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Gładyś A, Mazurski A, Czekaj P. Potential Consequences of the Use of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7806. [PMID: 39063048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks as the most prevalent of primary liver cancers and stands as the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Early-stage HCC can be effectively managed with available treatment modalities ranging from invasive techniques, such as liver resection and thermoablation, to systemic therapies primarily employing tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Unfortunately, these interventions take a significant toll on the body, either through physical trauma or the adverse effects of pharmacotherapy. Consequently, there is an understandable drive to develop novel HCC therapies. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are a promising therapeutic tool. Their facile extraction process, coupled with the distinctive immunomodulatory capabilities of their secretome, make them an intriguing subject for investigation in both oncology and regenerative medicine. The factors they produce are both enzymes affecting the extracellular matrix (specifically, metalloproteinases and their inhibitors) as well as cytokines and growth factors affecting cell proliferation and invasiveness. So far, the interactions observed with various cancer cell types have not led to clear conclusions. The evidence shows both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on tumor growth. Notably, these effects appear to be dependent on the tumor type, prompting speculation regarding their potential inhibitory impact on HCC. This review briefly synthesizes findings from preclinical and clinical studies examining the effects of ADSCs on cancers, with a specific focus on HCC, and emphasizes the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gładyś
- Department of Cytophysiology, Chair of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Mazurski
- Students Scientific Society, Chair of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Czekaj
- Department of Cytophysiology, Chair of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
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2
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Benesch MG, Tang X, Brindley DN, Takabe K. Autotaxin and Lysophosphatidate Signaling: Prime Targets for Mitigating Therapy Resistance in Breast Cancer. World J Oncol 2024; 15:1-13. [PMID: 38274724 PMCID: PMC10807915 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Overcoming and preventing cancer therapy resistance is the most pressing challenge in modern breast cancer management. Consequently, most modern breast cancer research is aimed at understanding and blocking these therapy resistance mechanisms. One increasingly promising therapeutic target is the autotaxin (ATX)-lysophosphatidate (LPA)-lipid phosphate phosphatase (LPP) axis. Extracellular LPA, produced from albumin-bound lysophosphatidylcholine by ATX and degraded by the ecto-activity of the LPPs, is a potent cell-signaling mediator of tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and resistance to cancer treatment modalities. LPA signaling in the post-natal organism has central roles in physiological wound healing, but these mechanisms are subverted to fuel pathogenesis in diseases that arise from chronic inflammatory processes, including cancer. Over the last 10 years, our understanding of the role of LPA signaling in the breast tumor microenvironment has begun to mature. Tumor-promoting inflammation in breast cancer leads to increased ATX production within the tumor microenvironment. This results in increased local concentrations of LPA that are maintained in part by decreased overall cancer cell LPP expression that would otherwise more rapidly break it down. LPA signaling through six G-protein-coupled LPA receptors expressed by cancer cells can then activate virtually every known tumorigenic pathway. Consequently, to target therapy resistance and tumor growth mediated by LPA signaling, multiple inhibitors against the LPA signaling axis are entering clinical trials. In this review, we summarize recent developments in LPA breast cancer biology, and illustrate how these novel therapeutics against the LPA signaling pathway may be excellent adjuncts to extend the efficacy of evolving breast cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G.K. Benesch
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - David N. Brindley
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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3
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Tang X, Morris AJ, Deken MA, Brindley DN. Autotaxin Inhibition with IOA-289 Decreases Breast Tumor Growth in Mice Whereas Knockout of Autotaxin in Adipocytes Does Not. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2937. [PMID: 37296899 PMCID: PMC10251959 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer cells produce negligible quantities of autotaxin. Instead, previous work indicated that adipocytes in the inflamed adipose tissue adjacent to breast tumors are a major source of autotaxin secretion that drives breast tumor growth, metastasis, and the loss of efficacy for chemotherapy and radiotherapy. To test this hypothesis, we used mice with an adipocyte-specific knock out of autotaxin. The lack of autotaxin secretion from adipocytes failed to decrease the growth of orthotopic E0771 breast tumors in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice and the growth and lung metastasis of spontaneous breast tumors in MMTV-PyMT mice. However, the inhibition of autotaxin with IOA-289 decreased the growth of E0771 tumors, indicating that another source of autotaxin is responsible for tumor growth. Tumor-associated fibroblasts and leukocytes produce the majority of autotoxin transcripts in the E0771 breast tumors, and we hypothesize that they are the main sources of ATX that drive breast tumor growth. Autotaxin inhibition with IOA-289 increased the numbers of CD8α+-T-cells in the tumors. This was accompanied by decreases in the concentrations of CXCL10, CCL2, and CXCL9 in the plasma and LIF, TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and prolactin in the tumors. Bioinformatics analysis of human breast tumor databases showed that autotaxin (ENPP2) is expressed mainly in endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Autotaxin expression correlated significantly with increases in IL-6 cytokine receptor ligand interactions, signaling by LIF, TGFβ, and prolactin. This confirms the relevance of results from autotaxin inhibition in the mouse model. We propose that inhibiting autotaxin activity that is derived from cells presenting breast tumors such as fibroblasts, leukocytes, or endothelial cells changes the tumor micro-environment in such a way as to inhibit tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Tang
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- Central Arkansas Veterans Affairs Healthcare System and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Marcel A. Deken
- iOnctura BV, Gustav Mahlerplein 102, 1082 MA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - David N. Brindley
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
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4
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Zhou X, Zhang J, Lv W, Zhao C, Xia Y, Wu Y, Zhang Q. The pleiotropic roles of adipocyte secretome in remodeling breast cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:203. [PMID: 35701840 PMCID: PMC9199207 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Breast cancer is the leading female cancer type and the cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Adipocytes possess important functions of energy supply, metabolic regulation, and cytokine release, and are also the matrix cell that supports mammary gland tissue. In breast cancer tumor microenvironment (TME), adipocytes are the prominent stromal cells and are implicated in inflammation, metastatic formation, metabolic remodeling, and cancer susceptibility.
Main body
It is well-established that adipocyte secretome is a reservoir engaged in the regulation of tumor cell behavior by secreting a large number of cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and chemokines), adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, autotaxin, and resistin), lipid metabolites (free fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate), and other exosome-encapsulated substances. These released factors influence the evolution and clinical outcome of breast cancer through complex mechanisms. The progression of breast cancer tumors revolves around the tumor-adipose stromal network, which may contribute to breast cancer aggressiveness by increasing the pro-malignant potential of TME and tumor cells themselves. Most importantly, the secretome alterations of adipocytes are regarded as distinctly important targets for breast cancer diagnosis, treatment, and drug resistance.
Conclusion
Therefore, this review will provide a comprehensive description of the specific adipocyte secretome characteristics and interactions within TME cell populations, which will enable us to better tailor strategies for tumor stratification management and treatment.
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Zalpoor H, Aziziyan F, Liaghat M, Bakhtiyari M, Akbari A, Nabi-Afjadi M, Forghaniesfidvajani R, Rezaei N. The roles of metabolic profiles and intracellular signaling pathways of tumor microenvironment cells in angiogenesis of solid tumors. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:186. [PMID: 36419156 PMCID: PMC9684800 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune cells patrol and survey throughout the human body and sometimes reside in the tumor microenvironment (TME) with a variety of cell types and nutrients that may differ from those in which they developed. The metabolic pathways and metabolites of immune cells are rooted in cell physiology, and not only provide nutrients and energy for cell growth and survival but also influencing cell differentiation and effector functions. Nowadays, there is a growing awareness that metabolic processes occurring in cancer cells can affect immune cell function and lead to tumor immune evasion and angiogenesis. In order to safely treat cancer patients and prevent immune checkpoint blockade-induced toxicities and autoimmunity, we suggest using anti-angiogenic drugs solely or combined with Immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) to boost the safety and effectiveness of cancer therapy. As a consequence, there is significant and escalating attention to discovering techniques that target metabolism as a new method of cancer therapy. In this review, a summary of immune-metabolic processes and their potential role in the stimulation of intracellular signaling in TME cells that lead to tumor angiogenesis, and therapeutic applications is provided. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Zalpoor
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ,grid.510410.10000 0004 8010 4431Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Aziziyan
- grid.510410.10000 0004 8010 4431Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran ,grid.412266.50000 0001 1781 3962Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Liaghat
- grid.510410.10000 0004 8010 4431Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran ,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun Branch, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Maryam Bakhtiyari
- grid.510410.10000 0004 8010 4431Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran ,grid.412606.70000 0004 0405 433XDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Abdullatif Akbari
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ,grid.510410.10000 0004 8010 4431Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- grid.412266.50000 0001 1781 3962Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Forghaniesfidvajani
- grid.510410.10000 0004 8010 4431Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- grid.510410.10000 0004 8010 4431Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran ,grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Gharib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran ,grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Li Z, Fan X, Xu X, Zhou Q, Xing G, Liu G. Adipose‑derived stem cells postpone the progression of Sjögren's syndrome by upregulating the Hippo signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:587. [PMID: 35949326 PMCID: PMC9353405 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the effect and mechanism of action of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) on Sjögren syndrome (SS) to develop novel and more effective methods for SS treatment. ADSCs, dexamethasone or normal saline was injected into the submandibular gland (SMG) of three 12-week-old non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. The degree of lymphocyte infiltration was considered as a criterion for judging disease progression, hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to observe the pathological state, and the expression levels of TAZ, E-cadherin and α-catenin were assessed by western blotting. ADSC transplantation triggered an inhibitory effect on the progression of SS, which was slightly stronger compared with that of dexamethasone treatment. This was found to be related to the Hippo signaling pathway. In addition, TAZ protein expression levels decreased gradually with the progression of the disease; immunofluorescence staining showed that the expression of E-cadherin and TAZ followed similar trends. Notably, the expression of TAZ, p-TAZ, E-cadherin and α-catenin in NOD mice were lower compared with that in Control mice. Similarly, the ratio of p-TAZ/TAZ also decreased, which means that the activation level of Hippo signal pathway decreased. The results suggest that ADSCs may exert a therapeutic effect against SS and may postpone its progression by upregulating the Hippo signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhan Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xinli Fan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiuying Xu
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of VIP Venter, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Guimiao Xing
- Department of Oral Pathology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Gangli Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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7
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Influence of the autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid axis on cellular function and cytokine expression in different breast cancer cell lines. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5565. [PMID: 35365723 PMCID: PMC8975816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09565-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies provide high evidence that autotaxin (ATX)-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling through LPA receptors (LPAR) plays an important role in breast cancer initiation, progression, and invasion. However, its specific role in different breast cancer cell lines remains to be fully elucidated to offer improvements in targeted therapies. Within this study, we analyzed in vitro the effect of LPA 18:1 and the LPAR1, LPAR3 (and LPAR2) inhibitor Ki16425 on cellular functions of different human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MCF-7, BT-474, SKBR-3) and the human breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A, as well as Interleukin 8 (IL-8), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha cytokine secretion after LPA-incubation. ATX-LPA signaling showed a dose-dependent stimulatory effect especially on cellular functions of triple-negative and luminal A breast cancer cell lines. Ki16425 inhibited the LPA-induced stimulation of triple-negative breast cancer and luminal A cell lines in variable intensity depending on the functional assay, indicating the interplay of different LPAR in those assays. IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-alpha secretion was induced by LPA in MDA-MB-468 cells. This study provides further evidence about the role of the ATX-LPA axis in different breast cancer cell lines and might contribute to identify subtypes suitable for a future targeted therapy of the ATX-LPA axis.
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8
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Yao H, He S. Multi‑faceted role of cancer‑associated adipocytes in the tumor microenvironment (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:866. [PMID: 34676881 PMCID: PMC8554381 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes are a type of stromal cell found in numerous different tissues that serve an active role in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs) display a malignant phenotype and are found at the invasive tumor front, which mediates the crosstalk network between adipocytes (the precursor cells that will become cancer-associated adipocytes in the future) and cancer cells. The present review covers the mechanisms of adipocytes in the development of cancer, including metabolic reprogramming, chemotherapy resistance and adipokine regulation. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms involved in the adipocyte-cancer cell cycle in various types of cancer, including breast, ovarian, colon and rectal cancer, are discussed. Deciphering the complex network of CAA-cancer cell crosstalk will provide insights into tumor biology and optimize therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Yao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Songbing He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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9
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Litchfield M, Wuest M, Glubrecht D, Briard E, Auberson YP, McMullen TPW, Brindley DN, Wuest F. Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Autotaxin in Thyroid and Breast Cancer Models Using [ 18F]PRIMATX. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3352-3364. [PMID: 34319110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme responsible for producing lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). The ATX/LPA signaling axis is typically activated in wound healing and tissue repair processes. The ATX/LPA axis is highjacked and upregulated in the progression and persistence of several chronic inflammatory diseases, including cancer. As ATX inhibitors are now progressing to clinical testing, innovative diagnostic tools such as positron emission tomography (PET) are needed to measure ATX expression in vivo accurately. The radiotracer, [18F]PRIMATX, was recently developed and tested for PET imaging of ATX in vivo in a murine melanoma model. The goal of the present work was to further validate [18F]PRIMATX as a PET imaging agent by analyzing its in vivo metabolic stability and suitability for PET imaging of ATX in models of human 8305C thyroid tumor and murine 4T1 breast cancer. [18F]PRIMATX displayed favorable metabolic stability in vivo (65% of intact radiotracer after 60 min p.i.) and provided sufficient tumor uptake profiles in both tumor models. Radiotracer uptake could be blocked by 8-12% in 8305C thyroid tumors in the presence of ATX inhibitor AE-32-NZ70 as determined by PET and ex vivo biodistribution analyses. [18F]PRIMATX also showed high brain uptake, which was reduced by 50% through the administration of ATX inhibitor AE-32-NZ70. [18F]PRIMATX is a suitable radiotracer for PET imaging of ATX in the brain and peripheral tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Litchfield
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton T6G 1Z2, Alberta, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton T6G 1Z2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daryl Glubrecht
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton T6G 1Z2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Briard
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Fabristrasse 2, Novartis Campus, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Yves P Auberson
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Fabristrasse 2, Novartis Campus, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Todd P W McMullen
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton T6G 1Z2, Alberta, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Alberta, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1Z2, Alberta, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton T6G 1Z2, Alberta, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Alberta, Canada
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10
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Soni S, Torvund M, Mandal CC. Molecular insights into the interplay between adiposity, breast cancer and bone metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 38:119-138. [PMID: 33591548 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease, with various pre-existing health ailments enhancing its pathology. In cancer, the extracellular environment contains various intrinsic physiological factors whose levels are altered with aging and pre-existing conditions. In obesity, the tumor microenvironment and metastases are enriched with factors that are both derived locally, and from other physiological compartments. Similarly, in obesity, the cancer cell environment both at the site of origin and at the secondary site i.e., metastatic niche, contains significantly more phenotypically-altered adipocytes than that of un-obese cancer patients. Indeed, obesity has been linked with cancer progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Adipocytes not only interact with tumor cells, but also with adjacent stromal cells at primary and metastatic sites. This review emphasizes the importance of bidirectional interactions between adipocytes and breast tumor cells in breast cancer progression and its bone metastases. This paper not only chronicles the role of various adipocyte-derived factors in tumor growth, but also describes the significance of adipocyte-derived bone metastatic factors in the development of bone metastasis of breast cancer. It provides a molecular view of the interplay between the adipocytes and tumor cells involved in breast cancer bone metastasis. However, more research is needed to determine if targeting cancer-associated adipocytes holds promise as a potential therapeutic approach for breast cancer bone metastasis treatment. Interplay between adipocytes and breast cancer cells at primary cancer site and metastatic bone microenvironment. AMSC Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell, CAA Cancer associated adipocytes, CAF Cancer associated fibroblast, BMSC Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell, BMA Bone marrow adipocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Soni
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Meaghan Torvund
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Chandi C Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
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11
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Geraldo LHM, Spohr TCLDS, Amaral RFD, Fonseca ACCD, Garcia C, Mendes FDA, Freitas C, dosSantos MF, Lima FRS. Role of lysophosphatidic acid and its receptors in health and disease: novel therapeutic strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:45. [PMID: 33526777 PMCID: PMC7851145 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an abundant bioactive phospholipid, with multiple functions both in development and in pathological conditions. Here, we review the literature about the differential signaling of LPA through its specific receptors, which makes this lipid a versatile signaling molecule. This differential signaling is important for understanding how this molecule can have such diverse effects during central nervous system development and angiogenesis; and also, how it can act as a powerful mediator of pathological conditions, such as neuropathic pain, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer progression. Ultimately, we review the preclinical and clinical uses of Autotaxin, LPA, and its receptors as therapeutic targets, approaching the most recent data of promising molecules modulating both LPA production and signaling. This review aims to summarize the most update knowledge about the mechanisms of LPA production and signaling in order to understand its biological functions in the central nervous system both in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Henrique Medeiros Geraldo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, F-75015, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Celina Garcia
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio de Almeida Mendes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Catarina Freitas
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fabio dosSantos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia Regina Souza Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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12
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Zhai Y, Wu W, Xi X, Yu R. Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Promote Proliferation and Invasion in Cervical Cancer by Targeting the HGF/c-MET Pathway. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:11823-11832. [PMID: 33244265 PMCID: PMC7685249 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s277130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is a serious female malignancy affecting women's health worldwide. The HGF/c-MET signaling pathway is activated in cervical cancer. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) with multipotential differentiation can carry out paracrine secretion of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Here, we investigated the effect and underlying mechanism of ADSCs on the promotion and invasion of cervical cancer in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods ADSCs were isolated, identified, and co-cultured with cervical cancer cells. HGF was detected using ELISA, and the HGF and c-MET signaling pathway was assessed with Western blot. The proliferation and invasion of human cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa and CaSki cells) were measured using CCK-8 and transwell assays. A HeLa xenograft mouse model was established to determine the effect of ADSCs on tumor growth in vivo. Results ADSCs secreted a high level of HGF into the supernatant, while co-culture of ADSCs and cervical cancer cells increased the supernatant level of HGF. The HGF/c-MET pathway was activated in HeLa and CaSki cells co-cultured with ADSCs. Both co-culture with ADSCs and use of ADSC-derived conditioned medium (ADSCs-CM) significantly promoted the proliferation and invasion of cervical cancer cells in vitro, an effect that was reduced by inhibiting tumor cell c-MET expression. Furthermore, ADSCs-CM promoted HeLa cervical tumor growth in vivo, which could be suppressed by intratumoral c-MET siRNA injection. Conclusion ADSCs promote cervical cancer growth and invasion through paracrine secretion of HGF and involvement of the HGF/c-MET signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongning Zhai
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangfei Wu
- Department of Pathology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Xi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongbin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
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13
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Tang X, Brindley DN. Lipid Phosphate Phosphatases and Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091263. [PMID: 32887262 PMCID: PMC7564803 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs) are a group of three enzymes (LPP1–3) that belong to a phospholipid phosphatase (PLPP) family. The LPPs dephosphorylate a wide spectrum of bioactive lipid phosphates, among which lysophosphatidate (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) are two important extracellular signaling molecules. The LPPs are integral membrane proteins, which are localized on plasma membranes and intracellular membranes, including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi network. LPPs regulate signaling transduction in cancer cells and demonstrate different effects in cancer progression through the breakdown of extracellular LPA and S1P and other intracellular substrates. This review is intended to summarize an up-to-date understanding about the functions of LPPs in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - David N. Brindley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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14
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Role of Adipose Tissue-Derived Autotaxin, Lysophosphatidate Signaling, and Inflammation in the Progression and Treatment of Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165938. [PMID: 32824846 PMCID: PMC7460696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that produces lysophosphatidate (LPA), which signals through six G-protein coupled receptors, promoting tumor growth, metastasis, and survival from chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Many cancer cells produce ATX, but breast cancer cells express little ATX. In breast tumors, ATX is produced by tumor-associated stroma. Breast tumors are also surrounded by adipose tissue, which is a major bodily source of ATX. In mice, a high-fat diet increases adipocyte ATX production. ATX production in obesity is also increased because of low-level inflammation in the expanded adipose tissue. This increased ATX secretion and consequent LPA signaling is associated with decreased adiponectin production, which results in adverse metabolic profiles and glucose homeostasis. Increased ATX production by inflamed adipose tissue may explain the obesity-breast cancer association. Breast tumors produce inflammatory mediators that stimulate ATX transcription in tumor-adjacent adipose tissue. This drives a feedforward inflammatory cycle since increased LPA signaling increases production of more inflammatory mediators and cyclooxygenase-2. Inhibiting ATX activity, which has implications in breast cancer adjuvant treatments, attenuates this cycle. Targeting ATX activity and LPA signaling may potentially increase chemotherapy and radiotherapy efficacy, and decrease radiation-induced fibrosis morbidity independently of breast cancer type because most ATX is not derived from breast cancer cells.
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15
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Zhao C, Wu M, Zeng N, Xiong M, Hu W, Lv W, Yi Y, Zhang Q, Wu Y. Cancer-associated adipocytes: emerging supporters in breast cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:156. [PMID: 32787888 PMCID: PMC7425140 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a malignant breast tumor confronted with high invasion, metastasis and recurrence rate, and adipocytes are the largest components in breast tissue. The aberrant adipocytes, especially the BC-neighbored cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs), are found in the invasive front of BC. CAAs present a vicious phenotype compared with mature mammary adipocytes and mediate the crosstalk network between adipocytes and BC cells. By releasing multiple adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, interleukin (IL)-6, chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), CAAs play essential roles in favor of proliferation, angiogenesis, dissemination, invasion and metastasis of BC. This article reviews the recent existing CAAs studies on the functions and mechanisms of adipocytes in the development of BC, including adipokine regulating, metabolic reprogramming, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, microRNAs (miRNAs) and immune cell adjusting. Besides, adipocyte secretome and cellular interactions are implicated in the intervention to BC therapy and autologous fat grafting of breast reconstruction. Therefore, the potential functions and mechanisms of CAAs are very important for unveiling BC oncogenesis and progress. Deciphering the complex network between CAAs and BC is critical for designing therapeutic strategies and achieving the maximum therapeutic effects of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongru Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ning Zeng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Mingchen Xiong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Weijie Hu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wenchang Lv
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Yi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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16
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Lipids in the tumor microenvironment: From cancer progression to treatment. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 80:101055. [PMID: 32791170 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the study of metabolic abnormalities in cancer cells has risen dramatically. Cancer cells can thrive in challenging environments, be it the hypoxic and nutrient-deplete tumor microenvironment or a distant tissue following metastasis. The ways in which cancer cells utilize lipids are often influenced by the complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment and adjacent stroma. Adipocytes can be activated by cancer cells to lipolyze their triglyceride stores, delivering secreted fatty acids to cancer cells for uptake through numerous fatty acid transporters. Cancer-associated fibroblasts are also implicated in lipid secretion for cancer cell catabolism and lipid signaling leading to activation of mitogenic and migratory pathways. As these cancer-stromal interactions are exacerbated during tumor progression, fatty acids secreted into the microenvironment can impact infiltrating immune cell function and phenotype. Lipid metabolic abnormalities such as increased fatty acid oxidation and de novo lipid synthesis can provide survival advantages for the tumor to resist chemotherapeutic and radiation treatments and alleviate cellular stresses involved in the metastatic cascade. In this review, we highlight recent literature that demonstrates how lipids can shape each part of the cancer lifecycle and show that there is significant potential for therapeutic intervention surrounding lipid metabolic and signaling pathways.
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17
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Eisenberg L, Eisenberg-Bord M, Eisenberg-Lerner A, Sagi-Eisenberg R. Metabolic alterations in the tumor microenvironment and their role in oncogenesis. Cancer Lett 2020; 484:65-71. [PMID: 32387442 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a characteristic feature of both cancer cells and their neighbouring cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The latter include stroma fibroblasts and adipocytes, that respectively differentiate to become cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and cancer associated adipocytes (CAAs), and infiltrated immune cells, that collaborate with the stromal cells to provide the tumor a pro-tumorigenic niche. Here we discuss the association between the reprogramming of glucose metabolism in the TME and oncogenic signaling and its reflection in the non-canonical functions of metabolic enzymes. We also discuss the non-canonical actions of oncometabolites and the contribution to oncogenesis of external metabolites that accumulate in the TME as result of crosstalk between the tumor and the TME. Special emphasis is given in this regard to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and adenosine, two powerful metabolites, the concentrations of which rise in the TME due to altered metabolism of the tumor and its surrounding cells, allowing their action as external signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihie Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Michal Eisenberg-Bord
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | | | - Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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18
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Dexamethasone Attenuates X-Ray-Induced Activation of the Autotaxin-Lysophosphatidate-Inflammatory Cycle in Breast Tissue and Subsequent Breast Fibrosis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040999. [PMID: 32325715 PMCID: PMC7226295 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that radiation-induced DNA damage in breast adipose tissue increases autotaxin secretion, production of lysophosphatidate (LPA) and expression of LPA1/2 receptors. We also established that dexamethasone decreases autotaxin production and LPA signaling in non-irradiated adipose tissue. In the present study, we showed that dexamethasone attenuated the radiation-induced increases in autotaxin activity and the concentrations of inflammatory mediators in cultured human adipose tissue. We also exposed a breast fat pad in mice to three daily 7.5 Gy fractions of X-rays. Dexamethasone attenuated radiation-induced increases in autotaxin activity in plasma and mammary adipose tissue and LPA1 receptor levels in adipose tissue after 48 h. DEX treatment during five daily fractions of 7.5 Gy attenuated fibrosis by ~70% in the mammary fat pad and underlying lungs at 7 weeks after radiotherapy. This was accompanied by decreases in CXCL2, active TGF-β1, CTGF and Nrf2 at 7 weeks in adipose tissue of dexamethasone-treated mice. Autotaxin was located at the sites of fibrosis in breast tissue and in the underlying lungs. Consequently, our work supports the premise that increased autotaxin production and lysophosphatidate signaling contribute to radiotherapy-induced breast fibrosis and that dexamethasone attenuated the development of fibrosis in part by blocking this process.
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19
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Tang X, Benesch MGK, Brindley DN. Role of the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate axis in the development of resistance to cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158716. [PMID: 32305571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to produce lysophosphatidate (LPA), which signals through six G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Signaling through LPA is terminated by its degradation by a family of three lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). LPP1 also attenuates signaling downstream of the activation of LPA receptors and some other GPCRs. The ATX-LPA axis mediates a plethora of activities such as cell proliferation, survival, migration, angiogenesis and inflammation, which perform an important role in facilitating wound healing. This wound healing response is hijacked by cancers where there is decreased expression of LPP1 and LPP3 and increased expression of ATX. This maladaptive regulation of LPA signaling also causes chronic inflammation, which has been recognized as one of the hallmarks in cancer. The increased LPA signaling promotes cell survival and migration and attenuates apoptosis, which stimulates tumor growth and metastasis. The wound healing functions of increased LPA signaling also protect cancer cells from effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In this review, we will summarize knowledge of the ATX-LPA axis and its role in the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We will also offer insights for developing strategies of targeting ATX-LPA axis as a novel part of cancer treatment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lysophospholipids and their receptors: New data and new insights into their function edited by Susan Smyth, Viswanathan Natarajan and Colleen McMullen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Matthew G K Benesch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada.
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20
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Klietz ML, Kückelhaus M, Kaiser HW, Raschke MJ, Hirsch T, Aitzetmüller M. Stammzellen in der Regenerativen Medizin – Translationale Hürden und Möglichkeiten zur Überwindung. HANDCHIR MIKROCHIR P 2020; 52:338-349. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1122-8916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDer Einsatz von mesenchymalen Stammzellen in der regenerativen Medizin wird immer populärer. Nichtsdestotrotz ist ihre Anwendung im klinischen Alltag noch immer limitiert. Zahlreiche ethische, rechtliche und translationale Probleme sowie Ungewissheit bzgl. der Sicherheit hemmen noch immer die Entstehung von entsprechenden Therapien aus vielversprechenden wissenschaftlichen Ansätzen.Diese Arbeit soll die Hauptprobleme bei der Translation von stammzellbasierten Therapien aus der Grundlagenforschung und Präklinik in den klinischen Alltag darstellen, sowie Ansätze aufzeigen, diese zu überwinden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Luise Klietz
- Abteilung für Plastische-, Rekonstruktive und Ästhetische Chirurgie, Handchirurgie, Fachklinik Hornheide, Münster
- Sektion Plastische Chirurgie an der Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster
- Abteilung für Plastische und Rekonstruktive Chirurgie, Institut für Muskuloskelettale Medizin, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
| | - Maximilian Kückelhaus
- Abteilung für Plastische-, Rekonstruktive und Ästhetische Chirurgie, Handchirurgie, Fachklinik Hornheide, Münster
- Sektion Plastische Chirurgie an der Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster
- Abteilung für Plastische und Rekonstruktive Chirurgie, Institut für Muskuloskelettale Medizin, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
| | | | - Michael J. Raschke
- Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster
| | - Tobias Hirsch
- Abteilung für Plastische-, Rekonstruktive und Ästhetische Chirurgie, Handchirurgie, Fachklinik Hornheide, Münster
- Sektion Plastische Chirurgie an der Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster
- Abteilung für Plastische und Rekonstruktive Chirurgie, Institut für Muskuloskelettale Medizin, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
| | - Matthias Aitzetmüller
- Sektion Plastische Chirurgie an der Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster
- Abteilung für Plastische und Rekonstruktive Chirurgie, Institut für Muskuloskelettale Medizin, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
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21
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Benesch MGK, Tang X, Brindley DN. Autotaxin and Breast Cancer: Towards Overcoming Treatment Barriers and Sequelae. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020374. [PMID: 32041123 PMCID: PMC7072337 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After a decade of intense preclinical investigations, the first in-class autotaxin inhibitor, GLPG1690, has entered Phase III clinical trials for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In the intervening time, a deeper understanding of the role of the autotaxin–lysophosphatidate (LPA)–lipid phosphate phosphatase axis in breast cancer progression and treatment resistance has emerged. Concordantly, appreciation of the tumor microenvironment and chronic inflammation in cancer biology has matured. The role of LPA as a central mediator behind these concepts has been exemplified within the breast cancer field. In this review, we will summarize current challenges in breast cancer therapy and delineate how blocking LPA signaling could provide novel adjuvant therapeutic options for overcoming therapy resistance and adverse side effects, including radiation-induced fibrosis. The advent of autotaxin inhibitors in clinical practice could herald their applications as adjuvant therapies to improve the therapeutic indexes of existing treatments for breast and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. K. Benesch
- Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL AlB 3V6, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
| | - David N. Brindley
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-492-2078
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22
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Repeated Fractions of X-Radiation to the Breast Fat Pads of Mice Augment Activation of the Autotaxin-Lysophosphatidate-Inflammatory Cycle. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111816. [PMID: 31752313 PMCID: PMC6895803 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer patients are usually treated with multiple fractions of radiotherapy (RT) to the whole breast after lumpectomy. We hypothesized that repeated fractions of RT would progressively activate the autotaxin–lysophosphatidate-inflammatory cycle. To test this, a normal breast fat pad and a fat pad containing a mouse 4T1 tumor were irradiated with X-rays using a small-animal “image-guided” RT platform. A single RT dose of 7.5 Gy and three daily doses of 7.5 Gy increased ATX activity and decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations. The concentrations of IL-6 and TNFα in plasma and of VEGF, G-CSF, CCL11 and CXCL10 in the irradiated fat pad were increased, but only after three fractions of RT. In 4T1 breast tumor-bearing mice, three fractions of 7.5 Gy augmented tumor-induced increases in plasma ATX activity and decreased adiponectin levels in the tumor-associated mammary fat pad. There were also increased expressions of multiple inflammatory mediators in the tumor-associated mammary fat pad and in tumors, which was accompanied by increased infiltration of CD45+ leukocytes into tumor-associated adipose tissue. This work provides novel evidence that increased ATX production is an early response to RT and that repeated fractions of RT activate the autotaxin–lysophosphatidate-inflammatory cycle. This wound healing response to RT-induced damage could decrease the efficacy of further fractions of RT.
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23
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24
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Tang X, Wuest M, Benesch MGK, Dufour J, Zhao Y, Curtis JM, Monjardet A, Heckmann B, Murray D, Wuest F, Brindley DN. Inhibition of Autotaxin with GLPG1690 Increases the Efficacy of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy in a Mouse Model of Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 19:63-74. [PMID: 31548293 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin catalyzes the formation of lysophosphatidic acid, which stimulates tumor growth and metastasis and decreases the effectiveness of cancer therapies. In breast cancer, autotaxin is secreted mainly by breast adipocytes, especially when stimulated by inflammatory cytokines produced by tumors. In this work, we studied the effects of an ATX inhibitor, GLPG1690, which is in phase III clinical trials for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, on responses to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in a syngeneic orthotopic mouse model of breast cancer. Tumors were treated with fractionated external beam irradiation, which was optimized to decrease tumor weight by approximately 80%. Mice were also dosed twice daily with GLPG1690 or vehicle beginning at 1 day before the radiation until 4 days after radiation was completed. GLPG1690 combined with irradiation did not decrease tumor growth further compared with radiation alone. However, GLPG1690 decreased the uptake of 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]-fluorothymidine by tumors and the percentage of Ki67-positive cells. This was also associated with increased cleaved caspase-3 and decreased Bcl-2 levels in these tumors. GLPG1690 decreased irradiation-induced C-C motif chemokine ligand-11 in tumors and levels of IL9, IL12p40, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and IFNγ in adipose tissue adjacent to the tumor. In other experiments, mice were treated with doxorubicin every 2 days after the tumors developed. GLPG1690 acted synergistically with doxorubicin to decrease tumor growth and the percentage of Ki67-positive cells. GLPG1690 also increased 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adducts in these tumors. These results indicate that inhibiting ATX provides a promising adjuvant to improve the outcomes of radiotherapy and chemotherapy for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Division of Oncologic Imaging, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew G K Benesch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Jennifer Dufour
- Division of Oncologic Imaging, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - YuanYuan Zhao
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Curtis
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - David Murray
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Division of Oncologic Imaging, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. .,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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25
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Plasticity of patient-matched normal mammary epithelial cells is dependent on autologous adipose-derived stem cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10722. [PMID: 31341222 PMCID: PMC6656715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing clinical application of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC), e.g. lipotransfer for breast reconstruction, this study aimed to gain novel insights regarding ADSC influence on breast tissue remodeling and determine patient-dependent factors affecting lipotransfer as well as begin to address its oncological risks. The ADSC secretome was analyzed from five normal breast reduction patients and contained elevated levels of growth factors, cytokines and proteins mediating invasion. ADSC/ADSC secretomes were tested for their influence on the function of primary mammary epithelial cells, and tumor epithelial cells using cell culture assays. ADSC/ADSC secretomes significantly stimulated proliferation, transmigration and 3D-invasion of primary normal and tumor epithelial cells. IL-6 significantly induced an EMT and invasion. The ADSC secretome significantly upregulated normal epithelial cell gene expression including MMPs and ECM receptors. Our study supports that ADSC and its secretome promote favorable conditions for normal breast tissue remodeling by changing the microenvironment. and may also be important regarding residual breast cancer cells following surgery.
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Law SH, Chan ML, Marathe GK, Parveen F, Chen CH, Ke LY. An Updated Review of Lysophosphatidylcholine Metabolism in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051149. [PMID: 30845751 PMCID: PMC6429061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is increasingly recognized as a key marker/factor positively associated with cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. However, findings from recent clinical lipidomic studies of LPC have been controversial. A key issue is the complexity of the enzymatic cascade involved in LPC metabolism. Here, we address the coordination of these enzymes and the derangement that may disrupt LPC homeostasis, leading to metabolic disorders. LPC is mainly derived from the turnover of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the circulation by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). In the presence of Acyl-CoA, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) converts LPC to PC, which rapidly gets recycled by the Lands cycle. However, overexpression or enhanced activity of PLA2 increases the LPC content in modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and oxidized LDL, which play significant roles in the development of atherosclerotic plaques and endothelial dysfunction. The intracellular enzyme LPCAT cannot directly remove LPC from circulation. Hydrolysis of LPC by autotaxin, an enzyme with lysophospholipase D activity, generates lysophosphatidic acid, which is highly associated with cancers. Although enzymes with lysophospholipase A1 activity could theoretically degrade LPC into harmless metabolites, they have not been found in the circulation. In conclusion, understanding enzyme kinetics and LPC metabolism may help identify novel therapeutic targets in LPC-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hui Law
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Lin Chan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, MacKay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan.
| | - Gopal K Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Manasagangothri, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006, India.
| | - Farzana Parveen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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