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Mikwa EO, Wittkop B, Windpassinger SM, Weber SE, Ehrhardt D, Snowdon RJ. Early exposure to phosphorus starvation induces genetically determined responses in Sorghum bicolor roots. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:220. [PMID: 39259361 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE We identified novel physiological and genetic responses to phosphorus starvation in sorghum diversity lines that augment current knowledge of breeding for climate-smart crops in Europe. Phosphorus (P) deficiency and finite P reserves for fertilizer production pose a threat to future global crop production. Understanding root system architecture (RSA) plasticity is central to breeding for P-efficient crops. Sorghum is regarded as a P-efficient and climate-smart crop with strong adaptability to different climatic regions of the world. Here we investigated early genetic responses of sorghum RSA to P deficiency in order to identified genotypes with interesting root phenotypes and responses under low P. A diverse set of sorghum lines (n = 285) was genotyped using DarTSeq generating 12,472 quality genome wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Root phenotyping was conducted in a paper-based hydroponic rhizotron system under controlled greenhouse conditions with low and optimal P nutrition, using 16 RSA traits to describe genetic and phenotypic variability at two time points. Genotypic and phenotypic P-response variations were observed for multiple root traits at 21 and 42 days after germination with high broad sense heritability (0.38-0.76). The classification of traits revealed four distinct sorghum RSA types, with genotypes clustering separately under both low and optimal P conditions, suggesting genetic control of root responses to P availability. Association studies identified quantitative trait loci in chromosomes Sb02, Sb03, Sb04, Sb06 and Sb09 linked with genes potentially involved in P transport and stress responses. The genetic dissection of key factors underlying RSA responses to P deficiency could enable early identification of P-efficient sorghum genotypes. Genotypes with interesting RSA traits for low P environments will be incorporated into current sorghum breeding programs for later growth stages and field-based evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick O Mikwa
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Wittkop
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Sven E Weber
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dorit Ehrhardt
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rod J Snowdon
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Zeffa DM, Júnior LP, de Assis R, Delfini J, Marcos AW, Koltun A, Baba VY, Constantino LV, Uhdre RS, Nogueira AF, Moda-Cirino V, Scapim CA, Gonçalves LSA. Multi-locus genome-wide association study for phosphorus use efficiency in a tropical maize germplasm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1366173. [PMID: 39246817 PMCID: PMC11380136 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1366173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for maize (Zea mays L.) growth and development. Therefore, generating cultivars with upgraded P use efficiency (PUE) represents one of the main strategies to reduce the global agriculture dependence on phosphate fertilizers. In this work, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed to detect quantitative trait nucleotide (QTN) and potential PUE-related candidate genes and associated traits in greenhouse and field trials under contrasting P conditions. The PUE and other agronomy traits of 132 maize inbred lines were assessed in low and normal P supply through the greenhouse and field experiments and Multi-locus GWAS was used to map the associated QTNs. Wide genetic variability was observed among the maize inbred lines under low and normal P supply. In addition, we confirm the complex and quantitative nature of PUE. A total of 306 QTNs were associated with the 24 traits evaluated using different multi-locus GWAS methods. A total of 186 potential candidate genes were identified, mainly involved with transcription regulator, transporter, and transference activity. Further studies are still needed to elucidate the functions and relevance of these genes regarding PUE. Nevertheless, pyramiding the favorable alleles pinpointed in the present study can be considered an efficient strategy for molecular improvement to increase maize PUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Mariani Zeffa
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luiz Perini Júnior
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Assis
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Delfini
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Antoni Wallace Marcos
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Koltun
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Viviane Yumi Baba
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Renan Santos Uhdre
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Vania Moda-Cirino
- Área de Melhoramento Genético e Propagação Vegetal, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Scapim
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Hufnagel B, Bernardino KC, Malosetti M, Sousa SM, Silva LA, Guimaraes CT, Coelho AM, Santos TT, Viana JHM, Schaffert RE, Kochian LV, Eeuwijk FA, Magalhaes JV. Multi-trait association mapping for phosphorous efficiency reveals flexible root architectures in sorghum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:562. [PMID: 38877425 PMCID: PMC11179229 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On tropical regions, phosphorus (P) fixation onto aluminum and iron oxides in soil clays restricts P diffusion from the soil to the root surface, limiting crop yields. While increased root surface area favors P uptake under low-P availability, the relationship between the three-dimensional arrangement of the root system and P efficiency remains elusive. Here, we simultaneously assessed allelic effects of loci associated with a variety of root and P efficiency traits, in addition to grain yield under low-P availability, using multi-trait genome-wide association. We also set out to establish the relationship between root architectural traits assessed in hydroponics and in a low-P soil. Our goal was to better understand the influence of root morphology and architecture in sorghum performance under low-P availability. RESULT In general, the same alleles of associated SNPs increased root and P efficiency traits including grain yield in a low-P soil. We found that sorghum P efficiency relies on pleiotropic loci affecting root traits, which enhance grain yield under low-P availability. Root systems with enhanced surface area stemming from lateral root proliferation mostly up to 40 cm soil depth are important for sorghum adaptation to low-P soils, indicating that differences in root morphology leading to enhanced P uptake occur exactly in the soil layer where P is found at the highest concentration. CONCLUSION Integrated QTLs detected in different mapping populations now provide a comprehensive molecular genetic framework for P efficiency studies in sorghum. This indicated extensive conservation of P efficiency QTL across populations and emphasized the terminal portion of chromosome 3 as an important region for P efficiency in sorghum. Increases in root surface area via enhancement of lateral root development is a relevant trait for sorghum low-P soil adaptation, impacting the overall architecture of the sorghum root system. In turn, particularly concerning the critical trait for water and nutrient uptake, root surface area, root system development in deeper soil layers does not occur at the expense of shallow rooting, which may be a key reason leading to the distinctive sorghum adaptation to tropical soils with multiple abiotic stresses including low P availability and drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hufnagel
- Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, F-97170, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marcos Malosetti
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, 6700AC, The Netherlands
- BASF - Nunhems, Nunhem, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia M Sousa
- Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - Lidianne A Silva
- Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, 69920-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Joao H M Viana
- Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil
| | | | - Leon V Kochian
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 4J8, Canada
| | - Fred A Eeuwijk
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, 6700AC, The Netherlands
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Parra-Almuna L, Pontigo S, Ruiz A, González F, Ferrol N, Mora MDLL, Cartes P. Dissecting the Roles of Phosphorus Use Efficiency, Organic Acid Anions, and Aluminum-Responsive Genes under Aluminum Toxicity and Phosphorus Deficiency in Ryegrass Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:929. [PMID: 38611459 PMCID: PMC11013041 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity and phosphorus (P) deficiency are widely recognized as major constraints to agricultural productivity in acidic soils. Under this scenario, the development of ryegrass plants with enhanced P use efficiency and Al resistance is a promising approach by which to maintain pasture production. In this study, we assessed the contribution of growth traits, P efficiency, organic acid anion (OA) exudation, and the expression of Al-responsive genes in improving tolerance to concurrent low-P and Al stress in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Ryegrass plants were hydroponically grown under optimal (0.1 mM) or low-P (0.01 mM) conditions for 21 days, and further supplied with Al (0 and 0.2 mM) for 3 h, 24 h and 7 days. Accordingly, higher Al accumulation in the roots and lower Al translocation to the shoots were found in ryegrass exposed to both stresses. Aluminum toxicity and P limitation did not change the OA exudation pattern exhibited by roots. However, an improvement in the root growth traits and P accumulation was found, suggesting an enhancement in Al tolerance and P efficiency under combined Al and low-P stress. Al-responsive genes were highly upregulated by Al stress and P limitation, and also closely related to P utilization efficiency. Overall, our results provide evidence of the specific strategies used by ryegrass to co-adapt to multiple stresses in acid soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Parra-Almuna
- Center of Plant Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (L.P.-A.); (S.P.)
| | - Sofía Pontigo
- Center of Plant Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (L.P.-A.); (S.P.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Antonieta Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Felipe González
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Nuria Ferrol
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain;
| | - María de la Luz Mora
- Center of Plant Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (L.P.-A.); (S.P.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Paula Cartes
- Center of Plant Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (L.P.-A.); (S.P.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
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5
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Hostetler AN, Morais de Sousa Tinoco S, Sparks EE. Root responses to abiotic stress: a comparative look at root system architecture in maize and sorghum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:553-562. [PMID: 37798135 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Under all environments, roots are important for plant anchorage and acquiring water and nutrients. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding how root architecture contributes to stress tolerance in a changing climate. Two closely related plant species, maize and sorghum, have distinct root system architectures and different levels of stress tolerance, making comparative analysis between these two species an ideal approach to resolve this knowledge gap. However, current research has focused on shared aspects of the root system that are advantageous under abiotic stress conditions rather than on differences. Here we summarize the current state of knowledge comparing the root system architecture relative to plant performance under water deficit, salt stress, and low phosphorus in maize and sorghum. Under water deficit, steeper root angles and deeper root systems are proposed to be advantageous for both species. In saline soils, a reduction in root length and root number has been described as advantageous, but this work is limited. Under low phosphorus, root systems that are shallow and wider are beneficial for topsoil foraging. Future work investigating the differences between these species will be critical for understanding the role of root system architecture in optimizing plant production for a changing global climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Hostetler
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and the Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | | | - Erin E Sparks
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and the Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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Liu Z, Qin T, Atienza M, Zhao Y, Nguyen H, Sheng H, Olukayode T, Song H, Panjvani K, Magalhaes J, Lucas WJ, Kochian LV. Constitutive basis of root system architecture: uncovering a promising trait for breeding nutrient- and drought-resilient crops. ABIOTECH 2023; 4:315-331. [PMID: 38106432 PMCID: PMC10721591 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-023-00112-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) plays a pivotal role in efficient uptake of essential nutrients, such as phosphorous (P), nitrogen (N), and water. In soils with heterogeneous nutrient distribution, root plasticity can optimize acquisition and plant growth. Here, we present evidence that a constitutive RSA can confer benefits for sorghum grown under both sufficient and limiting growth conditions. Our studies, using P efficient SC103 and inefficient BTx635 sorghum cultivars, identified significant differences in root traits, with SC103 developing a larger root system with more and longer lateral roots, and enhanced shoot biomass, under both nutrient sufficient and deficient conditions. In addition to this constitutive attribute, under P deficiency, both cultivars exhibited an initial increase in lateral root development; however, SC103 still maintained the larger root biomass. Although N deficiency and drought stress inhibited both root and shoot growth, for both sorghum cultivars, SC103 again maintained the better performance. These findings reveal that SC103, a P efficient sorghum cultivar, also exhibited enhanced growth performance under N deficiency and drought. Our results provide evidence that this constitutive nature of RSA can provide an avenue for breeding nutrient- and drought-resilient crops. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-023-00112-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Liu
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8 Canada
| | - Tongfei Qin
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8 Canada
| | - Michaella Atienza
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8 Canada
| | - Yang Zhao
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8 Canada
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8 Canada
| | - Huajin Sheng
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8 Canada
| | - Toluwase Olukayode
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8 Canada
| | - Hao Song
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9 Canada
| | - Karim Panjvani
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8 Canada
| | - Jurandir Magalhaes
- Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Sete Lagoas, MG 35701-970 Brazil
| | - William J. Lucas
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8 Canada
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Leon V. Kochian
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8 Canada
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Pixley KV, Cairns JE, Lopez-Ridaura S, Ojiewo CO, Dawud MA, Drabo I, Mindaye T, Nebie B, Asea G, Das B, Daudi H, Desmae H, Batieno BJ, Boukar O, Mukankusi CTM, Nkalubo ST, Hearne SJ, Dhugga KS, Gandhi H, Snapp S, Zepeda-Villarreal EA. Redesigning crop varieties to win the race between climate change and food security. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1590-1611. [PMID: 37674314 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Climate change poses daunting challenges to agricultural production and food security. Rising temperatures, shifting weather patterns, and more frequent extreme events have already demonstrated their effects on local, regional, and global agricultural systems. Crop varieties that withstand climate-related stresses and are suitable for cultivation in innovative cropping systems will be crucial to maximize risk avoidance, productivity, and profitability under climate-changed environments. We surveyed 588 expert stakeholders to predict current and novel traits that may be essential for future pearl millet, sorghum, maize, groundnut, cowpea, and common bean varieties, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. We then review the current progress and prospects for breeding three prioritized future-essential traits for each of these crops. Experts predict that most current breeding priorities will remain important, but that rates of genetic gain must increase to keep pace with climate challenges and consumer demands. Importantly, the predicted future-essential traits include innovative breeding targets that must also be prioritized; for example, (1) optimized rhizosphere microbiome, with benefits for P, N, and water use efficiency, (2) optimized performance across or in specific cropping systems, (3) lower nighttime respiration, (4) improved stover quality, and (5) increased early vigor. We further discuss cutting-edge tools and approaches to discover, validate, and incorporate novel genetic diversity from exotic germplasm into breeding populations with unprecedented precision, accuracy, and speed. We conclude that the greatest challenge to developing crop varieties to win the race between climate change and food security might be our innovativeness in defining and boldness to breed for the traits of tomorrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin V Pixley
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico.
| | - Jill E Cairns
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Chris O Ojiewo
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Inoussa Drabo
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Taye Mindaye
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Baloua Nebie
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Godfrey Asea
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Biswanath Das
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Happy Daudi
- Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI), Naliendele, Tanzania
| | - Haile Desmae
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Benoit Joseph Batieno
- Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Ousmane Boukar
- International Institute of Tropicl Agriculture (IITA), Kano, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Sarah J Hearne
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Kanwarpal S Dhugga
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Harish Gandhi
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sieglinde Snapp
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico
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8
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Menamo T, Borrell AK, Mace E, Jordan DR, Tao Y, Hunt C, Kassahun B. Genetic dissection of root architecture in Ethiopian sorghum landraces. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:209. [PMID: 37715848 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This study quantified genetic variation in root system architecture (root number, angle, length and dry mass) within a diversity panel of 1771 Ethiopian sorghum landraces and identified 22 genomic regions associated with the root variations. The root system architecture (RSA) of crop plants influences adaptation to water-limited conditions and determines the capacity of a plant to access soil water and nutrients. Four key root traits (number, angle, length and dry mass) were evaluated in a diversity panel of 1771 Ethiopian sorghum landraces using purpose-built root chambers. Significant genetic variation was observed in all studied root traits, with nodal root angle ranging from 16.4° to 26.6°, with a high repeatability of 78.9%. Genome wide association studies identified a total of 22 genomic regions associated with root traits which were distributed on all chromosomes except chromosome SBI-10. Among the 22 root genomic regions, 15 co-located with RSA trait QTL previously identified in sorghum, with the remaining seven representing novel RSA QTL. The majority (85.7%) of identified root angle QTL also co-localized with QTL previously identified for stay-green in sorghum. This suggests that the stay-green phenotype might be associated with root architecture that enhances water extraction during water stress conditions. The results open avenues for manipulating root phenotypes to improve productivity in abiotic stress environments via marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Menamo
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Andrew K Borrell
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, QLD, 4370, Australia
| | - Emma Mace
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, QLD, 4370, Australia
- Agri-Science Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, QLD, 4370, Australia
| | - David R Jordan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, QLD, 4370, Australia
| | - Yongfu Tao
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, QLD, 4370, Australia
| | - Colleen Hunt
- Agri-Science Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, QLD, 4370, Australia
| | - Bantte Kassahun
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia.
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Kettenburg AT, Lopez MA, Yogendra K, Prior MJ, Rose T, Bimson S, Heuer S, Roy SJ, Bailey-Serres J. PHOSPHORUS-STARVATION TOLERANCE 1 (OsPSTOL1) is prevalent in upland rice and enhances root growth and hastens low phosphate signaling in wheat. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:2187-2205. [PMID: 36946067 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PHOSPHORUS-STARVATION TOLERANCE 1 (OsPSTOL1) is a variably present gene that benefits crown root growth and phosphorus (P) sufficiency in rice (Oryza sativa). To explore the ecophysiological importance of this gene, we performed a biogeographic survey of landraces and cultivars, confirming that functional OsPSTOL1 alleles prevail in low nutrient and drought-prone rainfed ecosystems, whereas loss-of-function and absence haplotypes predominate in control-irrigated paddy varieties of east Asia. An evolutionary history analysis of OsPSTOL1 and related genes in cereal, determined it and other genes are kinase-only domain derivatives of membrane-associated receptor like kinases. Finally, to evaluate the potential value of this kinase of unknown function in another Gramineae, wheat (Triticum aestivum) lines overexpressing OsPSTOL1 were evaluated under field and controlled low P conditions. OsPSTOL1 enhances growth, crown root number, and overall root plasticity under low P in wheat. Survey of root and shoot crown transcriptomes at two developmental stages identifies transcription factors that are differentially regulated in OsPSTOL1 wheat that are similarly controlled by the gene in rice. In wheat, OsPSTOL1 alters the timing and amplitude of regulators of root development in dry soils and hastens induction of the core P-starvation response. OsPSTOL1 and related genes may aid more sustainable cultivation of cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alek T Kettenburg
- Botany and Plant Sciences Department, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Miguel A Lopez
- Botany and Plant Sciences Department, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Kalenahalli Yogendra
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Wheat in a Hot and Dry Climate, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew J Prior
- Botany and Plant Sciences Department, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Teresa Rose
- Department of Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Sabrina Bimson
- Botany and Plant Sciences Department, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Sigrid Heuer
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Stuart J Roy
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Wheat in a Hot and Dry Climate, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Julia Bailey-Serres
- Botany and Plant Sciences Department, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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10
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Baloch FS, Altaf MT, Liaqat W, Bedir M, Nadeem MA, Cömertpay G, Çoban N, Habyarimana E, Barutçular C, Cerit I, Ludidi N, Karaköy T, Aasim M, Chung YS, Nawaz MA, Hatipoğlu R, Kökten K, Sun HJ. Recent advancements in the breeding of sorghum crop: current status and future strategies for marker-assisted breeding. Front Genet 2023; 14:1150616. [PMID: 37252661 PMCID: PMC10213934 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1150616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorghum is emerging as a model crop for functional genetics and genomics of tropical grasses with abundant uses, including food, feed, and fuel, among others. It is currently the fifth most significant primary cereal crop. Crops are subjected to various biotic and abiotic stresses, which negatively impact on agricultural production. Developing high-yielding, disease-resistant, and climate-resilient cultivars can be achieved through marker-assisted breeding. Such selection has considerably reduced the time to market new crop varieties adapted to challenging conditions. In the recent years, extensive knowledge was gained about genetic markers. We are providing an overview of current advances in sorghum breeding initiatives, with a special focus on early breeders who may not be familiar with DNA markers. Advancements in molecular plant breeding, genetics, genomics selection, and genome editing have contributed to a thorough understanding of DNA markers, provided various proofs of the genetic variety accessible in crop plants, and have substantially enhanced plant breeding technologies. Marker-assisted selection has accelerated and precised the plant breeding process, empowering plant breeders all around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Shehzad Baloch
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Muhammad Tanveer Altaf
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Waqas Liaqat
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Çukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Bedir
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Muhammad Azhar Nadeem
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Gönül Cömertpay
- Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Nergiz Çoban
- Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Ephrem Habyarimana
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Celaleddin Barutçular
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Çukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Ibrahim Cerit
- Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Ndomelele Ludidi
- Plant Stress Tolerance Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Tolga Karaköy
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Muhammad Aasim
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Yong Suk Chung
- Department of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Rüştü Hatipoğlu
- Kırşehir Ahi Evran Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Tarla Bitkileri Bolumu, Kırşehir, Türkiye
| | - Kağan Kökten
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Hyeon-Jin Sun
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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11
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Ribeiro CAG, de Sousa Tinoco SM, de Souza VF, Negri BF, Gault CM, Pastina MM, Magalhaes JV, Guimarães LJM, de Barros EG, Buckler ES, Guimaraes CT. Genome-Wide Association Study for Root Morphology and Phosphorus Acquisition Efficiency in Diverse Maize Panels. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076233. [PMID: 37047206 PMCID: PMC10094163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Maximizing soil exploration through modifications of the root system is a strategy for plants to overcome phosphorus (P) deficiency. Genome-wide association with 561 tropical maize inbred lines from Embrapa and DTMA panels was undertaken for root morphology and P acquisition traits under low- and high-P concentrations, with 353,540 SNPs. P supply modified root morphology traits, biomass and P content in the global maize panel, but root length and root surface area changed differentially in Embrapa and DTMA panels. This suggests that different root plasticity mechanisms exist for maize adaptation to low-P conditions. A total of 87 SNPs were associated to phenotypic traits in both P conditions at −log10(p-value) ≥ 5, whereas only seven SNPs reached the Bonferroni significance. Among these SNPs, S9_137746077, which is located upstream of the gene GRMZM2G378852 that encodes a MAPKKK protein kinase, was significantly associated with total seedling dry weight, with the same allele increasing root length and root surface area under P deficiency. The C allele of S8_88600375, mapped within GRMZM2G044531 that encodes an AGC kinase, significantly enhanced root length under low P, positively affecting root surface area and seedling weight. The broad genetic diversity evaluated in this panel suggests that candidate genes and favorable alleles could be exploited to improve P efficiency in maize breeding programs of Africa and Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alexandre Gomes Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Vander Fillipe de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioengenharia, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Barbara França Negri
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioengenharia, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Everaldo Gonçalves de Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edward S. Buckler
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- USDA-ARS, Robert Holley Center, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Claudia Teixeira Guimaraes
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioengenharia, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-31-3027-1300
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12
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Milner MJ, Bowden S, Craze M, Wallington EJ. OsPSTOL but not TaPSTOL can play a role in nutrient use efficiency and works through conserved pathways in both wheat and rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1098175. [PMID: 36818870 PMCID: PMC9932817 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1098175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There is a large demand to reduce inputs for current crop production, particularly phosphate and nitrogen inputs which are the two most frequently added supplements to agricultural production. Gene characterization is often limited to the native species from which it was identified, but may offer benefits to other species. To understand if the rice gene Phosphate Starvation Tolerance 1 (PSTOL) OsPSTOL, a gene identified from rice which improves tolerance to low P growth conditions, might improve performance and provide the same benefit in wheat, OsPSTOL was transformed into wheat and expressed from a constitutive promoter. The ability of OsPSTOL to improve nutrient acquisition under low phosphate or low nitrogen was evaluated. Here we show that OsPSTOL works through a conserved pathway in wheat and rice to improve yields under both low phosphate and low nitrogen. This increase is yield is mainly driven by improved uptake from the soil driving increased biomass and ultimately increased seed number, but does not change the concentration of N in the straw or grain. Overexpression of OsPSTOL in wheat modifies N regulated genes to aid in this uptake whereas the putative homolog TaPSTOL does not suggesting that expression of OsPSTOL in wheat can help to improve yields under low input agriculture.
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13
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Zhu Z, Qu K, Li D, Zhang L, Wang C, Cong L, Bai C, Lu X. SbPHO2, a conserved Pi starvation signalling gene, is involved in the regulation of the uptake of multiple nutrients in sorghum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 327:111556. [PMID: 36481362 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum is one of the five most productive crops worldwide, but its yield is seriously limited by phosphate (Pi) availability. Although inorganic Pi signalling is well studied in Arabidopsis and rice, it remains largely unknown in sorghum. The sorghum sbpho2 mutant was identified, showing leaf necrosis and short roots. Map-based cloning identified SbPHO2 as Sobic.009G228100, an E2 conjugase gene that is a putative orthologue of the PHO2 genes in rice and Arabidopsis, which play important roles in Pi signalling. Pi starvation experiments and transformation of SbPHO2 into the rice ospho2 mutant further revealed that SbPHO2 is likely involved in Pi accumulation and root architecture alteration in sorghum. qRTPCR results showed that SbPHO2 was expressed in almost the entire plant, especially in the leaves. Furthermore, some typical Pi starvation-induced genes were induced in sbpho2 even under Pi-sufficient conditions, including Pi transporters, SPXs, phosphatases and lipid composition alteration-related genes. In addition to P accumulation in the shoots of sbpho2, concentrations of N, K, and other metal elements were also altered significantly in the sbpho2 plants. Nitrate uptake was also suppressed in the sbpho2 mutant. Consistent with this finding, the expression of several nitrate-, potassium- and other metal element-related genes was also altered in sbpho2. Furthermore, the results indicated that N-dependent control of the P starvation response is regulated via SbPHO2 in sorghum. Our results suggest that SbPHO2 participates in the regulation of the absorption of multiple nutrients, although PHO2 is a crucial and conserved component of Pi starvation signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Zhu
- Crop Molecular Improvement Lab, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China
| | - Kuangzheng Qu
- Crop Molecular Improvement Lab, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China
| | - Dan Li
- Crop Molecular Improvement Lab, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Crop Molecular Improvement Lab, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Crop Molecular Improvement Lab, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China
| | - Ling Cong
- Crop Molecular Improvement Lab, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China
| | - Chunming Bai
- Crop Molecular Improvement Lab, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaochun Lu
- Crop Molecular Improvement Lab, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China.
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14
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Adu MO, Asare PA, Yawson DO, Amoah KK, Atiah K, Duah MK, Graham A. Root System Traits Contribute to Variability and Plasticity in Response to Phosphorus Fertilization in 2 Field-Grown Sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] Cultivars. PLANT PHENOMICS (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:0002. [PMID: 37266139 PMCID: PMC10230958 DOI: 10.34133/plantphenomics.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to roots' physical and physiological roles in crop productivity, interest in root system architecture (RSA) and plasticity in responses to abiotic stresses is growing. Sorghum is significant for the food security of millions of people. Phosphorus deficiency is an important limitation of sorghum productivity. There is little information on the RSA-based responses of sorghum to variations in external P supply ([P]ext). This study evaluated the phenotypic plasticity and RSA responses to a range of [P]ext in 2 sorghum genotypes. The results showed that both genotypes responded to [P]ext but with significant variations in about 80% of the RSA traits analyzed. Aboveground biomass and most RSA traits increased with increasing [P]ext. Plasticity was both genotype- and trait-dependent. For most RSA traits, the white sorghum genotype showed significantly higher plasticity than the red genotype, with the former having about 28.4% higher total plasticity than the former. RSA traits, such as convex area, surface area, total root length, and length diameter ranges, showed sizeable genetic variability. Root biomass had a high degree of plasticity, but root number and angle traits were the leading contributors to variation. The results suggested 2 root trait spectra: root exploration and developmental spectrum, and there was an indication of potential trade-offs among groups of root traits. It is concluded that RSA traits in sorghum contribute to variability and plasticity in response to [P]ext. Given that there might be trade-offs among sorghum root traits, it would be instructive to determine the fundamental constraints underlying these trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O. Adu
- Department of Crop Science, School of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Paul A. Asare
- Department of Crop Science, School of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - David O. Yawson
- Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies (CERMES), The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, P.O. Box 64, Bridgetown BB11000, Barbados
| | - Kwadwo K. Amoah
- Department of Crop Science, School of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Kofi Atiah
- Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Matthew K. Duah
- Department of Crop Science, School of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Alex Graham
- Department of Crop Science, School of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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15
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Ojeda-Rivera JO, Alejo-Jacuinde G, Nájera-González HR, López-Arredondo D. Prospects of genetics and breeding for low-phosphate tolerance: an integrated approach from soil to cell. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:4125-4150. [PMID: 35524816 PMCID: PMC9729153 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Improving phosphorus (P) crop nutrition has emerged as a key factor toward achieving a more resilient and sustainable agriculture. P is an essential nutrient for plant development and reproduction, and phosphate (Pi)-based fertilizers represent one of the pillars that sustain food production systems. To meet the global food demand, the challenge for modern agriculture is to increase food production and improve food quality in a sustainable way by significantly optimizing Pi fertilizer use efficiency. The development of genetically improved crops with higher Pi uptake and Pi-use efficiency and higher adaptability to environments with low-Pi availability will play a crucial role toward this end. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of Pi nutrition and the regulation of Pi-starvation responses in plants, and provide new perspectives on how to harness the ample repertoire of genetic mechanisms behind these adaptive responses for crop improvement. We discuss on the potential of implementing more integrative, versatile, and effective strategies by incorporating systems biology approaches and tools such as genome editing and synthetic biology. These strategies will be invaluable for producing high-yielding crops that require reduced Pi fertilizer inputs and to develop a more sustainable global agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Odilón Ojeda-Rivera
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Gerardo Alejo-Jacuinde
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Héctor-Rogelio Nájera-González
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Damar López-Arredondo
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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16
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Genome-Wide Association Studies of Root-Related Traits in Brassica napus L. under Low-Potassium Conditions. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141826. [PMID: 35890461 PMCID: PMC9318150 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Roots are essential organs for a plant’s ability to absorb water and obtain mineral nutrients, hence they are critical to its development. Plants use root architectural alterations to improve their chances of absorbing nutrients when their supply is low. Nine root traits of a Brassica napus association panel were explored in hydroponic-system studies under low potassium (K) stress to unravel the genetic basis of root growth in rapeseed. The quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate genes for root development were discovered using a multilocus genome-wide association study (ML-GWAS). For the nine traits, a total of 453 significant associated single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were discovered, which were then integrated into 206 QTL clusters. There were 45 pleiotropic clusters, and qRTA04-4 and qRTC04-7 were linked to TRL, TSA, and TRV at the same time, contributing 5.25–11.48% of the phenotypic variance explained (PVE) to the root traits. Additionally, 1360 annotated genes were discovered by examining genomic regions within 100 kb upstream and downstream of lead SNPs within the 45 loci. Thirty-five genes were identified as possibly regulating root-system development. As per protein–protein interaction analyses, homologs of three genes (BnaC08g29120D, BnaA07g10150D, and BnaC04g45700D) have been shown to influence root growth in earlier investigations. The QTL clusters and candidate genes identified in this work will help us better understand the genetics of root growth traits and could be employed in marker-assisted breeding for rapeseed adaptable to various conditions with low K levels.
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17
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Gladman N, Hufnagel B, Regulski M, Liu Z, Wang X, Chougule K, Kochian L, Magalhães J, Ware D. Sorghum root epigenetic landscape during limiting phosphorus conditions. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e393. [PMID: 35600998 PMCID: PMC9107021 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient acquisition and use of available phosphorus from the soil is crucial for plant growth, development, and yield. With an ever-increasing acreage of croplands with suboptimal available soil phosphorus, genetic improvement of sorghum germplasm for enhanced phosphorus acquisition from soil is crucial to increasing agricultural output and reducing inputs, while confronted with a growing world population and uncertain climate. Sorghum bicolor is a globally important commodity for food, fodder, and forage. Known for robust tolerance to heat, drought, and other abiotic stresses, its capacity for optimal phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) is still being investigated for optimized root system architectures (RSA). Whilst a few RSA-influencing genes have been identified in sorghum and other grasses, the epigenetic impact on expression and tissue-specific activation of candidate PUE genes remains elusive. Here, we present transcriptomic, epigenetic, and regulatory network profiling of RSA modulation in the BTx623 sorghum background in response to limiting phosphorus (LP) conditions. We show that during LP, sorghum RSA is remodeled to increase root length and surface area, likely enhancing its ability to acquire P. Global DNA 5-methylcytosine and H3K4 and H3K27 trimethylation levels decrease in response to LP, while H3K4me3 peaks and DNA hypomethylated regions contain recognition motifs of numerous developmental and nutrient responsive transcription factors that display disparate expression patterns between different root tissues (primary root apex, elongation zone, and lateral root apex).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Hufnagel
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueMontpellierLanguedoc‐RoussillonFrance
| | | | - Zhigang Liu
- Global Institute for Food SecurityUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonCanada
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Leon Kochian
- Global Institute for Food SecurityUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonCanada
| | | | - Doreen Ware
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNew YorkUSA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research Service, NEA Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and HealthCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
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18
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Ndoye MS, Burridge J, Bhosale R, Grondin A, Laplaze L. Root traits for low input agroecosystems in Africa: Lessons from three case studies. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:637-649. [PMID: 35037274 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In many regions across Africa, agriculture is largely based on low-input and small-holder farming systems that use little inorganic fertilisers and have limited access to irrigation and mechanisation. Improving agricultural practices and developing new cultivars adapted to these environments, where production already suffers from climate change, is a major priority for food security. Here, we illustrate how breeding for specific root traits could improve crop resilience in Africa using three case studies covering very contrasting low-input agroecosystems. We first review how greater basal root whorl number and longer and denser root hairs increased P acquisition efficiency and yield in common bean in South East Africa. We then discuss how water-saving strategies, root hair density and deep root growth could be targeted to improve sorghum and pearl millet yield in West Africa. Finally, we evaluate how breeding for denser root systems in the topsoil and interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi could be mobilised to optimise water-saving alternate wetting and drying practices in West African rice agroecosystems. We conclude with a discussion on how to evaluate the utility of root traits and how to make root trait selection feasible for breeders so that improved varieties can be made available to farmers through participatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mame S Ndoye
- CERAAS, Thies Escale, Thies, Senegal
- LMI LAPSE, Centre de Recherche ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Senegal
- UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - James Burridge
- UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Rahul Bhosale
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence and School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alexandre Grondin
- CERAAS, Thies Escale, Thies, Senegal
- LMI LAPSE, Centre de Recherche ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Senegal
- UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- LMI LAPSE, Centre de Recherche ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Senegal
- UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
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19
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Hibbert L, Taylor G. Improving phosphate use efficiency in the aquatic crop watercress (Nasturtium officinale). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac011. [PMID: 35147194 PMCID: PMC8969064 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Watercress is a nutrient-dense leafy green crop, traditionally grown in aquatic outdoor systems and increasingly seen as well-suited for indoor hydroponic systems. However, there is concern that this crop has a detrimental impact on the environment through direct phosphate additions causing environmental pollution. Phosphate-based fertilisers are supplied to enhanced crop yield, but their use may contribute to eutrophication of waterways downstream of traditional watercress farms. One option is to develop a more phosphate use efficient (PUE) crop. This review identifies the key traits for this aquatic crop (the ideotype), for future selection, marker development and breeding. Traits identified as important for PUE are (i) increased root surface area through prolific root branching and adventitious root formation, (ii) aerenchyma formation and root hair growth. Functional genomic traits for improved PUE are (iii) efficacious phosphate remobilisation and scavenging strategies and (iv) the use of alternative metabolic pathways. Key genomic targets for this aquatic crop are identified as: PHT phosphate transporter genes, global transcriptional regulators such as those of the SPX family and genes involved in galactolipid and sulfolipid biosynthesis such as MGD2/3, PECP1, PSR2, PLDζ1/2 and SQD2. Breeding for enhanced PUE in watercress will be accelerated by improved molecular genetic resources such as a full reference genome sequence that is currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Hibbert
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Gail Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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20
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Identification of Phosphorus Stress Related Proteins in the Seedlings of Dongxiang Wild Rice ( Oryza Rufipogon Griff.) Using Label-Free Quantitative Proteomic Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010108. [PMID: 35052448 PMCID: PMC8774503 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) deficiency tolerance in rice is a complex character controlled by polygenes. Through proteomics analysis, we could find more low P tolerance related proteins in unique P-deficiency tolerance germplasm Dongxiang wild rice (Oryza Rufipogon, DXWR), which will provide the basis for the research of its regulation mechanism. In this study, a proteomic approach as well as joint analysis with transcriptome data were conducted to identify potential unique low P response genes in DXWR during seedlings. The results showed that 3589 significant differential accumulation proteins were identified between the low P and the normal P treated root samples of DXWR. The degree of change was more than 1.5 times, including 60 up-regulated and 15 downregulated proteins, 24 of which also detected expression changes of more than 1.5-fold in the transcriptome data. Through quantitative trait locus (QTLs) matching analysis, seven genes corresponding to the significantly different expression proteins identified in this study were found to be uncharacterized and distributed in the QTLs interval related to low P tolerance, two of which (LOC_Os12g09620 and LOC_Os03g40670) were detected at both transcriptome and proteome levels. Based on the comprehensive analysis, it was found that DXWR could increase the expression of purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), membrane location of P transporters (PTs), rhizosphere area, and alternative splicing, and it could decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity to deal with low P stress. This study would provide some useful insights in cloning the P-deficiency tolerance genes from wild rice, as well as elucidating the molecular mechanism of low P resistance in DXWR.
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Vasconcelos MJV, Figueiredo JEF, Oliveira MF, Parentoni SN, Marriel IE, Raghothama KG. Expression analysis of phosphate induced genes in contrasting maize genotypes for phosphorus use efficiency. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 82:e261797. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.261797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development. The ability of plants to acquire phosphate (Pi) from the rhizosphere soil is critical in the Brazilian Cerrado characterized by acidic soil. The induction of Pi transporters is one of the earliest molecular responses to Pi deficiency in plants. In this study, we characterize the transcriptional regulation of six (ZmPT1 to ZmPT6) high-affinity Pi transporters genes in four Pi-efficient and four Pi-inefficient maize (Zea mays) genotypes. The expression analysis indicated that Pi-starvation induced the transcription of all ZmPT genes tested. The abundance of transcripts was inversely related to Pi concentration in nutrient solution and was observed as early as five days following the Pi deprivation. The Pi-starved plants replenished with 250 µM Pi for four to five days resulted in ZmPT suppression, indicating the Pi role in gene expression. The tissue-specific expression analysis revealed the abundance of ZmPT transcripts in roots and shoots. The six maize Pi transporters were primarily detected in the upper and middle root portions and barely expressed in root tips. The expression profiles of the six ZmPTs phosphate transporters between and among Pi-efficient and Pi-inefficient genotypes showed an absence of significant differences in the expression pattern of the ZmPTs among Pi-efficient and Pi-inefficient genotypes. The results suggested that Pi acquisition efficiency is a complex trait determined by quantitative loci in maize.
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Drought Tolerance and Application of Marker-Assisted Selection in Sorghum. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121249. [PMID: 34943164 PMCID: PMC8699005 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Sorghum is a climate-resilient crop grown in limited rainfall areas globally. However, climate change has increased temperature and shortened rainfall durations, which has constrained crop yield. We reviewed mechanisms of drought tolerance and application of marker-assisted selection in sorghum. Marker-assisted selection uses DNA molecular markers to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with stay-green. Stg1, Stg2, Stg3, Stg4, Stg3A, and Stg3B QTLs associated with stay-green and high yield, have been mapped in sorghum. These QTLs are used for introgression into the senescent sorghum varieties through marker-assisted backcrossing. Abstract Sorghum is an important staple food crop in drought prone areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, which is characterized by erratic rainfall with poor distribution. Sorghum is a drought-tolerant crop by nature with reasonable yield compared to other cereal crops, but such abiotic stress adversely affects the productivity. Some sorghum varieties maintain green functional leaves under post-anthesis drought stress referred to as stay-green, which makes it an important crop for food and nutritional security. Notwithstanding, it is difficult to maintain consistency of tolerance over time due to climate change, which is caused by human activities. Drought in sorghum is addressed by several approaches, for instance, breeding drought-tolerant sorghum using conventional and molecular technologies. The challenge with conventional methods is that they depend on phenotyping stay-green, which is complex in sorghum, as it is constituted by multiple genes and environmental effects. Marker assisted selection, which involves the use of DNA molecular markers to map QTL associated with stay-green, has been useful to supplement stay-green improvement in sorghum. It involves QTL mapping associated with the stay-green trait for introgression into the senescent sorghum varieties through marker-assisted backcrossing by comparing with phenotypic field data. Therefore, this review discusses mechanisms of drought tolerance in sorghum focusing on physiological, morphological, and biochemical traits. In addition, the review discusses the application of marker-assisted selection techniques, including marker-assisted backcrossing, QTL mapping, and QTL pyramiding for addressing post-flowering drought in sorghum.
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Chen W, Zhou M, Zhao M, Chen R, Tigabu M, Wu P, Li M, Ma X. Transcriptome analysis provides insights into the root response of Chinese fir to phosphorus deficiency. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:525. [PMID: 34758730 PMCID: PMC8579613 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorus is one of the essential elements for plant growth and development, but available phosphorus (Pi) content in many soil types is low. As a fast-growing tree species for timber production, Chinese fir is in great demand of Pi, and the lack of Pi in soil restricts the increase of productivity of Chinese fir plantation. Root morphology and the synthesis and secretion of organic acids play an important role in the uptake of phosphorus, but the molecular mechanisms of Chinese fir root responses to Pi deficiency are largely unexplored. In this study, seedlings of Yang 061 clone were grown under three Pi supply levels (0, 5 and 10 mg·L-1 P) and morphological attributes, organic acid content and enzyme activity were measured. The transcriptome data of Chinese fir root system were obtained and the expression levels of phosphorus responsive genes and organic acid synthesis related genes on citric acid and glyoxylate cycle pathway were determined. RESULTS We annotated 50,808 Unigenes from the transcriptome of Chinese fir roots. Among differentially expressed genes, seven genes of phosphate transporter family and 17 genes of purple acid phosphatase family were up-regulated by Pi deficiency, two proteins of SPX domain were up-regulated and one was down-regulated. The metabolic pathways of the citric acid and glyoxylate cycle pathway were mapped, and the expression characteristics of the related Unigenes under different phosphorus treatments were analyzed. The genes involved in malic acid and citric acid synthesis were up-regulated, and the activities of the related enzymes were significantly enhanced under long-term Pi stress. The contents of citric acid and malic acid in the roots of Chinese fir increased after 30 days of Pi deficiency. CONCLUSION Chinese fir roots showed increased expression of genes related with phosphorus starvation, citrate and malate synthesis genes, increased content of organic acids, and enhanced activities of related enzymes under Pi deficiency. The results provide a new insight for revealing the molecular mechanism of adaption to Pi deficiency and the pathway of organic acid synthesis in Chinese fir roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Chen
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Chinese Fir Engineering and Technological Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Mengyan Zhou
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhao
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Ranhong Chen
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Mulualem Tigabu
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Chinese Fir Engineering and Technological Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Center, Faculty of Forest Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 49, Alnarp, SE-230 53, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Chinese Fir Engineering and Technological Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Ming Li
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
- Chinese Fir Engineering and Technological Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Xiangqing Ma
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
- Chinese Fir Engineering and Technological Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
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Maharajan T, Krishna TPA, Kiriyanthan RM, Ignacimuthu S, Ceasar SA. Improving abiotic stress tolerance in sorghum: focus on the nutrient transporters and marker-assisted breeding. PLANTA 2021; 254:90. [PMID: 34609619 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Identification of molecular markers and characterization of nutrient transporters could help to improve the tolerance under abiotic and low nutrient stresses in sorghum ensuring higher yield to conserve food security Sorghum is an important cereal crop delivering food and energy security in the semi-arid tropics of the world. Adverse climatic conditions induced by global warming and low input agriculture system in developing countries demand for the improvement of sorghum to tolerate various abiotic stresses. In this review, we discuss the application of marker-assisted breeding and nutrient transporter characterization studies targeted towards improving the tolerance of sorghum under drought, salinity, cold, low phosphate and nitrogen stresses. Family members of some nutrient transporters such as nitrate transporter (NRT), phosphate transporter (PHT) and sulphate transporter (SULTR) were identified and characterized for improving the low nutrient stress tolerance in sorghum. Several quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for drought, salinity and cold stresses with an intention to enhance the tolerance of sorghum under these stresses. A very few QTL and nutrient transporters have been identified and validated under low nitrogen and phosphorus stresses compared to those under drought, salinity and cold stresses. Marker-assisted breeding and nutrient transporter characterization have not yet been attempted in sorghum under other macro- and micro-nutrient stresses. We hope this review will raise awareness among plant breeders, scientists and biotechnologists about the importance of sorghum and need to conduct the studies on marker-assisted breeding and nutrient transporter under low nutrient stresses to improve the sorghum production.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Maharajan
- Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - T P Ajeesh Krishna
- Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Rose Mary Kiriyanthan
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Bharathi Women's College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Ignacimuthu
- Xavier Research Foundation, St. Xavier's College, Palayamkottai, India
| | - S Antony Ceasar
- Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India.
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Li K, Wang J, Kuang L, Tian Z, Wang X, Dun X, Tu J, Wang H. Genome-wide association study and transcriptome analysis reveal key genes affecting root growth dynamics in rapeseed. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:178. [PMID: 34507599 PMCID: PMC8431925 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In terms of global demand, rapeseed is the third-largest oilseed crop after soybeans and palm, which produces vegetable oil for human consumption and biofuel for industrial production. Roots are vital organs for plant to absorb water and attain mineral nutrients, thus they are of great importance to plant productivity. However, the genetic mechanisms regulating root development in rapeseed remain unclear. In the present study, seven root-related traits and shoot biomass traits in 280 Brassica napus accessions at five continuous vegetative stages were measured to establish the genetic basis of root growth in rapeseed. RESULTS The persistent and stage-specific genetic mechanisms were revealed by root dynamic analysis. Sixteen persistent and 32 stage-specific quantitative trait loci (QTL) clusters were identified through genome-wide association study (GWAS). Root samples with contrasting (slow and fast) growth rates throughout the investigated stages and those with obvious stage-specific changes in growth rates were subjected to transcriptome analysis. A total of 367 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with persistent differential expressions throughout root development were identified, and these DEGs were significantly enriched in GO terms, such as energy metabolism and response to biotic or abiotic stress. Totally, 485 stage-specific DEGs with different expressions at specific stage were identified, and these DEGs were enriched in GO terms, such as nitrogen metabolism. Four candidate genes were identified as key persistent genetic factors and eight as stage-specific ones by integrating GWAS, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and differential expression analysis. These candidate genes were speculated to regulate root system development, and they were less than 100 kb away from peak SNPs of QTL clusters. The homologs of three genes (BnaA03g52990D, BnaA06g37280D, and BnaA09g07580D) out of 12 candidate genes have been reported to regulate root development in previous studies. CONCLUSIONS Sixteen QTL clusters and four candidate genes controlling persistently root development, and 32 QTL clusters and eight candidate genes stage-specifically regulating root growth in rapeseed were detected in this study. Our results provide new insights into the temporal genetic mechanisms of root growth by identifying key candidate QTL/genes in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqi Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062 China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Jie Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Lieqiong Kuang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Ze Tian
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Xinfa Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Xiaoling Dun
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062 China
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Zhao H, Yang A, Kong L, Xie F, Wang H, Ao X. Proteome characterization of two contrasting soybean genotypes in response to different phosphorus treatments. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab019. [PMID: 34150189 PMCID: PMC8209930 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for the growth and development of plants. Soybean (Glycine max) is an important food crop that is grown worldwide. Soybean yield is significantly affected by P deficiency in the soil. To investigate the molecular factors that determine the response and tolerance at low-P in soybean, we conducted a comparative proteomics study of a genotype with low-P tolerance (Liaodou 13, L13) and a genotype with low-P sensitivity (Tiefeng 3, T3) in a paper culture experiment with three P treatments, i.e. P-free (0 mmol·L-1), low-P (0.05 mmol·L-1) and normal-P (0.5 mmol·L-1). A total of 4126 proteins were identified in roots of the two genotypes. Increased numbers of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained from low-P to P-free conditions compared to the normal-P treatment. All DEPs obtained in L13 (660) were upregulated in response to P deficiency, while most DEPs detected in T3 (133) were downregulated under P deficiency. Important metabolic pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation, glutathione metabolism and carbon metabolism were suppressed in T3, which could have affected the survival of the plants in P-limited soil. In contrast, L13 increased the metabolic activity in the 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism, carbon metabolism, glycolysis, biosynthesis of amino acids, pentose phosphatase, oxidative phosphorylation, other types of O-glycan biosynthesis and riboflavin metabolic pathways in order to maintain normal plant growth under P deficiency. Three key proteins I1KW20 (prohibitins), I1K3U8 (alpha-amylase inhibitors) and C6SZ93 (alpha-amylase inhibitors) were suggested as potential biomarkers for screening soybean genotypes with low-P tolerance. Overall, this study provides new insights into the response and tolerance to P deficiency in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ahui Yang
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lingjian Kong
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Futi Xie
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xue Ao
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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de Oliveira IF, Simeone MLF, de Guimarães CC, Garcia NS, Schaffert RE, de Sousa SM. Sorgoleone concentration influences mycorrhizal colonization in sorghum. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:259-264. [PMID: 33200347 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-01006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The association between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and sorghum, the fifth most cultivated cereal in the world and a staple food for many countries, is relevant to improving phosphorus (P) absorption. The importance of root exudation as a signal for the symbiosis has been shown for several species, but a complete understanding of the signaling molecules involved in the mycorrhizal symbiosis signaling pathway has not yet been elucidated. In this context, we investigated the effect of sorgoleone, one of the most studied allelochemicals and a predominant compound of root exudates in sorghum, on AMF colonization and consequently P uptake and plant growth on a sorghum genotype. The sorghum genotype P9401 presents low endogenous sorgoleone content, and when it was inoculated with Rhizophagus clarus together with 5 and 10 µM sorgoleone, mycorrhizal colonization was enhanced. A significant enhancement of mycorrhizal colonization and an increase of P content and biomass were observed when R. clarus was inoculated together with 20 µM sorgoleone. Thus, our results indicate that sorgoleone influences mycorrhizal colonization, but the mechanisms by which it does so still need to be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Figueiredo de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, R. Padre João Pimentel, 80, Dom Bosco, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, 36301-158, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Ferreira Simeone
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rod. MG 424 KM 65, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Carvalho de Guimarães
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rod. MG 424 KM 65, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - Nathally Stefany Garcia
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Rod. MG 424 KM 47, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - Robert Eugene Schaffert
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rod. MG 424 KM 65, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - Sylvia Morais de Sousa
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, R. Padre João Pimentel, 80, Dom Bosco, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, 36301-158, Brazil.
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rod. MG 424 KM 65, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil.
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Bernardino KC, de Menezes CB, de Sousa SM, Guimarães CT, Carneiro PCS, Schaffert RE, Kochian LV, Hufnagel B, Pastina MM, Magalhaes JV. Association mapping and genomic selection for sorghum adaptation to tropical soils of Brazil in a sorghum multiparental random mating population. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:295-312. [PMID: 33052425 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A multiparental random mating population used in sorghum breeding is amenable for the detection of QTLs related to tropical soil adaptation, fine mapping of underlying genes and genomic selection approaches. Tropical soils where low phosphorus (P) and aluminum (Al) toxicity limit sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production are widespread in the developing world. We report on BRP13R, a multiparental random mating population (MP-RMP), which is commonly used in sorghum recurrent selection targeting tropical soil adaptation. Recombination dissipated much of BRP13R's likely original population structure and average linkage disequilibrium (LD) persisted up to 2.5 Mb, establishing BRP13R as a middle ground between biparental populations and sorghum association panels. Genome-wide association mapping (GWAS) identified conserved QTL from previous studies, such as for root morphology and grain yield under low-P, and indicated the importance of dominance in the genetic architecture of grain yield. By overlapping consensus QTL regions, we mapped two candidate P efficiency genes to a ~ 5 Mb region on chromosomes 6 (ALMT) and 9 (PHO2). Remarkably, we find that only 200 progeny genotyped with ~ 45,000 markers in BRP13R can lead to GWAS-based positional cloning of naturally rare, subpopulation-specific alleles, such as for SbMATE-conditioned Al tolerance. Genomic selection was found to be useful in such MP-RMP, particularly if markers in LD with major genes are fitted as fixed effects into GBLUP models accommodating dominance. Shifts in allele frequencies in progeny contrasting for grain yield indicated that intermediate to minor-effect genes on P efficiency, such as SbPSTOL1 genes, can be employed in pre-breeding via allele mining in the base population. Therefore, MP-RMPs such as BRP13R emerge as multipurpose resources for efficient gene discovery and deployment for breeding sorghum cultivars adapted to tropical soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine C Bernardino
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rodovia MG 424 km 65, Sete Lagoas, MG, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - Cícero B de Menezes
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rodovia MG 424 km 65, Sete Lagoas, MG, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - Sylvia M de Sousa
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rodovia MG 424 km 65, Sete Lagoas, MG, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - Claudia T Guimarães
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rodovia MG 424 km 65, Sete Lagoas, MG, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - Pedro C S Carneiro
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Robert E Schaffert
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rodovia MG 424 km 65, Sete Lagoas, MG, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - Leon V Kochian
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 4J8, Canada
| | - Barbara Hufnagel
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rodovia MG 424 km 65, Sete Lagoas, MG, 35701-970, Brazil
- BPMP, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, University of Montpellier, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Maria Marta Pastina
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rodovia MG 424 km 65, Sete Lagoas, MG, 35701-970, Brazil.
| | - Jurandir V Magalhaes
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rodovia MG 424 km 65, Sete Lagoas, MG, 35701-970, Brazil.
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Barros VA, Chandnani R, de Sousa SM, Maciel LS, Tokizawa M, Guimaraes CT, Magalhaes JV, Kochian LV. Root Adaptation via Common Genetic Factors Conditioning Tolerance to Multiple Stresses for Crops Cultivated on Acidic Tropical Soils. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:565339. [PMID: 33281841 PMCID: PMC7688899 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.565339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Crop tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses has long been pursued as a Holy Grail in plant breeding efforts that target crop adaptation to tropical soils. On tropical, acidic soils, aluminum (Al) toxicity, low phosphorus (P) availability and drought stress are the major limitations to yield stability. Molecular breeding based on a small suite of pleiotropic genes, particularly those with moderate to major phenotypic effects, could help circumvent the need for complex breeding designs and large population sizes aimed at selecting transgressive progeny accumulating favorable alleles controlling polygenic traits. The underlying question is twofold: do common tolerance mechanisms to Al toxicity, P deficiency and drought exist? And if they do, will they be useful in a plant breeding program that targets stress-prone environments. The selective environments in tropical regions are such that multiple, co-existing regulatory networks may drive the fixation of either distinctly different or a smaller number of pleiotropic abiotic stress tolerance genes. Recent studies suggest that genes contributing to crop adaptation to acidic soils, such as the major Arabidopsis Al tolerance protein, AtALMT1, which encodes an aluminum-activated root malate transporter, may influence both Al tolerance and P acquisition via changes in root system morphology and architecture. However, trans-acting elements such as transcription factors (TFs) may be the best option for pleiotropic control of multiple abiotic stress genes, due to their small and often multiple binding sequences in the genome. One such example is the C2H2-type zinc finger, AtSTOP1, which is a transcriptional regulator of a number of Arabidopsis Al tolerance genes, including AtMATE and AtALMT1, and has been shown to activate AtALMT1, not only in response to Al but also low soil P. The large WRKY family of transcription factors are also known to affect a broad spectrum of phenotypes, some of which are related to acidic soil abiotic stress responses. Hence, we focus here on signaling proteins such as TFs and protein kinases to identify, from the literature, evidence for unifying regulatory networks controlling Al tolerance, P efficiency and, also possibly drought tolerance. Particular emphasis will be given to modification of root system morphology and architecture, which could be an important physiological "hub" leading to crop adaptation to multiple soil-based abiotic stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A. Barros
- Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Sete Lagoas, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rahul Chandnani
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Laiane S. Maciel
- Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Sete Lagoas, Brazil
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Mutsutomo Tokizawa
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Jurandir V. Magalhaes
- Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Sete Lagoas, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leon V. Kochian
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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30
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Li W, Sun Y, Wang B, Xie H, Wang J, Nan Z. Transcriptome analysis of two soybean cultivars identifies an aluminum respon-sive antioxidant enzyme GmCAT1. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1394-1400. [PMID: 32180505 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1740970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the antioxidant defense system involved in the tolerance of soybean (Glycine max) to aluminum (Al) stress. Physiological assays showed that the amount of superoxide free radicals (O2 -), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower in an Al-resistant soybean cultivar (cv. PI416937) than in an Al-sensitive soybean cultivar (cv. Huachun18). Comparative analysis of microarray data from both genotypes following Al-stress treatment revealed that the expression of a series of antioxidant enzymes genes was induced in the Al-resistant cultivar. The quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay showed that the transcript levels of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, including GmCAT1, GmPOD1, GmGST1, GmAPX, GmGSH1, and GmSOD, were higher in the Al-resistant cultivar than in the Al-sensitive cultivar in Al-stress conditions. Furthermore, GmCAT1-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants had improved tolerance to Al-stress and lower O2 -, H2O2, and MDA contents than wild-type plants. Therefore, providing evidence that the antioxidant defense system is essential for Al tolerance in soybean. ABBREVIATIONS Al: aluminum; O2 -: superoxide free radicals; ROS: reactive oxygen species; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; MDA: malondialdehyde; qRT-PCR: quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; GO: gene ontology; WT: wild type; MS medium: Murashige and Skoog medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Production Education, Beijing University of Agriculture , Beijing, China
| | - Yunjin Sun
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture , Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Production Education, Beijing University of Agriculture , Beijing, China
| | - Hao Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Production Education, Beijing University of Agriculture , Beijing, China
| | - Jingxuan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Production Education, Beijing University of Agriculture , Beijing, China
| | - Zhangjie Nan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Production Education, Beijing University of Agriculture , Beijing, China
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31
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Wang J, Qin Q, Pan J, Sun L, Sun Y, Xue Y, Song K. Transcriptome analysis in roots and leaves of wheat seedlings in response to low-phosphorus stress. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19802. [PMID: 31875036 PMCID: PMC6930268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low phosphorus availability is a major abiotic factor constraining wheat growth. The molecular mechanisms of the wheat whole genome under low-phosphorus stress are still unclear. To obtain information on gene expression in wheat seedlings under low-phosphorus stress, transcriptome sequencing was performed on roots and leaves. The results showed that 2,318 (1,646 upregulated and 672 downregulated) transcripts were differentially expressed in the leaves, and 2,018 (1,310 upregulated and 708 downregulated) were differentially expressed in the roots. Further analysis showed that these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in carbon fixation in photosynthetic organs and in carbon metabolism, photosynthesis, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism and plant-pathogen interaction in both leaves and roots. These pathways were mainly associated with environmental adaptation, energy metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting that the metabolic processes were strengthened in wheat seedlings under low-phosphorus stress and that more energy and substances were produced to resist or adapt to this unfavourable environment. This research might provide potential directions and valuable resources to further study wheat under low-phosphorus stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
- Shanghai Scientific Observation and Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment and Land Conservation, Shanghai, 201403, China
- Shanghai Environmental Protection Monitoring Station of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201403, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERLA), Shanghai, 201403, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Jianjun Pan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lijuan Sun
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
- Shanghai Scientific Observation and Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment and Land Conservation, Shanghai, 201403, China
- Shanghai Environmental Protection Monitoring Station of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201403, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERLA), Shanghai, 201403, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Yafei Sun
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
- Shanghai Scientific Observation and Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment and Land Conservation, Shanghai, 201403, China
- Shanghai Environmental Protection Monitoring Station of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201403, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERLA), Shanghai, 201403, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Yong Xue
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China.
- Shanghai Scientific Observation and Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment and Land Conservation, Shanghai, 201403, China.
- Shanghai Environmental Protection Monitoring Station of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201403, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERLA), Shanghai, 201403, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai, 201403, China.
| | - Ke Song
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China.
- Shanghai Scientific Observation and Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment and Land Conservation, Shanghai, 201403, China.
- Shanghai Environmental Protection Monitoring Station of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201403, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERLA), Shanghai, 201403, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai, 201403, China.
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