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Zong Z, Zhang Y, Qiao J, Tian Y, Xu S. The association between screen time exposure and myopia in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1625. [PMID: 38890613 PMCID: PMC11186094 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to systematically review epidemiological evidence on associations between screen time exposure and myopia in children and adolescents, and to quantitatively evaluate summary effect estimates from existing literature. METHOD There were three online databases including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, for epidemiological studies on screen time exposure and myopia published before June 1, 2023. The risk of bias was assessed by the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) checklist. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the correlation between screen time exposure and myopia using random or fixed-effect models by exposure type (categorical/continuous). We also performed subgroup analysis by screen device type, study quality, geographic region, and research period. RESULTS We searched 7,571 records from three databases and identified 19 eligible studies, including 14 high-quality studies and 5 moderate-quality studies. Meta-analyses suggested that there was a statistically significant correlation between screen time (high vs. low) and myopia. The pooled ORs with 95%CIs were respectively 2.24 (1.47-3.42) for cross-sectional studies, and 2.39 (2.07-2.76) for cohort studies. We also found a significant association between continuous exposure to screen time (per 1 h/d increase) and myopia in cohort studies. The pooled ORs with 95%CIs were 1.07 (1.01-1.13). In subgroup analysis stratified by screen device type in cross-sectional studies, screen time exposures from computers (categorical: OR = 8.19, 95%CI: 4.78-14.04; continuous: OR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.10-1.35) and televisions (categorical: OR = 1.46, 95%CI: 1.02-2.10) were associated with myopia, while smartphones were not. Although publication bias was detected, the pooled results did not show significant changes after adjustment using the trim and fill method. CONCLUSION Our findings support that screen time exposure was significantly associated with myopia in children and adolescents. Notably, screen time exposure from computers may have the most significant impact on myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zong
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Jianchao Qiao
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Shaojun Xu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
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Wei J, Xiang X, Zhang P, Mu J, Lv H, Duan J. Large-scale study in Chengdu, China: The prevalence of myopia full-correction decreased with increasing myopia in adolescents. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31593. [PMID: 38841481 PMCID: PMC11152689 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Myopia is an increasingly serious health issue among children and adolescents worldwide. This study investigated the situation related to myopia among students in Chengdu, a city in western China, and analyzed the prevalence of myopia spectacle wear and myopia full-correction and their influencing factors to understand the current status of myopia prevention. This school-based cross-sectional study investigated 1582 schools in seven districts of Chengdu City, China, enrolling a total of 417,337 students aged 6-18 years (elementary, middle, and high school) from 2020 to 2022. Examination items included uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), slit lamp examination and non-cycloplegic autorefraction. Myopia was defined as non-cycloplegic SE ≤ -0.50 D + UCVA> 0 log MAR (age ≥6). The prevalence of myopia spectacle wear is defined as the number of people wearing glasses for myopia/the number of people with myopia (%) within the study population, and myopia full-correction is defined as normal vision after wearing glasses for myopia (≤0 log MAR for 6 years and above). With the support of the government, this programme is conducted 1-2 times a year. Statistical analyses are conducted to determine the association between myopia and various parameters. The average age of the entire survey population was 10.96 ± 3.5 years, and the overall prevalence of myopia was 48.7%, myopia spectacle wear was 65.7%, and myopia full-correction was 50.5%. With increasing age and educational levels, the prevalence of moderate to high myopia, the prevalence of myopia spectacle wear, and the prevalence of myopia full-correction all rise. The prevalence of mild myopia full-correction (46.5%) was higher than that for moderate myopia (47.1%) and even higher than that for high myopia (39.6%). The correct utilization rate of myopic spectacles was 33.17%, increasing with age and education levels, with the highest correct utilization rate of 40.7% among those with moderate myopia. The prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents in Chengdu is relatively low, and the prevalence of myopia spectacle wear and myopia full-correction need to be improved, and it was found that with the increase of myopia, the prevalence of myopia full-correction among adolescents decreased instead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Eye School of Chengdu University of TCM, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Ophthalmopathy Prevention & Cure and Visual Function Protection with TCM Laboratory, Retinal Image Technology and Chronic Vascular Disease Prevention & Control and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohong Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology in the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Pengbo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmopathy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyu Mu
- Eye School of Chengdu University of TCM, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Ophthalmopathy Prevention & Cure and Visual Function Protection with TCM Laboratory, Retinal Image Technology and Chronic Vascular Disease Prevention & Control and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongbin Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology in the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Junguo Duan
- Eye School of Chengdu University of TCM, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Ophthalmopathy Prevention & Cure and Visual Function Protection with TCM Laboratory, Retinal Image Technology and Chronic Vascular Disease Prevention & Control and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
- Ineye Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Sichuan Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Myopia Prevention and Treatment Center, Sichuan Vision Protection Science Popularization Base, Key Research Laboratory of Visual Function Protection, State Administration of TCM, Chengdu, China
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Cai HM, Li MY, Cao Y, Wu YL, Liang M, Chen YS, Xian BK, Huang YJ, Kong XB. Effect of artificial natural light on the development of myopia among primary school-age children in China: a three-year longitudinal study. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:924-931. [PMID: 38766340 PMCID: PMC11074203 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.05.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the efficacy of artificial natural light in preventing incident myopia in primary school-age children. METHODS This is a prospective, randomized control, intervention study. A total of 1840 students from 39 classes in 4 primary schools in Foshan participated in this study. The whole randomization method was adopted to include classes as a group according to 1:1 randomized control. Classrooms in the control group were illuminated by usual light, and classrooms in the intervention group were illuminated by artificial natural light. All students received uncorrected visual acuity and best-corrected visual acuity measurement, non-cycloplegic autorefraction, ocular biometric examination, slit lamp and strabismus examination. Three-year follow-up, the students underwent same procedures. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction ≤ -0.50 D and uncorrected visual acuity <20/20. RESULTS There were 894 students in the control group and 946 students in the intervention group with a mean±SD age of 7.50±0.53y. The three-year cumulative incidence rate of myopia was 26.4% (207 incident cases among 784 eligible participants at baseline) in the control group and 21.2% (164 incident cases among 774 eligible participants at baseline) in the intervention group [difference of 5.2% (95%CI, 3.7% to 10.1%); P=0.035]. There was also a significant difference in the three-year change in spherical equivalent refraction for the control group (-0.81 D) compared with the intervention group [-0.63 D; difference of 0.18 D (95%CI, 0.08 to 0.28 D); P<0.001]. Elongation of axial length was significantly different between in the control group (0.77 mm) and the intervention group [0.72 mm; difference of 0.05 mm (95%CI, 0.01 to 0.09 mm); P=0.003]. CONCLUSION Artificial natural light in the classroom of primary schools can result in reducing incidence rate of myopia during a period of three years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Foshan, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Meng-Yan Li
- Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Foshan, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Lin Wu
- Guangdong Cosio Lighting Corporation, Foshan 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ming Liang
- Guangdong Cosio Lighting Corporation, Foshan 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Shi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Foshan, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bi-Kun Xian
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Foshan, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Juan Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Foshan, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiang-Bin Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Foshan, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong Province, China
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Birhanu MY, Bekele GM, Leshargie CT, Jemberie SS. National estimate and associated factors of myopia among schoolchildren in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2024; 17:100480. [PMID: 37976882 PMCID: PMC10692897 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2023.100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myopia is a global public health concern that has a significant socioeconomic and psychological impact on schoolchildren. If Myopic patients are not detected early, they are exposed to retinal detachment, cataracts, and glaucoma. There have been previous studies conducted in Ethiopia, but there is significant inconsistency among studies. Hence, the aim of this study was to provide a single figure as well as associated factors for Myopia among Ethiopian schoolchildren. METHOD The national and international databases and gray literature were searched for important research articles. This review included school-based cross-sectional studies that were reported in English. The data were extracted using Microsoft word and exported to Stata™ Version 17.0 statistical software for further management and analysis .The presence of heterogeneity was checked using Cochrane Q test via fixed effects model and presented by forest plots with 95% CI. Due to the presence of substantial heterogeneity, I2 test using random effects model was computed to estimate the effect size. The existing heterogeneity among studies was explained by regional difference. To identify factors associated with myopia, meta regression was computed and significant factors was reported using OR with 95% CI. RESULTS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, 12 studies with a total of 9688 schoolchildren were included. The national estimate of myopia among schoolchildren in Ethiopia was 6.49% (95%CI: 4.86, 8.12). Having family history of myopia (OR: 9.18, 95%CI: 3.5,24.02) and being female (OR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.98) were the identified factors associated with myopia. CONCLUSION Myopia is one of the most prevalent childhood health condition in Ethiopia, which affects about one in every fourteen schoolchildren. Schoolchildren who had family history of myopia and being female were the identified risk factors of myopia among schoolchildren. Clinical and public engagement activities are needed to address the burden of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molla Yigzaw Birhanu
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos university, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
| | - Getamesay Molla Bekele
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetric, School of Medicine, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Cheru Tesema Leshargie
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos university, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Public health, School of Health Sciences, University of Technology Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - Selamawit Shita Jemberie
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Li Q, Zhou W, Liao Y, Chen H, Sun Y, Wang M, Wang X, Wang W. Prevalence Trend of Myopia during the Post-COVID-19 Epidemic Period among Preschoolers: A Prospective School-based Study. Optom Vis Sci 2023; 100:727-734. [PMID: 37678562 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000002069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Changes in behavior and lifestyle during the post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic may have some impact on myopia rates in preschoolers, and exploring the changes in myopia rates in preschool children may inform the formulation of myopia prevention and control policies. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of myopia in preschool children during the post-COVID-19 epidemic period in Xuzhou, China. METHODS A series of cross-sectional school-based studies was conducted. A total of 117,632 preschool children aged 3 to 6 years were subjected to annual vision screening from 2019 to 2021. Spot photo screening was used to record the spherical equivalent refraction for each child and to analyze the prevalence of myopia by age, sex, and region during the post-COVID-19 epidemic period. RESULTS A total of 113,979 preschool children were included in the analysis, of whom 60,784 (53.3%) were male and 53,195 (46.7%) were female. For all children, the mean ± standard deviation spherical equivalent refraction in 2019, 2020, and 2021 was +0.32 ± 0.50, +0.34 ± 0.55, and +0.34 ± 0.54 D, respectively (all P < .05), indicative of a very slight hyperopic shift. In all age groups, the change in mean spherical equivalent refraction and its distribution were relatively stable. From 2019 to 2021, the overall prevalence of myopia in preschool children was 3.1, 3.3, and 3.5%, respectively. The rise in myopia rates was minimal. The largest increase in the annual prevalence of myopia was seen among children aged 6 years, at 0.5%, followed by those aged 5 years (0.4%) and aged 3 years (0.4%). The prevalence was higher in boys than girls and in urban versus rural areas. CONCLUSIONS During the post-COVID-19 epidemic period, the refractive status of Xuzhou preschool children remained stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ya Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanmei Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Hieda O, Hiraoka T, Fujikado T, Ishiko S, Hasebe S, Torii H, Takahashi H, Tanaka S, Kinoshita S. Assessment of myopic rebound effect after discontinuation of treatment with 0.01% atropine eye drops in Japanese school-age children. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2023; 67:602-611. [PMID: 37548816 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-023-01012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Having previously demonstrated the efficacy of 0.01% atropine eye drops for inhibiting progression of childhood myopia, we conducted additional analyses to assess post-treatment changes in myopia progression. STUDY DESIGN Analysis of follow-up data from a previously reported randomized controlled trial METHODS: A mixed-effects model was used to compare intergroup changes in spherical equivalent (SE) and axial length (AL) at 1 month and 12 months after discontinuation of 2-year treatment with atropine or placebo in 167 school-age children. RESULTS Follow-up measurements were available for 149 participants at 1 month after discontinuation of treatment and for 51 participants at 12 months after discontinuation. At 1 month post-treatment, differences between the atropine and placebo groups in least squares (LS) mean changes in SE and AL, respectively, from 24 months were -0.06 diopters (D) (95% CI: -0.21, 0.08; P = .39) and 0.02 mm (95% CI: -0.05, 0.08; P = .60). At 12 months post-treatment, intergroup differences (atropine vs placebo) in LS mean changes in SE and AL, respectively, were -0.13 D (95% CI: -0.35, 0.10; P = .26) and -0.02 mm (95% CI: -0.12, 0.09; P = .75). LS mean changes in SE and AL from treatment discontinuation did not differ between the groups at 1 or 12 months post-treatment. CONCLUSION Axial elongation was significantly less in the atropine group than in the placebo group. The suppression effect obtained at 2 years was maintained after 12 months. The absence of intergroup differences in myopia progression since treatment cessation suggests that myopic rebound did not occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Hieda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Hiraoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujikado
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishiko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hasebe
- Department of Ophthalmology 2, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Torii
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Tanaka
- Clinical Biostatistics Course, School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
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Zhou H, Bai X. A Review of the Role of the School Spatial Environment in Promoting the Visual Health of Minors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1006. [PMID: 36673762 PMCID: PMC9859487 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rising childhood myopia rate has detrimental health consequences that pose a considerable challenge to health systems. The school spatial environment, which is where students are for the longest period of time, has a high health value for myopia systematic intervention. While research has demonstrated associations between physical daylight environments, medical gene and visual health, the literature currently lacks a synthesis of evidence that will act as a spatially-organized resource for school designers. This study is based on literature from the period 2000-2022 and has been taken from the Web of Science, scopus, Medline and CNKI core collection database. Collaboration, literature co-citation and quantitative and qualitative analysis, in addition to keyword co-occurrence are adopted to conduct a visual health research review. The results indicate that intensive near work activity (as a risk factor) and longer time spent outdoors (as a protective factor), are involved in visual health factors. Two main research themes are obtained and relate to: (1) The environment of visual work behavior (especially the near work learning environment) and adaptable multimedia learning environment; and (2) the environment of outdoor exposure behavior. Furthermore, with the variation of educational demands, models and concepts, there are different demands for near work behavior, and this study makes an important contribution by pointing to two future research directions, including the accurate and controllable environment of near work behavior, which operate in accordance with various educational mode requirements and the active design of the environment of outdoor exposure behavior. In referring to differences between regions and countries, as well as the development of the educational environment, it provides insight into how these demands can be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhou
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Urbanization, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoxia Bai
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Urbanization, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Zhao X, Lu X, Yu L, Zhang Y, Li J, Liu Y, Yang G, Wang Y, Zhang W, Du Z. Prevalence of myopia and associated risk factors among key schools in Xi'an, China. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:519. [PMID: 36585663 PMCID: PMC9801531 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of myopia and high myopia and the associated risk factors in key schools in Xi'an, China. METHODS This cross-sectional study started in September 2021 and was conducted for one month. A total of 11,011 students from 10 key primary schools, five key junior high schools and five key high schools in Xi'an were randomly selected to undergo visual acuity measurement and non-cycloplegic autorefraction. The questionnaire was completed by the students and their parents together. RESULTS The prevalence of myopia and high myopia in key schools were 75.7% and 9.7%, respectively. The prevalence of myopia and high myopia rose significantly as grade or age increased (all P < 0.001), and the prevalence of myopia and high myopia in females was higher than that in males (P < 0.001, P < 0.5). According to the multivariable logistic regression analysis, older age (OR=1.42), female compared with male (OR=1.43), having one myopic parent (OR=1.64), having two myopic parent (OR=2.30) and often taking extracurricular tuition (OR=1.35) were more likely to be associated with develop myopia (P < 0.001). Older age (OR=1.39), having one myopic parent (OR=2.29), having two myopic parent (OR= 3.69), and often taking extracurricular tuition (OR=1.48) were more likely to be associated with high myopia (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The overall rate of myopia and high myopia in key schools in Xi'an, China, is extremely high. Myopia and high myopia are associated with increasing age, parents' myopia, few outdoor exercises, and extracurricular tuition. Myopia is also associated with female and not having the habit of "one punch, one foot, one inch (when reading and writing, 10 cm from the chest to the table, 33 cm from the eye to the book and 3.3 cm from the tip of the pen to the finger)".
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Zhao
- grid.478124.c0000 0004 1773 123XDepartment of Ophthalmology, Xi’an Central Hospital 710005, Shaanxi Province, China ,grid.440747.40000 0001 0473 0092Yan’an University, Yan’an City, Shaanxi Province, 716000 China
| | - Xin Lu
- grid.478124.c0000 0004 1773 123XDepartment of Ophthalmology, Xi’an Central Hospital 710005, Shaanxi Province, China ,grid.440747.40000 0001 0473 0092Yan’an University, Yan’an City, Shaanxi Province, 716000 China
| | - Lu Yu
- grid.478124.c0000 0004 1773 123XDepartment of Ophthalmology, Xi’an Central Hospital 710005, Shaanxi Province, China ,grid.440747.40000 0001 0473 0092Yan’an University, Yan’an City, Shaanxi Province, 716000 China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- grid.478124.c0000 0004 1773 123XDepartment of Ophthalmology, Xi’an Central Hospital 710005, Shaanxi Province, China ,grid.440747.40000 0001 0473 0092Yan’an University, Yan’an City, Shaanxi Province, 716000 China
| | - Jian Li
- grid.478124.c0000 0004 1773 123XDepartment of Ophthalmology, Xi’an Central Hospital 710005, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yingyao Liu
- grid.478124.c0000 0004 1773 123XDepartment of Ophthalmology, Xi’an Central Hospital 710005, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Geqiang Yang
- grid.478124.c0000 0004 1773 123XDepartment of Ophthalmology, Xi’an Central Hospital 710005, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- grid.478124.c0000 0004 1773 123XDepartment of Ophthalmology, Xi’an Central Hospital 710005, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- grid.478124.c0000 0004 1773 123XDepartment of Ophthalmology, Xi’an Central Hospital 710005, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhaojiang Du
- grid.478124.c0000 0004 1773 123XDepartment of Ophthalmology, Xi’an Central Hospital 710005, Shaanxi Province, China ,grid.440747.40000 0001 0473 0092Yan’an University, Yan’an City, Shaanxi Province, 716000 China
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Ye L, Yang YQ, Zhang GY, Wang WJ, Ren MX, Ge P, Zhang J, Zhang N, Liu XZ, Zhang ML, Tong YJ, Lu LC, Lv MQ, Zhou DX, Pei C. Increasing prevalence of myopia and the impact of education in primary-school students in Xi'an, north-western of China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1070984. [PMID: 36600934 PMCID: PMC9806175 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1070984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study was performed to detect the prevalence of myopia among primary-school students in Xi'an, north-western of China. Methods The present study was a school-based study with students aged from 6 to 13 years old. All the individuals underwent ophthalmological examination and spherical equivalent (SE) of refractive error were measured with non-cycloplegic refraction. Myopia was defined as a SE of ≤ -0.5 diopters (D), and further divided into three stratified groups based on SE: low myopia (≤ -0.5 to >-3.0 D), moderate myopia (≤ -3.0 to >-6.0 D), and high myopia (≤ -6.0 D). Relative risk factors, including age, sex, grade and ethnicity were investigated using questionnaire. Results A total of 4,680 individuals were eligible for this survey and 4,654 (99.4% participation rate) were finally included (51.2% boys). The mean age of participants was 8.756 ± 1.727 years. The whole city-level prevalence of total myopia was 57.1% (95% CI: 55.7-58.6%). Additionally, the prevalence of low, moderate, and high myopia was 45.0% (95% CI: 43.5-46.4%), 11.1% (95% CI: 10.2-12.0%), and 1.0% (95% CI: 0.7-1.3%), respectively. Moreover, grade (education level) instead of age, sex and ethnicity was the most essential risk factor for prevalence of overall myopia (OR = 1.844, 95% CI: 1.605-2.119), and an increase of prevalence by 84.4% per grade was seen. Furthermore, similar associations of grade were significant with low myopia (OR = 1.613, 95% CI: 1.385-1.877) and moderate myopia (OR = 2.186, 95% CI: 1.693-2.823), meanwhile, prevalence of low myopia and moderate myopia demonstrated an increase of prevalence by 61.3 and 118.6% per grade, respectively. None of the factors included in the present study was significant risk factor for high myopia. Conclusions The present study investigated a non-negligible high prevalence of myopia among primary-school students in Xi'an, north-western of China, and a gradual increasing in proportion with education level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ye
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-qi Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guo-yun Zhang
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Wen-jun Wang
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Mei-xia Ren
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Ge
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing-zhou Liu
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming-lei Zhang
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-jiao Tong
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang-cai Lu
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mo-qi Lv
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,*Correspondence: Mo-qi Lv
| | - Dang-xia Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,Dang-xia Zhou
| | - Cheng Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,Cheng Pei
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10
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Weighted Zernike defocus coefficient of treatment zone is a meaningful indicator for myopia control efficacy of Ortho-K lenses. EYE AND VISION 2022; 9:24. [PMID: 35773712 PMCID: PMC9248179 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-022-00296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background The goal of this study was to reproduce a three-dimensional representation of corneal defocus characteristics after orthokeratology (Ortho-K) treatment via an indicator defined as the weighted Zernike defocus coefficient of the treatment zone (Cweighted defocus). This could be used to predict the effectiveness of Ortho-K treatment quantitatively in a timely manner after the one-month visit. Methods Seventy myopic children with axial length (AL) elongation after Ortho-K treatment (group A) and 63 myopic children with AL shortening after Ortho-K treatment (group B) were included in this one-year retrospective study. The proposed indicator was calculated by a customized MATLAB program. Multivariate binomial logistic regression and multivariate linear regression analyses were used to explore the association between AL change and the Cweighted defocus, age, sex, and other ocular biometric parameters. Results The 12-month AL change, age, pupil diameter, and vertical decentration of the Ortho-K lens were significantly different between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a larger Cweighted defocus (≥ 0.35 D/mm2) (OR: 0.224; 95% CI: 0.078–0.646; P = 0.006) was correlated with the emergence of AL shortening after orthokeratology treatment. A multivariate linear regression model showed that a greater Cweighted defocus was associated with slower 12-month AL elongation (β = − 0.51, P = 0.001). Conclusions The Cweighted defocus is an effective predictive indicator of myopia control, and a larger Cweighted defocus may lead to slower elongation of AL. This meaningful indicator may help in the evaluation and adjustment of Ortho-K lens parameters in a timely manner and minimize the cost of clinical trial and error.
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Wang H, Li Y, Qiu K, Zhang R, Lu X, Luo L, Lin JW, Lu Y, Zhang D, Guo P, Yang Y, Jing L, Huang Y, Ma Q, Zhou R, Ou Y, Chen Q, Zhou Y, Deng D, Li C, Yam JC, Chen LJ, Pang CP, Zhang M. Prevalence of myopia and uncorrected myopia among 721 032 schoolchildren in a city-wide vision screening in southern China: the Shantou Myopia Study. Br J Ophthalmol 2022:320940. [PMID: 36198476 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2021-320940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the prevalence and risk factors for myopia and uncorrected myopia in schoolchildren in southern China. METHODS The government-led Shantou Myopia Study was conducted from September 2020 to June 2021. Non-cycloplegic refraction was performed. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was measured along with presenting visual acuity if participants wore spectacles. Spherical equivalent refraction (SER) is defined as the spherical dioptres added to half of the cylindrical dioptres. Myopia is defined as SER <-0.50 dioptre with UCVA of <20/20 in at least one eye. RESULTS This study enrolled 724 828 schoolchildren (77.8% of all schoolchildren in Shantou) from 901 schools. Data from 721 032 schoolchildren (99.5%) were analysed (mean age 11.53±3.13 years, 6-20 years, 373 230 boys and 347 802 girls). Among them, 373 459 (51.8%) had myopia: 37.1% of 465 696 children in primary schools, 75.4% of 170 164 children in junior high schools and 84.8% of 85 172 children in senior high schools. The prevalence of myopia increases non-linearly with age. Older age, female and urban living environment were independently associated with myopia prevalence and myopic SER. Among the 373 459 children with myopia, 60.0% had no refractive correction: 74.9%, 53.9% and 35.5% in primary, junior high and senior high schools, respectively. CONCLUSION The overall prevalence of myopia among schoolchildren in Shantou was 51.8%, higher than the national average in China. The proportion of uncorrected myopia is high, especially in primary schools. Our results indicate the need for public education on eye care among schoolchildren even in a municipal city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxi Wang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Yuancun Li
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Kunliang Qiu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Riping Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Xuehui Lu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Li Luo
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Jian-Wei Lin
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Yanlin Lu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Peiting Guo
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Liu Jing
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yingzi Huang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ruiqing Zhou
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yunxuan Ou
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Quanwen Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Youming Zhou
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Dandan Deng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Can Li
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Jason C Yam
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Pui Pang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
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12
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Rathi M, Chhabra S, Sachdeva S, Rustagi IM, Soni D, Dhania S. Correlation of parental and childhood myopia in children aged 5-16 years in North India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:3366-3368. [PMID: 36018122 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_653_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of parental and childhood myopia among school children aged 5-16 years in North India. Methods This study included a total of 1400 children aged 5-16 years in a district in North India. Visual acuity was measured using a Snellen's chart. Children with myopia after retinoscopy were worked up in detail in our institute and a history of parental myopia was taken. Results A total of 1400 students studying in class 5-10, aged between 5 and 16 years, were screened. A total of 487 students had myopia. Of the 487 myopes, 220 (45.2%) had parental myopia, of which 115 (30.1%) had myopia in both parents, 64 (19.3%) had mothers with myopia, and 41 (13.3%) had fathers with myopia. The prevalence of paternal (P = 0.001) and maternal (P = 0.002) myopia in myopes compared to parental myopia in emmetropes was found to be highly significant. There was a highly significant statistical correlation between maternal myopia and myopia in the child, when compared to the presence of myopia in both the parents (P = 0.007). Conclusion There was a statistically significant correlation between myopia in the parents and children, which was more significant in the mothers of the children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Rathi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Sargam Chhabra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Sumit Sachdeva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Inder M Rustagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, World College of Medical Sciences and Research, Jhajjar, Haryana, India
| | - Dixit Soni
- Department of Ophthalmology, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Sweety Dhania
- Department of Ophthalmology, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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13
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Chhabra S, Rathi M, Sachdeva S, Rustagi IM, Soni D, Dhania S. Association of near work and dim light with myopia among 1400 school children in a district in North India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:3369-3372. [PMID: 36018123 PMCID: PMC9675519 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_634_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the association of near work and dim light with myopia among school children in a district in North India. Methods This study included a total of 1400 children of either sex studying in classes 5-10 in various schools of a district in North India, after taking consent from their guardians. Visual acuity was measured using Snellen's chart. Myopes were called to our institute where wet retinoscopy was done and spectacles were prescribed. Results There was a highly statistically significant correlation between myopia and increase in reading hours (P=0.001). There was a statistically significant correlation between myopia and >6hours of using mobile phones /week, more hours spent on using mobile phones correlated with an increased prevalence of myopia (P< 0.01). There was a statistically significant correlation between myopia and increasing hours of playing video games (P<0.01). We found a highly statistically significant positive correlation between the prevalence of myopia and reading in dim light (P=0.0006). Conclusion There was a positive association between myopia and hours of doing near work. The prevalence of myopia increased with increased hours of doing near work (reading, playing video games and using mobile phones). The study showed a correlation between reading in dim light and myopia. Prevention of myopia may be possible by avoiding these risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sargam Chhabra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Manisha Rathi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India,Correspondence to: Dr. Manisha Rathi, Rathee Nursing Home, Sonepat Road, Rohtak, Haryana, India. E-mail:
| | - Sumit Sachdeva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Inder Mohan Rustagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, World College of Medical Sciences and Research, Jhajjar, Haryana, India
| | - Dixit Soni
- Department of Ophthalmology, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Sweety Dhania
- Department of Ophthalmology, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Fan Y, Zuo L, Ma J, Peng Z, Li Y, Wang K, Zhao M. An investigation into the causes of abnormal waste of Ortho-K lenses. Front Public Health 2022; 10:981573. [PMID: 36045728 PMCID: PMC9421076 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.981573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the reasons for wasting orthokeratology (OK) lenses due to breakage or loss, provide more comprehensive guidelines for the clinical care of lenses and minimize time and costs for patients due to excessive broken and lost lenses. Methods A survey was administered to clinic outpatients who had broken or lost their OK lenses before the regularly scheduled replacement cycle (1-1.5 years). The association between the frequency of OK lens breakage and daily care was assessed using Fisher's exact test and multivariable ordered logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 306 valid questionnaires were collected. Among the subjects, 141 were male, and 165 were female, with a mean age of 10.57 ± 2.00 years (range: 6-18 years). In the investigation of the causes of OK lens waste, 81.4% of the patients reported lens breakage, 13.1% lost their lenses, and 5.6% of patients experienced both fragmentation and lens loss. More than half of the patients (52.90%) used incorrect lens cleaning techniques. In further analysis of the relationship between the frequency of OK lens fragmentation within a year and daily care habits, a significant difference was observed between the caregiver (P = 0.03) and whether the lenses were cleaned promptly after removal (P < 0.001). Mothers as daily caregivers of OK lenses had a lower frequency of fragmentation in a year compared to nanny or grandparents (P = 0.014, OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.13, 0.80). The failure to clean the lenses according to eye care practitioners' guidance was a risk factor for the frequent breakage of OK lenses (P < 0.001. OR = 5.29, 95% CI = 3.15, 8.89). Conclusions The causes of OK lens waste were mainly attributed to caregivers, care practices and some unexpected situations that can be avoided through optometrists' reminders. Regardless of the reasons for noncompliant behavior leading to breakage or loss of OK lenses, all of the complications can probably be addressed by better and more frequent reinforcement of care procedures by practitioners. Better clinical guidance measures and more frequent reminders could prevent a large proportion of abnormal waste of OK lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuo Fan
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China,Department of Ophthalmology & Clinical Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China,College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China,Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zuo
- Department of Ophthalmology & Clinical Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China,Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology & Clinical Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China,Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zisu Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology & Clinical Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China,Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Clinical Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China,Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China,Department of Ophthalmology & Clinical Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China,College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China,Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Kai Wang
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China,Department of Ophthalmology & Clinical Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China,College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China,Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
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Comparison of Factors Associated with Myopia among Middle School Students in Urban and Rural Regions of Anhui, China. Optom Vis Sci 2022; 99:702-710. [PMID: 35914091 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The prevention and control of myopia have become a major public health task throughout the world. The analysis of the modifiable factors associated with myopia will help in planning concrete strategies that can be widely implemented by schools and families. PURPOSE This study assessed the modifiable factors associated with myopia and compared them between rural and urban regions. METHODS Data were collected from December 2020 to March 2021. A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 6154 middle school students. All children underwent an eye examination, including visual acuity and cycloplegic refraction. Data on near work, sleep and outdoor activities were collected in questionnaires. RESULTS The myopia prevalence values in urban and rural regions were 68.1% and 63.7%, respectively (χ2 = 15.57, P < .001). More than 3 hours homework per day(OR in urban and rural region: 1.36, 95% CI = 1.07-1.75 vs. 1.72, 95% CI = 1.43-2.07), 36-40 core subjects per week(1.30, 95% CI = 1.04-1.57 vs. 1.42, 95% CI = 1.24-1.64) and going to sleep before 10 o'clock (0.56, 95% CI = 0.32-0.93 vs. 0.50, 95% CI = 0.28-0.90) were significantly associated with myopia in both regions. In contrast, taking breaks during near work was a significant factor in the rural region (less than 1 hour: OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.42-0.76; 1-2 hours: OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.46-0.86), but not in the urban region. More time outdoors per day was associated with a reduced prevalence of myopia only for urban children (2-3 hours: OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.31-0.97; more than 3 hours: OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.19-0.75). CONCLUSIONS Homework loads and the time of going to sleep were associated with myopia for children in both urban and rural regions. However, time outdoors was only associated with myopia in urban regions and taking breaks during near work only associated with myopia in rural regions.
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Children in Tokyo Have a Long Sustained Axial Length from Age 3 Years: The Tokyo Myopia Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154413. [PMID: 35956029 PMCID: PMC9369597 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: myopia prevalence is high among Japanese schoolchildren, but the underlying causes are unclear. Objective: To examine the distributions of ocular biometry and refraction and their associations with lifestyle variables among Japanese schoolchildren. Methods: This cross-sectional school-based study included 2140 children aged 3−14 years in Tokyo, Japan, and evaluated the distributions under non-cycloplegic conditions and the associated environmental factors. Results: The prevalence of spherical equivalent (SE) ≤−0.75 diopter among preschoolers (aged 3−6 years), elementary school students (aged 6−11 years), and junior high school students (aged 12−14 years) was 49.7%, 72.4%, and 87.7%, respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that the time spent using digital devices was associated positively with lens thickness (β = 0.010; p < 0.050) but not SE, axial length, or vitreous chamber depth. The time spent reading was associated negatively with lens thickness (β = −0.012; p < 0.050), SE (β = −0.152; p < 0.010), axial length (β = 0.110; p < 0.001), and vitreous chamber depth (β = 0.110; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The data indicated that almost half of preschoolers may be myopic. The association with the lens thickness differed depending on the type of near work performed.
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Mohd-Ali B, Low YC, Shahimin MM, Arif N, Abdul Hamid H, Wan Abdul Halim WH, Mokri SS, Baseri Huddin A, Mohidin N. Ocular Dimensions, Refractive Error, and Body Stature in Young Chinese Children with Myopia in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2022; 14:101-110. [PMID: 35910505 PMCID: PMC9326897 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s368672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Eyeball shape varies with refraction and body stature. Nevertheless, there are few reports on three-dimensional measurements of eyeball shape in children. The aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to investigate the associations between three-dimensional measurements of ocular dimensions, refractive error, and body stature in young Chinese children with myopia in Kuala Lumpur. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-five female and 35 male school children aged 8-9 years old were recruited in this study. Cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) and visual acuity (VA) were determined using a logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) chart. Body mass index (BMI), body height, and head circumference were ascertained. Three ocular dimensions, that is, longitudinal axial length (LAL), horizontal width (HW), and vertical height (VH), were determined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS There were significant differences among the ocular dimensions in the myopic children. Bonferroni-corrected pairwise t-tests showed that LAL was significantly longer (mean difference, 0.318 mm) than VH, which was in turn significantly longer (mean difference, 0.245 mm) than HW. Body height was significantly correlated with LAL (p < 0.001) and SE (p < 0.001), and multivariate linear regression confirmed that longer LAL and more myopic SE were associated with increased body height (p < 0.001 for both) but not BMI (p = 0.894 and p = 0.413) or head circumference (p = 0.305 and p = 0.226). CONCLUSION This study confirms previous reports that changes in ocular dimensions are associated with body height in young children. Axial elongation (forming a prolate profile) occurs in myopic children of both genders at a young age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariah Mohd-Ali
- Optometry and Vision Science Program, Research Centre for Community Health, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yu Chen Low
- Optometry and Vision Science Program, Research Centre for Community Health, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mizhanim Mohamad Shahimin
- Optometry and Vision Science Program, Research Centre for Community Health, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norlaili Arif
- Optometry and Vision Science Program, Research Centre for Community Health, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamzaini Abdul Hamid
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Salasiah Mokri
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aqilah Baseri Huddin
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhani Mohidin
- Optometry Centre, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Ma FF, Luo H, Zhao GH, Luo XL. The Prevalence and Progression of Myopia in Elementary School Students in Shanxi Province, China During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Semin Ophthalmol 2022; 37:756-766. [PMID: 35695548 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2022.2087474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the prevalence of myopia and the risk factors associated with its progression in elementary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Shanxi Province, China. METHODS The investigation included 960 students spanning first to sixth grade from six elementary schools in Shanxi Province, China. All participants received non-cycloplegic refraction and vision tests in December of 2019 (before the COVID-19 pandemic) and in June of 2020 (after classes resumed). Information concerning the students' eye-use behaviors, physical activities, diet and sleep during the pandemic was collected using a questionnaire survey. A total of 913 students (457 males) completed all tests and the questionnaire. RESULTS The overall prevalence rate of myopia was 16.6% in December of 2019, and it increased with age. There was no gender difference in the prevalence of myopia (χ2 = 3.210, P = .073), but females exhibited a lower average spherical equivalent (SE) (P = .026). When the classes were resumed 6 months later, the overall prevalence rate of myopia was found to be 39.4%, which was significantly higher than it before the pandemic (χ2 = 117.425, P < .001). The average SE of the participants was -0.95D, which was significantly lower than the average SE (-0.43D) before the pandemic (P < .001). SE variation (ΔSE) in grade 6 was significantly higher than that in grade 1. No significant difference in ΔSE was found between males and females. Analyses of ordinary least squares (OLS)-estimated linear, natural logarithmic and quadratic functions revealed that the progression of myopia during the COVID-19 pandemic was significantly correlated with screen time, types of electronic devices, the amount of sleep, age, and the number of parents with myopia. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence rate and progression of myopia among elementary school students in Shanxi Province increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was likely related to China's home-based online learning programs. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the educational programs for elementary school students when they study at home. We recommend increased time for outdoor activities and limiting screen time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei F Ma
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hao Luo
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guo H Zhao
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiu L Luo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Signal Detection and Processing, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
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Mukazhanova A, Aldasheva N, Iskakbayeva J, Bakhytbek R, Ualiyeva A, Baigonova K, Ongarbaeva D, Vinnikov D. Prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors for myopia among schoolchildren of Almaty, Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269474. [PMID: 35657822 PMCID: PMC9165805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Very little is known about the prevalence of refractive errors among children in Kazakhstan. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors of myopia among schoolchildren in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Methods In the cross-sectional study of 2293 secondary school students (age 6–16), we examined cycloplegic autorefraction and offered a questionnaire in three age groups: 1st grade (N = 769), 5th grade (N = 768) and 9th grade (N = 756). The questionnaire covered main risk factors such as parental myopia, screen time, time outdoors, sports activities, near work, gender, grade, and school shift. Adjusted logistic regression analysis was applied to test the association of risk factors with myopia. Results The mean spherical equivalent (SER) was -0.54 ± 1.51 diopters (D). The overall prevalence of refractive errors was 31.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 29.7; 33.5); myopia 28.3% (95% CI 26.5; 30.1); hyperopia 3.4% (95% CI 2.7–4.1) and astigmatism 2.8% (95% CI 2.1; 3.5). In the multivariate adjusted regression analysis, higher class level (5th grade (odds ratio (OR) 1.78; 95% CI 1.26; 2.52) and 9th grade (OR 3.34; 95% CI 2.31; 4.82)) were associated with myopia, whereas outdoors activity more than 2 hours a day (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.46; 0.89) and sports (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.52; 0.93) were associated with a lower incidence of myopia. Conclusions Myopia is a leading refractive error in schoolchildren in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Myopia prevention measures, including more time outdoors, should guide public health interventions in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainagul Mukazhanova
- Kazakh Eye Research Institute, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | | | - Aliya Ualiyeva
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Kaini Baigonova
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Damet Ongarbaeva
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Denis Vinnikov
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation
- * E-mail:
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20
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Yue Y, Liu X, Yi S, Liu B, Yi H, Li H. High prevalence of myopia and low hyperopia reserve in 4411 Chinese primary school students and associated risk factors. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:212. [PMID: 35545760 PMCID: PMC9092685 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the prevalence of myopia in Chinese primary school students and their ocular biometrics including axial length (AL), corneal radius of curvature (CRC) and spherical equivalent refraction (SER). To analyze their association with potential myopia risk factors, such as body mass index (BMI), cram school, time of outdoor activity and electronic screen use. Methods In this cross-sectional study of 4500 primary school students from 5 schools, participants underwent refraction using non-cycloplegic autorefractor and visual acuity testing. A follow-up study in the same schools was conducted in 2022. Myopia was defined as SER ≤ -0.50 diopter (D) and uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) < 0.00 logMAR (6/6). Logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with myopia. Results After excluding 389 participants, the overall prevalence of myopia was 33.6%. The prevalence of high myopia was 0.6%. The prevalence of myopia in girls was significantly higher than that in boys (37.6% vs. 30.0%, p < 0.001). The height, weight and BMI were significantly associated with AL (r = 0.471, r = 0.440, r = 0.276, p < 0.001, respectively). AL/CRC ratio was more highly correlated with SER than AL alone. Regression analysis showed that AL/CRC and hyperopia reserve were associated with myopia onset in the subsequent year (F = 201.557, p < 0.001; F = 68.934, p < 0.001). The cut point of hyperopia reserve for myopia in the subsequent year for grade 1 students was + 0.31D. Age (p < 0.001), parental myopia (p = 0.001) and lack of outdoor activity between classes (p = 0.049) were independently associated with higher prevalence rates of myopia. Conclusion The prevalence of myopia among Chinese schoolchildren is alarming high. Consistent with previous cross-sectional data, AL/CRC and hyperopia reserve could function as myopia detection indicators. The hyperopia reserve among children aged between 6 ~ 7 years was low. Healthcare providers need to raise parents’ awareness of the importance of regular eye examination and proper optical correction. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12886-022-02436-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xianmao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shu Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 104 Pipashan Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southwest Hospital, Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hong Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 104 Pipashan Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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21
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Chen H, Liao Y, Zhou W, Dong L, Wang W, Wang X. The change of myopic prevalence in children and adolescents before and after COVID-19 pandemic in Suqian, China. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262166. [PMID: 35312694 PMCID: PMC8937315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the change of myopic prevalence in students with different demographic characteristics before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Suqian, China. Methods A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted. Student data from 52 schools in 2019 and 2020 were collected from the electronic medical records database through cluster sampling. Ophthalmic examinations were conducted on students from September to December in 2019 and 2020. Measurements of uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and noncycloplegic autorefraction were included to obtain the spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and prevalence of myopia. The difference in the rate of myopia and SER of students ages 6 to 18 with various demographic characteristics was compared between the two years. Results Records from 118,479 students in 2019 and the 121,881 students in 2020 were obtained. In 2019 and 2020, the prevalence of overall myopia increased from 43.1% to 48.9% (5.8 percentage point), and a substantial shift in myopic rate occurred in grades 4 to 6 (6.9 percentage point). The change in the prevalence of myopia in girls (5.9 percentage point) was approximately equal to that in boys (5.8 percentage point) and it was more common in rural students (5.9 percentage point) than in urban students (5.1 percentage point). The prevalence of low myopia increased more in children, and the prevalence of moderate myopia increased more in adolescents. The mean spherical equivalent refraction (SER) (-1.34±2.03 D) was lower in 2020 than in 2019 (-1.16±1.92 D), while SER decreased mainly at ages 7 to 15. The SER presented myopic status at the age of 9 (-0.55±1.26 D in 2019, -0.71±1.42 D in 2020), and attained moderate myopia at the age of 15 (-3.06±2.41 D in 2019, -3.22±2.40 D in 2020). Conclusions After the COVID-19 pandemic, myopia increased in this population with variable rates of increase in different demographic groups. The change of myopia in children was comparatively greater than that in adolescents. Therefore, we should take measures to prevent and control the development of myopia after the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for younger students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical university, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ya Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical university, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical university, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Dong
- The Primary and Middle School Health Care Center in Suqian, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical university, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Mu J, Zhong H, Liu M, Jiang M, Shuai X, Chen Y, Long W, Zhang S. Trends in Myopia Development Among Primary and Secondary School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:859285. [PMID: 35392469 PMCID: PMC8980682 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.859285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesTo evaluate myopia development among primary and secondary school students during the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the development of myopia among students in Shenzhen, China during the COVID-19 outbreak.ResultsThe study included 1,472,957 and 1,573,824 students in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The prevalence of myopia was 46.9 and 50.5% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The prevalence of myopia among students in the former Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (SEZ) was higher than that in areas outside the former Shenzhen SEZ (2019: 47.0 vs. 43.7%; 2020: 50.5 vs. 47.3%). The prevalence of myopia among girls was higher than that among boys (2019: 50.4 vs. 44.0%; 2020: 54.0 vs. 47.6%). The 50th percentile (P50) of spherical equivalent refraction (SER) in the right eye among girls was lower than that in boys. The prevalence of myopia continued to increase as the grade increased, with the greatest annual increase observed in Grades 2–5 (3.4–3.9%). The P50 of SER in the right eye of students decreased as the grade increased.ConclusionsThe prevalence of myopia among students increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in primary school Grades 2–5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Mu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haoxi Zhong
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meizhou Liu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingjie Jiang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyi Shuai
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanjie Chen
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen Long
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaochong Zhang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Shaochong Zhang
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Gebru EA, Mekonnen KA. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Myopia Among High School Students in Hawassa City, South Ethiopia, 2019. CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2022; 14:35-43. [PMID: 35299899 PMCID: PMC8921835 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s308617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myopia is one of the avoidable causes of visual impairment. Twenty-seven percent of the world population were myopic in 2010 and after 30 years it is expected half of the peoples in the planet will become myopic. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with myopia among high school students. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional school-based study design using stratified simple random sampling technique was used to select 349 high school students from 21 high schools in Hawassa city. The study was conducted from April 24 to May 7, 2019. Structured questionnaire, six meter Snellen visual acuity chart, trial frame, trial set, retinoscope and cyclopentolate 1% eye drops were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 computer software. Variables having p-value <0.05 in multivariate logistic regression were considered as statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 349 participants having a response rate of 97% were involved with the mean age of 16.90±1.32 years. Prevalence of myopia was 16.05% (95%CI: 12.6, 20.1). Early age of schooling (adjusted odds ratio, AOR=3.14; 95%CI: 1.16, 10.06), parents being myopic (AOR=8.46; 95%CI: 7.11, 12.08), prolonged near work (AOR=11.65; 95%CI: 2.11, 64.5), short working distance (AOR=10.90; 95%CI: 0.57, 20.55), lack of outdoor sport activities (AOR=7.37; 95%CI: 2.71, 20.03) and visual display unit (VDU) usage (AOR=8.36; 95%CI: 2.39, 29.33) were variables significantly associated with myopia. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The prevalence of myopia was high in the study area. Early age of schooling, parents being myopic, prolonged near work, short working distance, lack of outdoor sport activities, and visual display unit usage were variables significantly associated with myopia. There should be strategies to prevent visual impairments secondary to myopia with affordable optical corrections and appropriate use of visual display units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Abera Gebru
- Department of Optometry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, South Ethiopia
| | - Kidus Ayichluhem Mekonnen
- Department of Optometry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, South Ethiopia
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Malinowski A, Mrugacz M, Stopa M, Filipek E, Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Czupryna P. A Clinical Study of the Impact of Soft Contact Lenses on the Progression of Myopia in Young Patients. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:51-62. [PMID: 35058685 PMCID: PMC8765077 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s338199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the impact of soft contact lenses on the progression of myopia in young patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS The observational study included 102 patients divided into 3 groups: MFCL (multifocal contact lenses) group: 15 girls and 9 boys, aged 8-20 (= 14.12 ± 2.863) with soft multifocal contact lenses with myopia: = -3.12 D ± 1.776 D and mean myopia progression -0.23 ± 0.233D after 2 years; SVCL (single vision contact lenses) group: 30 girls and 5 boys, 11-20 years old (=15.5 ± 2.24) with myopia = -2.88 ± 2.122 D at admission and mean myopia progression -0.54 ± 0.464 D after 2 years; the spectacle (single vision glasses) group: 25 girls and 18 boys, aged 8-18 years ( = 13.65 ± 2.448) with single vision glasses with myopia: = -1.74 ± 1.412 D at admission and mean myopia progression -0.86 ± 0.489D after 2 years. Medical history and physical examination were performed every 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Refractive error was examined using the autorefractometry after cycloplegia. RESULTS The analysis of myopia correction after 2 years showed differences between MFCL and spectacle correction. The change in myopia progression after 2 years was statistically significant for MFCL vs SVCL and MFCL vs spectacle correction when the myopia occured before the period of intensive growth. When myopia occurred during the period of intensive growth, difference was noted for MFCL vs spectacle correction and SVCL vs spectacle correction. When myopia occurred after a period of intensive growth, no significant differences between the groups were observed. CONCLUSION 1) Multifocal contact lenses and some single vision contact lenses (Biofinity) may be useful in the control of myopia in younger patients, slowing the progression of nearsightedness; therefore, they can be a therapeutic option in inhibiting the progression of myopia. 2) The best effects of using multifocal contact lenses occur if myopia is diagnosed before the period of intensive growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Mrugacz
- Laboratory of Eye Rehabilitation; Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Stopa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heliodor Swiecicki University Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Erita Filipek
- Clinic and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Czupryna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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Xie X, Wang Y, Zhao R, Yang J, Zhu X, Ouyang L, Liu M, Chen X, Ke N, Li Y, Pi L. Refractive status and optical components in premature infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity: A 4- to 5-year cohort study. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:922303. [PMID: 36467469 PMCID: PMC9714266 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.922303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the characteristics of refractive parameters in premature infants and children aged 3-8 years with mild retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and to explore the effects of premature delivery and mild ROP on the development of refractive status and ocular optical components. Premature infants who underwent ocular fundus oculi screening in our hospital between January 2009 and February 2011 were included and divided into the ROP group and the non-ROP group. Full-term infants were the controls. The results of the annual ocular examination conducted between 2014 and 2018 were analysed, and the refractive status, optical components, and developmental trends were compared among the three groups. The total follow-up time was 4-5 years. The prevalence of myopia and astigmatism was high in the ROP group (P < 0.05). In the non-ROP group, the prevalence of myopia was also higher than that in the control group. The prevalence of myopia increased with age in the ROP and non-ROP groups, while the prevalence of astigmatism remained unchanged. In the ROP group, the corneal refractive power was the largest, the lens was the thickest and the ocular axis was the shortest; in the control group, the corneal refractive power was the smallest, the lens was the thinnest, and the ocular axis was the longest. These parameters in the non-ROP group were between those in the two groups mentioned above (P < 0.05). The corneal refractive power was relatively stable at 3-8 years old in the three groups. The change in lens thickness was small in both the ROP group and the non-ROP group (P = 0.75, P = 0.06), and the lens became thinner in the control group (P < 0.001). The length of the ocular axis increased in the three groups. Preterm infants are more likely to develop myopia than full-term infants, and children with ROP are more likely to develop both myopia and astigmatism. Thicker lenses were the main cause of the high prevalence of myopia in premature infants with or without ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical Universitys, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical Universitys, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Rulian Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical Universitys, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical Universitys, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical Universitys, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijuan Ouyang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical Universitys, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical Universitys, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinke Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical Universitys, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical Universitys, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical Universitys, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Lianhong Pi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical Universitys, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
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Foo LL, Lanca C, Wong CW, Ting D, Lamoureux E, Saw SM, Ang M. Cost of Myopia Correction: A Systematic Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:718724. [PMID: 34926485 PMCID: PMC8677936 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.718724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is one of the leading causes of visual impairment globally. Despite increasing prevalence and incidence, the associated cost of treatment remains unclear. Health care spending is a major concern in many countries and understanding the cost of myopia correction is the first step eluding to the overall cost of myopia treatment. As cost of treatment will reduce the burden of cost of illness, this will aid in future cost-benefit analysis and the allocation of healthcare resources, including considerations in integrating eye care (refractive correction with spectacles) into universal health coverage (UHC). We performed a systematic review to determine the economic costs of myopia correction. However, there were few studies for direct comparison. Costs related to myopia correction were mainly direct with few indirect costs. Annual prevalence-based direct costs for myopia ranged from $14-26 (USA), $56 (Iran) and $199 (Singapore) per capita, respectively (population: 274.63 million, 75.15 million and 3.79 million, respectively). Annually, the direct costs of contact lens were $198.30-$378.10 while spectacles and refractive surgeries were $342.50 and $19.10, respectively. This review provides an insight to the cost of myopia correction. Myopia costs are high from nation-wide perspectives because of the high prevalence of myopia, with contact lenses being the more expensive option. Without further interventions, the burden of illness of myopia will increase substantially with the projected increase in prevalence worldwide. Future studies will be necessary to generate more homogenous cost data and provide a complete picture of the global economic cost of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lian Foo
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carla Lanca
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa (ESTeSL), Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Chee Wai Wong
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Ting
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ecosse Lamoureux
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcus Ang
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Tshivhase SE, Mashau NS, Mathebula D. Prevalence and risk factors of myopia amongst Grade 8 learners in the Vhembe district, South Africa. AFRICAN VISION AND EYE HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.4102/aveh.v80i1.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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28
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Jing S, Yi X, Lei Y, Hu L, Cheng W, Wen T, Liu X, Luo M. Prevalence and risk factors for myopia and high myopia: A cross-sectional study among Han and Uyghur students in Xinjiang, China. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 42:28-35. [PMID: 34704612 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for myopia and high myopia among Han and Uyghur students in Xinjiang, China. METHODS This cross-sectional study with a multistage, stratified cluster sampling method was completed in Xinjiang, China. Visual acuity and noncycloplegic refraction were measured. The crude and sex- and age-adjusted prevalence of myopia and high myopia in Han and Uyghur students were compared. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to identify risk factors associated with myopia and high myopia. RESULTS In total, 84,033 participants were included in the final analysis, comprising 64,110 Han and 19,923 Uyghur participants. The overall age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of myopia and high myopia were 47.70% (95% CI: 47.67-47.74) and 2.55% (95% CI: 2.54-2.56), respectively. Compared to the Uyghur population, the Han population had a higher prevalence of myopia (63.59% vs. 21.34%, p < 0.0001) and high myopia (4.68% vs. 0.6%, p < 0.0001). Han ethnicity, age, female sex, higher education level and living in urban areas were found to be positively associated with myopia and high myopia. Living in northern Xinjiang was found to be positively associated with myopia but negatively associated with high myopia. CONCLUSIONS Our study investigated the prevalence of myopia and high myopia among Han and Uyghur students aged 4-23 years in Xinjiang, China. The Han population had a higher prevalence of myopia and high myopia than the Uyghur population. However, the prevalence of myopia among the Uyghur population showed a more remarkable increasing trend than that among the Han population in Xinjiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sili Jing
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China
| | - Xianglong Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China
| | | | - Lumei Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China
| | - Wenbo Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China
| | - Tao Wen
- Menicon Eye Clinic, Urumchi, China
| | | | - Mei Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China
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29
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Wu Q, Tian Q, Zhang X, Xu J, Tang G, Li R, Guo X, Xu Z, Feng J, Song J, Bi H. Prevalence of Refractive Error and Visual Acuity Among School Children in the Plateau Region of Qinghai, China. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:5795-5805. [PMID: 34557031 PMCID: PMC8453643 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s326046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of refractive error and visual acuity among school children in the plateau region of Qinghai, China. Methods The school-based, cross-sectional study was performed in Menyuan, Qinghai, China. Three kindergartens and three primary schools were randomly enrolled from both rural areas and county towns. The participants had undergone ophthalmic examinations of the intraocular pressure (IOP), uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), presenting visual acuity (PVA) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), cycloplegic refraction, and axial length (AL). Regression analysis was applied to investigate the potential risk factors affecting the prevalence of various refractive errors. Results A total of 3770 children were invited to participate, and 3524 (93.5%) had undergone examination. Among the 3524 children (51.8% boys) with a mean age of 8.3±2.3 years, 1049 (29.8%) had myopia, 30 (0.9%) had high myopia, 1692 (48.0%) had mild hyperopia, 152 (4.3%) had medium to marked hyperopia and 925 (26.2%) had astigmatism. The mean SER was −0.16±1.86 D and decreased with age. The AL increased with age from 21.80±0.59 mm at 4-years to 23.53±1.05 mm at 12-years. The myopia prevalence increased with age from 2.0% at 4 years to 62.8% at 12-years. Myopia was associated with increasing age, county town habitation and girls. Among the 723 participants with PVA 20/40 or worse in one eye, 564 (78.0%) were due to uncorrected refractive error, and 83 (22.0%) were due to undercorrected refractive error. Among the 1049 children with myopia, only 254 wore glasses, and 151 children with PVA had a worse BCVA and did not have accurate spectacles. Conclusion The prevalence of myopia is very high among school children in Menyuan. Only 24.2% of myopic children wore glasses, and 59.4% of children did not have accurate spectacles. Strategies to improve access to eye care and affordable glasses are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxin Wu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmei Tian
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyan Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Tang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Runkuan Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongqing Xu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Feng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jike Song
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine for Eye Diseases, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmology and Children Visual Impairment Prevention and Control, Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center of Visual Intelligence, Shandong Institute of Children Health and Myopia Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine for Eye Diseases, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmology and Children Visual Impairment Prevention and Control, Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center of Visual Intelligence, Shandong Institute of Children Health and Myopia Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
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30
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Wang J, Liu J, Ma W, Zhang Q, Li R, He X, Liu L. Prevalence of myopia in 3-14-year-old Chinese children: a school-based cross-sectional study in Chengdu. BMC Ophthalmol 2021; 21:318. [PMID: 34470605 PMCID: PMC8411514 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of myopia among children in Chengdu is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of myopia in 3- to 14-year-old Chinese children in Chengdu. Methods This study was a school-based cross-sectional study in children aged 3–14 years. Visual acuity (VA), spherical equivalent error (SER) with noncycloplegic autorefraction, axial length (AL) and corneal radius (CR) were measured. Results A total of 19,455 children were recruited for this study. The prevalence of myopia was 38.1 %; the prevalence of low myopia was 26.6 %, that of moderate myopia was 9.8 %, and that of high myopia was 1.7 %. The prevalence of myopia and SER increased with age from 6 years old. The prevalence of myopia was higher, and the SER indicated more severe myopia in the girls than in the boys (40.1 % vs. 36.2 %, χ2 = 30.67, df = 1, P < 0.001; -0.93 D ± 1.75 D vs. -0.84 D ± 1.74 D, t = 3.613, df=19,453, P < 0.001). The girls had a higher prevalence of myopia and myopic SER than did the boys aged 9 years and older (P < 0.05). Among the myopic children, the rates of uncorrected, undercorrected and fully corrected myopia were 54.8 %, 31.1 and 14.1 %, respectively. AL and AL/CR increased with age from 6 years old, but CR remained stable after 4 years old. The AL was longer, and the CR was flatter in the boys than in the girls aged 3 to 14 years old (P < 0.05). Conclusions The prevalence of myopia, AL and AL/CR increased, and the SER became more myopic with age from 6 years old. The girls had a higher prevalence of myopia and myopic SER than did the boys, but the boys had a longer AL, flatter CR and higher AL/CR ratio than did the girls. The rate of uncorrected myopia was very high in the myopic children. More actions need to be taken to decrease the prevalence of myopia, especially uncorrected myopia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglan Wang
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Xiang, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinnan Liu
- EyeSee Medical Science & Technology Chengdu Co, Ltd. 49 Dongfu street, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Xiang, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- EyeSee Medical Science & Technology Chengdu Co, Ltd. 49 Dongfu street, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rong Li
- EyeSee Medical Science & Technology Chengdu Co, Ltd. 49 Dongfu street, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao He
- West China Clinical Skills Training Center, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Xiang, Sichuan Province, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Longqian Liu
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Xiang, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
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31
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Foo LL, Ng WY, Lim GYS, Tan TE, Ang M, Ting DSW. Artificial intelligence in myopia: current and future trends. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2021; 32:413-424. [PMID: 34310401 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Myopia is one of the leading causes of visual impairment, with a projected increase in prevalence globally. One potential approach to address myopia and its complications is early detection and treatment. However, current healthcare systems may not be able to cope with the growing burden. Digital technological solutions such as artificial intelligence (AI) have emerged as a potential adjunct for myopia management. RECENT FINDINGS There are currently four significant domains of AI in myopia, including machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), genetics and natural language processing (NLP). ML has been demonstrated to be a useful adjunctive for myopia prediction and biometry for cataract surgery in highly myopic individuals. DL techniques, particularly convoluted neural networks, have been applied to various image-related diagnostic and predictive solutions. Applications of AI in genomics and NLP appear to be at a nascent stage. SUMMARY Current AI research is mainly focused on disease classification and prediction in myopia. Through greater collaborative research, we envision AI will play an increasingly critical role in big data analysis by aggregating a greater variety of parameters including genomics and environmental factors. This may enable the development of generalizable adjunctive DL systems that could help realize predictive and individualized precision medicine for myopic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lian Foo
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Yan Ng
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Tien-En Tan
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute
| | - Marcus Ang
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Shu Wei Ting
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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32
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Xu L, Zhuang Y, Zhang G, Ma Y, Yuan J, Tu C, Li M, Wang W, Zhang Y, Lu X, Li J, Liu X, Xue Z, Zhou M, Sun J, Bao J, Li M, Lu F, Wang H, Su J, Qu J. Design, methodology, and baseline of whole city-million scale children and adolescents myopia survey (CAMS) in Wenzhou, China. EYE AND VISION 2021; 8:31. [PMID: 34407890 PMCID: PMC8373605 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-021-00255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Myopia is the most common visual impairment in children and adolescents worldwide. This study described an economical and effective population-based screening pipeline and performed the project of a million scale children and adolescents myopia survey (CAMS), which will shed light on the further study of myopia from the level of epidemiology and precision medicine. Methods We developed a novel population-based screening pattern, an intelligent screening process and internet-based information transmission and analysis system to carry out the survey consisting of school children in Wenzhou, China. The examination items include unaided distance visual acuity, presenting distance visual acuity, and non-cycloplegic autorefraction. Myopia and high myopia were defined as spherical equivalent (SE) ≤ − 1.00 diopters (D) and SE ≤ − 6.00 D, respectively. Next, the reports of the vision checking were automatically sent to parents and the related departments. The CAMS project will be done two to four times annually with the support of the government. An online eyesight status information management system (OESIMS) was developed to construct comprehensive and efficient electronic vision health records (EVHRs) for myopia information inquiry, risk pre-warning, and further study. Results The CAMS completed the first-round of screening within 30 days for 99.41% of Wenzhou students from districts and counties, in June 2019. A total of 1,060,925 participants were eligible for CAMS and 1,054,251 (99.37% participation rate) were selected through data quality control, which comprised 1305 schools, and 580,609, 251,050 and 170,967 elementary, middle, and high school students. The mean age of participants was 12.21 ± 3.32 years (6–20 years), the female-to-male ratio was 0.82. The prevalence of myopia in elementary, middle, and high school students was 38.16%, 77.52%, and 84.00%, respectively, and the high myopia incidence was 0.95%, 6.90%, and 12.98%. Conclusions The CAMS standardized myopia screening model involves automating large-scale information collection, data transmission, data analysis and early warning, thereby supporting myopia prevention and control. The entire survey reduced 90% of staff, cost, and time consumption compared with previous surveys. This will provide new insights for decision support for public health intervention. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40662-021-00255-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangde Xu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Youyuan Zhuang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Guosi Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yunlong Ma
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jian Yuan
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Changseng Tu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - MiaoMiao Li
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Wencan Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinting Liu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Zhengbo Xue
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jie Sun
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jinhua Bao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Fan Lu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Jianzhong Su
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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Wangtiraumnuay N, Trichaiyaporn S, Lueangaram S, Surukrattanaskul S, Wongkittirux K. Prevalence of Prescription Glasses in the First-Grade Thai Students (7-8 Years Old). CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2021; 13:235-242. [PMID: 34377043 PMCID: PMC8349202 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s323999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the prevalence of the prescription glasses given to first-grade students due to the "Good Sight for Thai Children" (GSTC) policy. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study that examined all prescription glasses given to first-grade students throughout Thailand, after visual screening due to the GSTC policy between 2016 and 2017. Trained class teachers screened their students' visual acuity and referred children who had less than 20/40 visual acuity in either eye to a hospital for an eye examination and prescription glasses. RESULTS A total of 786,729 students were screened. Of these, 20,401 (2.59%) students were referred to hospital. However, only 9867 (48.37%) students presented to a hospital. Glasses were prescribed for 5324 (53.96%) students following cycloplegic refraction by ophthalmologists or trained refractionists. The mean spherical equivalent was -1.08 (-19.00 to +10.00, SD 2.32) diopters. There were 1626 (30.54%) children at amblyopic risk without glasses. A 5.49% had high myopia (< -6 diopters), 5.22% had high hyperopia (> +5 diopters) and 27.82% had high astigmatism (>2 diopters). A cylindrical lens analysis showed that 81.53% had with-the-rule astigmatism, 4.07% had against-the-rule astigmatism, and 14.40% had oblique astigmatism. CONCLUSION Although the reliable prevalence of refractive error cannot be estimated, the prevalence of visual impairment may be estimated. There were a number of students who required glasses. The astigmatism was the most common refractive error on prescription glasses for first-grade children. With-the-rule astigmatism was the most prevalent. The visual screening program of school children proved to be valuable and should be continued and developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutsuchar Wangtiraumnuay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumalin Trichaiyaporn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirin Lueangaram
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supawan Surukrattanaskul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kwanjai Wongkittirux
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
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Early Age of the First Myopic Spectacle Prescription, as an Indicator of Early Onset of Myopia, Is a Risk Factor for High Myopia in Adulthood. J Ophthalmol 2021; 2021:6612116. [PMID: 34258048 PMCID: PMC8260292 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6612116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study investigated the risk factors for high myopia in adulthood, with a focus on the age at which children wore their first spectacles. Methods Adults aged between 20 and 45 years were invited to complete a questionnaire about age, sex, current refractive error, high myopia in parents, early onset of myopia presented by the age of the first myopic spectacle prescription, refractive power of the first spectacles, and life habits at different educational stages. The associations between these factors and high myopia in adulthood were then evaluated and analyzed. Results In total, 331 participants were enrolled. Their average refractive error was −4.03 diopters, and high myopia was noted in 27.5% of the study participants. Only 3.3% of participants had fathers with high myopia, while 6.0% had mothers with high myopia. The participants received their first myopic spectacle prescription at a mean age of 13.35 years, with a mean refractive error of −1.63 diopters. The significant risk factors for developing high myopia in adult life were earlier age of the first spectacles prescribed (p < 0.001), higher refractive power of the first spectacles (p < 0.001), mother with high myopia (p=0.015), and after-school class attendance in senior high school (p=0.018). Those who wore their first spectacles at <9 years of age were more predisposed to high myopia than those who did so at ≧13 years, with an odds ratio of 24.9. Conclusion The present study shows that earlier onset of myopia, which is presented by the age of the first myopic spectacle prescription, higher myopic refraction of the first spectacles, mothers with high myopia, and after-school class attendance in senior high school are risk factors for high myopia in adulthood. It suggests that delaying the onset of myopia in children is important for the prevention of high myopia in later life.
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Wei J, Kong D, Yu X, Wei L, Xiong Y, Yang A, Drobe B, Bao J, Zhou J, Gao Y, He Z. Is Peripheral Motion Detection Affected by Myopia? Front Neurosci 2021; 15:683153. [PMID: 34163327 PMCID: PMC8215660 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.683153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The current study was to investigate whether myopia affected peripheral motion detection and whether the potential effect interacted with spatial frequency, motion speed, or eccentricity. Methods Seventeen young adults aged 22–26 years participated in the study. They were six low to medium myopes [spherical equivalent refractions −1.0 to −5.0 D (diopter)], five high myopes (<-5.5 D) and six emmetropes (+0.5 to −0.5 D). All myopes were corrected by self-prepared, habitual soft contact lenses. A four-alternative forced-choice task in which the subject was to determine the location of the phase-shifting Gabor from the four quadrants (superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal) of the visual field, was employed. The experiment was blocked by eccentricity (20° and 27°), spatial frequency (0.6, 1.2, 2.4, and 4.0 cycles per degree (c/d) for 20° eccentricity, and 0.6, 1.2, 2.0, and 3.2 c/d for 27° eccentricity), as well as the motion speed [2 and 6 degree per second (d/s)]. Results Mixed-model analysis of variances showed no significant difference in the thresholds of peripheral motion detection between three refractive groups at either 20° (F[2,14] = 0.145, p = 0.866) or 27° (F[2,14] = 0.475, p = 0.632). At 20°, lower motion detection thresholds were associated with higher myopia (p < 0.05) mostly for low spatial frequency and high-speed targets in the nasal and superior quadrants, and for high spatial frequency and high-speed targets in the temporal quadrant in myopic viewers. Whereas at 27°, no significant correlation was found between the spherical equivalent and the peripheral motion detection threshold under all conditions (all p > 0.1). Spatial frequency, speed, and quadrant of the visual field all showed significant effect on the peripheral motion detection threshold. Conclusion There was no significant difference between the three refractive groups in peripheral motion detection. However, lower motion detection thresholds were associated with higher myopia, mostly for low spatial frequency targets, at 20° in myopic viewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Deying Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lili Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yue Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Adeline Yang
- WEIRC, WMU-Essilor International Research Centre, Wenzhou, China.,R&D AMERA, Essilor International, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Björn Drobe
- WEIRC, WMU-Essilor International Research Centre, Wenzhou, China.,R&D AMERA, Essilor International, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinhua Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,WEIRC, WMU-Essilor International Research Centre, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Gao
- WEIRC, WMU-Essilor International Research Centre, Wenzhou, China.,R&D AMERA, Essilor International, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhifen He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Berton B, Chennell P, Yessaad M, Bouattour Y, Jouannet M, Wasiak M, Sautou V. Stability of Ophthalmic Atropine Solutions for Child Myopia Control. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080781. [PMID: 32824572 PMCID: PMC7465901 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is an ophthalmic condition affecting more than 1/5th of the world population, especially children. Low-dose atropine eyedrops have been shown to limit myopia evolution during treatment. However, there are currently no commercial industrial forms available and there is little data published concerning the stability of medications prepared by compounding pharmacies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of two 0.1 mg/mL atropine formulations (with and without antimicrobiobial preservatives) for 6 months in two different low-density polyethylene (LDPE) multidose eyedroppers. Analyses used were the following: visual inspection, turbidity, chromaticity measurements, osmolality and pH measurements, atropine quantification by a stability-indicating liquid chromatography method, breakdown product research, and sterility assay. In an in-use study, atropine quantification was also performed on the drops emitted from the multidose eyedroppers. All tested parameters remained stable during the 6 months period, with atropine concentrations above 94.7% of initial concentration. A breakdown product (tropic acid) did increase slowly over time but remained well below usually admitted concentrations. Atropine concentrations remained stable during the in-use study. Both formulations of 0.1 mg/mL of atropine (with and without antimicrobial preservative) were proved to be physicochemically stable for 6 months at 25 °C when stored in LDPE bottles, with an identical microbial shelf-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Berton
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (B.B.); (M.Y.); (M.J.); (M.W.)
| | - Philip Chennell
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA, ICCF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (Y.B.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mouloud Yessaad
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (B.B.); (M.Y.); (M.J.); (M.W.)
| | - Yassine Bouattour
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA, ICCF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (Y.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Mireille Jouannet
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (B.B.); (M.Y.); (M.J.); (M.W.)
| | - Mathieu Wasiak
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (B.B.); (M.Y.); (M.J.); (M.W.)
| | - Valérie Sautou
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA, ICCF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (Y.B.); (V.S.)
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