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Hong JS, Tindall JM, Tindall SR, Sorscher EJ. Mutation accumulation in H. sapiens F508del CFTR countermands dN/dS type genomic analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305832. [PMID: 39024311 PMCID: PMC11257350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that underlie de novo mutations (DNMs) can be essential for interpreting human evolution, including aspects such as rapidly diverging genes, conservation of non-coding regulatory elements, and somatic DNA adaptation, among others. DNM accumulation in Homo sapiens is often limited to evaluation of human trios or quads across a single generation. Moreover, human SNPs in exons, pseudogenes, or other non-coding elements can be ancient and difficult to date, including polymorphisms attributable to founder effects and identity by descent. In this report, we describe multigenerational evolution of a human coding locus devoid of natural selection, and delineate patterns and principles by which DNMs have accumulated over the past few thousand years. We apply a data set comprising cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) alleles from 2,393 individuals homozygous for the F508del defect. Additional polymorphism on the F508del background diversified subsequent to a single mutational event during recent human history. Because F508del CFTR is without function, SNPs observed on this haplotype are effectively attributable to factors that govern accumulating de novo mutations. We show profound enhancement of transition, synonymous, and positionally repetitive polymorphisms, indicating appearance of DNMs in a manner evolutionarily designed to protect protein coding DNA against mutational attrition while promoting diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong S. Hong
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Janice M. Tindall
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Samuel R. Tindall
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Sorscher
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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2
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Rabe H, Lönnermark E, Johansson E, Gilljam M, Jönsson B. In vitro stimulation with nontuberculous mycobacteria induced a stronger cytokine response in leukocytes isolated from individuals with latent tuberculosis compared to those isolated from active tuberculosis or cystic fibrosis patients. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2024; 147:102504. [PMID: 38522174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2024.102504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and opportunistic environmental non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can cause severe infection. Why latent tuberculosis infection advances to active disease, and why some individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) develop pulmonary infections with NTM is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effector function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from individuals with active or latent tuberculosis, individuals with CF with or without pulmonary NTM-infection and healthy controls, by measuring cytokine response to in vitro stimulation with different species of NTMs. The cytokine concentrations of IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, IL-10, IL12p70 and IFN-γ were measured in PBMC-culture supernatants after stimulation with NTMs. PBMCs from individuals with latent tuberculosis infection showed strong IL-17A, IL-22, and IFN-γ responses compared to individuals with active tuberculosis or CF. IL-10 production was low in both tuberculosis groups compared to the CF groups and controls. This study suggests that IL-17A and IL-22 might be important to keep tuberculosis in a latent phase and that individuals with CF with an ongoing NTM infection seem to have a low cytokine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardis Rabe
- Unit of Biological Function, Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE AB), Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Biomedicine, Department of infectious diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Elisabeth Lönnermark
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of infectious diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Ewa Johansson
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of infectious diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Marita Gilljam
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg CF Centre, Adult Clinic, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Bodil Jönsson
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of infectious diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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3
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Lockwood C, Vo AS, Bellafard H, Carter AJR. More evidence for widespread antagonistic pleiotropy in polymorphic disease alleles. Front Genet 2024; 15:1404516. [PMID: 38952711 PMCID: PMC11215129 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1404516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Many loci segregate alleles classified as "genetic diseases" due to their deleterious effects on health. However, some disease alleles have been reported to show beneficial effects under certain conditions or in certain populations. The beneficial effects of these antagonistically pleiotropic alleles may explain their continued prevalence, but the degree to which antagonistic pleiotropy is common or rare is unresolved. We surveyed the medical literature to identify examples of antagonistic pleiotropy to help determine whether antagonistic pleiotropy appears to be rare or common. Results We identified ten examples of loci with polymorphisms for which the presence of antagonistic pleiotropy is well supported by detailed genetic or epidemiological information in humans. One additional locus was identified for which the supporting evidence comes from animal studies. These examples complement over 20 others reported in other reviews. Discussion The existence of more than 30 identified antagonistically pleiotropic human disease alleles suggests that this phenomenon may be widespread. This poses important implications for both our understanding of human evolutionary genetics and our approaches to clinical treatment and disease prevention, especially therapies based on genetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ashley J. R. Carter
- California State University Long Beach, Department of Biological Sciences, Long Beach, CA, United States
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4
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Tedbury PR, Manfredi C, Degenhardt F, Conway J, Horwath MC, McCracken C, Sorscher AJ, Moreau S, Wright C, Edwards C, Brewer J, Guarner J, de Wit E, Williamson BN, Suthar MS, Ong YT, Roback JD, Alter DN, Holter JC, Karlsen TH, Sacchi N, Romero-Gómez M, Invernizzi P, Fernández J, Buti M, Albillos A, Julià A, Valenti L, Asselta R, Banales JM, Bujanda L, de Cid R, Sarafianos SG, Hong JS, Sorscher EJ, Ehrhardt A. Mechanisms by which the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator may influence SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease severity. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23220. [PMID: 37801035 PMCID: PMC10760435 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300077r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) exhibit pronounced respiratory damage and were initially considered among those at highest risk for serious harm from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Numerous clinical studies have subsequently reported that individuals with CF in North America and Europe-while susceptible to severe COVID-19-are often spared from the highest levels of virus-associated mortality. To understand features that might influence COVID-19 among patients with cystic fibrosis, we studied relationships between SARS-CoV-2 and the gene responsible for CF (i.e., the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, CFTR). In contrast to previous reports, we found no association between CFTR carrier status (mutation heterozygosity) and more severe COVID-19 clinical outcomes. We did observe an unexpected trend toward higher mortality among control individuals compared with silent carriers of the common F508del CFTR variant-a finding that will require further study. We next performed experiments to test the influence of homozygous CFTR deficiency on viral propagation and showed that SARS-CoV-2 production in primary airway cells was not altered by the absence of functional CFTR using two independent protocols. On the contrary, experiments performed in vitro strongly indicated that virus proliferation depended on features of the mucosal fluid layer known to be disrupted by absent CFTR in patients with CF, including both low pH and increased viscosity. These results point to the acidic, viscous, and mucus-obstructed airways in patients with cystic fibrosis as unfavorable for the establishment of coronaviral infection. Our findings provide new and important information concerning relationships between the CF clinical phenotype and severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R. Tedbury
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Candela Manfredi
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Frauke Degenhardt
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Joseph Conway
- Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville, Georgia, United States
| | - Michael C. Horwath
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Courtney McCracken
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Adam J. Sorscher
- Dartmouth University School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Sandy Moreau
- Elliot Hospital, Manchester, New Hampshire, United States
| | | | - Carolina Edwards
- Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville, Georgia, United States
| | - Jo Brewer
- Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville, Georgia, United States
| | | | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States
| | - Brandi N. Williamson
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Yee T. Ong
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - John D. Roback
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - David N. Alter
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jan C. Holter
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom H. Karlsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division for Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
- University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Javier Fernández
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF-CLIF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Buti
- Liver Unit. Hospital Universitario Valle Hebron and CIBEREHD del Instituto Carlos III. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustin Albillos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, University of Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Julià
- Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Valenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Biological Resorce Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Milan Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jesus M. Banales
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), CIBERehd, Ikerbasque, San Sebastian, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis Bujanda
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), CIBERehd, Ikerbasque, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Rafael de Cid
- Genomes for Life-GCAT lab. German Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jeong S. Hong
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Eric J. Sorscher
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Annette Ehrhardt
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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5
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Bragina EY, Puzyrev VP. Genetic outline of the hermeneutics of the diseases connection phenomenon in human. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2023; 27:7-17. [PMID: 36923482 PMCID: PMC10009484 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-23-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure of diseases in humans is heterogeneous, which is manifested by various combinations of diseases, including comorbidities associated with a common pathogenetic mechanism, as well as diseases that rarely manifest together. Recently, there has been a growing interest in studying the patterns of development of not individual diseases, but entire families associated with common pathogenetic mechanisms and common genes involved in their development. Studies of this problem make it possible to isolate an essential genetic component that controls the formation of disease conglomerates in a complex way through functionally interacting modules of individual genes in gene networks. An analytical review of studies on the problems of various aspects of the combination of diseases is the purpose of this study. The review uses the metaphor of a hermeneutic circle to understand the structure of regular relationships between diseases, and provides a conceptual framework related to the study of multiple diseases in an individual. The existing terminology is considered in relation to them, including multimorbidity, polypathies, comorbidity, conglomerates, families, "second diseases", syntropy and others. Here we summarize the key results that are extremely useful, primarily for describing the genetic architecture of diseases of a multifactorial nature. Summaries of the research problem of the disease connection phenomenon allow us to approach the systematization and natural classification of diseases. From practical healthcare perspective, the description of the disease connection phenomenon is crucial for expanding the clinician's interpretive horizon and moving beyond narrow, disease-specific therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yu Bragina
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V P Puzyrev
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
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6
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Dean M, Moitra K, Allikmets R. The human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:1162-1182. [PMID: 35642569 PMCID: PMC9357071 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily comprises membrane proteins that efflux various substrates across extra- and intracellular membranes. Mutations in ABC genes cause 21 human disorders or phenotypes with Mendelian inheritance, including cystic fibrosis, adrenoleukodystrophy, retinal degeneration, cholesterol, and bile transport defects. To provide tools to study the function of human ABC transporters we compiled data from multiple genomics databases. We analyzed ABC gene conservation within human populations and across vertebrates and surveyed phenotypes of ABC gene mutations in mice. Most mouse ABC gene disruption mutations have a phenotype that mimics human disease, indicating they are applicable models. Interestingly, several ABCA family genes, whose human function is unknown, have cholesterol level phenotypes in the mouse. Genome-wide association studies confirm and extend ABC traits and suggest several new functions to investigate. Whole-exome sequencing of tumors from diverse cancer types demonstrates that mutations in ABC genes are not common in cancer, but specific genes are overexpressed in select tumor types. Finally, an analysis of the frequency of loss-of-function mutations demonstrates that many human ABC genes are essential with a low level of variants, while others have a higher level of genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dean
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, Maryland 21702
| | | | - Rando Allikmets
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032
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7
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Identification and selection of healthy spermatozoa in heterozygous carriers of the Phe508del-variant of the CFTR-gene in assisted reproduction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1866. [PMID: 35115637 PMCID: PMC8814069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic variant Phe508del of the CFTR-gene is the most frequent cause of cystic fibrosis (CF). Whereas male CF-patients are infertile due to bilateral agenesis of the efferent ducts, the fertility status of male heterozygous carriers is uncertain. We aimed at demonstrating the involvement of the CFTR-ion channel during sperm capacitation and to potentially select variant-free spermatozoa in heterozygous carriers of the CFTR-variant using flow cytometry (FC). Using FC and sorting, single cell polymerase chain reaction, immuno-fluorescent staining an experimental study was performed on nine fertile semen donors and three heterozygous infertile men carrying the Phe508del gene variant. Chemical inhibition of CFTR interfered with sperm capacitation. Most viable spermatozoa of heterozygous carriers of the Phe508del variant of the CFTR-gene show immune-fluorescent CFTR. Sperm capacitation in Phe508del carriers was similar to that in healthy semen donors. Distribution of the Phe508del allele in trio data of CF-affected families corresponded to the expected recessive inheritance pattern. Infertility in Phe508del heterozygous men is unlikely to be caused by the pathogenic variant although some contribution cannot be excluded. Normal sperm capacitation in carriers of pathogenic variants of the Phe508del-gene may in part explain the high prevalence of a potentially lethal recessive disorder.
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8
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Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in CFTR, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene. People with CF experience a wide variety of medical conditions that affect the pulmonary, endocrine, gastrointestinal, pancreatic, biliary, and reproductive systems. Traditionally, CF carriers, with one defective copy of CFTR, were not thought to be at risk for CF-associated diseases. However, an emerging body of literature suggests that heterozygotes are at increased risk for many of the same conditions as homozygotes. For example, heterozygotes appear to be at increased risk for chronic pancreatitis, atypical mycobacterial infections, and bronchiectasis. In the United States alone, there are almost 10 million CF carriers. Universal newborn screening and prenatal genetic screening will identify more. Thus, there is a critical need to develop more precise estimates of health risks attributable to the CF carrier state across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Polgreen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Alejandro P. Comellas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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9
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Polat S, Şimşek Y. Plasminogenactivator inhibitor-1 polymorphism and risk of polycystic ovary syndrome in Turkish women. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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10
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Abraham EH, Guidotti G, Rapaport E, Bower D, Brown J, Griffin RJ, Donnelly A, Waitzkin ED, Qamar K, Thompson MA, Ethirajan S, Robinson K. Cystic fibrosis improves COVID-19 survival and provides clues for treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:399-410. [PMID: 33970408 PMCID: PMC8107773 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic pools of ATP are elevated in individuals homozygous for cystic fibrosis (CF) as evidenced by elevated blood and plasma ATP levels. This elevated ATP level seems to provide benefit in the presence of advanced solid tumors (Abraham et al., Nature Medicine 2(5):593-596, 1996). We published in this journal a paper showing that IV ATP can elevate the depleted ATP pools of advanced cancer patients up to levels found in CF patients with subsequent clinical, biochemical, and quality of life (QOL) improvements (Rapaport et al., Purinergic Signalling 11(2): 251-262, 2015). We hypothesize that the elevated ATP levels seen in CF patients may be benefiting CF patients in another way: by improving their survival after contracting COVID-19. We discuss here the reasoning behind this hypothesis and suggest how these findings might be applied clinically in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Abraham
- Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa, OK, USA.
- Kansas City Urology Care, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Guido Guidotti
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert J Griffin
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | | | - Kenon Qamar
- Kansas City Urology Care, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Bernut A, Dupont C, Ogryzko NV, Neyret A, Herrmann JL, Floto RA, Renshaw SA, Kremer L. CFTR Protects against Mycobacterium abscessus Infection by Fine-Tuning Host Oxidative Defenses. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1828-1840.e4. [PMID: 30759393 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by rapidly growing Mycobacterium abscessus is increasingly prevalent in cystic fibrosis (CF), a genetic disease caused by a defective CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). However, the potential link between a dysfunctional CFTR and vulnerability to M. abscessus infection remains unknown. Herein, we exploit a CFTR-depleted zebrafish model, recapitulating CF immuno-pathogenesis, to study the contribution of CFTR in innate immunity against M. abscessus infection. Loss of CFTR increases susceptibility to infection through impaired NADPH oxidase-dependent restriction of intracellular growth and reduced neutrophil chemotaxis, which together compromise granuloma formation and integrity. As a consequence, extracellular multiplication of M. abscessus expands rapidly, inducing abscess formation and causing lethal infections. Because these phenotypes are not observed with other mycobacteria, our findings highlight the crucial and specific role of CFTR in the immune control of M. abscessus by mounting effective oxidative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Bernut
- CNRS, UMR9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Christian Dupont
- CNRS, UMR9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nikolay V Ogryzko
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Aymeric Neyret
- CNRS, UMR9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - R Andres Floto
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laurent Kremer
- CNRS, UMR9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; INSERM, IRIM, Montpellier, France.
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12
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Abramovs N, Brass A, Tassabehji M. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in the Large Scale Genomic Sequencing Era. Front Genet 2020; 11:210. [PMID: 32231685 PMCID: PMC7083100 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) is used to estimate the number of homozygous and heterozygous variant carriers based on its allele frequency in populations that are not evolving. Deviations from HWE in large population databases have been used to detect genotyping errors, which can result in extreme heterozygote excess (HetExc). However, HetExc might also be a sign of natural selection since recessive disease causing variants should occur less frequently in a homozygous state in the population, but may reach high allele frequency in a heterozygous state, especially if they are advantageous. We developed a filtering strategy to detect these variants and applied it on genome data from 137,842 individuals. The main limitations of this approach were quality of genotype calls and insufficient population sizes, whereas population structure and inbreeding can reduce sensitivity, but not precision, in certain populations. Nevertheless, we identified 161 HetExc variants in 149 genes, most of which were specific to African/African American populations (∼79.5%). Although the majority of them were not associated with known diseases, or were classified as clinically "benign," they were enriched in genes associated with autosomal recessive diseases. The resulting dataset also contained two known recessive disease causing variants with evidence of heterozygote advantage in the sickle-cell anemia (HBB) and cystic fibrosis (CFTR). Finally, we provide supporting in silico evidence of a novel heterozygote advantageous variant in the chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 6 gene (CHD6; involved in influenza virus replication). We anticipate that our approach will aid the detection of rare recessive disease causing variants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Abramovs
- School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Brass
- School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - May Tassabehji
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, United Kingdom
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Mauch RM, Alves PCM, Levy CE, Ribeiro JD, Ribeiro AF, Høiby N, Nolasco da Silva MT. Lymphocyte responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis are similar between BCG-vaccinated patients with cystic fibrosis and healthy controls. J Cyst Fibros 2020; 19:575-579. [PMID: 32061516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The low rate of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) among Brazilian patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) may be due to cross-reactive Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination. In the present pilot study, we aimed to compare the lymphocyte responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) and Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) in BCG-vaccinated CF patients and healthy controls. METHODS The lymphocyte responses of CF patients (n = 10) and healthy controls (n = 10) were assessed in terms of lymphocyte proliferation index (LPI), using flow cytometry. Median rates of each cell subtype - CD4, CD8, γδ T cells and CD19 (B) cells - were also determined. RESULTS Median LPIs (CF vs. controls) were 22.9% vs. 13.0% (p = 0.481) and 23.1% vs. 17.6% (p = 0.481), upon stimulation with Mtb and BCG, respectively. Both groups had a predominant CD4 T cell response to Mtb (median rate = 82.5% vs. 79.7%; p = 0.796) and BCG (LPI = 84.3% vs. 83.0%; p = 0.853), which were significantly higher than the CD8, CD19 and γδ responses within both groups. CF patients tended to have a higher CD8 T cell response upon stimulation with the phytohemagglutinin mitogen than healthy controls (median rate = 42.8% vs. 31.7%, p = 0.075). CONCLUSION The responses of BCG-vaccinated CF patients to Mtb and BCG are at least similar to those of healthy individuals. These are probably memory responses elicited by the BCG vaccination, which can cross-react with NTM and may explain the low frequency of NTM lung infection in our CF center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan M Mauch
- Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo César M Alves
- Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Levy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil
| | - José D Ribeiro
- Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio F Ribeiro
- Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil
| | - Niels Høiby
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Rigshospitalet (Copenhagen University Hospital), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcos T Nolasco da Silva
- Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil.
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14
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Garić D, De Sanctis JB, Shah J, Dumut DC, Radzioch D. Biochemistry of very-long-chain and long-chain ceramides in cystic fibrosis and other diseases: The importance of side chain. Prog Lipid Res 2019:100998. [PMID: 31445070 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides, the principal building blocks of all sphingolipids, have attracted the attention of many scientists around the world interested in developing treatments for cystic fibrosis, the most common genetic disease of Caucasians. Many years of fruitful research in this field have produced some fundamentally important, yet controversial results. Here, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the role of long- and very-long- chain ceramides, the most abundant species of ceramides in animal cells, in cystic fibrosis and other diseases. We also aim to explain the importance of the length of their side chain in the context of stability of transmembrane proteins through a concise synthesis of their biophysical chemistry, cell biology, and physiology. This review also addresses several remaining riddles in this field. Finally, we discuss the technical challenges associated with the analysis and quantification of ceramides. We provide the evaluation of the antibodies used for ceramide quantification and we demonstrate their lack of specificity. Results and discussion presented here will be of interest to anyone studying these enigmatic lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Garić
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Juan B De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Juhi Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daciana Catalina Dumut
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Danuta Radzioch
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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15
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Whittaker E, López-Varela E, Broderick C, Seddon JA. Examining the Complex Relationship Between Tuberculosis and Other Infectious Diseases in Children. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:233. [PMID: 31294001 PMCID: PMC6603259 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of children are exposed to tuberculosis (TB) each year, many of which become infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most children can immunologically contain or eradicate the organism without pathology developing. However, in a minority, the organism overcomes the immunological constraints, proliferates and causes TB disease. Each year a million children develop TB disease, with a quarter dying. While it is known that young children and those with immunodeficiencies are at increased risk of progression from TB infection to TB disease, our understanding of risk factors for this transition is limited. The most immunologically disruptive process that can happen during childhood is infection with another pathogen and yet the impact of co-infections on TB risk is poorly investigated. Many diseases have overlapping geographical distributions to TB and affect similar patient populations. It is therefore likely that infection with viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa may impact on the risk of developing TB disease following exposure and infection, although disentangling correlation and causation is challenging. As vaccinations also disrupt immunological pathways, these may also impact on TB risk. In this article we describe the pediatric immune response to M. tuberculosis and then review the existing evidence of the impact of co-infection with other pathogens, as well as vaccination, on the host response to M. tuberculosis. We focus on the impact of other organisms on the risk of TB disease in children, in particularly evaluating if co-infections drive host immune responses in an age-dependent way. We finally propose priorities for future research in this field. An improved understanding of the impact of co-infections on TB could assist in TB control strategies, vaccine development (for TB vaccines or vaccines for other organisms), TB treatment approaches and TB diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Whittaker
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa López-Varela
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claire Broderick
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Seddon
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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Garić D, De Sanctis JB, Shah J, Dumut DC, Radzioch D. Biochemistry of very-long-chain and long-chain ceramides in cystic fibrosis and other diseases: The importance of side chain. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 74:130-144. [PMID: 30876862 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides, the principal building blocks of all sphingolipids, have attracted the attention of many scientists around the world interested in developing treatments for cystic fibrosis, the most common genetic disease of Caucasians. Many years of fruitful research in this field have produced some fundamentally important, yet controversial results. Here, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the role of long- and very-long- chain ceramides, the most abundant species of ceramides in animal cells, in cystic fibrosis and other diseases. We also aim to explain the importance of the length of their side chain in the context of stability of transmembrane proteins through a concise synthesis of their biophysical chemistry, cell biology, and physiology. This review also addresses several remaining riddles in this field. Finally, we discuss the technical challenges associated with the analysis and quantification of ceramides. We provide the evaluation of the antibodies used for ceramide quantification and we demonstrate their lack of specificity. Results and discussion presented here will be of interest to anyone studying these enigmatic lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Garić
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Juan B De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Juhi Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daciana Catalina Dumut
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Danuta Radzioch
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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17
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Prevalence and clinical outcomes of nontuberculous mycobacteria in a Brazilian cystic fibrosis reference center. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5017445. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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