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Giuseppe A, Raffaella EM. The First Genome-Wide Mildew Locus O Genes Characterization in the Lamiaceae Plant Family. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13627. [PMID: 37686433 PMCID: PMC10487521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM) is a widespread plant disease that causes significant economic losses in thousands crops of temperate climates, including Lamiaceae species. Multiple scientific studies describe a peculiar form of PM-resistance associated at the inactivation of specific members of the Mildew Locus O (MLO) gene family, referred to as mlo-resistance. The characterization of Lamiaceae MLO genes, at the genomic level, would be a first step toward their potential use in breeding programs. We carried out a genome-wide characterization of the MLO gene family in 11 Lamiaceae species, providing a manual curated catalog of 324 MLO proteins. Evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationships were studied through maximum likelihood analysis and motif patter reconstruction. Our approach highlighted seven different clades diversified starting from an ancestral MLO domain pattern organized in 18 highly conserved motifs. In addition, 74 Lamiaceae putative PM susceptibility genes, clustering in clade V, were identified. Finally, we performed a codon-based evolutionary analysis, revealing a general high level of purifying selection in the eleven Lamiaceae MLO gene families, and the occurrence of few regions under diversifying selection in candidate susceptibility factors. The results of this work may help to address further biological questions concerning MLOs involved in PM susceptibility. In follow-up studies, it could be investigated whether the silencing or loss-of-function mutations in one or more of these candidate genes may lead to PM resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andolfo Giuseppe
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università 100, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Ercolano Maria Raffaella
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università 100, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
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2
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Liu J, Wu Y, Zhang X, Gill RA, Hu M, Bai Z, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Hu Q, Cheng X, Huang J, Liu L, Yan S, Liu S. Functional and evolutionary study of MLO gene family in the regulation of Sclerotinia stem rot resistance in Brassica napus L. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:86. [PMID: 37217949 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is known as one of the most important oilseed crops cultivated around the world. However, its production continuously faces a huge challenge of Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), a destructive disease caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, resulting in huge yield loss annually. The SSR resistance in B. napus is quantitative and controlled by a set of minor genes. Identification of these genes and pyramiding them into a variety are a major strategy for SSR resistance breeding in B. napus. RESULTS Here, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a natural population of B. napus consisting of 222 accessions to identify BnaA08g25340D (BnMLO2_2) as a candidate gene that regulates the SSR resistance. BnMLO2_2 was a member of seven homolog genes of Arabidopsis Mildew Locus O 2 (MLO2) and the significantly SNPs were mainly distributed in the promoter of BnMLO2_2, suggesting a role of BnMLO2_2 expression level in the regulation of SSR resistance. We expressed BnMLO2_2 in Arabidopsis and the transgenic plants displayed an enhanced SSR resistance. Transcriptome profiling of different tissues of B. napus revealed that BnMLO2_2 had the most expression level in leaf and silique tissues among all the 7 BnMLO2 members and also expressed higher in the SSR resistant accession than in the susceptible accession. In Arabidopsis, mlo2 plants displayed reduced resistance to SSR, whereas overexpression of MLO2 conferred plants an enhanced SSR resistance. Moreover, a higher expression level of MLO2 showed a stronger SSR resistance in the transgenic plants. The regulation of MLO2 in SSR resistance may be associated with the cell death. Collinearity and phylogenetic analysis revealed a large expansion of MLO family in Brassica crops. CONCLUSION Our study revealed an important role of BnMLO2 in the regulation of SSR resistance and provided a new gene candidate for future improvement of SSR resistance in B. napus and also new insights into understanding of MLO family evolution in Brassica crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PRC, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Center of Integrative Biology, Interdisciplinary Science Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yupo Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PRC, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PRC, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Rafaqat Ali Gill
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PRC, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PRC, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Center of Integrative Biology, Interdisciplinary Science Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zetao Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PRC, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanji Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PRC, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Yueying Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PRC, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PRC, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaohui Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PRC, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Center of Integrative Biology, Interdisciplinary Science Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junyan Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PRC, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lijiang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PRC, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shunping Yan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Center of Integrative Biology, Interdisciplinary Science Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shengyi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PRC, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
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3
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Wang J, Wu X, Wang Y, Wu X, Wang B, Lu Z, Li G. Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of the MLO gene family sheds light on powdery mildew resistance in Lagenaria siceraria. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14624. [PMID: 37025859 PMCID: PMC10070393 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
MLO (mildew locus O) genes play a vital role in plant disease defense system, especially powdery mildew (PM). Lagenaria siceraria is a distinct Cucurbitaceae crop, and PM is one of the most serious diseases threatening crop production and quality. Although MLOs have been exploited in many Cucurbitaceae species, genome-wide mining of MLO gene family in bottle gourd has not been surveyed yet. Here we identified 16 MLO genes in our recently assembled L. siceraria genome. A total of 343 unique MLO protein sequences from 20 species were characterized and compared to deduce a generally high level of purifying selection and the occurrence of regions related to candidate susceptibility factors in the evolutional divergence. LsMLOs were clustered in six clades containing seven conserved transmembrane domains and 10 clade-specific motifs along with deletion and variation. Three genes (LsMLO3, LsMLO6, and LsMLO13) in clade V showed high sequence identity with orthologues involved in PM susceptibility. The expression pattern of LsMLOs was tissue-specific but not cultivar-specific. Furthermore, it was indicated by qRT-PCR and RNA-seq that LsMLO3 and LsMLO13 were highly upregulated in response to PM stress. Subsequent sequence analysis revealed the structural deletion of LsMLO13 and a single nonsynonymous substitution of LsMLO3 in the PM-resistant genotype. Taken all together, it is speculated that LsMLO13 is likely a major PM susceptibility factor. The results of this study provide new insights into MLO family genes in bottle gourd and find a potential candidate S gene for PM tolerance breeding.
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4
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Tek MI, Calis O, Fidan H, Shah MD, Celik S, Wani SH. CRISPR/Cas9 based mlo-mediated resistance against Podosphaera xanthii in cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1081506. [PMID: 36600929 PMCID: PMC9806270 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1081506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildews (PM) are common and severe pathogen groups that threaten plants, and PM resistance is complex and polygenic in cucumbers. Previously mlo-based resistance was reported in various plants, including cucumber, with generated loss-of CsaMLO function mutants. However, mlo-based resistance in cucumber is also complex and involves additional mechanisms such as hypersensitive response (HR) and papillae formation. For this reason, we focused on determining the mlo-based powdery mildew resistance mechanism in cucumber. CRISPR/Cas9 was used in the present study to generate loss-of-function mutants for CsaMLO1, CsaMLO8, and CsaMLO11 of PM susceptible ADR27 cucumber inbred lines and CsaMLO mutants were obtained and validated. Trypan Blue and DAB staining were performed to detect Podosphaera xanthii germination/penetration rates and accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Our results indicate that PM-susceptibility associated CsaMLOs in cucumber are negative regulators in different defense mechanisms against powdery mildew at early and late stages of infection. Further, the experiment results indicated that CsaMLO8 mutation-based resistance was associated with the pre-invasive response, while CsaMLO1 and CsaMLO11 could be negative regulators in the post-invasive defense response in cucumber against P. xanthii. Although the loss-of CsaMLO8 function confers the highest penetration resistance, CsaMLO1 and CsaMLO11 double mutations could be potential candidates for HR-based resistance against PM pathogen in cucumber. These results highlighted the crucial role of CRISPR/Cas9 to develop PM resistant cucumber cultivars, possessing strong pre-invasive defense with CsaMLO8 or post-invasive with CsaMLO1/CsaMLO11 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumin Ibrahim Tek
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Ozer Calis
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Hakan Fidan
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Mehraj D. Shah
- Plant Virology and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sefanur Celik
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Shabir Hussain Wani
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Khudwani, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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5
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Li S, Lin D, Zhang Y, Deng M, Chen Y, Lv B, Li B, Lei Y, Wang Y, Zhao L, Liang Y, Liu J, Chen K, Liu Z, Xiao J, Qiu JL, Gao C. Genome-edited powdery mildew resistance in wheat without growth penalties. Nature 2022; 602:455-460. [PMID: 35140403 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of susceptibility (S) genes in crops is an attractive breeding strategy for conferring disease resistance1,2. However, S genes are implicated in many essential biological functions and deletion of these genes typically results in undesired pleiotropic effects1. Loss-of-function mutations in one such S gene, Mildew resistance locus O (MLO), confers durable and broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew in various plant species2,3. However, mlo-associated resistance is also accompanied by growth penalties and yield losses3,4, thereby limiting its widespread use in agriculture. Here we describe Tamlo-R32, a mutant with a 304-kilobase pair targeted deletion in the MLO-B1 locus of wheat that retains crop growth and yields while conferring robust powdery mildew resistance. We show that this deletion results in an altered local chromatin landscape, leading to the ectopic activation of Tonoplast monosaccharide transporter 3 (TaTMT3B), and that this activation alleviates growth and yield penalties associated with MLO disruption. Notably, the function of TMT3 is conserved in other plant species such as Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, precision genome editing facilitates the rapid introduction of this mlo resistance allele (Tamlo-R32) into elite wheat varieties. This work demonstrates the ability to stack genetic changes to rescue growth defects caused by recessive alleles, which is critical for developing high-yielding crop varieties with robust and durable disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dexing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boshu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueting Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kunling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jin-Long Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Caixia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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6
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Jacott CN, Ridout CJ, Murray JD. Unmasking Mildew Resistance Locus O. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:1006-1013. [PMID: 34175219 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Loss of Mildew Resistance Locus O (MLO) in barley confers durable resistance to powdery mildew fungi, which has led to its wide deployment in agriculture. Although MLO is a susceptibility factor, it has become nearly synonymous with powdery mildew resistance. However, MLO has been recently implicated in colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and a fungal endophyte, confirming its importance for biotrophic interactions and in promoting symbiosis. Other MLO proteins are involved in essential sensory processes, particularly fertilization and thigmotropism. We propose external stimulus perception as a common theme in these interactions and consider a unified biochemical role, potentially relating to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium regulation, for MLOs across tissues and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine N Jacott
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Christopher J Ridout
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS-araJIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular and Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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7
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Fang P, Arens P, Liu X, Zhang X, Lakwani D, Foucher F, Clotault J, Geike J, Kaufmann H, Debener T, Bai Y, Zhang Z, Smulders MJM. Analysis of allelic variants of RhMLO genes in rose and functional studies on susceptibility to powdery mildew related to clade V homologs. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:2495-2515. [PMID: 33934211 PMCID: PMC8277636 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rose has 19 MLO genes. Of these, RhMLO1 and RhMLO2 were shown to be required for powdery mildew infection, which suggests their potential as susceptibility targets towards disease resistance. Powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera pannosa, is one of the most serious and widespread fungal diseases for roses, especially in greenhouse-grown cut roses. It has been shown that certain MLO genes are involved in powdery mildew susceptibility and that loss of function in these genes in various crops leads to broad-spectrum, long-lasting resistance against this fungal disease. For this reason, these MLO genes are called susceptibility genes. We carried out a genome-wide identification of the MLO gene family in the Rosa chinensis genome, and screened for allelic variants among 22 accessions from seven different Rosa species using re-sequencing and transcriptome data. We identified 19 MLO genes in rose, of which four are candidate genes for functional homologs in clade V, which is the clade containing all dicot MLO susceptibility genes. We detected a total of 198 different allelic variants in the set of Rosa species and accessions, corresponding to 5-15 different alleles for each of the genes. Some diploid Rosa species shared alleles with tetraploid rose cultivars, consistent with the notion that diploid species have contributed to the formation of tetraploid roses. Among the four RhMLO genes in clade V, we demonstrated using expression study, virus-induced gene silencing as well as transient RNAi silencing that two of them, RhMLO1 and RhMLO2, are required for infection by P. pannosa and suggest their potential as susceptibility targets for powdery mildew resistance breeding in rose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihong Fang
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Paul Arens
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xintong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Deepika Lakwani
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRAE, Université D’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Fabrice Foucher
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRAE, Université D’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Jérémy Clotault
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRAE, Université D’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Juliane Geike
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Unit, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helgard Kaufmann
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Unit, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Debener
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Unit, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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8
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Tapia RR, Barbey CR, Chandra S, Folta KM, Whitaker VM, Lee S. Evolution of the MLO gene families in octoploid strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) and progenitor diploid species identified potential genes for strawberry powdery mildew resistance. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:153. [PMID: 34193853 PMCID: PMC8245633 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM) caused by Podosphaera aphanis is a major fungal disease of cultivated strawberry. Mildew Resistance Locus O (MLO) is a gene family described for having conserved seven-transmembrane domains. Induced loss-of-function in specific MLO genes can confer durable and broad resistance against PM pathogens. However, the genomic structure and potential role of MLO genes for PM resistance have not been characterized yet in the octoploid cultivated strawberry. In the present study, MLO gene families were characterized in four diploid progenitor species (Fragaria vesca, F. iinumae, F. viridis, and F. nipponica) and octoploid cultivated (Fragaria ×ananassa) strawberry, and potential sources of MLO-mediated susceptibility were identified. Twenty MLO sequences were identified in F. vesca and 68 identified in F. ×ananassa. Phylogenetic analysis divided diploid and octoploid strawberry MLO genes into eight different clades, in which three FveMLO (MLO10, MLO17, and MLO20) and their twelve orthologs of FaMLO were grouped together with functionally characterized MLO genes conferring PM susceptibility. Copy number variations revealed differences in MLO composition among homoeologous chromosomes, supporting the distinct origin of each subgenome during the evolution of octoploid strawberry. Dissecting genomic sequence and structural variations in candidate FaMLO genes revealed their potential role associated with genetic controls and functionality in strawberry against PM pathogen. Furthermore, the gene expression profiling and RNAi silencing of putative FaMLO genes in response to the pathogen indicate the function in PM resistance. These results are a critical first step in understanding the function of strawberry MLO genes and will facilitate further genetic studies of PM resistance in cultivated strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald R Tapia
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL, 33598, USA
| | - Christopher R Barbey
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1301 Fifield Hall, PO Box 110690, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Saket Chandra
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL, 33598, USA
| | - Kevin M Folta
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1301 Fifield Hall, PO Box 110690, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Vance M Whitaker
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL, 33598, USA
| | - Seonghee Lee
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL, 33598, USA.
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Prajapati A, Nain V. Screening of CRISPR/Cas9 gRNA for mimicking Powdery Mildew resistant MLO ol-2 mutant. Bioinformation 2021; 17:637-645. [PMID: 35173386 PMCID: PMC8819791 DOI: 10.6026/97320630017637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery Mildew (PM) caused by fungal pathogen Oidium neolycopersici (O. neolycopersici) affects both greenhouse and field-grown tomato production. Resistance to PM disease can be achieved by selective inactivation of Mildew Resistance Locus O (MLO) genes encoding heptahelical transmembrane domains, which confer susceptibility to fungal pathogens. Natural loss-of-function mutation is a 19 base pair (bp) deletion in the SlMLO1 gene locus responsible for fungal resistance in S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme. Introgression of these resistance alleles through breeding into elite varieties is possible. However, this is a long and labour-intensive process and has limitations due to linkage drag. Nonetheless, recent developments in the field of genome editing technology particularly CRISPR/Cas9 systems allows quick, effective and accurate genome modification at the target gene locus. Therefore, it is of interest to determine the efficacy and exact deletion that mimics the natural ol-2 (Slmlo1) mutation present in wild tomatoes using CRISPR/Cas9. 947 putative guide RNAs (gRNAs) were designed using Cas9 variants to broaden Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM) compatibility and to enhance DNA specificity against the SlMLO1 locus. 60 out of 947 gRNAs were selected based on the recognition of the PAM sequence, the MIT specificity ranking, the off-target sites, their distance from the 19bp natural ol-2 mutation, the secondary structure of the gRNAs, and their minimum free energy. In depth analysis of these 60 gRNAs helped in the selection of the top five gRNAs based on the above-mentioned criteria. These gRNAs are useful for introducing deletions identical to natural ol-2 mutants and impart resistance against fungal pathogen O. neolycopersici in cultivated tomato crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Prajapati
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida 201312, India
| | - Vikrant Nain
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida 201312, India
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Yan Z, Appiano M, van Tuinen A, Meijer-Dekens F, Schipper D, Gao D, Huibers R, Visser RGF, Bai Y, Wolters AMA. Discovery and Characterization of a Novel Tomato mlo Mutant from an EMS Mutagenized Micro-Tom Population. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050719. [PMID: 34064921 PMCID: PMC8150974 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), there are at least three SlMLO (Mildew resistance Locus O) genes acting as susceptibility genes for the powdery mildew disease caused by Oidium neolycopersici, namely SlMLO1, SlMLO5 and SlMLO8. Of the three homologs, the SlMLO1 gene plays a major role since a natural mutant allele called ol-2 can almost completely prevent fungal penetration by formation of papillae. The ol-2 allele contains a 19-bp deletion in the coding sequence of the SlMLO1 gene, resulting in a premature stop codon within the second cytoplasmic loop of the predicted protein. In this study, we have developed a new genetic resource (M200) in the tomato cv. Micro-Tom genetic background by means of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. The mutant M200 containing a novel allele (the m200 allele) of the tomato SlMLO1 gene showed profound resistance against powdery mildew with no fungal sporulation. Compared to the coding sequence of the SlMLO1 gene, the m200 allele carries a point mutation at T65A. The SNP results in a premature stop codon L22* located in the first transmembrane domain of the complete SlMLO1 protein. The length of the predicted protein is 21 amino acids, while the SlMLO1 full-length protein is 513 amino acids. A high-resolution melting (HRM) marker was developed to distinguish the mutated m200 allele from the SlMLO1 allele in backcross populations. The mutant allele conferred recessive resistance that was associated with papillae formation at fungal penetration sites of plant epidermal cells. A comprehensive list of known mlo mutations found in natural and artificial mutants is presented, which serves as a particularly valuable resource for powdery mildew resistance breeding.
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Yundaeng C, Somta P, Chen J, Yuan X, Chankaew S, Srinives P, Chen X. Candidate gene mapping reveals VrMLO12 (MLO Clade II) is associated with powdery mildew resistance in mungbean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 298:110594. [PMID: 32771151 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Loss/reduction of function of Mildew Locus O (MLO) genes clade V and MLO clade IV has been shown to be responsible for powdery mildew (PM) resistance in several plant species. Mungbean (Vigna radiata) genome possesses 18 MLO genes, VrMLO1 - VrMLO18. A previous study using mungbean F2 and BC1F1 populations derived from a cross between "CN60″ (susceptible) and "RUM5″ (resistance) demonstrated that QTL qPMRUM5-3 is a major QTL for PM resistance caused by Erysiphe polygoni and is the same with major QTL qPMV4718-3 that confers PM resistance in "V4718″ (resistance). In this study, bioinformatics analysis revealed VrMLO12 locates in the qPMRUM5-3 region. Fine mapping in the F2 and BC1F1 populations using newly developed DNA markers including gene-specific markers demonstrated association between VrMLO12 and the PM resistance. Sequence analyses of VrMLO12 revealed that compared to susceptible mungbeans, RUM5 and V4718 possess SNPs in exon 10 and exon 13. The SNPs caused amino acid changes of VrMLO12, A387S and A476 G, respectively. The change occurred in transmembrane 6 domain and calmodulin binding domain (CaMBD) of the VrMLO12 protein, respectively. qRT-PCR showed that transcript expression level of VrMLO12 in RUM5 challenged with and without by E. polygoni was significantly higher than that in CN60. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that in contrast to previous findings that MLO proteins associated with PM resistance belong to MLO clade V and MLO clade IV, VrMLO12 belongs to MLO clade II. The result suggested that VrMLO12 may function differently from the other MLOs that associated with PM susceptibility. Our findings provide insight into the PM resistance in mungbean and tools for mungbean breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutintorn Yundaeng
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China.
| | - Prakit Somta
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Jingbin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China.
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China.
| | - Sompong Chankaew
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Peerasak Srinives
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand; Royal Society of Thailand, Dusit, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand.
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China.
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12
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Zhang Q, Hou C, Tian Y, Tang M, Feng C, Ren Z, Song J, Wang X, Li T, Li M, Tian W, Qiu J, Liu L, Li L. Interaction Between AtCML9 and AtMLO10 Regulates Pollen Tube Development and Seed Setting. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1119. [PMID: 32793269 PMCID: PMC7394235 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In higher-plant reproduction, the compatibility of pollen tube germination in the pistil is essential for successful double fertilization. It has been reported that Mildew Locus O (MLO) family gene NTA (MLO7), expressing in synergid cells, can correctly guide pollen tubes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the interacting partners to MLOs in the fertilization is still unknown. In our study, we identified the direct protein interaction between CML9 and MLO10 within a non-canonical CaMBD. In GUS reporter assays, CML9 expresses in a high level in pollens, whereas MLO10 can be specifically detected in stigma which reaches up to a peaking level before fertilization. Therefore, the spatio-temporal expression patterns of MLO10 and CML9 are required for the time-window of pollination. When we observed the pollen germination in vitro, two cml9 mutant alleles dramatically reduced germination rate by 15% compared to wild-type. Consistently, the elongation rate of pollen tubes in planta was obviously slow while manually pollinating cml9-1 pollens to mlo10-1 stigmas. Additionally, cml9-1 mlo10-1 double mutant alleles had relatively lower rate of seed setting. Taken together, protein interaction between MLO10 and CML9 is supposed to affect pollen tube elongation and further affect seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Yudan Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Mitianguo Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Changxin Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Song
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Tiange Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Mengou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liangyu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Legong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, China
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Yang S, Shi Y, Zou L, Huang J, Shen L, Wang Y, Guan D, He S. Pepper CaMLO6 Negatively Regulates Ralstonia solanacearum Resistance and Positively Regulates High Temperature and High Humidity Responses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1223-1238. [PMID: 32343804 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant mildew-resistance locus O (MLO) proteins influence susceptibility to powdery mildew. However, their roles in plant responses to other pathogens and heat stress remain unclear. Here, we showed that CaMLO6, a pepper (Capsicum annuum) member of MLO clade V, is a protein targeted to plasma membrane and probably endoplasmic reticulum. The transcript expression level of CaMLO6 was upregulated in the roots and leaves of pepper plants challenged with high temperature and high humidity (HTHH) and was upregulated in leaves but downregulated in roots of plants infected with the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. CaMLO6 was also directly upregulated by CaWRKY40 upon HTHH but downregulated by CaWRKY40 upon R. solanacearum infection. Virus-induced gene silencing of CaMLO6 significantly decreased pepper HTHH tolerance and R. solanacearum susceptibility. Moreover, CaMLO6 overexpression enhanced the susceptibility of Nicotiana benthamiana and pepper plants to R. solanacearum and their tolerance to HTHH, effects that were associated with the expression of immunity- and thermotolerance-associated marker genes, respectively. These results suggest that CaMLO6 acts as a positive regulator in response to HTHH but a negative regulator in response to R. solanacearum. Moreover, CaMLO6 is transcriptionally affected by R. solanacearum and HTHH; these transcriptional responses are at least partially regulated by CaWRKY40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Longyun Zou
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jinfeng Huang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lei Shen
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Deyi Guan
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Shuilin He
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Shi J, Wan H, Zai W, Xiong Z, Wu W. Phylogenetic Relationship of Plant MLO Genes and Transcriptional Response of MLO Genes to Ralstonia solanacearum in Tomato. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E487. [PMID: 32365643 PMCID: PMC7291212 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a broad-spectrum disease resistance factor, MLO is involved in a variety of biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants. To figure out the structural features, phylogenetic relationships, and expression patterns of MLO genes, we investigated the genome and transcriptome sequencing data of 28 plant species using bioinformatics tools. A total of 197 MLO genes were identified. They possessed 5-7 transmembrane domains, but only partially contained a calmodulin-binding domain. A total of 359 polymorphic sites and 142 haplotypes were found in 143 sequences, indicating the rich nucleotide diversity of MLO genes. The MLO genes were unevenly distributed on chromosomes or scaffolds and were mainly located at the ends, forming clusters (24.1% genes), tandem duplicates (5.7%), and segment duplicates (36.2%). The MLO genes could be classified into three groups by phylogenetic analysis. The angiosperm genes were mainly in subgroup IA, Selaginella moellendorffii genes were in subgroup IA and IIIB, Physcomitrella patens genes were in subgroup IB and IIIA, and almost all algae genes were in group II. About half of the MLO genes had homologs within and across species. The Ka/Ks values were all less than 1, varying 0.01-0.78, suggesting that purifying selection had occurred in MLO gene evolution. In tomato, RNA-seq data indicated that SlMLO genes were highly expressed in roots, followed by flowers, buds, and leaves, and also regulated by different biotic stresses. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that SlMLO genes could respond to tomato bacterial wilt, with SlMLO1, SlMLO2, SlMLO4, and SlMLO6 probably involved in the susceptibility response, whereas SlMLO14 and SlMLO16 being the opposite. These results lay a foundation for the isolation and application of related genes in plant disease resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325006, China; (W.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Hongjian Wan
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
| | - Wenshan Zai
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325006, China; (W.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zili Xiong
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325006, China; (W.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Weiren Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
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15
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Gao C, Sun J, Dong Y, Wang C, Xiao S, Mo L, Jiao Z. Comparative transcriptome analysis uncovers regulatory roles of long non-coding RNAs involved in resistance to powdery mildew in melon. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:125. [PMID: 32024461 PMCID: PMC7003419 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs with more than 200 nucleotides in length, which play vital roles in a wide range of biological processes. Powdery mildew disease (PM) has become a major threat to the production of melon. To investigate the potential roles of lncRNAs in resisting to PM in melon, it is necessary to identify lncRNAs and uncover their molecular functions. In this study, we compared the lncRNAs between a resistant and a susceptible melon in response to PM infection. Results It is reported that 11,612 lncRNAs were discovered, which were distributed across all 12 melon chromosomes, and > 85% were from intergenic regions. The melon lncRNAs have shorter transcript lengths and fewer exon numbers than protein-coding genes. In addition, a total of 407 and 611 lncRNAs were found to be differentially expressed after PM infection in PM-susceptible and PM-resistant melons, respectively. Furthermore, 1232 putative targets of differently expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were discovered and gene ontology enrichment (GO) analysis showed that these target genes were mainly enriched in stress-related terms. Consequently, co-expression patterns between LNC_018800 and CmWRKY21, LNC_018062 and MELO3C015771 (glutathione reductase coding gene), LNC_014937 and CmMLO5 were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Moreover, we also identified 24 lncRNAs that act as microRNA (miRNA) precursors, 43 lncRNAs as potential targets of 22 miRNA families and 13 lncRNAs as endogenous target mimics (eTMs) for 11 miRNAs. Conclusion This study shows the first characterization of lncRNAs involved in PM resistance in melon and provides a starting point for further investigation into the functions and regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs in the resistance to PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable Biology, Shandong Branch of National Improvement Center for Vegetable, Vegetable Science Observation and Experiment Station in Huang huai District of Ministry of Agriculture (Shandong), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Jianlei Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable Biology, Shandong Branch of National Improvement Center for Vegetable, Vegetable Science Observation and Experiment Station in Huang huai District of Ministry of Agriculture (Shandong), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yumei Dong
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable Biology, Shandong Branch of National Improvement Center for Vegetable, Vegetable Science Observation and Experiment Station in Huang huai District of Ministry of Agriculture (Shandong), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Chongqi Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable Biology, Shandong Branch of National Improvement Center for Vegetable, Vegetable Science Observation and Experiment Station in Huang huai District of Ministry of Agriculture (Shandong), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Shouhua Xiao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable Biology, Shandong Branch of National Improvement Center for Vegetable, Vegetable Science Observation and Experiment Station in Huang huai District of Ministry of Agriculture (Shandong), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Longfei Mo
- College of horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zigao Jiao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable Biology, Shandong Branch of National Improvement Center for Vegetable, Vegetable Science Observation and Experiment Station in Huang huai District of Ministry of Agriculture (Shandong), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.
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16
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Weldon WA, Palumbo CD, Kovaleski AP, Tancos K, Gadoury DM, Osier MV, Cadle-Davidson L. Transcriptomic Profiling of Acute Cold Stress-Induced Disease Resistance (SIDR) Genes and Pathways in the Grapevine Powdery Mildew Pathosystem. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:284-295. [PMID: 31556345 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-19-0183-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Temperatures from 2 to 8°C transiently induce quantitative resistance to powdery mildew in several host species (cold stress-induced disease resistance [SIDR]). Although cold SIDR events occur in vineyards worldwide an average of 14 to 21 times after budbreak of grapevine and can significantly delay grapevine powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) epidemics, its molecular basis was poorly understood. We characterized the biology underlying the Vitis vinifera cold SIDR phenotype-which peaks at 24 h post-cold (hpc) treatment and results in a 22 to 28% reduction in spore penetration success-through highly replicated (n = 8 to 10) RNA sequencing experiments. This phenotype was accompanied by a sweeping transcriptional downregulation of photosynthesis-associated pathways whereas starch and sugar metabolism pathways remained largely unaffected, suggesting a transient imbalance in host metabolism and a suboptimal target for pathogen establishment. Twenty-six cold-responsive genes peaked in their differential expression at the 24-hpc time point. Finally, a subset of genes associated with nutrient and amino acid transport accounted for four of the eight most downregulated transcripts, including two nodulin 1A gene precursors, a nodulin MtN21 precursor, and a Dynein light chain 1 motor protein precursor. Reduced transport could exacerbate localized nutrient sinks that would again be transiently suboptimal for pathogen growth. This study links the transient cold SIDR phenotype to underlying transcriptional changes and provides an experimental framework and library of candidate genes to further explore cold SIDR in several systems, with an ultimate goal of identifying novel breeding or management targets for reduced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Weldon
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Cal D Palumbo
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, U.S.A
| | - Alisson P Kovaleski
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Grape Genetics Research Unit, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Kiersten Tancos
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - David M Gadoury
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Michael V Osier
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, U.S.A
| | - Lance Cadle-Davidson
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Grape Genetics Research Unit, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
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17
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Kusch S, Thiery S, Reinstädler A, Gruner K, Zienkiewicz K, Feussner I, Panstruga R. Arabidopsis mlo3 mutant plants exhibit spontaneous callose deposition and signs of early leaf senescence. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 101:21-40. [PMID: 31049793 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana mlo3 mutant plants are not affected in pathogen infection phenotypes but-reminiscent of mlo2 mutant plants-exhibit spontaneous callose deposition and signs of early leaf senescence. The family of Mildew resistance Locus O (MLO) proteins is best known for its profound effect on the outcome of powdery mildew infections: when the appropriate MLO protein is absent, the plant is fully resistant to otherwise virulent powdery mildew fungi. However, most members of the MLO protein family remain functionally unexplored. Here, we investigate Arabidopsis thaliana MLO3, the closest relative of AtMLO2, AtMLO6 and AtMLO12, which are the Arabidopsis MLO genes implicated in the powdery mildew interaction. The co-expression network of AtMLO3 suggests association of the gene with plant defense-related processes such as salicylic acid homeostasis. Our extensive analysis shows that mlo3 mutants are unaffected regarding their infection phenotype upon challenge with the powdery mildew fungi Golovinomyces orontii and Erysiphe pisi, the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, and the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae (the latter both in terms of basal and systemic acquired resistance), indicating that the protein does not play a major role in the response to any of these pathogens. However, mlo3 genotypes display spontaneous callose deposition as well as signs of early senescence in 6- or 7-week-old rosette leaves in the absence of any pathogen challenge, a phenotype that is reminiscent of mlo2 mutant plants. We hypothesize that de-regulated callose deposition in mlo3 genotypes might be the result of a subtle transient aberration of salicylic acid-jasmonic acid homeostasis during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kusch
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne Thiery
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Reinstädler
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katrin Gruner
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
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Lück S, Kreszies T, Strickert M, Schweizer P, Kuhlmann M, Douchkov D. siRNA-Finder (si-Fi) Software for RNAi-Target Design and Off-Target Prediction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1023. [PMID: 31475020 PMCID: PMC6704232 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a technique used for transgene-mediated gene silencing based on the mechanism of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS). PTGS is an ubiquitous basic biological phenomenon involved in the regulation of transcript abundance and plants' immune response to viruses. PTGS also mediates genomic stability by silencing of retroelements. RNAi has become an important research tool for studying gene function by strong and selective suppression of target genes. Here, we present si-Fi, a software tool for design optimization of RNAi constructs necessary for specific target gene knock-down. It offers efficiency prediction of RNAi sequences and off-target search, required for the practical application of RNAi. si-Fi is an open-source (CC BY-SA license) desktop software that works in Microsoft Windows environment and can use custom sequence databases in standard FASTA format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lück
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Seeland, Germany
| | - Tino Kreszies
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Strickert
- Physics II Institute, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Seeland, Germany
| | - Markus Kuhlmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Seeland, Germany
| | - Dimitar Douchkov
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Seeland, Germany
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Abstract
Climate change, associated with global warming, extreme weather events, and increasing incidence of weeds, pests and pathogens, is strongly influencing major cropping systems. In this challenging scenario, miscellaneous strategies are needed to expedite the rate of genetic gains with the purpose of developing novel varieties. Large plant breeding populations, efficient high-throughput technologies, big data management tools, and downstream biotechnology and molecular techniques are the pillars on which next generation breeding is based. In this review, we describe the toolbox the breeder has to face the challenges imposed by climate change, remark on the key role bioinformatics plays in the analysis and interpretation of big “omics” data, and acknowledge all the benefits that have been introduced into breeding strategies with the biotechnological and digital revolution.
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Polanco C, Sáenz de Miera LE, Bett K, Pérez de la Vega M. A genome-wide identification and comparative analysis of the lentil MLO genes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194945. [PMID: 29570745 PMCID: PMC5865747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew is a widespread fungal plant disease that can cause significant losses in many crops. Some MLO genes (Mildew resistance locus O) have proved to confer a durable resistance to powdery mildew in several species. Resistance granted by the MLO gene family members has prompted an increasing interest in characterizing these genes and implementing their use in plant breeding. Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is a widely grown food legume almost exclusively consumed as dry seed with an average world production of 4.5 million tons. Powdery mildew causes severe losses on certain lentil cultivars under particular environmental conditions. Data mining of the lentil CDC Redberry draft genome allowed to identify up to 15 gene sequences with homology to known MLO genes, designated as LcMLOs. Further characterization of these gene sequences and their deduced protein sequences demonstrated conformity with key MLO protein characteristics such as the presence of transmembrane and calmodulin binding domains, as well as that of other conserved motifs. Phylogenetic and other comparative analyses revealed that LcMLO1 and LcMLO3 are the most likely gene orthologs related to powdery mildew response in other species, sharing a high similarity with other known resistance genes of dicot species, such as pea PsMLO1 and Medicago truncatula MtMLO1 and MtMLO3. Sets of primers were designed as tools to PCR amplify the genomic sequences of LcMLO1 and LcMLO3, also to screen lentil germplasm in search of resistance mutants. Primers were used to obtain the complete sequences of these two genes in all of the six wild lentil relatives. Respective to each gene, all Lens sequences shared a high similarity. Likewise, we used these primers to screen a working collection of 58 cultivated and 23 wild lentil accessions in search of length polymorphisms present in these two genes. All these data widen the insights on this gene family and can be useful for breeding programs in lentil and close related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Polanco
- Area de Genética, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Kirstin Bett
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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21
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Potential impact of genome editing in world agriculture. Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:117-133. [PMID: 33525764 DOI: 10.1042/etls20170010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Changeable biotic and abiotic stress factors that affect crop growth and productivity, alongside a drive to reduce the unintended consequences of plant protection products, will demand highly adaptive farm management practices as well as access to continually improved seed varieties. The former is limited mainly by cost and, in theory, could be implemented in relatively short time frames. The latter is fundamentally a longer-term activity where genome editing can play a major role. The first targets for genome editing will inevitably be loss-of-function alleles, because these are straightforward to generate. In addition, they are likely to focus on traits under simple genetic control and where the results of modification are already well understood from null alleles in existing gene pools or other knockout or silencing approaches such as induced mutations or RNA interference. In the longer term, genome editing will underpin more fundamental changes in agricultural performance and food quality, and ultimately will merge with the tools and philosophies of synthetic biology to underpin and enable new cellular systems, processes and organisms completely. The genetic changes required for simple allele edits or knockout phenotypes are synonymous with those found naturally in conventional breeding material and should be regulated as such. The more radical possibilities in the longer term will need societal engagement along with appropriate safety and ethical oversight.
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Berg JA, Appiano M, Bijsterbosch G, Visser RGF, Schouten HJ, Bai Y. Functional characterization of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Clade V MLO genes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:80. [PMID: 28431513 PMCID: PMC5399834 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Powdery mildew (PM) causing fungi are well-known pathogens, infecting over 10.000 plant species, including the economically important crop cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Loss-of-function mutations in clade V MLO genes have previously been shown to lead to recessively inherited broad-spectrum resistance to PM in several species. In cucumber, one clade V MLO homolog (CsaMLO8) was previously identified as being a susceptibility factor to PM. Two other closely related homologs (CsaMLO1 and CsaMLO11) were found, but their function was not yet unravelled. METHODS CsaMLO1 and CsaMLO11 were cloned from cucumber and overexpressed in a tomato mlo mutant. The transcript abundances of all three CsaMLO genes in different cucumber tissues were quantified using qRT-PCR and RNA-seq, with and without inoculation with the cucumber PM fungus Podosphaera xanthii. Allelic variation of CsaMLO1 and CsaMLO11 was screened in silico in sequenced cucumber germplasm. RESULTS Heterologous overexpression of all three CsaMLO genes in the tomato mlo mutant restored susceptibility to PM caused by Oidium neolycopersici, albeit to a different extent: whereas overexpression of CsaMLO1 or CsaMLO8 completely restored susceptibility, overexpression of CsaMLO11 was only partially able to restore PM susceptibility. Furthermore, it was observed by qRT-PCR and RNA-seq that CsaMLO8 was significantly higher expressed in non-inoculated cucumber compared to the other two MLO genes. However, inoculation with P. xanthii led to upregulation of CsaMLO1, but not to upregulation of CsaMLO8 or CsaMLO11. CONCLUSIONS Both CsaMLO1 and CsaMLO11 are functional susceptibility genes, although we conclude that based on the transcript abundance CsaMLO8 is probably the major clade V MLO gene in cucumber regarding providing susceptibility to PM. Potential loss-of-function mutations in CsaMLO1 and CsaMLO11 have not been identified. The generation and analysis of such mutants are interesting subjects for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen A. Berg
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michela Appiano
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Bijsterbosch
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J. Schouten
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kusch S, Panstruga R. mlo-Based Resistance: An Apparently Universal "Weapon" to Defeat Powdery Mildew Disease. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:179-189. [PMID: 28095124 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-16-0255-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations of one or more of the appropriate Mildew resistance locus o (Mlo) genes are an apparently reliable "weapon" to protect plants from infection by powdery mildew fungi, as they confer durable broad-spectrum resistance. Originally detected as a natural mutation in an Ethiopian barley landrace, this so-called mlo-based resistance has been successfully employed in European barley agriculture for nearly four decades. More recently, mlo-mediated resistance was discovered to be inducible in virtually every plant species of economic or scientific relevance. By now, mlo resistance has been found (as natural mutants) or generated (by induced mutagenesis, gene silencing, and targeted or nontargeted gene knock-out) in a broad range of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant species. Here, we review features of mlo resistance in barley, discuss approaches to identify the appropriate Mlo gene targets to induce mlo-based resistance, and consider the issue of pleiotropic effects often associated with mlo-mediated immunity, which can harm plant yield and quality. We portray mlo-based resistance as an apparently universal and effective weapon to defeat powdery mildew disease in a multitude of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kusch
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Functional characterization of the powdery mildew susceptibility gene SmMLO1 in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Transgenic Res 2017; 26:323-330. [PMID: 28070852 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-0007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the most important vegetables among the Solanaceae and can be a host to fungal species causing powdery mildew (PM) disease. Specific homologs of the plant Mildew Locus O (MLO) gene family are PM susceptibility factors, as their loss of function results in a recessive form of resistance known as mlo resistance. In a previous work, we isolated the eggplant MLO homolog SmMLO1. SmMLO1 is closely related to MLO susceptibility genes characterized in other plant species. However, it displays a peculiar non-synonymous substitution that leads to a T → M amino acid change at protein position 422, in correspondence of the MLO calmodulin-binding domain. In this study, we performed the functional characterization of SmMLO1. Transgenic overexpression of SmMLO1 in a tomato mlo mutant compromised resistance to the tomato PM pathogen Oidium neolycopersici, thus indicating that SmMLO1 is a PM susceptibility factor in eggplant. PM susceptibility was also restored by the transgenic expression of a synthetic gene, named s-SmMLO1, encoding a protein identical to SmMLO1, except for the presence of T at position 422. This indicates that the T → M polymorphism does not affect the protein role as PM susceptibility factor. Overall, the results of this work are of interest for the functional characterization of MLO proteins and the introduction of PM resistance in eggplant using reverse genetics.
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Rispail N, Rubiales D. Genome-wide identification and comparison of legume MLO gene family. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32673. [PMID: 27596925 PMCID: PMC5011691 DOI: 10.1038/srep32673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MLO proteins are highly conserved proteins with seven trans-membrane domains. Specific MLO genes have been linked to plant disease susceptibility. Others are involved in plant reproduction and in root thigmomorphogenesis. Functions of the remaining MLOs are still unknown. Here we performed a genome-wide survey of the MLO family in eight legume species from different clades of the Papillionoideae sub-family. A total of 118 MLO sequences were identified and characterized. Their deduced protein sequences shared the characteristics of MLO proteins. The total number of MLO genes per legume species varied from 13 to 20 depending on the species. Legume MLOs were evenly distributed over their genomes and tended to localize within syntenic blocks conserved across legume genomes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these sequences clustered in seven well-defined clades. Comparison of MLO protein sequences revealed 34 clade-specific motifs in the variable regions of the proteins. Comparative analyses of the MLO family between legume species also uncovered several evolutionary differences between the tropical legume species from the Phaseoloid clades and the other legume species. Altogether, this study provides interesting new features on the evolution of the MLO family. It also provides valuable clues to identify additional MLO genes from non-sequenced species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rispail
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Kusch S, Pesch L, Panstruga R. Comprehensive Phylogenetic Analysis Sheds Light on the Diversity and Origin of the MLO Family of Integral Membrane Proteins. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:878-95. [PMID: 26893454 PMCID: PMC4824068 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mildew resistanceLocusO(MLO) proteins are polytopic integral membrane proteins that have long been considered as plant-specific and being primarily involved in plant-powdery mildew interactions. However, research in the past decade has revealed that MLO proteins diverged into a family with several clades whose members are associated with different physiological processes. We provide a largely increased dataset of MLO amino acid sequences, comprising nearly all major land plant lineages. Based on this comprehensive dataset, we defined seven phylogenetic clades and reconstructed the likely evolution of the MLO family in embryophytes. We further identified several MLO peptide motifs that are either conserved in all MLO proteins or confined to one or several clades, supporting the notion that clade-specific diversification of MLO functions is associated with particular sequence motifs. In baker's yeast, some of these motifs are functionally linked to transmembrane (TM) transport of organic molecules and ions. In addition, we attempted to define the evolutionary origin of the MLO family and found that MLO-like proteins with highly diverse membrane topologies are present in green algae, but also in the distinctly related red algae (Rhodophyta), Amoebozoa, and Chromalveolata. Finally, we discovered several instances of putative fusion events between MLO proteins and different kinds of proteins. Such Rosetta stone-type hybrid proteins might be instructive for future analysis of potential MLO functions. Our findings suggest that MLO is an ancient protein that possibly evolved in unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes, and consolidated in land plants with a conserved topology, comprising seven TM domains and an intrinsically unstructured C-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kusch
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lina Pesch
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Iovieno P, Andolfo G, Schiavulli A, Catalano D, Ricciardi L, Frusciante L, Ercolano MR, Pavan S. Structure, evolution and functional inference on the Mildew Locus O (MLO) gene family in three cultivated Cucurbitaceae spp. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1112. [PMID: 26715041 PMCID: PMC4696115 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The powdery mildew disease affects thousands of plant species and arguably represents the major fungal threat for many Cucurbitaceae crops, including melon (Cucumis melo L.), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.). Several studies revealed that specific members of the Mildew Locus O (MLO) gene family act as powdery mildew susceptibility factors. Indeed, their inactivation, as the result of gene knock-out or knock-down, is associated with a peculiar form of resistance, referred to as mlo resistance. RESULTS We exploited recently available genomic information to provide a comprehensive overview of the MLO gene family in Cucurbitaceae. We report the identification of 16 MLO homologs in C. melo, 14 in C. lanatus and 18 in C. pepo genomes. Bioinformatic treatment of data allowed phylogenetic inference and the prediction of several ortholog pairs and groups. Comparison with functionally characterized MLO genes and, in C. lanatus, gene expression analysis, resulted in the detection of candidate powdery mildew susceptibility factors. We identified a series of conserved amino acid residues and motifs that are likely to play a major role for the function of MLO proteins. Finally, we performed a codon-based evolutionary analysis indicating a general high level of purifying selection in the three Cucurbitaceae MLO gene families, and the occurrence of regions under diversifying selection in candidate susceptibility factors. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study may help to address further biological questions concerning the evolution and function of MLO genes. Moreover, data reported here could be conveniently used by breeding research, aiming to select powdery mildew resistant cultivars in Cucurbitaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Iovieno
- Department of Agriculture Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Andolfo
- Department of Agriculture Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy.
| | - Adalgisa Schiavulli
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Italian National Council of Research, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Domenico Catalano
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Italian National Council of Research, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Luigi Ricciardi
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Luigi Frusciante
- Department of Agriculture Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Raffaella Ercolano
- Department of Agriculture Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefano Pavan
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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