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Giannelos N, Curran D, Nguyen C, Kagia C, Vroom N, Vroling H. The Incidence of Herpes Zoster Complications: A Systematic Literature Review. Infect Dis Ther 2024:10.1007/s40121-024-01002-4. [PMID: 38896390 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-024-01002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this work was to summarize the incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) complications in different populations. METHODS Systematic literature review of PubMed, Embase, and Virtual Health Library records between January 1, 2002 and October 20, 2022 using search strings for HZ, complications, and frequency measurements. RESULTS The review included 124 studies, most conducted in the general population (n = 93) and on individuals with comorbidities (n = 41) ≥ 18 years of age. Most studies were conducted in Europe (n = 44), Asia (n = 40), and North America (n = 36). Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) was the most studied neurological complication. Variable relative PHN incidence was found in the general population (2.6-46.7%) or based on diagnosis: immunocompromised (3.9-33.8%), depression (0-50%), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (6.1-40.2%). High incidence rates were observed in hematological malignancies (HM) and solid organ malignancies (132.5 and 93.7 per 1000 person-years, respectively). Ocular complications were frequently reported with herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO). The relative incidence (incidence rate) of HZO in the general population was reported as 1.4-15.9% (0.31-0.35 per 1000 person-years). High relative incidence was observed in HIV (up to 10.1%) and HM (3.2-11.3%). Disseminated HZ was the most frequently reported cutaneous complication. The relative incidence of disseminated HZ was 0.3-8.2% in the general population, 0-0.5% in the immunocompetent, and 0-20.6% in patients with comorbidities. High relative incidence was reported in HM and solid organ transplant (up to 19.3% and 14.8%, respectively). DISCUSSION Most reported complications were neurological (n = 110), ocular (n = 48), and cutaneous (n = 38). Few studies stratified complications by age or gender (or both). Incidence appeared higher in select immunocompromised populations. Higher incidence was associated with older age in several studies; the general association with gender was unclear. CONCLUSIONS Variable incidence of HZ complications was reported by population subgroup. Further research is required to quantitatively analyze incidence by age, gender, and location.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chi Nguyen
- Pallas Health Research & Consultancy, a P95 Company, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carol Kagia
- Pallas Health Research & Consultancy, a P95 Company, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikki Vroom
- Pallas Health Research & Consultancy, a P95 Company, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hilde Vroling
- Pallas Health Research & Consultancy, a P95 Company, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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George S, Carrico J, Hicks KA, Loukov D, Ng C, Regan J, Giannelos N. Updated Public Health Impact and Cost Effectiveness of Recombinant Zoster Vaccine in Canadian Adults Aged 50 Years and Older. PHARMACOECONOMICS - OPEN 2024; 8:481-492. [PMID: 38605257 PMCID: PMC11058134 DOI: 10.1007/s41669-024-00483-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to update previously estimated public health impact and cost effectiveness of recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) for the prevention of herpes zoster (HZ) in Canadians aged ≥50 years using longer-term RZV efficacy and waning data and real-world coverage and completion. METHODS A multicohort Markov model was used to conduct a cost-utility analysis comparing RZV with no HZ vaccination among Canadians aged ≥50 years. Real-world data were used for first-dose coverage (17.5%) and second-dose completion (65%). Vaccine efficacy and waning data were applied from up to 8-year follow-up from the ZOE-50 and ZOE-70 clinical trials. Incremental costs and benefits were calculated using a lifetime horizon from the healthcare payer (base case) and societal perspectives. A discount rate of 1.5% was applied to costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). RESULTS The model estimated that RZV would prevent 303,835 HZ cases, 83,256 post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) cases, 39,653 other complications, and 99 HZ-related deaths compared with no HZ vaccination. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were estimated to be $27,486 and $22,097 per QALY (2022 Canadian dollars [CAN$]) from the healthcare payer and societal perspectives, respectively. The base-case ICER was most sensitive to a lower percentage of initial HZ cases with PHN. Almost all probabilistic sensitivity analysis simulations (98.1%) resulted in ICERs CONCLUSIONS RZV is expected to remain a cost-effective option for Canadian adults aged ≥50 years when using longer-term RZV efficacy and waning estimates, although the estimated public health impact was smaller than in the previous analysis (due to lower coverage/completion estimates).
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Ley D, Musto J. Immunizations in liver transplant candidates. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2023; 21:151-154. [PMID: 37937049 PMCID: PMC10627590 DOI: 10.1097/cld.0000000000000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
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Xu G, Xu S, Gong W, Dong S, Yu H. Low Trend for VZV-Associated Disease Patients to Visit Neurologists. J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:1379-1392. [PMID: 37215749 PMCID: PMC10199679 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s412398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Herpes zoster (HZ) is a skin disease that can also cause virus-infectious peripheral neuropathies. Despite this, there is limited information on patient preferences for seeking medical attention for HZ and zoster-associated pain (ZAP). Our study aimed to evaluate how frequently patients with ZAP choose to visit neurologists for their symptoms. Methods This study conducted a retrospective review of electronic health records in three general hospitals from January 2017 to June 2022. Using association rule mining, the study analyzed referral behaviors. Results We identified 33,633 patients with 111,488 outpatient visits over 5.5 years. The study found that the majority of patients (74.77-91.22%) visited dermatologists during their first outpatient visit, while only a small percentage (0.86-1.47%) preferred to consult a neurologist. The proportion of patients referred to a specialist during their medical visit varied significantly between different specialties within the same hospital (p <0.05) and even within the same specialty (p<0.05). There was a weak association (Lift:1.00-1.17) of referral behaviors between dermatology and neurology. Across the three hospitals, the average number of visits to a neurologist for ZAP was 1.42-2.49, with an average electronic health record duration of 11-15 days per patient. After consulting with a neurologist, some patients were referred to other specialists. Conclusion It was observed that patients with HZ and ZAP tended to visit a variety of specialists, with only a small number seeking the assistance of neurologists. However, from the perspective of neuroprotection, it is the duty of neurologists to provide more means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, 20072, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Site Xu
- Division of Information and Statistics, Affiliated Ruijin Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Gong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai First Rehabilitation Hospital, Shanghai, 200090, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shihong Dong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hecheng Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, 20072, People’s Republic of China
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Leung J, Dooling K, Marin M, Anderson TC, Harpaz R. The Impact of Universal Varicella Vaccination on Herpes Zoster Incidence in the United States: Comparison of Birth Cohorts Preceding and Following Varicella Vaccination Program Launch. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:S470-S477. [PMID: 36265856 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
When the US varicella vaccination program was introduced in 1995, its impacts on the epidemiology of herpes zoster (HZ) were not precisely known. We used a large claims database to examine HZ incidence in the US during 1998-2019 among persons aged ≥30 years (the prevaccine cohort, born before 1990), and aged 1-29 years (includes the postvaccine cohort, born since 1990). We defined incident HZ as the first instance of an outpatient or emergency department (ED) claim with an HZ diagnostic code. Additionally, we examined the proportion of HZ visits among all ED visits as a complementary method to assess for healthcare-seeking artifacts in the findings. In persons aged ≥30 years (prevaccine cohort), we observed age-specific increases in HZ incidence during the earlier study years, with decelerations in later years, starting in 2007 with oldest age groups. Similar patterns were seen when we examined HZ visits as a proportion of all ED visits. For persons aged 1-29 years, age-specific HZ incidence increased early in the study period for the oldest age groups who were born prevaccine, but later declined in a stepwise pattern once each age group was comprised of persons born in the postvaccine period. Our results, corroborated with previously published studies, do not support prior modeling predictions that the varicella vaccination program would increase HZ incidence among adult cohorts who previously experienced varicella. Our findings also suggest that continued declines in age-specific HZ incidence as varicella-vaccinated cohorts age are likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Leung
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kathleen Dooling
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mona Marin
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tara C Anderson
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Yeh CH, Chang KS, Huang SS, Tsay SL, Tsai JM, Wang YJ. Comparing Prodrugs with Acyclovir for Treating Postherpetic Neuralgia among Herpes Zoster Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10071181. [PMID: 35885708 PMCID: PMC9322848 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10071181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a common, painful, and long-term complication of herpes zoster (HZ). PHN increases the demand for healthcare services and, previous studies showed that patients who received antiviral agents were less likely to develop PHN. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of prodrugs and acyclovir in treating PHN among patients with HZ. The search included the PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Center of Register of Controlled Trails databases through February 2022. Clinical trials and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving antiviral agent intervention for HZ patients diagnosed with PHN were eligible for inclusion. A meta-analysis was conducted to calculate pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with a fix-effect model. Five RCTs with 1147 HZ patients met our eligibility criteria. Our meta-analysis found that there was a significantly lower risk of PHN for members of the prodrugs group (famciclovir and valaciclovir) compared with those who received acyclovir (RR = 0.86, 95%, CI: 0.75 to 0.98, p = 0.03). The review of studies indicated that the efficacy of prodrugs was better than acyclovir for reliving PHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsin Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Yuan Rung Hospital, Changhua 510005, Taiwan;
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing and Health, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515006, Taiwan; (S.-S.H.); (J.-M.T.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Ko-Shih Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Yuan Rung Hospital, Changhua 510005, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Shiung Huang
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing and Health, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515006, Taiwan; (S.-S.H.); (J.-M.T.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Shiow-Luan Tsay
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing and Health, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515006, Taiwan; (S.-S.H.); (J.-M.T.); (Y.-J.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-8511888 (ext. 7200)
| | - Jung-Mei Tsai
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing and Health, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515006, Taiwan; (S.-S.H.); (J.-M.T.); (Y.-J.W.)
- Department of Nursing, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 25160, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jung Wang
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing and Health, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515006, Taiwan; (S.-S.H.); (J.-M.T.); (Y.-J.W.)
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Corydalis decumbens Can Exert Analgesic Effects in a Mouse Neuropathic Pain Model by Modulating MAPK Signaling. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7722951. [PMID: 35669365 PMCID: PMC9166945 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7722951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study is aimed at investigating the analgesic effect of the administration of Corydalis decumbens (CD) in a mouse model of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and at elucidating its mechanism of analgesic action. Methods Adult Kunming (KM) mice were randomly divided into control, CD, and vehicle-treated groups. Neuropathic pain was induced with a single intraperitoneal injection of resiniferatoxin (RTX). Thermal hyperalgesia was assessed with a hot/cold plate test, and mechanical allodynia was evaluated using von Frey filaments. The activation states of astrocytes, microglia, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the spinal cord were determined by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis of Iba-1, GFAP, phospho-p38, and phospho-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Results RTX diminished thermal sensitivity and gradually increased sensitivity to tactile stimulation. The expression of Iba-1, GFAP, phospho-p38 MAPK, and phospho-JNK was upregulated in the RTX-induced postherpetic neuralgia mouse model. Systemic treatment with CD significantly ameliorated thermal sensitivity and mechanical hyperalgesia and was accompanied by a reduction in the expression of Iba-1 and GFAP and reduced phosphorylation of p38 and JNK. Conclusions This study suggests that CD is effective at ameliorating mechanical hyperalgesia in PHN mice and that its mechanism of action may involve modulation of MAPK phosphorylation and glial cell activation. Thus, CD may be a promising alternative therapy for PHN.
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Rolak S, Said A, German R, Hayney MS, Caldera F. Optimizing Immunization Strategies in Adult Patients With Chronic Liver Disease and Liver Transplant Recipients. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2022; 18:196-206. [PMID: 35505940 PMCID: PMC9053492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and liver transplant recipients are at increased risk for infections from vaccine-preventable diseases. Gastroenterologists and hepatologists should assess patient immunization history, and necessary vaccinations should be given as soon as possible. Vaccines demonstrate superior immunogenicity when given earlier in the course of liver disease and prior to transplant. This article summarizes recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for vaccinations in patients with CLD and liver transplant recipients, and includes a discussion of the influenza, herpes zoster, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, pneumococcal, human papillomavirus, and COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Rolak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Adnan Said
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Rita German
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mary S. Hayney
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Freddy Caldera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Lin H, Cao G, Yang Z, Jin G, Huang B, Huang C, Yao M, Shao J. Computed Tomography-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation of the Cervical Dorsal Root Ganglia in 27 Patients with Cervical and Occipital Postherpetic Neuralgia. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e932612. [PMID: 34654795 PMCID: PMC8527873 DOI: 10.12659/msm.932612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a common complication of herpes zoster virus infection that is associated with intense pain. The present study aimed to investigate the use of computed tomography (CT)-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the cervical dorsal root ganglia (DRG) for treatment of cervical and occipital PHN in 27 patients at a single center. Material/Methods Twenty-seven patients with PHN in the cervical and/or occipital region were enrolled. After imaging the area of PHN in the patients, axial scanning was performed on the upper cervical segment in the spinal scanning mode. The puncture path was defined and then RFA therapy (90°C for 180 s) was performed by targeting the corresponding intervertebral foramen. Patients were followed 2 days later and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Observation at each follow-up visit included rating of pain on a visual analog scale (VAS) and assessment of complications and adverse events. Results VAS scores significantly decreased in patients with PHN after RFA compared with their scores before RFA (P<0.05). Skin sensation decreased in the area that was originally painful and allodynia significantly diminished. Conclusions The findings from this small study from a single center showed that CT-guided percutaneous RFA of cervical DRG safely and effectively reduced cervical and occipital PHN in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Gang Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zhaodong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Guanjun Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Bing Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Changshun Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ming Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jinghan Shao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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Winthrop KL, Loftus EV, Baumgart DC, Reinisch W, Nduaka CI, Lawendy N, Chan G, Mundayat R, Friedman GS, Salese L, Thorpe AJ, Su C. Tofacitinib for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: Analysis of Infection Rates from the Ulcerative Colitis Clinical Programme. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:914-929. [PMID: 33245746 PMCID: PMC8218715 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tofacitinib is an oral, small molecule JAK inhibitor for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. We report integrated analyses of infections in the Phase [P]2 and P3 OCTAVE programmes. METHODS Three cohorts were analysed: Induction [P2/3 induction studies]; Maintenance [P3 maintenance study]; and Overall [all tofacitinib-treated patients in induction, maintenance, or ongoing, open-label, long-term extension studies; as of May 2019]. Proportions and incidence rates [IRs; unique patients with events/100 patient-years] of serious infections [SIs], herpes zoster [HZ] [non-serious and serious], and opportunistic infections [OIs] are reported [censored at time of event]. RESULTS In the Induction Cohort [N = 1220], no patients receiving placebo and eight [0.9%] receiving tofacitinib 10 mg twice daily [BID] developed SIs. Maintenance Cohort [N = 592] SI IRs (95% confidence interval [CI]) were 1.94 [0.23-7.00] for placebo and 1.35 [0.16-4.87] and 0.64 [0.02-3.54] for tofacitinib 5 and 10 mg BID, respectively; HZ IRs were 0.97 [0.02-5.42], 2.05 [0.42-6.00], and 6.64 [3.19-12.22], respectively. In the Overall Cohort [N = 1157; 82.9% predominantly received tofacitinib 10 mg BID], SI, HZ, and non-HZ OI IRs were 1.70 [1.24-2.27], 3.48 [2.79-4.30], and 0.15 [0.04-0.38], respectively. No SIs resulted in death. CONCLUSIONS During induction, SIs were more frequent with tofacitinib versus placebo. SIs were generally infrequent in the Maintenance and Overall Cohorts, with rates comparable between treatment groups. Maintenance Cohort HZ IR was numerically higher with tofacitinib 10 mg BID versus 5 mg BID. Overall Cohort HZ IRs remained stable over time. Non-HZ OIs and viral infections were rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Winthrop
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Edward V Loftus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel C Baumgart
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Walter Reinisch
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chudy I Nduaka
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Nervin Lawendy
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Gary Chan
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Rajiv Mundayat
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary S Friedman
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Leonardo Salese
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Andrew J Thorpe
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Chinyu Su
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA, USA
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Rafferty ERS, McDonald W, Osgood ND, Doroshenko A, Farag M. What We Know Now: An Economic Evaluation of Chickenpox Vaccination and Dose Timing Using an Agent-Based Model. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2021; 24:50-60. [PMID: 33431153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The value of chickenpox vaccination is still debated in the literature and by jurisdictions worldwide. This uncertainty is reflected in the inconsistent uptake of the vaccine, where some countries offer routine childhood immunization programs, others have targeted programs, and in many the vaccine is only privately available. Even across the countries that have universal funding for the vaccine, there is a diversity of schedules and dosing intervals. Using an agent-based model of chickenpox and shingles, we conducted an economic evaluation of chickenpox vaccination in Alberta, Canada. METHODS We compared the cost-effectiveness of 2 common chickenpox vaccination schedules, specifically a long dosing interval (first dose: 12 months; second dose: 4-6 years) and a short dosing interval (first dose: 12 months; second dose: 18 months). RESULTS The economic evaluation demonstrated a shorter dosing interval may be marginally preferred, although it consistently led to higher costs from both the societal and healthcare perspectives. We found that chickenpox vaccination would be cost-saving and highly cost-effective from the societal and healthcare perspective, assuming there was no impact on shingles. CONCLUSION Chickenpox vaccine was cost-effective when not considering shingles and remained so even if there was a minor increase in shingles following vaccination. However, if chickenpox vaccination did lead to a substantial increase in shingles, then chickenpox vaccination was not cost-effective from the healthcare perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen R S Rafferty
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Faculty of Nursing, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Wade McDonald
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Nathaniel D Osgood
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Alexander Doroshenko
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marwa Farag
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Public Administration and Development Economics, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, Doha, Qatar
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Yao H, Zhu C, Liu L, Hu H. Different dosages of valaciclovir for the treatment of herpes zoster in adults: A randomized clinical study. J Clin Pharm Ther 2020; 46:717-723. [PMID: 33368338 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE The dosages of valaciclovir used for herpes zoster treatment recommended by Chinese pharmaceutical companies can differ considerably from those reported in the literature. This randomized clinical study compares the efficacy and safety of different oral valaciclovir doses for the treatment of herpes zoster in adults. METHODS A total of 214 patients with herpes zoster were enrolled and randomized into two groups according to age: 98 patients in the 18-44-year group (younger patients) and 116 patients in the 45-74-year group (middle-aged and elderly patients). Patients in the two age groups were then prescribed different doses of valaciclovir. The high-dose group was administered 900 mg of valaciclovir, three times daily for 10 days, whereas the low-dose group was administered 300 mg of valaciclovir, two times daily for 10 days. The efficacy and side effects of these regimens were recorded on days 6, 11 and 30. RESULTS In total, 207 (of 214 enrolled) patients completed the study. Of the seven patients who discontinued the study, five discontinued because their follow-up time was not fixed and two withdrew after moving to other cities. At the 11th day after treatment, the clinical effect of high-dose valaciclovir groups were significantly better than that of the low-dose valaciclovir groups in middle-aged and elderly patients (p < 0.05). The difference in visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores between the two dose groups was statistically significant in middle-aged and elderly patients at the 6th day(p < 0.05), whereas there was no difference in younger patients (p > 0.05). The VAS scores were significantly lower in high-dose group than in low-dose group at day 11 in both groups of patients(p < 0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the time to skin scab improvement between the two different dose groups in younger patients (p > 0.05). Among middle-aged and elderly patients, the incidence of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) was significantly lower in the high-dose group than in the low-dose group (p < 0.05). The difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the high-dose and low-dose groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Overall, the main side effect was headache. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION The present study indicates that early treatment with high-dose valaciclovir can significantly reduce pain in patients, especially in elderly patients, in whom it can also reduce the incidence of PHN. In terms of safety, no significant difference was noted in the incidence of adverse reactions between high- and low-dose groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Yao
- Department of Dermatology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Chengyao Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Lunfei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China.,Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honghua Hu
- Department of Dermatology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
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Kauffmann F, Bechini A, Bonanni P, Casabona G, Wutzler P. Varicella vaccination in Italy and Germany – different routes to success: a systematic review. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:843-869. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1825947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Bechini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonanni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Peter Wutzler
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University-Hospital Jena, Germany
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Huang S, Pan Z, Li Z, Zhu X, Ma T, Wu J. Ju Re Ba Du therapy for Postherpetic neuralgia: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22992. [PMID: 33126377 PMCID: PMC7598878 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is one of the most common types of chronic neuropathic pain, which seriously affects quality of the life because of pain severity and poor response to the currently available treatments. Ju Re Ba Du therapy as a form of acupuncture therapy which is proved to be effective in RCTs and very suitable for patients, has been used in Postherpetic neuralgia in patients for a long time, therefore a systematic review is necessary to provide available evidence for further study. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The following databases will be searched from their inception to October 2020: Electronic database includes PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Nature, Science online, VIP medicine information, and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure). PRIMARY OUTCOME pain intensity assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS); Additional outcomes:Data will be extracted by two researchers independently, risk of bias of the meta-analysis will be evaluated based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. All data analysis will be conducted by data statistics software Review Manager V.5.3. and Stata V.12.0. RESULTS The results of this study will systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Ju Re Ba Du therapy intervention for people with Postherpetic neuralgia. CONCLUSION The systematic review of this study will summarize the current published evidence of Ju Re Ba Du therapy for the treatment of Postherpetic neuralgia, which can further guide the promotion and application of it. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study is a systematic review, the outcomes are based on the published evidence, so examination and agreement by the ethics committee are not required in this study. We intend to publish the study results in a journal or conference presentations. OSF REGISTRATION NUMBER September 29, 2020 osf.io/r6y9b. (https://osf.io/r6y9b).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Huang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion School Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Zhengqi Pan
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion School Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Zimeng Li
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion School Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xinyun Zhu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion School Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Tingting Ma
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Nakanekar A, Khobarkar P, Dhotkar S. Management of herpes zoster in Ayurveda through medicinal leeches and other composite Ayurveda Treatment. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020; 11:352-356. [PMID: 32798195 PMCID: PMC7527853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes zoster commonly known as shingle's caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV). Recent studies have shown that exosomes play important role in pathogenesis as well as spread of herpes. Leeches when applied over affected part of herpes sucks the blood and there by interferes with extracellular communication through these exosomes and their by showing pain reduction, reduction in burning and arrest progression of disease. This technique is cost effective and easy to apply. In Ayurveda herpes can be correlated with Pittaj visarpa. Principle of treatment is Raktmokshan (~Bloodletting) and Pradeha (~Local application of medicines). Bloodletting with Jalauka (~Medicinal Leeches) is specifically indicated in management of Pitta dominant disorder. A 65-year-old female known case of Type 2 Diabetes (DM) and presented in Casualty of Government Ayurved College, Nagpur (GACN). We treated her Herpes zoster on the basic principles of management of Pittaj Visarpa. Management of Type 2 DM was continued as per modern medicine consultant. Rapid decrease in pain severity was observed after the 1st setting of leech therapy according to Zoster Specific Brief Pain Inventory (ZBPI) Questionnaire. After each seating pain reduction was observed. Repeated application of Jalauka along with internal medications gave complete relief. Ayurveda pain management in herpes zoster by leech therapy gives innovative easy, better and cost effective treatment. Adaptive trials are necessary to explore further practical applicability of Ayurveda and modern treatment together. Future research on effect of leech application on exosomes is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Nakanekar
- Kayachikitsa, Government Ayurved College, Nagpur, India.
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Tanenbaum HC, Lawless A, Sy LS, Hong V, Ackerson B, Bruxvoort K, Luo Y, Tseng HF. Differences in Estimates of Post-Herpetic Neuralgia Between Medical Chart Review and Self-Report. J Pain Res 2020; 13:1757-1762. [PMID: 32765050 PMCID: PMC7368161 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s255238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a common herpes zoster (HZ) complication, where pain persists 90 days after the initial HZ diagnosis. Evaluating PHN risk is essential for determining the burden on patients and health-care systems, but research shows variable estimates. The extent to which these differences are related to the assessment method has not been examined. The purpose of this study is to compare the proportion of PHN among HZ patients measured by medical chart review and self-report surveys. METHODS PHN risk was assessed among a sample of Kaiser Permanente Southern California members with HZ. Chart reviews identified lingering pain 90-180 days post-HZ diagnosis and the Zoster Brief Pain Inventory was administered 90 days post-HZ diagnosis by telephone. Frequencies of PHN identified with each approach were cross-tabulated and stratified by sex, age group, and zoster vaccine live vaccination status. RESULTS Chart review and self-report were largely concordant (n=875, 89.20%); however, chart review yielded lower PHN risk overall and for the stratified subgroups. PHN from self-report was substantially higher (6.30-8.33%) among patients who were male, ≥70 years, or unvaccinated. Among those who typically seek care more often (female, younger, vaccinated), the discrepancy between each method was notably lower (1.60-2.92%). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that chart review underestimates cases among those less likely to seek health care, including males, the elderly, and unvaccinated individuals. The agreement between the methods indicates that each can provide a reasonable approximation of PHN, but analyses should carefully control for health-care utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary C Tanenbaum
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Anna Lawless
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lina S Sy
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Vennis Hong
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Bradley Ackerson
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Katia Bruxvoort
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yi Luo
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Hung Fu Tseng
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Privor-Dumm L, Vasudevan P, Kobayashi K, Gupta J. Archetype analysis of older adult immunization decision-making and implementation in 34 countries. Vaccine 2020; 38:4170-4182. [PMID: 32376108 PMCID: PMC7252137 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The global population of adults over 65 years of age is growing rapidly and is expected to double by 2050. Countries will face substantial health, economic and social burden deriving from vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) such as influenza, pneumonia and herpes zoster in older adults. It will be essential that countries utilize several public health strategies, including immunization. Understanding the different approaches countries have taken on adult immunization could help provide future learnings and technical support for adult vaccines within life-course immunization strategies. In this study, we describe the priorities and approaches that underlie adult immunization decision-making and implementation processes in 32 high-and-middle-income countries and two territories ("34 countries") who recommend adult vaccines in their national schedule. We conducted an archetype analysis based on a subset of two dozen indicators abstracted from a larger database. The analysis was based on a mixed-methods study, including results from 120 key informant interviews in six countries and a landscape review of secondary data from 34 countries. We found four distinct archetypes: disease prevention-focused; health security-focused; evolving adult focus; and, child-focused and cost-sensitive. The highest performing countries belonged to the disease prevention-focused and health security archetypes, although there was a range of performance within each archetype. Considering common barriers and facilitators of decision-making and implementation of adult vaccines within a primary archetype could help provide a framework for strategies to support countries with similar needs and approaches. It can also help in developing context-specific policies and guidance, including for countries prioritizing adult immunization programs in light of COVID-19. Further research may be beneficial to further refine archetypes and expand the understanding of what influences success within them. This can help advance policies and action that will improve vaccine access for older adults and build a stronger appreciation of the value of immunization amongst a variety of stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois Privor-Dumm
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, International Vaccine Access Center, USA.
| | - Prarthana Vasudevan
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, International Vaccine Access Center, USA.
| | - Kana Kobayashi
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, International Vaccine Access Center, USA.
| | - Jaya Gupta
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, International Vaccine Access Center, USA.
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Drolet M, Zhou Z, Sauvageau C, DeWals P, Gilca V, Amini R, Bénard É, Brisson M. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of vaccination against herpes zoster in Canada: a modelling study. CMAJ 2020; 191:E932-E939. [PMID: 31451524 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.190274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two vaccines against herpes zoster are currently authorized for use in Canada: the recombinant subunit zoster vaccine and live attenuated zoster vaccine. We compared the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these 2 vaccines. METHODS We used a decision analytic static cohort model parametrized with Canadian epidemiologic and economic data. We performed the economic analysis from the health care system perspective, using a lifetime horizon and a 3% discount rate for costs and benefits. The primary outcome was the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained, relative to no vaccination. We ran 30 000 simulations varying all model parameters, including vaccine costs, efficacy and waning. RESULTS The number needed to vaccinate (NNV) was higher for the live attenuated zoster vaccine than for the recombinant subunit zoster vaccine for all herpes zoster-related events at all ages. For example, in persons exactly 65 years old, for herpes zoster, median NNV was 21 (90% uncertainty interval [UI] 13-31) versus 8 (90% UI 6-18), and for postherpetic neuralgia, NNV was 64 (90% UI 33-93) versus 31 (90% UI 23-73). For the recombinant vaccine, the median cost-effectiveness ratios varied between cost-saving and $25 881 per QALY gained for adults aged 50 years or older. For the live vaccine, the cost-effectiveness ratios varied between cost-saving and $130 587 per QALY gained and were less than $45 000 per QALY gained only for those 65 to 75 years old. Given its higher efficacy, we estimated that the cost for the complete series of the recombinant vaccine could be $150 to $200 more than the cost of the live vaccine and still be considered cost-effective. INTERPRETATION Our model predicted that the recombinant subunit zoster vaccine is likely cost-effective in Canada for adults 60 years or older, and is likely more cost-effective than live attenuated zoster vaccine. These results have informed updated national and provincial recommendations on herpes zoster vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Drolet
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Québec (Drolet, Zhou, Sauvageau, Gilca, Bénard, Brisson) and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Sauvageau, DeWals, Bénard, Brisson), Université Laval; Institut national de santé publique du Québec (Sauvageau, DeWals, Gilca, Amini), Québec, Que
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Québec (Drolet, Zhou, Sauvageau, Gilca, Bénard, Brisson) and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Sauvageau, DeWals, Bénard, Brisson), Université Laval; Institut national de santé publique du Québec (Sauvageau, DeWals, Gilca, Amini), Québec, Que
| | - Chantal Sauvageau
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Québec (Drolet, Zhou, Sauvageau, Gilca, Bénard, Brisson) and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Sauvageau, DeWals, Bénard, Brisson), Université Laval; Institut national de santé publique du Québec (Sauvageau, DeWals, Gilca, Amini), Québec, Que
| | - Philippe DeWals
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Québec (Drolet, Zhou, Sauvageau, Gilca, Bénard, Brisson) and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Sauvageau, DeWals, Bénard, Brisson), Université Laval; Institut national de santé publique du Québec (Sauvageau, DeWals, Gilca, Amini), Québec, Que
| | - Vladimir Gilca
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Québec (Drolet, Zhou, Sauvageau, Gilca, Bénard, Brisson) and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Sauvageau, DeWals, Bénard, Brisson), Université Laval; Institut national de santé publique du Québec (Sauvageau, DeWals, Gilca, Amini), Québec, Que
| | - Rachid Amini
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Québec (Drolet, Zhou, Sauvageau, Gilca, Bénard, Brisson) and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Sauvageau, DeWals, Bénard, Brisson), Université Laval; Institut national de santé publique du Québec (Sauvageau, DeWals, Gilca, Amini), Québec, Que
| | - Élodie Bénard
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Québec (Drolet, Zhou, Sauvageau, Gilca, Bénard, Brisson) and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Sauvageau, DeWals, Bénard, Brisson), Université Laval; Institut national de santé publique du Québec (Sauvageau, DeWals, Gilca, Amini), Québec, Que
| | - Marc Brisson
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Québec (Drolet, Zhou, Sauvageau, Gilca, Bénard, Brisson) and Département de médecine sociale et préventive (Sauvageau, DeWals, Bénard, Brisson), Université Laval; Institut national de santé publique du Québec (Sauvageau, DeWals, Gilca, Amini), Québec, Que.
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Eriksson J, Hunger M, Bourhis F, Thorén R, Popmihajlov Z, Finelli L, Jiang Y. Cost and utility in immunocompromised subjects who developed herpes zoster during the randomized V212 inactivated varicella-zoster vaccine (ZV IN) trial. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2019; 20:613-621. [PMID: 31721601 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2020.1693267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Immunocompromised subjects are at increased risk for herpes zoster (HZ) and HZ-related complications, such as post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). We describe health utilities, health care resource utilization (HCRU), productivity loss and health care costs in recipients of autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (Auto-HSCT) who developed confirmed HZ in the phase 3 clinical trial. Methods: HCRU, costs, and EQ-5D-3L utility were assessed for 155 confirmed HZ cases observed after receiving inactivated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine (ZVIN) or placebo. In a prospective, longitudinal 6-month follow up, costs and utilities were analyzed for two health states, HZ without PHN and HZ with PHN. Results: There was a clinically relevant difference in utility between HZ without PHN (mean 0.814) and HZ with PHN (0.729). The disutility for HZ without PHN was estimated to -0.117 and to -0.186 for HZ with PHN. Direct costs (2017 USD) associated with a HZ without PHN episode and HZ with PHN episode was estimated at $3,412 and $3,711, respectively, of which hospitalizations accounted for 90% of the costs. Expert opinion: Both HZ and PHN are associated with considerable disutility in recipients of Auto-HSCT. Costs were comparable to published estimates in other immunocompromised subjects. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (CT.gov identifier: NCT01229267).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Eriksson
- Real-World Evidence Strategy & Analytics, ICON plc , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias Hunger
- Real-World Evidence Strategy & Analytics, ICON plc , Munich, Germany
| | - François Bourhis
- Global HTA, Health Economics, Reimbursement and Outcomes, ICON plc , Paris, France
| | - Robyn Thorén
- Real-World Evidence Strategy & Analytics, ICON plc , Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lynn Finelli
- Center for Observational and Real-world Evidence,L Merck & Co., Inc Kenilworth, NJ, UK
| | - Yiling Jiang
- Center for Observational and Real-world Evidence, Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd , Hoddesdon, UK
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Ultrasound-guided Pulsed Radiofrequency in the Management of Thoracic Postherpetic Neuralgia: A Randomized, Double-blinded, Controlled Trial. Clin J Pain 2019; 34:1017-1024. [PMID: 29757758 DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) for the intercostal nerves (ICNs) in the management of thoracic postherpetic neuralgia. METHODS After 2 weeks of treatment by pregabalin 150 mg/12 hours, patients were randomly allocated into 2 groups. The PRF group, after ultrasound-guided localization of the ICN of the affected thoracic dermatome, sensory stimulation of the ICN was tested. Thereafter, the patient received 2 cycles PRF at 42°C temperature, for 120 seconds. The sham group, after stimulation, the same time was spent to mimic PRF. The same procedures were repeated to the upper and lower adjacent ICNs. Pain intensity using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and total analgesics consumption were assessed at the baseline, every 2 weeks for 6 months then after 9 and 12 months. The duration of effective pain relief was recorded. Quality of life was evaluated using self-evaluation questionnaires (SF-36) at baseline then after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS PRF group expressed a significant decrease on the VAS throughout the study period. VAS<30 was reported in the PRF group until the 22nd week. Pregabalin and acetaminophen consumption was significantly lower in the PRF group. The 8 domains of the SF-36 revealed a significant improvement in the PRF group when compared with the sham group throughout the study period except for the physical role which displayed nonsignificant improvement. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound-guided PRF for ICNs in combination with pharmacotherapy seems to be a safe and effective treatment modality for postherpetic neuralgia.
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McGirr A, Van Oorschot D, Widenmaier R, Stokes M, Ganz ML, Jung H, Varghese L, Curran D. Public Health Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Non-live Adjuvanted Recombinant Zoster Vaccine in Canadian Adults. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2019; 17:723-732. [PMID: 31250218 PMCID: PMC6748891 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-019-00491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In Canada, incidences of herpes zoster (HZ) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) are increasing, posing a significant burden on the healthcare system. This study aimed to determine the public health impact and cost effectiveness of an adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) compared to no vaccination and to the live attenuated vaccine (ZVL) in Canadians aged 60 years and older. METHODS A multi-cohort Markov model has been adapted to the Canadian context using recent demographic and epidemiologic data. Simulations consisted of age-cohorts annually transitioning between health states. Health outcomes and costs were discounted at 1.5% per year. The perspective of the Canadian healthcare payer was adopted. A coverage of 80% for the first RZV and ZVL dose and a compliance of 75% for the second RZV dose were assumed. RESULTS RZV was estimated to be cost effective compared with no vaccination with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $28,360 (Canadian dollars) per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) in persons aged ≥ 60 years, avoiding 554,504 HZ and 166,196 PHN cases. Compared with ZVL, RZV accrued more QALYs through the remaining lifetime and an increase in costs of approximately $50 million resulting in an average ICER of $2396. Results were robust under deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. HZ incidence rate and persistence of vaccine efficacy had the largest impact on cost effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS The cost-utility analysis suggested that RZV would be cost effective in the Canadian population compared with no vaccination and vaccination with ZVL at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50,000.
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Saade EA, Canaday DH, Davidson HE, Gravenstein S. VZV-containing vaccines and hospitalization for herpes zoster: careful optimism. Aging Clin Exp Res 2019; 31:1347-1348. [PMID: 31317517 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01264-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elie A Saade
- University Hospitals of Cleveland, Louis Stokes Veterans Administration Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - David H Canaday
- Louis Stokes Veterans Administration Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Stefan Gravenstein
- Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Brown University Providence Veterans Administration Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
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Harpaz R. Do varicella vaccination programs change the epidemiology of herpes zoster? A comprehensive review, with focus on the United States. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:793-811. [PMID: 31318605 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1646129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Policy-makers in many countries have been wary of introducing varicella vaccination programs because of concerns that reduced exposures to varicella-zoster virus could increase herpes zoster (HZ) incidence. The U.S. introduced varicella vaccination in 1996 and has empiric evidence regarding this concern. Areas covered: This comprehensive review provides background emphasizing the epidemiology of varicella and of HZ in the U.S. before and after the introduction of their respective vaccines. The epidemiology is complex, and interpretation is complicated by methodologic challenges, by unexplained increases in age-specific HZ incidence that preceded varicella vaccination, and by introduction of vaccines for prevention of HZ. Nonetheless, observations from studies using different platforms and designs have yielded consistent findings, suggesting they are robust. Expert opinion: There has been no evidence that the U.S. varicella vaccination program increased HZ incidence in the general adult population over baseline trends. Furthermore, HZ incidence in children is declining. The U.S. experience can inform the development of new generations of models to predict HZ trends. More importantly, it provides reassurance for countries considering varicella vaccination that an effective program can reduce varicella morbidity and mortality while reducing the likelihood of HZ among children, and potentially, over time, across the entire population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Harpaz
- a Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Shiragami M, Mizukami A, Kaise T, Curran D, Van Oorschot D, Bracke B, Watanabe D. Cost-Effectiveness of the Adjuvant Recombinant Zoster Vaccine in Japanese Adults Aged 65 Years and Older. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2019; 9:281-297. [PMID: 30929219 PMCID: PMC6522608 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-019-0291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) rises steeply after the age of 50 years and the number of HZ cases and complications such as postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is predicted to increase because of the ageing population. The objective of this study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) compared with no vaccine for the Japanese population aged ≥ 65 years. METHODS A multi-cohort static Markov model with a cycle length of 1 year was used to follow a hypothetical cohort of 1 million people aged ≥ 65 years over their remaining lifetime. Vaccination at ≥ 65 years was used in alignment with the influenza and pneumococcal vaccines recommended from 65 years. Japan-specific data inputs for the model were obtained from local data sources. Age-stratified vaccine efficacy and waning rates were based on published clinical trial data. In the base-case analysis, vaccine coverage was assumed to be 40% with a second dose compliance of 95%. Costs and outcomes were discounted at 2% annually and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated from both a payer's and the societal perspective. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to explore the overall uncertainty in the model. RESULTS Vaccination with RZV was projected to prevent 48,943 HZ cases and 12,136 PHN cases per million people aged ≥ 65 years compared with no vaccination. The incremental costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained were ¥9.99 billion and 2314 QALYs from a payer's perspective and ¥9.34 billion and 2314 QALYs from a societal perspective. The resulting ICERs were approximately ¥4,320,000 and ¥4,040,000 per QALY gained from a payer's and the societal perspective, respectively. The ICER remained below a willingness-to-pay threshold of ¥5,000,000 for most sensitivity analyses carried out. CONCLUSION Vaccination against HZ with RZV would be cost-effective compared with no vaccination for the Japanese population aged ≥ 65 years. TRIAL REGISTRATION GSK study identifier: HO-16-17837. FUNDING GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shiragami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daisuke Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
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Colombel JF. Herpes Zoster in Patients Receiving JAK Inhibitors For Ulcerative Colitis: Mechanism, Epidemiology, Management, and Prevention. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:2173-2182. [PMID: 29788127 PMCID: PMC6140435 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased risk of herpes zoster (HZ) has been observed in patients with immune-mediated diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis (PsO), and inflammatory bowel disease; this risk can be further increased by the use of immunosuppressive therapy. One advancing modality of therapy for these diseases is Janus kinase (JAK) inhibition. Tofacitinib is an oral JAK inhibitor for the treatment of RA and psoriatic arthritis, which is currently under investigation for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) and was previously investigated for psoriasis. JAK inhibitors have been associated with HZ events in patients across a number of indications. The pathogenesis underlying this risk of HZ is currently unknown. An increased risk of HZ has been noted in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies for UC, including tofacitinib. In clinical trials, there was a dose-dependent risk of HZ (higher dose linked with increased risk). However, the majority of HZ cases are nonserious and noncomplicated, mild to moderate in severity, and manageable without permanent discontinuation of treatment. This review will discuss HZ risk in patients receiving JAK inhibitors, focusing on tofacitinib with respect to the potential mechanisms and epidemiology of HZ. Current guidelines for the prevention of HZ will be highlighted, and proposed management reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Frédéric Colombel
- Henry D Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York,Address correspondence to: Jean-Frédéric Colombel, MD, The Henry D Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 17 East 102nd Street, 5th Floor, New York, NY 10029 ()
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Herpes zoster prevention: A difficult problem to solve. Vaccine 2018; 36:5442-5448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schmidt P, Rao S. Effects of gabapentin, pregabalin and gastroretentive gabapentin on simulated driving, daytime sedation and cognition. Pain Manag 2018; 8:297-306. [DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2018-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Randomized Phase I study examining the effects of gabapentinoids gabapentin, pregabalin and gastroretentive gabapentin on simulated driving performance, sedation and cognitive function in healthy volunteers (n = 32). Methods: Driving attentiveness, sleepiness and cognition were evaluated prior to subjects receiving study doses. Blood samples were collected during each treatment. Results: Subjects receiving gastroretentive gabapentin showed less change in variation in lateral lane position (p = 0.0275), less tremor (p = 0.0304) and fewer vision disturbances compared with gabapentin (p = 0.0177). Statistically significant decrease in One Card Learning Test performance was observed after treatment with gastroretentive gabapentin. Conclusion: Gastroretentive gabapentin demonstrated reduced driving impairment and lower scores on key neurotoxicity measures. Further studies in patients with postherpetic neuralgia are needed. Clinical trial number: NCT03179345
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Muñoz-Quiles C, López-Lacort M, Orrico-Sánchez A, Díez-Domingo J. Impact of postherpetic neuralgia: A six year population-based analysis on people aged 50 years or older. J Infect 2018; 77:131-136. [PMID: 29742472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the incidence and burden of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and to investigate risk factors for PHN in the Valencia Region of Spain. METHODS Data were extracted from population and healthcare databases from the Valencia Region (2009-2014). Herpes zoster (HZ) and PHN were defined using ICD-9 codes and drug prescriptions in people aged ≥50 years. The risk of HZ patients for developing PHN and potential risk factors (diabetes mellitus, COPD and heart failure) were investigated. A survival analysis was developed to estimate the cumulative hazard of developing HZ and PHN between ages 50-90 years. RESULTS From a total of 2,289,485 subjects, 87,086 cases of HZ were registered, 13,658 (15.7%) of whom developed PHN. PHN risk was higher in women and increased sharply with age and comorbidities as diabetes mellitus, COPD and heart failure. The cumulative risk of developing HZ between ages 50-90 years was 31.7% (95% CI: 31.3-32.1) and 6.9 (95% CI: 6.7-7.1) for PHN. CONCLUSIONS PHN risk was higher in women and increased with age and comorbidities. At least 32% and 7% of people will develop HZ and PHN, respectively, between ages 50-90 years. These results should be considered for vaccine policy implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Muñoz-Quiles
- Vaccine Research. Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana, FISABIO-Public Health, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mónica López-Lacort
- Vaccine Research. Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana, FISABIO-Public Health, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Orrico-Sánchez
- Vaccine Research. Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana, FISABIO-Public Health, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Javier Díez-Domingo
- Vaccine Research. Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana, FISABIO-Public Health, Valencia, Spain; Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Carrer de Quevedo, 2, 46001 València, Spain.
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van der Heiden M, de Rond LGH, van Zelm MC, Berbers GAM, Boots AMH, Buisman AM. Age-Dependent Pre-Vaccination Immunity Affects the Immunogenicity of Varicella Zoster Vaccination in Middle-aged Adults. Front Immunol 2018; 9:46. [PMID: 29410671 PMCID: PMC5787056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prevention of infectious diseases is of high priority in the rapidly aging population. Unfortunately, vaccine responses in the elderly are frequently diminished. Timely vaccination of middle-aged adults might improve the immune responses to vaccines, although knowledge on pathogen-specific immune responses and factors affecting these responses, in middle-aged adults is currently limited. We thus investigated the immune responses after vaccination with Zostavax consisting of live-attenuated varicella zoster virus (VZV). Methods Blood samples were taken pre-, 14 days, 28 days, and 1 year after a primary VZV vaccination (Zostavax) at middle age (N = 53, 50–65 years of age). VZV-specific IFNγ-producing cells were measured by ELISpot, activated T-cells by flow cytometry, antibody levels and cytokine responses by fluorescent bead-based multiplex immunoassays, and whole blood cellular kinetics by TruCOUNT analysis. Results Robust short-term enhancement of the VZV-specific IFNγ-producing cell numbers was observed post-vaccination in the middle-aged adults. Remarkably, long-term enhancement of VZV-specific IFNγ-producing cell numbers was induced only in participants with low numbers of VZV-specific pre-vaccination IFNγ-producing cells, who were significantly older. These participants also showed enhancement of VZV-specific activated CD4 T-cells, contrary to “exhausted” VZV-specific CD8 T-cells in participants with high numbers of VZV-specific pre-vaccination IFNγ-producing cells. Finally, a high CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio was associated with low numbers of pre-vaccination VZV-specific IFNγ-producing cells. Conclusion These results suggest that adults in their early sixties, who showed a high CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio and low numbers of VZV-specific IFNγ-producing cells, benefit from VZV vaccination. This provides important knowledge on factors affecting VZV-specific immune responses in middle-aged adults as well as for strategies to strengthen immunity before reaching old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke van der Heiden
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lia G H de Rond
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Guy A M Berbers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M H Boots
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Buisman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
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Abstract
Herpes zoster (HZ) is the result of reactivation of latent varicella zoster virus (VZV) and occurs most frequently in older adults. Classically, HZ presents as a unilateral, selflimited, dermatomal rash. Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a common sequela, presenting as severe pain that persists after the rash has resolved. In the elderly, PHN can be debilitating and requires a prompt diagnosis, treatment with antivirals, and adequate pain control. A longer-term pain management strategy is required if PHN occurs. A modestly effective vaccine exists and is recommended for older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita R John
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - David H Canaday
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (LSCVAMC), Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Fernández-Ruiz M, Origüen J, Lora D, López-Medrano F, González E, Polanco N, San Juan R, Ruiz-Merlo T, Parra P, Andrés A, Aguado JM. Herpes zoster in kidney transplant recipients: protective effect of anti-cytomegalovirus prophylaxis and natural killer cell count. A single-center cohort study. Transpl Int 2017; 31:187-197. [PMID: 28940695 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite its impact on quality of life and potential for complications, specific risk and protective factors for herpes zoster (HZ) after kidney transplantation (KT) remain to be clarified. We included 444 patients undergoing KT between November 2008 and March 2013. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were measured at baseline and months 1 and 6. The risk factors for early (first post-transplant year) and late HZ (years 1-5) were separately assessed. We observed 35 episodes of post-transplant HZ after a median follow-up of 48.3 months (incidence rate: 0.057 per 1000 transplant-days). Median interval from transplantation was 18.3 months. Six patients (17.1%) developed disseminated infection. Postherpetic neuralgia occurred in 10 cases (28.6%). The receipt of anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis with (val)ganciclovir decreased the risk of early HZ [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 0.08; 95% CI: 0.01-1.13; P-value = 0.062], whereas the natural killer (NK) cell at month 6 was protective for the occurrence of late HZ [aHR (per 10-cells/μl increase): 0.94; 95% CI: 0.88-1.00; P-value = 0.054]. In conclusion, two easily ascertainable factors (whether the patient is receiving anti-CMV prophylaxis and the NK cell count at month 6) might be potentially useful to tailor preventive strategies according to individual susceptibility to post-transplant HZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Origüen
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Lora
- Unit of Clinical Research, Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco López-Medrano
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther González
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Polanco
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael San Juan
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Ruiz-Merlo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Parra
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amado Andrés
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Economic Burden of Herpes Zoster and Post-Herpetic Neuralgia in Adults 60 Years of Age or Older: Results from a Prospective, Physician Practice-Based Cohort Study in Kushiro, Japan. Drugs Real World Outcomes 2017; 4:187-198. [PMID: 28988331 PMCID: PMC5684048 DOI: 10.1007/s40801-017-0119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Herpes zoster has a high incidence rate among people aged ≥ 60 years and can lead to serious complications such as post-herpetic neuralgia. There are currently no data on the economic burden of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia in Japan, and the objective of this study was to address this gap. METHODS A total of 412 patients aged ≥ 60 years diagnosed with herpes zoster were recruited. Demographic, clinical, and healthcare resource utilization data on patients with herpes zoster or post-herpetic neuralgia collected via case report forms were used to estimate direct medical cost. Data obtained from a questionnaire survey among patients with herpes zoster/post-herpetic neuralgia were used to estimate transportation cost and productivity loss. RESULTS The mean number of outpatient visits was 5.7. Prescription medications were the main cost driver accounting for 60% of the direct medical cost. The mean direct medical and total herpes zoster-related costs per patient were ¥43,925 and ¥57,112, respectively, and were higher in patients with post-herpetic neuralgia than in those with herpes zoster without complications. Direct medical cost represented 77%, productivity loss 19%, and transportation cost 4% of the total. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study of the economic burden of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia in Japan and it demonstrated substantial direct medical cost as a result of the multiple outpatient visits and prescription medications required. These findings provide baseline data for possible future economic evaluations of new herpes zoster/post-herpetic neuralgia interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION This cost analysis is part of a prospective, physician practice-based cohort study conducted between June 2013 and February 2015 in Kushiro, Japan (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT01873365, registered on 6 June, 2013).
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Meyers JL, Madhwani S, Rausch D, Candrilli SD, Krishnarajah G, Yan S. Analysis of real-world health care costs among immunocompetent patients aged 50 years or older with herpes zoster in the United States. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1861-1872. [PMID: 28605285 PMCID: PMC5557235 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1324373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Few peer-reviewed publications present real-world United States (US) data describing resource utilization and costs associated with herpes zoster (HZ) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). The primary objective of this analysis (GSK study identifier: HO-14–14270) was to assess direct costs associated with HZ and PHN in the US using a retrospective managed care insurance claims database. Patients ≥ 50 y at HZ diagnosis were selected. Patients were excluded if they were immunocompromised before diagnosis or received an HZ vaccine at any time. A subsample of patients with PHN was identified. Each patient with HZ was matched to ≤ 4 controls without HZ based on age, sex, and health plan enrollment. Incremental differences in mean HZ-related costs (“incremental costs”) were assessed overall and stratified by age. Multivariable regression models controlled for the effect of demographic characteristics, prediagnosis costs, and comorbidity burden on costs using a recycled predictions approach. Overall, 142,519 patients with HZ (9,470 patients [6.6%] had PHN) and 357,907 matched controls without HZ were identified. Resource utilization was greater among patients with HZ than controls. After adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics, annual incremental health care costs for HZ patients vs. controls were $1,210 for patients aged 50–59 years, $1,629 for those 60–64 years, $1,876 for those 65–69 years, $2,643 for those 70–79 years, and $3,804 for those 80+ years; adjusted annual incremental costs among PHN patients vs. controls were $4,670 for patients 50–59 years, $6,133 for those 60–64 years, $6,451 for those 65–69 years, $8,548 for those 70–79 years, and $11,147 for those 80+ years. HZ is associated with a significant cost burden, which increases with advancing patient age. Vaccination may reduce costs associated with HZ through case avoidance.
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