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Xu C, Wei Z, Dong X, Xing J, Meng X, Qiu Y, Zhou H, Zheng W, Xu Z, Huang S, Xia W, Lv L, Jiang H, Wang W, Zhao X, Liu Z, Akimoto Y, Zhao B, Wang S, Hu Z. A p38 MAP kinase inhibitor suppresses osteoclastogenesis and alleviates ovariectomy-induced bone loss through the inhibition of bone turnover. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 226:116391. [PMID: 38914317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Inhibition of excessive osteoclastic activity is an efficient therapeutic strategy for many bone diseases induced by increased bone resorption, such as osteoporosis. BMS-582949, a clinical p38α inhibitor, is a promising drug in Phase II studies for treating rheumatoid arthritis. However, its function on bone resorption is largely unknown. In this study, we find that BMS-582949 represses RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, BMS-582949 inhibits osteoclastic F-actin ring formation and osteoclast-specific gene expression. Mechanically, BMS-582949 treatment attenuates RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis through mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathways without disturbing nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling. Interestingly, BMS-582949 impairs osteoclastic mitochondrial biogenesis and functions, such as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Furthermore, BMS-582949 administration prevents bone loss in ovariectomized mouse mode by inhibiting both bone resorption and bone formation in vivo. Taken together, these findings indicate that BMS-582949 may be a potential and effective drug for the therapy of osteolytic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China.
| | - Zhixin Wei
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Junqiao Xing
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Xiangrui Meng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Yaxuan Qiu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Huimei Zhou
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Wenrui Zheng
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Shanhua Huang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Wenwen Xia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Longfei Lv
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Haochen Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Zixuan Liu
- Gogdel Cranleigh High School, Wuhan, Hubei 430312, China
| | | | - Baohong Zhao
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518118, China.
| | - Zhangfeng Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China.
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Khan MKU, Zhang X, Ma Z, Huang M, Yang C, Wang X, Liu M, Peng J. Contribution of the LAC Genes in Fruit Quality Attributes of the Fruit-Bearing Plants: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15768. [PMID: 37958753 PMCID: PMC10650289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Laccase genes produce laccase enzymes that play a crucial role in the production of lignin and oxidation reactions within plants. Lignin is a complex polymer that provides structure and toughness to the cell walls of numerous fruit plants. The LAC genes that encode laccase enzymes play vital roles in plant physiology, including the synthesis of pigments like PA that contribute to the colors of fruits, and in defending against pathogens and environmental stresses. They are crucial for fruit development, ripening, structural maintenance in plants, and adaptation to various environmental factors. As such, these genes and enzymes are essential for plant growth and development, as well as for various biotechnological applications in environmental remediation and industrial processes. This review article emphasizes the significance of genes encoding laccase enzymes during fruit growth, specifically pertaining to the strengthening of the endocarp through lignification. This process is crucial for ensuring fruit defense and optimizing seed scattering. The information gathered in this article will aid breeders in producing future fruit-bearing plants that are resistant to disease, cost-effective, and nutrient-rich.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khalil Ullah Khan
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (M.K.U.K.); (X.Z.); (Z.M.); (M.H.); (C.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (M.K.U.K.); (X.Z.); (Z.M.); (M.H.); (C.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Zitan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (M.K.U.K.); (X.Z.); (Z.M.); (M.H.); (C.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Mingxia Huang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (M.K.U.K.); (X.Z.); (Z.M.); (M.H.); (C.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Ce Yang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (M.K.U.K.); (X.Z.); (Z.M.); (M.H.); (C.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (M.K.U.K.); (X.Z.); (Z.M.); (M.H.); (C.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Mengjun Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (M.K.U.K.); (X.Z.); (Z.M.); (M.H.); (C.Y.); (X.W.)
- Research Center of Chinese jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Jianying Peng
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (M.K.U.K.); (X.Z.); (Z.M.); (M.H.); (C.Y.); (X.W.)
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Liu H, Zhang X, Li J, Zhang G, Fang H, Li Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of different fruit appearance between apricot (Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.) and its seedling. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7995-8003. [PMID: 37540452 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apricot fruit has great economic value. In the process of apricot breeding using traditional breeding methods, we obtained a larger seedling (named Us) from the original variety (named U). And Us fruit is larger than U, taste better. Therefore, revealing its mechanism is very important for Apricot breeding. METHODS In this study, de novo assembly and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to screen the differently expressed genes (DEGs) between U and Us at three development stages, including young fruits stage, mid-ripening stage and mature fruit stage. RESULTS The results showed that there were 6,753 DEGs at different sampling time. "Cellulose synthase (UDP-forming) activity" and "cellulose synthase activity" were the key GO terms enriched in GO, of which CESA and CSL family played a key role. "Photosynthesis-antenna proteins" and "Plant hormone signal transduction" were the candidate pathways and lhca, lhcb, Aux/IAA and SAUR were the main regulators. CONCLUSION The auxin signaling pathway was active in Us, of which Aux/IAAs and SAUR were the key fruit size regulators. The low level of lhca and lhcb in Us could reveal the low demand for exogenous carbon, but they increased at mature stage, which might be due to the role of aux, who was keeping the fruit growing. Aux and photosynthesis maight be the main causes of appearance formation of Us fruits. Interestingly, the higher expression of CESA and CSL proved that Us entered the hardening process earlier than U. The advanced developmental progress might also be due to the role of Aux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Xiangjun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Jianshe Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
- Ningxia Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Center, Yinchuan, 750021, China
- Technological Innovation Center of Horticulture (Ningxia University), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Guangdi Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
- Ningxia Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Center, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
- Technological Innovation Center of Horticulture (Ningxia University), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Haitian Fang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Yu Li
- Technological Innovation Center of Horticulture (Ningxia University), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750021, China
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Feng K, Li X, Yan Y, Liu R, Li Z, Sun N, Yang Z, Zhao S, Wu P, Li L. Integrated morphological, metabolome, and transcriptome analyses revealed the mechanism of exogenous gibberellin promoting petiole elongation in Oenanthe javanica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1225635. [PMID: 37528973 PMCID: PMC10389089 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1225635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. is a popular vegetable with unique flavor and its leaf is the main product organ. Gibberellin (GA) is an important plant hormone that plays vital roles in regulating the growth of plants. In this study, the plants of water dropwort were treated with different concentrations of GA3. The plant height of water dropwort was significantly increased after GA3 treatment. Anatomical structure analysis indicated that the cell length of water dropwort was elongated under exogenous application of GA3. The metabolome analysis showed flavonoids were the most abundant metabolites and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were also regulated by GA3. The exogenous application of GA3 altered the gene expressions of plant hormone signal transduction (GID and DELLA) and metabolites biosynthesis pathways to regulate the growth of water dropwort. The GA contents were modulated by up-regulating the expression of GA metabolism gene GA2ox. The differentially expressed genes related to cell wall formation were significantly enriched. A total of 22 cellulose synthase involved in cellulose biosynthesis were identified from the genome of water dropwort. Our results indicated that GA treatment promoted the cell elongation by inducing the expression of cellulose synthase and cell wall formation in water dropwort. These results revealed the molecular mechanism of GA-mediated cell elongation, which will provide valuable reference for using GA to regulate the growth of water dropwort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Feng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xibei Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yajie Yan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruozhenyi Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zixuan Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Nan Sun
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuping Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Liangjun Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri−Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Yu A, Zou H, Li P, Yao X, Zhou Z, Gu X, Sun R, Liu A. Genomic characterization of the NAC transcription factors, directed at understanding their functions involved in endocarp lignification of iron walnut ( Juglans sigillata Dode). Front Genet 2023; 14:1168142. [PMID: 37229193 PMCID: PMC10203416 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1168142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) transcription factors (TF), one of the largest plant-specific gene families, play important roles in the regulation of plant growth and development, stress response and disease resistance. In particular, several NAC TFs have been identified as master regulators of secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis. Iron walnut (Juglans sigillata Dode), an economically important nut and oilseed tree, has been widely planted in the southwest China. The thick and high lignified shell derived endocarp tissues, however, brings troubles in processing processes of products in industry. It is indispensable to dissect the molecular mechanism of thick endocarp formation for further genetic improvement of iron walnut. In the present study, based on genome reference of iron walnut, 117 NAC genes, in total, were identified and characterized in silico, which involves only computational analysis to provide insight into gene function and regulation. We found that the amino acids encoded by these NAC genes varied from 103 to 1,264 in length, and conserved motif numbers ranged from 2 to 10. The JsiNAC genes were unevenly distributed across the genome of 16 chromosomes, and 96 of these genes were identified as segmental duplication genes. Furthermore, 117 JsiNAC genes were divided into 14 subfamilies (A-N) according to the phylogenetic tree based on NAC family members of Arabidopsis thaliana and common walnut (Juglans regia). Furthermore, tissue-specific expression pattern analysis demonstrated that a majority of NAC genes were constitutively expressed in five different tissues (bud, root, fruit, endocarp, and stem xylem), while a total of 19 genes were specifically expressed in endocarp, and most of them also showed high and specific expression levels in the middle and late stages during iron walnut endocarp development. Our result provided a new insight into the gene structure and function of JsiNACs in iron walnut, and identified key candidate JsiNAC genes involved in endocarp development, probably providing mechanistic insight into shell thickness formation across nut species.
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Huang Y, Li Y, Liu Z, Chen W, Wang Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Zheng Y. Combined analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome provides insights into the fleshy stem expansion mechanism in stem lettuce. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1101199. [PMID: 36589074 PMCID: PMC9798005 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1101199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a stem variety of lettuce, the fleshy stem is the main product organ of stem lettuce. The molecular mechanism of fleshy stem expansion in stem lettuce is a complex biological process. In the study, the material accumulation, gene expression, and morphogenesis during fleshy stem expansion process were analyzed by the comparative analysis of metabolome, transcriptome and the anatomical studies. The anatomical studies showed that the occurrence and activity of vascular cambium mainly led to the development of fleshy stems; and the volume of pith cells gradually increased and arranged tightly during the expansion process. A total of 822 differential metabolites and 9,383 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by the metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses, respectively. These changes significantly enriched in sugar synthesis, glycolysis, and plant hormone anabolism. The expression profiles of genes in the sugar metabolic pathway gradually increased in fleshy stem expansion process. But the sucrose content was the highest in the early stage of fleshy stem expansion, other sugars such as fructose and glucose content increased during fleshy stem expansion process. Plant hormones, including IAA, GA, CTK, and JA, depicted important roles at different stem expansion stages. A total of 1,805 DEGs were identified as transcription factors, such as MYB, bHLH, and bZIP, indicating that these transcription factor families might regulate the fleshy stems expansion in lettuce. In addition, the expression patterns identified by qRT-PCR were consistent with the expression abundance identified by the transcriptome data. The important genes and metabolites identified in the lettuce fleshy stem expansion process will provide important information for the further molecular mechanism study of lettuce fleshy stem growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Yanwen Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenning Liu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Wanqin Chen
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yalin Wang
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Yihua Liu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Yangxia Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Khan MKU, Muhammad N, Jia Z, Peng J, Liu M. Mechanism of Stone (Hardened Endocarp) Formation in Fruits: An Attempt toward Pitless Fruits, and Its Advantages and Disadvantages. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2123. [PMID: 36421798 PMCID: PMC9690734 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stone (hardened endocarp) has a very important role in the continuity of plant life. Nature has gifted plants with various seed protection and dispersal strategies. Stone-fruit-bearing species have evolved a unique adaptation in which the seed is encased in an extremely hard wood-like shell called the stone. The lignification of the fruit endocarp layer produces the stone, a feature that separates drupes from other plants. Stone cells emerge from parenchyma cells after programmed cell death and the deposition of cellulose and lignin in the secondary cell wall. Generally, the deposition of lignin in primary cell walls is followed by secondary thickening of cell walls to form stone cells. This review article describes the molecular mechanisms and factors that influence the production of stone in the fruit. This is the first review article that describes the molecular mechanisms regulating stone (harden endocarp) formation in fruits. This article will help breeders understand the molecular and genetic basis for the stone formation in fruit, and this could lead to new and innovative directions to breed stoneless fruit cultivars in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noor Muhammad
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhuolong Jia
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Jianying Peng
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Mengjun Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
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Enzyme Activities in the Lignin Metabolism of Chinese Olive (Canarium album) with Different Flesh Characteristics. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is crucial to the formation of fruit texture quality. Here, we aimed to explore the relationship between lignin metabolism and fruit texture by investigating the lignin content, total phenols and their related enzyme activities among three Chinese olive (Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch) genotypes. Our results showed that lignin deposition moved from the exocarp to the flesh in Chinese olive fruit. The lignin, total phenols and enzyme activities were all different between the three Chinese olive cultivars at each developmental stage. The lignin content was positively correlated with the PAL, 4CL and POD activities. These results demonstrated that lignin metabolism was regulated through the related enzyme activities. Therefore, our findings may provide insight to facilitate further improvement in fruit texture quality in Chinese olive.
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Ding B, Liu T, Hu C, Song Y, Hao R, Feng X, Cui T, Han Y, Li L. Comparative analysis of transcriptomic profiling to identify genes involved in the bulged surface of pear fruit ( Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Yuluxiangli). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:69-80. [PMID: 33627963 PMCID: PMC7873196 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pear (Pyrus spp.) belongs to the genus Pyrus, in the family Rosaceae. Some varieties of pear fruit exhibit bulged surface, which seriously affects the quality and commodity value of the pear fruit. In this study, we performed anatomical, physiological, and transcriptomic analysis to explore the mechanism of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on the bulged surface of pear fruit. The vascular bundles of flesh were more evenly distributed, and the fruit cells were more compactly arranged and smaller in size treated with PBZ. However, the auxin (IAA) content of flesh was decreased in the treated group. Furthermore, the GO and KEGG analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that auxin, phenylpropanoid metabolic pathways, and transcriptional factor genes were significantly enriched on the relieved bulged surface of pear fruit. And it was analyzed that some genes contained auxin responded cis-elements from the selected DEGs in the promoter region. We conclude that PBZ plays a negative role in cell division, cell elongation, and vascular bundle development on the bulged surface of pear fruit through the involvement of auxin-related genes. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the regulation of the bulged surface of pear fruit by a growth retardant agent. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version of this article (10.1007/s12298-021-00929-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baopeng Ding
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Tingting Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Chaohui Hu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Yuqin Song
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Ruijie Hao
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Xinxin Feng
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Tingting Cui
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Youzhi Han
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Liulin Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
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García-Gómez BE, Salazar JA, Nicolás-Almansa M, Razi M, Rubio M, Ruiz D, Martínez-Gómez P. Molecular Bases of Fruit Quality in Prunus Species: An Integrated Genomic, Transcriptomic, and Metabolic Review with a Breeding Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E333. [PMID: 33396946 PMCID: PMC7794732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, fruit ripening is a coordinated developmental process that requires the change in expression of hundreds to thousands of genes to modify many biochemical and physiological signal cascades such as carbohydrate and organic acid metabolism, cell wall restructuring, ethylene production, stress response, and organoleptic compound formation. In Prunus species (including peaches, apricots, plums, and cherries), fruit ripening leads to the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into sugars, fruit firmness reductions (softening by cell wall degradation and cuticle properties alteration), color changes (loss of green color by chlorophylls degradation and increase in non-photosynthetic pigments like anthocyanins and carotenoids), acidity decreases, and aroma increases (the production and release of organic volatile compounds). Actually, the level of information of molecular events at the transcriptional, biochemical, hormonal, and metabolite levels underlying ripening in Prunus fruits has increased considerably. However, we still poorly understand the molecular switch that occurs during the transition from unripe to ripe fruits. The objective of this review was to analyze of the molecular bases of fruit quality in Prunus species through an integrated metabolic, genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenetic approach to better understand the molecular switch involved in the ripening process with important consequences from a breeding point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz E. García-Gómez
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (B.E.G.-G.); (J.A.S.); (M.N.-A.); (M.R.); (D.R.)
| | - Juan A. Salazar
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (B.E.G.-G.); (J.A.S.); (M.N.-A.); (M.R.); (D.R.)
| | - María Nicolás-Almansa
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (B.E.G.-G.); (J.A.S.); (M.N.-A.); (M.R.); (D.R.)
| | - Mitra Razi
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zajan, Zanjan 45371-38791, Iran;
| | - Manuel Rubio
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (B.E.G.-G.); (J.A.S.); (M.N.-A.); (M.R.); (D.R.)
| | - David Ruiz
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (B.E.G.-G.); (J.A.S.); (M.N.-A.); (M.R.); (D.R.)
| | - Pedro Martínez-Gómez
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (B.E.G.-G.); (J.A.S.); (M.N.-A.); (M.R.); (D.R.)
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11
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Lin T, Zhou R, Bi B, Song L, Chai M, Wang Q, Song G. Analysis of a radiation-induced dwarf mutant of a warm-season turf grass reveals potential mechanisms involved in the dwarfing mutant. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18913. [PMID: 33144613 PMCID: PMC7609746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoysia matrella [L.] Merr. is a widely cultivated warm-season turf grass in subtropical and tropical areas. Dwarf varieties of Z. matrella are attractive to growers because they often reduce lawn mowing frequencies. In this study, we describe a dwarf mutant of Z. matrella induced from the 60Co-γ-irradiated calluses. We conducted morphological test and physiological, biochemical and transcriptional analyses to reveal the dwarfing mechanism in the mutant. Phenotypically, the dwarf mutant showed shorter stems, wider leaves, lower canopy height, and a darker green color than the wild type (WT) control under the greenhouse conditions. Physiologically, we found that the phenotypic changes of the dwarf mutant were associated with the physiological responses in catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, soluble protein, lignin, chlorophyll, and electric conductivity. Of the four endogenous hormones measured in leaves, both indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid contents were decreased in the mutant, whereas the contents of gibberellin and brassinosteroid showed no difference between the mutant and the WT control. A transcriptomic comparison between the dwarf mutant and the WT leaves revealed 360 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs), including 62 up-regulated and 298 down-regulated unigenes. The major DEGs related to auxin transportation (e.g., PIN-FORMED1) and cell wall development (i.e., CELLULOSE SYNTHASE1) and expansin homologous genes were all down-regulated, indicating their potential contribution to the phenotypic changes observed in the dwarf mutant. Overall, the results provide information to facilitate a better understanding of the dwarfing mechanism in grasses at physiological and transcript levels. In addition, the results suggest that manipulation of auxin biosynthetic pathway genes can be an effective approach for dwarfing breeding of turf grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Lin
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ren Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Bi
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Liangyuan Song
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mingliang Chai
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Guoqing Song
- Plant Biotechnology Resource and Outreach Center, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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12
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García-Gómez BE, Ruiz D, Salazar JA, Rubio M, Martínez-García PJ, Martínez-Gómez P. Analysis of Metabolites and Gene Expression Changes Relative to Apricot ( Prunus armeniaca L.) Fruit Quality During Development and Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1269. [PMID: 32973833 PMCID: PMC7466674 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is a valuable worldwide agronomical crop, with a delicious fruit highlighted as a functional food with both nutritional and bioactive properties, remarkably beneficial to human health. Apricot fruit ripening is a coordinated developmental process which requires change in the expression of hundreds to thousands of genes to modify many biochemical and physiological processes arising from quality characteristics in ripe fruit. In addition, enhancing fruit and nutraceutical quality is one of the central objectives to be improved in the new varieties developed by breeding programs. In this study we analyzed the contents of main metabolites linked to the nutraceutical value of apricot fruits, together with the most important pomological characteristics and biochemical contents of fruit during the ripening process in two contrasted apricot genotypes. Additionally, the gene expression changes were analyzed using RNA-Seq and real time qPCR. Results showed that genes with differential expression in the biosynthetic pathways, such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, starch and sucrose and carotenoid metabolism, could be possible candidates as molecular markers of fruit quality characteristics for fruit color and soluble solid content. The gene involves in carotenoid metabolism carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4, and the gene sucrose synthase in starch and sucrose metabolism were identified as candidate genes in the ripening process for white skin ground color and flesh color and high soluble sugar content. The application of these candidate genes on marker-assisted selection in apricot breeding programs may contribute to the early selection of high-quality fruit genotypes with suitable nutraceutical values.
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13
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Canton M, Drincovich MF, Lara MV, Vizzotto G, Walker RP, Famiani F, Bonghi C. Metabolism of Stone Fruits: Reciprocal Contribution Between Primary Metabolism and Cell Wall. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1054. [PMID: 32733527 PMCID: PMC7363977 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall turnover and modification in its composition are key factors during stone fruit development and patterning. Changes in cell wall disassembly and reassembly are essential for fruit growth and ripening. Modifications in cell wall composition, resulting in the formation of secondary cell walls, are necessary for producing the most distinctive trait of drupes: the lignified endocarp. The contribution of primary metabolism to cell wall synthesis has been investigated in detail, while the knowledge on the contribution of the cell wall to primary metabolites and related processes is still fragmented. In this review, starting from peculiarities of cell wall of drupes cells (in mesocarp and endocarp layers), we discuss the structure and composition of cell wall, processes related to its modification and contribution to the synthesis of primary metabolites. In particular, our attention has been focused on the ascorbate synthesis cell wall-related and on the potential role of cyanogenic compounds in the deposition of the secondary cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Canton
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova Agripolis, Legnaro, Italy
| | - María F. Drincovich
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María V. Lara
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Giannina Vizzotto
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Robert P. Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova Agripolis, Legnaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Claudio Bonghi,
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14
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Anatov DM. Some morphological traits of the fruit and apricot stone of Dagestan origin at the different ripening periods. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20202502011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presents the results of a comparative study of the cultivated and wild-growing apricot of Dagestan origin according to the morphological characteristics of the fruit and stone at different ripening periods. The pomological evaluation showed that the shape index of the fruit changes by one gradation regardless of the origin of the genotype, while the shape of the stone does not change and remains constant for all genotypes. For example, the fruit of the Kamil cultivar has an ovate shape at an early ripening period, and a circular one at late ripening. During ripening, the weight of the fruit doubles (1.8–2.6 times), while the ratio of stone mass to the weight of the fruit decreases (1.8–2.5 times). For cultivars and wild-growing forms, differences in the change in the linear dimensions and mass of the stone at different maturation periods were noted. The morphological characteristics of the fruit and stone in terms of the coefficient of variation (CV) vary more at the later stages of ripening, and in general are higher in cultivars than in wild plants, and the endocarp varies less than the fruit, at all periods of ripening.
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15
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Xi W, Feng J, Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhao G. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor PaMYB10 is involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in apricots and determines red blushed skin. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:287. [PMID: 31262258 PMCID: PMC6604168 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars display orange or yellow background skin, whereas some cultivars are particularly preferred by consumers because of their red blushed skin on the background. RESULTS In this study, two blushed ('Jianali' and 'Hongyu') and two nonblushed ('Baixing' and 'Luntaixiaobaixing') cultivars were used to investigate the formation mechanism of blushed skin in apricots. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the blushed cultivars accumulated higher cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and peonidin-3-O-rutinoside levels during fruit ripening than the nonblushed cultivars. Based on coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), a putative anthocyanin-related R2R3-MYB, PaMYB10, and seven structural genes were identified from transcriptome data. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that PaMYB10 clustered in the anthocyanin-related MYB clade. Sequence alignments revealed that PaMYB10 contained a bHLH-interaction motif ([DE]Lx2[RK]x3Lx6Lx3R) and an ANDV motif. Subcellular localization analysis showed that PaMYB10 was a nuclear protein. Real-time qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the transcript levels of PaMYB10 and seven genes responsible for anthocyanin synthesis were significantly higher in blushed than in nonblushed apricots, which was consistent with the accumulation of anthocyanin. In addition, bagging significantly inhibited the transcript levels of PaMYB10 and the structural genes in 'Jianali' and blocked the red coloration and anthocyanin accumulation. Transient PaMYB10 overexpression in 'Luntaixiaobaixing' fruits resulted in the red blushed skin at the maturation stage. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data reveal that three anthocyanins are responsible for the blushed skin of apricots, identify PaMYB10 as a positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis in apricots, and demonstrate that blush formation depends on light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanpeng Xi
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jing Feng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Shikui Zhang
- Agriculture National Fruit Tree Germplasm Repository, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, Xinjiang, 841600, China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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16
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Zhang Q, Feng C, Li W, Qu Z, Zeng M, Xi W. Transcriptional regulatory networks controlling taste and aroma quality of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit during ripening. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:45. [PMID: 30646841 PMCID: PMC6332858 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taste and aroma, which are important organoleptic qualities of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit, undergo rapid and substantial changes during ripening. However, the associated molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The goal of this study was to identify candidate genes for flavor compound metabolism and to construct a regulatory transcriptional network. RESULTS We characterized the transcriptome of the 'Jianali' apricot cultivar, which exhibits substantial changes in flavor during ripening, at 50 (turning), 73 (commercial maturation) and 91 (full ripe) days post anthesis (DPA) using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that four of 19 modules correlated highly with flavor compound metabolism (P < 0.001). From them, we identified 1237 differentially expressed genes, with 16 intramodular hubs. A proposed pathway model for flavor compound biosynthesis is presented based on these genes. Two SUS1 genes, as well as SPS2 and INV1 were correlated with sugar biosynthesis, while NADP-ME4, two PK-like and mitochondrial energy metabolism exerted a noticeable effect on organic acid metabolism. CCD1 and FAD2 were identified as being involved in apocarotenoid aroma volatiles and lactone biosynthesis, respectively. Five sugar transporters (Sweet10, STP13, EDR6, STP5.1, STP5.2), one aluminum-activated malate transporter (ALMT9) and one ABCG transporter (ABCG11) were associated with the transport of sugars, organic acids and volatiles, respectively. Sixteen transcription factors were also highlighted that may also play regulatory roles in flavor quality development. CONCLUSIONS Apricot RNA-Seq data were obtained and used to generate an annotated set of predicted expressed genes, providing a platform for functional genomic research. Using network analysis and pathway mapping, putative molecular mechanisms for changes in apricot fruit taste and aroma during ripening were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Agriculture National Fruit Tree Germplasm Repository, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, Xinjiang, 841600 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zehui Qu
- College of Computer and Information Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Zeng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanpeng Xi
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
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