongest antifungal activity against both pathogens. CONCLUSION These Trichoderma-derived volatile compounds may be used as alternative fumigants for controlling Fusarium rot in harvested fresh chilies. The successful use of volatile compounds as biofumigants can prevent significant market losses and, more importantly, may reduce the health hazards caused by Fusarium-associated mycotoxin exposures among consumers. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patcharee Pripdeevech
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
- Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Priya E D'Souza
- Laboratory of Exposure Assessment and Development for Environmental Research (LEADER), Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Laboratory of Exposure Assessment and Development for Environmental Research (LEADER), Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kang S, Lumactud R, Li N, Bell TH, Kim HS, Park SY, Lee YH. Harnessing Chemical Ecology for Environment-Friendly Crop Protection. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1697-1710. [PMID: 33908803 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-21-0035-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy reliance on synthetic pesticides for crop protection has become increasingly unsustainable, calling for robust alternative strategies that do not degrade the environment and vital ecosystem services. There are numerous reports of successful disease control by various microbes used in small-scale trials. However, inconsistent efficacy has hampered their large-scale application. A better understanding of how beneficial microbes interact with plants, other microbes, and the environment and which factors affect disease control efficacy is crucial to deploy microbial agents as effective and reliable pesticide alternatives. Diverse metabolites produced by plants and microbes participate in pathogenesis and defense, regulate the growth and development of themselves and neighboring organisms, help maintain cellular homeostasis under various environmental conditions, and affect the assembly and activity of plant and soil microbiomes. However, research on the metabolites associated with plant health-related processes, except antibiotics, has not received adequate attention. This review highlights several classes of metabolites known or suspected to affect plant health, focusing on those associated with biocontrol and belowground plant-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions. The review also describes how new insights from systematic explorations of the diversity and mechanism of action of bioactive metabolites can be harnessed to develop novel crop protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seogchan Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Rhea Lumactud
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Ningxiao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Terrence H Bell
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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Phenotypic characterization of cell-to-cell interactions between two yeast species during alcoholic fermentation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:186. [PMID: 34580785 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbial multispecies ecosystems are responsible for many biotechnological processes and are particularly important in food production. In wine fermentations, in addition to the natural microbiota, several commercially relevant yeast species may be co-inoculated to achieve specific outcomes. However, such multispecies fermentations remain largely unpredictable because of multilevel interactions between naturally present and/or co-inoculated species. Understanding the nature of such interactions has therefore become essential for successful implementation of such strategies. Here we investigate interactions between strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lachancea thermotolerans. Co-fermentations with both species sharing the same bioreactor (physical contact) were compared to co-fermentations with physical separation between the species in a membrane bioreactor ensuring free exchange of metabolites. Yeast culturability, viability and the production of core metabolites were monitored. The previously reported negative interaction between these two yeast species was confirmed. Physical contact greatly reduced the culturability and viability of L. thermotolerans and led to earlier cell death, compared to when these yeasts were co-fermenting without cell-cell contact. In turn, in the absence of cell-cell contact, L. thermotolerans metabolic activity led to an earlier decline in culturability in S. cerevisiae. Cell-cell contact did not result in significant differences in the major fermentation metabolites ethanol, acetic acid and lactic acid, but impacted on the production of some volatile compounds.
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Delgado N, Olivera M, Cádiz F, Bravo G, Montenegro I, Madrid A, Fuentealba C, Pedreschi R, Salgado E, Besoain X. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Produced by Gluconobacter cerinus and Hanseniaspora osmophila Displaying Control Effect against Table Grape-Rot Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060663. [PMID: 34205962 PMCID: PMC8226828 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Table grapes (Vitis vinifera) are affected by botrytis bunch rot and summer bunch rot, the latter a complex disease caused by Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus spp., Penicillium expansum and Rhizopus stolonifer. To search for biocontrol alternatives, a new bioproduct composed of Gluconobacter cerinus and Hanseniaspora osmophila, a consortium called PUCV-VBL, was developed for the control of fungal rots in table grapes. Since this consortium presents new biocontrol species, the effect of their VOCs (volatile organic compounds) was evaluated under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The VOCs produced by the PUCV-VBL consortium showed the highest mycelial inhibition against Botrytis cinerea (86%). Furthermore, H. osmophila was able to inhibit sporulation of A. tubingensis and P. expansum. VOCs' effect in vivo was evaluated using berries from Red Globe, Thompson Seedless and Crimson Seedless grapes cultivars, demonstrating a mycelial inhibition by VOCs greater than 70% for all evaluated fungal species. The VOC identification of the PUCV-VBL consortium was analyzed by solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GCMS). A total 26 compounds were identified, including 1-butanol 3-methyl, propanoic acid ethyl ester, ethyl acetate, phenylethyl alcohol, isobutyl acetate and hexanoic acid ethyl ester. Our results show that VOCs are an important mode of action of the PUCV-VBL biological consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninoska Delgado
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, San Francisco s/n La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (M.O.); (F.C.); (R.P.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: (N.D.); (X.B.); Tel.: +56-32-237-2930 (X.B.)
| | - Matías Olivera
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, San Francisco s/n La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (M.O.); (F.C.); (R.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Fabiola Cádiz
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, San Francisco s/n La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (M.O.); (F.C.); (R.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Guillermo Bravo
- Molecular Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Center of Biotechnology Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avda. España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile;
| | - Iván Montenegro
- Escuela de Obstetricia y Puericultura, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Angamos 655, Reñaca, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile;
| | - Alejandro Madrid
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales y Síntesis Orgánica (LPNSO), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Avda. Leopoldo Carvallo 270, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
| | - Claudia Fuentealba
- Escuela de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Waddington 716, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
| | - Romina Pedreschi
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, San Francisco s/n La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (M.O.); (F.C.); (R.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Eduardo Salgado
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, San Francisco s/n La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (M.O.); (F.C.); (R.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Ximena Besoain
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, San Francisco s/n La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (M.O.); (F.C.); (R.P.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: (N.D.); (X.B.); Tel.: +56-32-237-2930 (X.B.)
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Balbino TR, da Silveira FA, Ventorim RZ, do Nascimento AG, de Oliveira LL, da Silveira WB. Adaptive responses of Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 7735 to 2-phenylethanol stress: Alterations in membrane fatty-acid composition, ergosterol content, exopolysaccharide production and reduction in reactive oxygen species. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 151:103561. [PMID: 33819626 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
2-phenylethanol (2-PE) is a higher aromatic alcohol with a rose-like aroma used in the cosmetic and food industries as a flavoring and displays potential for application as an antifungal. Biotechnological production of 2-PE from yeast is an interesting alternative due to the non-use of toxic compounds and the generation of few by-products. Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 7735 is a thermotolerant strain capable of producing high 2-PE titers from L-Phenylalanine; however, like other yeast species, its growth has been strongly inhibited by this alcohol. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the effect of 2-PE on cell growth, cell viability, membrane permeability, glucose uptake, metabolism, and morphology in K. marxianus CCT 7735, as well as its adaptive responses. The stress condition was imposed after 4 h of cultivation by adding 3.0 g.L-1 of 2-PE in exponential growing cells. 2-PE stress impaired yeast growth, glucose uptake, fermentative metabolism, membrane permeability, and cell viability. Moreover, the stress condition provoked changes in both morphology and surface roughness. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased immediately on exposure to 2-PE. Changes in membrane fatty-acid composition, ergosterol content, exopolysaccharides production, and reduction of the ROS levels appear to be the result of adaptive responses in K. marxianus. Our results provided insights into a better understanding of the effects of 2-PE on K. marxianus and its adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thércia Rocha Balbino
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto da Silveira
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Zandonade Ventorim
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Galvão do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro Licursi de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Wendel Batista da Silveira
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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Volatile Organic Compound from Trichoderma asperelloides TSU1: Impact on Plant Pathogenic Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7030187. [PMID: 33807949 PMCID: PMC7999943 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil microorganisms are well studied for their beneficial effects on plant growth and their impact on biocontrol agents. The production of volatile antifungal compounds emitted from soil fungi is considered to be an effective ability that can be applied in biofumigants in the control of plant diseases. A soil fungus, Trichoderma asperelloides TSU1, was isolated from flamingo flower cultivated soil and identified on the basis of the morphology and molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), rpb2, and tef1-α genes. To test T. asperelloides TSU1-produced volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with antifungal activity, the sealed plate method was used. The VOCs of T. asperelloides TSU1 inhibited the mycelial growth of fungal pathogens that were recently reported as emerging diseases in Thailand, namely, Corynespora cassiicola, Fusarium incarnatum, Neopestalotiopsis clavispora, N. cubana, and Sclerotium rolfsii, with a percentage inhibition range of 38.88-68.33%. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was applied to trap VOCs from T. asperelloides TSU1 and tentatively identify them through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A total of 17 compounds were detected in the VOCs of T. asperelloides TSU1, and the dominant compounds were identified as fluoro(trinitro)methane (18.192% peak area) and 2-phenylethanol (9.803% peak area). Interestingly, the commercial 2-phenyethanol showed antifungal activity against fungal pathogens that were similar to the VOCs of T. asperelloides TSU1 by bioassay. On the basis of our study's results, T. asperelloides TSU1 isolated from soil displayed antifungal abilities via the production of VOCs responsible for restricting pathogen growth.
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Martina M, Tikunov Y, Portis E, Bovy AG. The Genetic Basis of Tomato Aroma. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020226. [PMID: 33557308 PMCID: PMC7915847 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) aroma is determined by the interaction of volatile compounds (VOCs) released by the tomato fruits with receptors in the nose, leading to a sensorial impression, such as "sweet", "smoky", or "fruity" aroma. Of the more than 400 VOCs released by tomato fruits, 21 have been reported as main contributors to the perceived tomato aroma. These VOCs can be grouped in five clusters, according to their biosynthetic origins. In the last decades, a vast array of scientific studies has investigated the genetic component of tomato aroma in modern tomato cultivars and their relatives. In this paper we aim to collect, compare, integrate and summarize the available literature on flavour-related QTLs in tomato. Three hundred and 5ifty nine (359) QTLs associated with tomato fruit VOCs were physically mapped on the genome and investigated for the presence of potential candidate genes. This review makes it possible to (i) pinpoint potential donors described in literature for specific traits, (ii) highlight important QTL regions by combining information from different populations, and (iii) pinpoint potential candidate genes. This overview aims to be a valuable resource for researchers aiming to elucidate the genetics underlying tomato flavour and for breeders who aim to improve tomato aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Martina
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Yury Tikunov
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Ezio Portis
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (A.G.B.); Tel.: +39-011-6708807 (E.P.); +31-317-480762 (A.G.B.)
| | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (A.G.B.); Tel.: +39-011-6708807 (E.P.); +31-317-480762 (A.G.B.)
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Trichoderma asperellum T76-14 Released Volatile Organic Compounds against Postharvest Fruit Rot in Muskmelons ( Cucumis melo) Caused by Fusarium incarnatum. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010046. [PMID: 33445575 PMCID: PMC7827528 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Postharvest fruit rot caused by Fusarium incarnatum is a destructive postharvest disease of muskmelon (Cucumis melo). Biocontrol by antagonistic microorganisms is considered an alternative to synthetic fungicide application. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of action involved in the biocontrol of postharvest fruit rot in muskmelons by Trichoderma species. Seven Trichoderma spp. isolates were selected for in vitro testing against F. incarnatum in potato dextrose agar (PDA) by dual culture assay. In other relevant works, Trichoderma asperellum T76-14 showed a significantly higher percentage of inhibition (81%) than other isolates. Through the sealed plate method, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from T. asperellum T76-14 proved effective at inhibiting the fungal growth of F. incarnatum by 62.5%. Solid-phase microextraction GC/MS analysis revealed several VOCs emitted from T. asperellum T76-14, whereas the dominant compound was tentatively identified as phenylethyl alcohol (PEA). We have tested commercial volatile (PEA) against in vitro growth of F. incarnatum; the result showed PEA at a concentration of 1.5 mg mL−1 suppressed fungal growth with 56% inhibition. Both VOCs and PEA caused abnormal changes in the fungal mycelia. In vivo testing showed that the lesion size of muskmelons exposed to VOCs from T. asperellum T76-14 was significantly smaller than that of the control. Muskmelons exposed to VOCs from T. asperellum T76-14 showed no fruit rot after incubation at seven days compared to fruit rot in the control. This study demonstrated the ability of T. asperellum T76-14 to produce volatile antifungal compounds, showing that it can be a major mechanism involved in and responsible for the successful inhibition of F. incarnatum and control of postharvest fruit rot in muskmelons.
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Khan MF, Murphy CD. 3-Hydroxytyrosol regulates biofilm growth in Cunninghamella elegans. Fungal Biol 2020; 125:211-217. [PMID: 33622537 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to yeast biofilms, those of filamentous fungi are relatively poorly understood, in particular with respect to their regulation. Cunninghamella elegans is a filamentous fungus that is of biotechnological interest as it catabolises drugs and other xenobiotics in an analogous manner to animals; furthermore, it can grow as a biofilm enabling repeated batch biotransformations. Precisely how the fungus switches from planktonic to biofilm growth is unknown and the aim of this study was to shed light on the possible mechanism of biofilm regulation. In dimorphic yeasts, alcohols such as tyrosol and 2-phenylethanol are known to control the yeast-to-hypha switch, and a similar molecule might be involved in regulating biofilm in C. elegans. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of crude ethyl acetate extracts from supernatants of 72 h planktonic and biofilm cultures revealed 3-hydroxytyrosol as a prominent metabolite. Further quantification revealed that the amounts of the compound in planktonic cultures were substantially higher (>10-fold) than in biofilm cultures. In the presence of exogenous 3-hydroxytyrosol the growth of aerial mycelium was inhibited, and there was selective inhibition of biofilm when it was added to culture medium. There was no biotransformation of the compound when it was added to 72 h-old cultures, in contrast to the related compounds tyrosol and 2-phenylethanol, which were oxidised to a number of products. Therefore, we propose that 3-hydroxytyrosol is a new signalling molecule in fungi, which regulates biofilm growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Faheem Khan
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Cormac D Murphy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Moradi M, Rohani M, Fani SR, Mosavian MTH, Probst C, Khodaygan P. Biocontrol potential of native yeast strains against Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production in pistachio. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1963-1973. [PMID: 32897822 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1811901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS is the main aflatoxin producer in food and feed and has wide ecological niches. Contamination of food products such as pistachio nuts and aflatoxin secretion directly affects food safety and international food product trades. Abilities of 13 yeast strains isolated from 200 soil and pistachio nut samples collected in Iranian orchards to reduce the growth of A. flavus as well as aflatoxin production were assessed in dual culture, volatile and non-volatile compounds tests. The growth of A. flavus was reduced by 32-60%, 13-31% and 40-61% in dual culture, volatile and non-volatile compounds, respectively, while aflatoxin B1 production was diminished by 90.6-98.3%. Based on these assays, five yeast strains were selected for co-inoculation experiments using soil, pistachio hulls and leaf. A significant reduction in colony-forming units (CFU) ranging from 23% to 110% (p < .05) was observed. Molecular, physiological and morphological identification revealed these were strains of Pichia kudriavzevii and Lachansea thermotolerans. Aflatoxin biocontrol with yeast strains possesses many advantages including the ease of commercial production and organic application which is an environmental approach. More investigation is required to understand the efficiency of selective strains to inhibit A. flavus and aflatoxin production as well as withstand predominant abiotic stress in pistachio orchards and mass production in field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moradi
- Department of Production Technology and Management, Pistachio Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) , Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Rohani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Fani
- Plant Protection Research Department, Yazd Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO , Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Claudia Probst
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Management, University of Applied Sciences, School of Engineering , Wels, Austria
| | - Pejman Khodaygan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-E-Asr University of Rafsanjan , Iran
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36
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Brilhante RSN, Pereira VS, Nobre AFD, Oliveira JSD, Fernandes MR, Costa ADC, Rodrigues AM, Camargo ZPD, Pereira-Neto WA, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Exogenous fungal quorum sensing molecules inhibit planktonic cell growth and modulate filamentation and biofilm formation in the Sporothrix schenckii complex. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:909-921. [PMID: 33059473 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1828373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of the quorum sensing molecules (QSMs) farnesol, 2-phenylehtanol, tyrosol and tryptophol against planktonic cells, filamentation and biofilms of Sporothrix spp. The antifungal activity of QSMs was evaluated by broth microdilution. QSMs showed MICs in the ranges of 0.01-1 µM (farnesol), 1-8 mM (2-phenylehtanol and tyrosol), and >16 mM (tryptophol). Filamentous biofilm formation was inhibited by farnesol and 2-phenylehtanol and stimulated by tyrosol. Yeast biofilm formation was inhibited by 2-phenylehtanol and tyrosol. Tryptophol did not affect Sporothrix biofilm formation. QSMs showed MICs against mature biofilms of 8-32 µM (farnesol), 8-32 mM (2-phenylehtanol) and 64-128 mM (tyrosol). In conclusion, farnesol, 2-phenylethanol and tyrosol have antifungal activity against planktonic and sessile cells and modulate filamentation and biofilm formation in Sporothrix spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Vandbergue Santos Pereira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Augusto Feynman Dias Nobre
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jonathas Sales de Oliveira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Mirele Rodrigues Fernandes
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Anderson da Cunha Costa
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Cellular Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo. Rua Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Cellular Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo. Rua Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Waldemiro Aquino Pereira-Neto
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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37
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de Lima LA, Ventorim RZ, Bianchini IA, de Queiroz MV, Fietto LG, da Silveira WB. Obtainment, selection and characterization of a mutant strain of Kluyveromyces marxianus that displays improved production of 2-phenylethanol and enhanced DAHP synthase activity. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:878-890. [PMID: 32706912 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Yeasts produce 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) from sugars via de novo synthesis; however, its synthesis is limited due to feedback inhibition on the isofunctional 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthases (Aro3p and Aro4p). This work aimed to select Kluyveromyces marxianus mutant strains with improved capacity to produce 2-PE from sugars. METHODS AND RESULTS Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 7735 mutant strains were selected from UV irradiation coupled with screening of p-fluoro-dl-phenylalanine (PFP) tolerant strains on culture medium without l-Phe addition. Most of them produced 2-PE titres higher than the parental strain and the Km_PFP41 mutant strain stood out for displaying the highest 2-PE specific production rate. Moreover it showed higher activity of DAHP synthase than the parental strain. We sequenced both ARO3 and ARO4 genes of Km_PFP41 mutant and identified mutations in ARO4 which caused changes in both size and conformation of the Aro4p. These changes seem to be associated with the enhanced activity of DAHP synthase and improved production of 2-PE exhibited by that mutant strain. CONCLUSIONS The Km_PFP41 mutant strain presented improved 2-PE production via de novo synthesis and enhanced DAHP synthase activity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The mutant strain obtained in this work may be exploited as a yeast cell factory for high-level synthesis of 2-PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A de Lima
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - R Z Ventorim
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - I A Bianchini
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - M V de Queiroz
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - L G Fietto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - W B da Silveira
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Liu A, Zhang P, Bai B, Bai F, Jin T, Ren J. Volatile Organic Compounds of Endophytic Burkholderia pyrrocinia Strain JK-SH007 Promote Disease Resistance in Poplar. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:1610-1620. [PMID: 32271644 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-19-2366-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play important roles in the regulation of plant growth and pathogen resistance. However, little is known about the influence of VOCs released from endophytic strains (Burkholderia pyrrocinia strain JK-SH007) on controlling pathogens or inducing systemic resistance in poplar. In this study, we found that VOCs produced by strain JK-SH007 inhibit three poplar canker pathogens (Cytospora chrysosperma, Phomopsis macrospora, and Fusicoccum aesculi) and promote defense enzyme activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) and total phenol (TP) accumulation. Thirteen kinds of VOC components were identified using the solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) accounted for the largest proportion of these VOCs. Treatments of poplar seedlings with different volumes of VOC standards (DMDS, benzothiazole, dimethylthiomethane, and phenylacetone) showed that DMDS had the greatest effects on various defense enzyme activities and MDA and TP accumulation. We also found that the inhibitory effect of the VOCs on the three pathogens was gradually enhanced with increasing standard volume. Moreover, the treatment of samples with DMDS significantly reduced the severity and development of the disease caused by three poplar canker pathogens. Comparative transcriptomics analysis of poplar seedlings treated with DMDS showed that there were 1,586 differentially expressed genes in the leaves and stems, and quantitative PCR showed that the gene expression trends were highly consistent with the transcriptome sequencing results. The most significant transcriptomic changes induced by VOCs were related to hormone signal transduction, transcriptional regulation of plant-pathogen interactions, and energy metabolism. Moreover, 137 transcription factors, including members of the ethylene response factor, NAC, WRKY, G2-like, and basic helix-loop-helix protein families, were identified to be involved in the VOC-induced process. This study elucidates the resistance induced by Burkholderia pyrrocinia strain JK-SH007 to poplar canker at the molecular level and can make possible a new method for the comprehensive prevention and control of poplar disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ake Liu
- Faculty of Biology Science and Technology, Changzhi University, Shanxi 046011, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Faculty of Biology Science and Technology, Changzhi University, Shanxi 046011, China
| | - Bianxia Bai
- Faculty of Biology Science and Technology, Changzhi University, Shanxi 046011, China
| | - Fenglin Bai
- Faculty of Biology Science and Technology, Changzhi University, Shanxi 046011, China
| | - Tingting Jin
- Faculty of Biology Science and Technology, Changzhi University, Shanxi 046011, China
| | - Jiahong Ren
- Faculty of Biology Science and Technology, Changzhi University, Shanxi 046011, China
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Choińska R, Piasecka-Jóźwiak K, Chabłowska B, Dumka J, Łukaszewicz A. Biocontrol ability and volatile organic compounds production as a putative mode of action of yeast strains isolated from organic grapes and rye grains. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2020; 113:1135-1146. [PMID: 32372375 PMCID: PMC7334268 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-020-01420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The inhibiting activity of three yeast strains belonging to Pichia kudriavzevii, Pichia occidentalis, and Meyerozyma quilliermondii/Meyerozyma caribbica genera against common plant pathogens representing Mucor spp., Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium cereals, Fusarium poae, as well as Botrytis cinerea genera was investigated. The yeast strains tested had a positive impact on growth inhibition of all target plant pathogens. The degree of inhibition was more than 50% and varied depending on both the yeast antagonist and the mold. Ethyl esters of medium-chain fatty acids, phenylethyl alcohol, and its acetate ester prevailed among the analyzed volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by yeasts in the presence of the target plant pathogens. Due to the method used, assuming no contact between the antagonist and the pathogen, the antagonistic activity of the yeast strains studied resulted mainly from the production of biologically active VOCs. Moreover, the antagonistic activity was not only restricted to a single plant pathogen but effective towards molds of different genera, making the yeast strains studied very useful for potential application in biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Choińska
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, 36 Rakowiecka, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Piasecka-Jóźwiak
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, 36 Rakowiecka, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Chabłowska
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, 36 Rakowiecka, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Dumka
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, 36 Rakowiecka, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Łukaszewicz
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, 36 Rakowiecka, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
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Muria-Gonzalez MJ, Yeng Y, Breen S, Mead O, Wang C, Chooi YH, Barrow RA, Solomon PS. Volatile Molecules Secreted by the Wheat Pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum Are Involved in Development and Phytotoxicity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:466. [PMID: 32269554 PMCID: PMC7111460 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Septoria nodorum blotch is a major disease of wheat caused by the fungus Parastagonospora nodorum. Recent studies have demonstrated that secondary metabolites, including polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides, produced by the pathogen play important roles in disease and development. However, there is currently no knowledge on the composition or biological activity of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) secreted by P. nodorum. To address this, we undertook a series of growth and phytotoxicity assays and demonstrated that P. nodorum VOCs inhibited bacterial growth, were phytotoxic and suppressed self-growth. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, and 2-phenylethanol were dominant in the VOC mixture and phenotypic assays using these short chain alcohols confirmed that they were phytotoxic. Further analysis of the VOCs also identified the presence of multiple sesquiterpenes of which four were identified via mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance as β-elemene, α-cyperone, eudesma-4,11-diene and acora-4,9-diene. Subsequent reverse genetics studies were able to link these molecules to corresponding sesquiterpene synthases in the P. nodorum genome. However, despite extensive testing, these molecules were not involved in either of the growth inhibition or phytotoxicity phenotypes previously observed. Plant assays using mutants of the pathogen lacking the synthetic genes revealed that the identified sesquiterpenes were not required for disease formation on wheat leaves. Collectively, these data have significantly extended our knowledge of the VOCs in fungi and provided the basis for further dissecting the roles of sesquiterpenes in plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yeannie Yeng
- Research School of Biology, ACT, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Susan Breen
- Research School of Biology, ACT, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Oliver Mead
- Research School of Biology, ACT, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Chen Wang
- Research School of Biology, ACT, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yi-Heng Chooi
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Russell A. Barrow
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- Plus 3 Australia Pty Ltd., Hawker, ACT, Australia
| | - Peter S. Solomon
- Research School of Biology, ACT, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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41
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Huang C, Qian Y, Viana T, Siegumfeldt H, Arneborg N, Larsen N, Jespersen L. The quorum-sensing molecule 2-phenylethanol impaired conidial germination, hyphal membrane integrity and growth of Penicillium expansum and Penicillium nordicum. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:278-286. [PMID: 32097516 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to investigate the antifungal effects of a quorum sensing-molecule, 2-phenylethanol, against the food spoilage moulds Penicillium expansum and Penicillium nordicum. METHODS AND RESULTS Conidial germination of the tested Penicillium spp. (three strains in total) were inhibited by treatments with 2-phenylethanol in a concentration-dependent manner. Germinated conidia was significantly reduced from 4·4-16·7% at 7·5 mmol l-1 and completely inhibited at 15 mmol l-1 2-phenylethanol. Integrity of conidial cell membranes was unaffected by 2-phenylethanol resulting in reversible inhibition pattern of germination. In contrast, membrane permeability of actively growing hyphae was severely compromised, showing 63·5 - 75·7% membrane damage upon treatment with 15 mmol l-1 2-phenylethanol. The overall inhibitory effect of 2-phenylethanol on colony development and growth of P. expansum and P. nordicum was additionally confirmed. CONCLUSIONS 2-phenylethanol inhibits conidial germination and growth of P. expansum and P. nordicum in a nonlethal, reversible and concentration-dependent manner. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study indicates that 2-phenylethanol can find potential application as an antifungal agent for biological control of moulds in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Huang
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Y Qian
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - T Viana
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - H Siegumfeldt
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - N Arneborg
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - N Larsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - L Jespersen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Yalage Don SM, Schmidtke LM, Gambetta JM, Steel CC. Aureobasidium pullulans volatilome identified by a novel, quantitative approach employing SPME-GC-MS, suppressed Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4498. [PMID: 32161291 PMCID: PMC7066187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by Aureobasidium pullulans were investigated for antagonistic actions against Alternaria alternata and Botrytis cinerea. Conidia germination and colony growth of these two phytopathogens were suppressed by A. pullulans VOCs. A novel experimental setup was devised to directly extract VOCs using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) from antagonist-pathogen culture headspace. The proposed system is a robust method to quantify microbial VOCs using an internal standard. Multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares deconvolution of SPME-GC-MS spectra identified fourteen A. pullulans VOCs. 3-Methyl-1-hexanol, acetone, 2-heptanone, ethyl butyrate, 3-methylbutyl acetate and 2-methylpropyl acetate were newly identified in A. pullulans headspace. Partial least squares discriminant analysis models with variable importance in projection and selectivity ratio identified four VOCs (ethanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-phenylethanol), with high explanatory power for discrimination between A. pullulans and pathogen. The antifungal activity and synergistic interactions of the four VOCs were evaluated using a Box-Behnken design with response surface modelling. Ethanol and 2-phenylethanol are the key inhibitory A. pullulans VOCs against both B. cinerea and A. alternata. Our findings introduce a novel, robust, quantitative approach for microbial VOCs analyses and give insights into the potential use of A. pullulans VOCs to control B. cinerea and A. alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Yalage Don
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2678, Australia.
| | - L M Schmidtke
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2678, Australia
| | - J M Gambetta
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2678, Australia
| | - C C Steel
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2678, Australia
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Sujarit K, Mori M, Dobashi K, Shiomi K, Pathom-aree W, Lumyong S. New Antimicrobial Phenyl Alkenoic Acids Isolated from an Oil Palm Rhizosphere-Associated Actinomycete, Streptomyces palmae CMU-AB204 T. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030350. [PMID: 32121612 PMCID: PMC7142508 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal stem rot (BSR), or Ganoderma rot disease, is the most serious disease associated with the oil palm plant of Southeast Asian countries. A basidiomycetous fungus, Ganoderma boninense, is the causative microbe of this disease. To control BSR in oil palm plantations, biological control agents are gaining attention as a major alternative to chemical fungicides. In the course of searching for effective actinomycetes as potential biological control agents for BSR, Streptomyces palmae CMU-AB204T was isolated from oil palm rhizosphere soil collected on the campus of Chiang Mai University. The culture broth of this strain showed significant antimicrobial activities against several bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi including G. boninense. Antifungal and antibacterial compounds were isolated by antimicrobial activity-guided purification using chromatographic methods. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques, including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Mass Spectrometry (MS), Ultraviolet (UV), and Infrared (IR) analyses. The current study isolated new phenyl alkenoic acids 1-6 and three known compounds, anguinomycin A (7), leptomycin A (8), and actinopyrone A (9) as antimicrobial agents. Compounds 1 and 2 displayed broad antifungal activity, though they did not show antibacterial activity. Compounds 3 and 4 revealed a strong antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including the phytopathogenic strain Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae. Compounds 7-9 displayed antifungal activity against Ganoderma. Thus, the antifungal compounds obtained in this study may play a role in protecting oil palm plants from Ganoderma infection with the strain S. palmae CMU-AB204T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanaporn Sujarit
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (W.P.-a.)
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (K.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Mihoko Mori
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (K.D.); (K.S.)
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (S.L.); Tel.: +81-35-791-6131 (M.M.); +66-53-941-947 (ext. 144) (S.L.)
| | - Kazuyuki Dobashi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (K.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Kazuro Shiomi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (K.D.); (K.S.)
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Wasu Pathom-aree
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (W.P.-a.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (W.P.-a.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (S.L.); Tel.: +81-35-791-6131 (M.M.); +66-53-941-947 (ext. 144) (S.L.)
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Tilocca B, Cao A, Migheli Q. Scent of a Killer: Microbial Volatilome and Its Role in the Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:41. [PMID: 32117096 PMCID: PMC7018762 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of synthetic fungicides represents the most common strategy to control plant pathogens. Excessive and/or long-term distribution of chemicals is responsible for increased levels of environmental pollution, as well as adverse health consequence to humans and animals. These issues are deeply influencing public perception, as reflected by the increasing demand for safer and eco-friendly agricultural commodities and their by-products. A steadily increasing number of research efforts is now devoted to explore the use of safer and innovative approaches to control plant pathogens. The use of microorganisms as biological control agents (BCAs) represents one of the most durable and promising strategies. Among the panoply of microbial mechanisms exerted by BCAs, the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represents an intriguing issue, mostly exploitable in circumstances where a direct contact between the pathogen and its antagonist is not practicable. VOCs are potentially produced by all living microorganisms, and may be active in the biocontrol of phytopathogenic oomycetes, fungi, and bacteria by means of antimicrobial activity and/or other cross-talk interactions. Their biological effects, the reduced residuals in the environment and on agricultural commodities, and the ease of application in different agricultural systems make the use of VOCs a promising and sustainable approach to replace synthetic fungicides in the control of plant pathogens. In this review, we focus on VOCs produced by bacteria and fungi and on their role in the cross-talk existing between the plant pathogens and their host. Biologic systemic effect of the microbial volatile blends on both pathogen and host plant cells is also briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tilocca
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Dipartimento di Agraria and NRD-Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Aocheng Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria and NRD-Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Wang Z, Mei X, Du M, Chen K, Jiang M, Wang K, Zalán Z, Kan J. Potential modes of action of Pseudomonas fluorescens ZX during biocontrol of blue mold decay on postharvest citrus. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:744-754. [PMID: 31637724 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of chemical fungicides is currently the main method for the control of postharvest decay of fruits and vegetables. However, public concern has been growing towards the effect of fungicides on food safety, human health and environmental pollution. Thus, interest in microbial biocontrol agent development has grown, such agents being considered both safe and environmentally friendly. Pseudomonas fluorescens is widely distributed in nature, and one of the most valuable biocontrol and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. In this study, the efficacy and the potential associated modes of action of P. fluorescens ZX against Penicillium italicum on oranges (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) were investigated. RESULTS The application of P. fluorescens ZX significantly reduced blue mold lesion size and incidence in comparison to the control, where P. fluorescens ZX was effective when applied preventatively but not curatively. In dual cultures, treatment with cell-free autoclaved cultures or culture filtrate had a limited capacity to suppress P. italicum, while P. italicum was inhibited by bacterial fluid and bacterial suspension with living cells in vitro. The P. fluorescens ZX isolate displayed protease, but not chitinase, glucanase or cellulose, activity, and produced siderophores and volatile organic compounds with antifungal abilities. Competition tests showed P. fluorescens ZX could use fructose, sucrose, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glycine, valine, lysine and proline better than P. italicum. Furthermore, an effective biofilm that peaked after a 24-hour incubation at 30 °C was formed by the P. fluorescens ZX isolate. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy observations indicate the P. fluorescens ZX isolate could not undergo direct parasitism or hyperparasitism. CONCLUSIONS Competition for nutrients and niches, biofilm formation, inhibition of spore germination and mycelial growth, and production of inhibitory metabolites may play important roles in P. fluorescens ZX antagonism of P. italicum. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Mei
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Muying Du
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, PR China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Kewei Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mengyao Jiang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Kaituo Wang
- Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, PR China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zsolt Zalán
- Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, PR China
- Food Science Research Institute of National Agricultural Research and Innovation Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jianquan Kan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, PR China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, PR China
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Syed-Ab-Rahman SF, Carvalhais LC, Chua ET, Chung FY, Moyle PM, Eltanahy EG, Schenk PM. Soil bacterial diffusible and volatile organic compounds inhibit Phytophthora capsici and promote plant growth. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:267-280. [PMID: 31349168 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biotic interactions through diffusible and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are frequent in nature. Soil bacteria are well-known producers of a wide range of volatile compounds (both organic and inorganic) with various biologically relevant activities. Since the last decade, they have been identified as natural biocontrol agents. Volatiles are airborne chemicals, which when released by bacteria, can trigger plant responses such as defence and growth promotion. In this study, we tested whether diffusible and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by soil bacterial isolates exert anti-oomycete and plant growth-promoting effects. We also investigated the effects of inoculation with VOC-producing bacteria on the growth and development of Capsicum annuum and Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Our results demonstrate that organic VOCs emitted by bacterial antagonists negatively influence mycelial growth of the soil-borne phytopathogenic oomycete Phytophthora capsici by 35% in vitro. The bacteria showed plant growth promoting effects by stimulating biomass production, primary root growth and root hair development. Additionally, we provide evidence to suggest that these activities were deployed by the emission of either diffusible organic compounds or VOCs. Bacterial VOC profiles were obtained through solid phase microextraction (SPME) and analysis by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This elucidated the main volatiles emitted by the isolates, which covered a wide range of aldehydes, alcohols, esters, carboxylic acids, and ketones. Collectively, twenty-five VOCs were identified to be produced by three bacteria; some being species-specific. Our data show that bacterial volatiles inhibits P. capsici in vitro and modulate both plant growth promotion and root system development. These results confirm the significance of soil bacteria and highlights that ways of harnessing them to improve plant growth, and as a biocontrol agent for soil-borne oomycetes through their volatile emissions deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Farhana Syed-Ab-Rahman
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence (PACE), Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Lilia C Carvalhais
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Elvis T Chua
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Fong Yi Chung
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence (PACE), Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Eladl G Eltanahy
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Peer M Schenk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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A proteomic investigation of Aspergillus carbonarius exposed to yeast volatilome or to its major component 2-phenylethanol reveals major shifts in fungal metabolism. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 306:108265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Majdabadi N, Falahati M, Heidarie-Kohan F, Farahyar S, Rahimi-Moghaddam P, Ashrafi-Khozani M, Razavi T, Mohammadnejad S. Effect of 2-Phenylethanol as Antifungal Agent and Common Antifungals (Amphotericin B, Fluconazole, and Itraconazole) on Candida Species Isolated from Chronic and Recurrent Cases of Candidal Vulvovaginitis. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2019; 16:141-149. [PMID: 29658789 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2017.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifungal effects of 2-phenylethanol are clearly visible through its intervention in Candida morphogenesis. Chronic and recurrent vulvovaginitis, however, does not respond to this standard experimental therapy; therefore, the study presented in this article investigated the effect of common antifungal drugs (amphotericin B [AMB], fluconazole [FLU], and itraconazole [ITC]), in combination with 2-phenylethanol, on the Candida species isolated from cases of chronic and recurrent vulvovaginitis, thereby allowing the recommendation of a more appropriate treatment option. Forty isolates from patients with chronic and recurrent vaginal candidiasis were investigated in this experimental study. The specimens were examined by direct microscopy, culturing, and PCR to identify the species. The antifungal effects of 2-phenylethanol and conventional drugs, both alone and in combination, were determined in duplicate. Finally, the findings were analyzed. In this study, 40 strains of Candida species were identified, whose agents were Candida albicans (95%) and Candida africana (5%). After 48 h, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of the 2-phenylethanol was 800-3,200 μg/mL. Also, in the final study on the MIC levels of common antifungal drugs, AMB (0.42 μg/mL) had the lowest MIC, FLU (40.51 μg/mL) had the highest MIC, and the combination of ITC and 2-phenylethanol had the lowest fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of any of the combinations (FICI range, 0.26-1.03). Combining FLU and ITC with 2-phenylethanol can effectively increase their antifungal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Majdabadi
- 1 Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, International Campus, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehraban Falahati
- 2 Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shirin Farahyar
- 2 Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Rahimi-Moghaddam
- 4 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Ashrafi-Khozani
- 2 Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Tandis Razavi
- 2 Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Mohammadnejad
- 2 Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
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The Shared and Specific Genes and a Comparative Genomics Analysis within Three Hanseniaspora Strains. Int J Genomics 2019; 2019:7910865. [PMID: 31281829 PMCID: PMC6589277 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7910865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kloeckera apiculata plays an important role in the inhibition of citrus postharvest blue and green mould diseases. This study was based on the previous genome sequencing of K. apiculata strain 34-9. After homologous comparison, scaffold 27 was defined as the mitochondrial (mt) sequence of K. apiculata 34-9. The comparison showed a high level of sequence identity between scaffold 27 and the known mtDNA of Hanseniaspora uvarum. The genome sequence of H. vineae T02/19AF showed several short and discontinuous fragments homologous to the mtDNA of H. uvarum. The shared and specific genes of K. apiculata, H. uvarum, and H. vineae were analysed by family using the TreeFam methodology. GO analysis was used to classify the shared and specific genes. Most of the gene families were classified into the functional categories of cellular component and metabolic processes. The whole-genome phylogram and genome synteny analysis showed that K. apiculata was more closely related to H. uvarum than to H. vineae. The genomic comparisons clearly displayed the locations of the homologous regions in each genome. This analysis could contribute to discovering the genomic similarities and differences within the genus Hanseniaspora. In addition, some regions were not collinearity-matched in the genome of K. apiculata compared with that of H. uvarum or H. vineae, and these sequences might have resulted from evolutionary variations.
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Günther J, Lackus ND, Schmidt A, Huber M, Stödtler HJ, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Köllner TG. Separate Pathways Contribute to the Herbivore-Induced Formation of 2-Phenylethanol in Poplar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:767-782. [PMID: 30846485 PMCID: PMC6548255 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Upon herbivory, the tree species western balsam poplar (Populus trichocarpa) produces a variety of Phe-derived metabolites, including 2-phenylethylamine, 2-phenylethanol, and 2-phenylethyl-β-d-glucopyranoside. To investigate the formation of these potential defense compounds, we functionally characterized aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylases (AADCs) and aromatic aldehyde synthases (AASs), which play important roles in the biosynthesis of specialized aromatic metabolites in other plants. Heterologous expression in Escherichia coli and Nicotiana benthamiana showed that all five AADC/AAS genes identified in the P trichocarpa genome encode active enzymes. However, only two genes, PtAADC1 and PtAAS1, were significantly upregulated after leaf herbivory. Despite a sequence similarity of ∼96%, PtAADC1 and PtAAS1 showed different enzymatic functions and converted Phe into 2-phenylethylamine and 2-phenylacetaldehyde, respectively. The activities of both enzymes were interconvertible by switching a single amino acid residue in their active sites. A survey of putative AADC/AAS gene pairs in the genomes of other plants suggests an independent evolution of this function-determining residue in different plant families. RNA interference -mediated-downregulation of AADC1 in gray poplar (Populus × canescens) resulted in decreased accumulation of 2-phenylethylamine and 2-phenylethyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, whereas the emission of 2-phenylethanol was not influenced. To investigate the last step of 2-phenylethanol formation, we identified and characterized two P trichocarpa short-chain dehydrogenases, PtPAR1 and PtPAR2, which were able to reduce 2-phenylacetaldehyde to 2-phenylethanol in vitro. In summary, 2-phenylethanol and its glucoside may be formed in multiple ways in poplar. Our data indicate that PtAADC1 controls the herbivore-induced formation of 2-phenylethylamine and 2-phenylethyl-β-d-glucopyranoside in planta, whereas PtAAS1 likely contributes to the herbivore-induced emission of 2-phenylethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Günther
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Axel Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meret Huber
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Michael Reichelt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Tobias G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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