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Algethami A, Mustafa M, Lockhart M, Reilly L, McKearney E, Fortune K, Siddique N, Kyaw-Tun T, Sreenan S, McDermott JH. Knowledge and practice of foot self-care behaviours in Irish diabetes patients with high-risk feet. Ir J Med Sci 2024:10.1007/s11845-024-03807-1. [PMID: 39320704 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-024-03807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic foot disease is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Patients at high risk of developing diabetic foot disease can reduce their risk, however, by practicing appropriate foot self-care behaviours. Despite this fact, and often despite education regarding appropriate foot care, patients frequently engage in risky foot care practices which place them at risk of foot ulceration. AIM We aimed to assess knowledge of appropriate foot care behaviours in a cohort of Irish patients at high risk of developing diabetic foot disease attending a multidisciplinary foot clinic, and to assess foot self-care practice. We also aimed to determine predictors for suboptimal self-care behaviour. DESIGN A questionnaire-based cohort study. METHODS A multi-aspect questionnaire was designed by the diabetes foot care team, based on the principles of good foot care and the education provided to patients attending the diabetes podiatry clinic. RESULTS One hundred forty-three participants with high-risk feet completed a questionnaire exploring foot care knowledge and practice. The responses revealed suboptimal foot care knowledge and practice. Participants frequently engaged in risky foot care practices, and were unable to consistently identify appropriate footwear for high-risk feet. Predictors of good foot care included a history of prior ulceration, podiatry attendance, microvascular complications of diabetes, and longer duration of diabetes. CONCLUSION In this cohort of Irish patients with high-risk feet, foot care knowledge and practice varied widely. Participants frequently engaged in high-risk behaviours despite prior education. Improved strategies to impart diabetic foot care advice to patients with diabetes and high-risk feet are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamad Mustafa
- Academic Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes Mellitus, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Lockhart
- Academic Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes Mellitus, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lauren Reilly
- Academic Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes Mellitus, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emma McKearney
- Academic Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes Mellitus, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kelly Fortune
- Academic Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes Mellitus, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Najia Siddique
- Academic Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes Mellitus, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tommy Kyaw-Tun
- Academic Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes Mellitus, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seamus Sreenan
- Academic Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes Mellitus, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Hubert McDermott
- Academic Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes Mellitus, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Tilahun E, Workina A, Habtamu A, Tufa H, Abebe F, Fikadu A, Atomsa F. Survival, incidence, and predictors of diabetic neuropathy among type 2 diabetic patients in hospitals of Addis Ababa. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2024; 5:1386426. [PMID: 38756386 PMCID: PMC11096570 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2024.1386426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Background Diabetic neuropathy is a very common complication of diabetes mellitus. Thus, measuring the incidence of diabetic neuropathy is a key element in tracking the progress of epidemics of diabetes mellitus and an indication of early accessibility for healthcare in terms of type 2 diabetic patients. Objective To assess survival, incidence, and predictors of diabetic neuropathy among type 2 diabetic patients in hospitals of Addis Ababa from June 25 to August 25, 2023. Methods An institutional-based retrospective follow-up study design was used among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients at hospitals of Addis Ababa. A chart review tool that contains socio-demographic, clinical, and comorbidity characteristics, biochemical characteristics, and the status of type 2 patients was used. A cleaned data was exported from Epi-data manager 4.6 version to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Bivariate Cox regression analysis was done to identify predictors of diabetic neuropathy at a 95% confidence level. Result A total of 414 type 2 diabetic patients were included in the study. Of these, 97 (23.4%) developed diabetic neuropathy. Variables like having hypertension (AHR 11.25, 95% CI 3.73-33.93), anemia (AHR 4.18, 95% CI 1.78-9.82), high-density lipoprotein < 40 mg/dl (AHR 5.07, 95% CI 1.38-18.67), high creatinine level (AHR 14.67, 95% CI 4.27-50.40), diabetic retinopathy (AHR 4.32, 95% CI 1.32-14.18), and diabetic nephropathy (AHR 2.50, 95% CI 1.09-6.57) were associated with the incidence of diabetic neuropathy. The mean time to develop diabetic neuropathy was 4.94 years, CI (4.50-5.38), and the mean survival time was 6.61 years. Conclusion The incidence of diabetic neuropathy was high relative to other studies. Variables like having hypertension, anemia, high-density lipoprotein, high creatinine level, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic nephropathy were predictors of diabetic neuropathy. The mean time to develop diabetic neuropathy was 5 years, with a survival mean time of 7 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Tilahun
- National Public Emergency Contact Center, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abdata Workina
- School of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | | | - Hailu Tufa
- National Public Emergency Contact Center, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fikadu Abebe
- School of Midwifery, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Ayele Fikadu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Saint Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Sullivan M, O'Connor R, Hannigan A. Determinants of poor glycaemic control and proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective analysis of general practice records in Ireland. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2024; 25:22. [PMID: 38200427 PMCID: PMC10777496 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-023-02252-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of general practice records can address the information gap on the epidemiology of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in Ireland, informing practice and the development of interventions in primary care. The aim of this study was to identify patients with poor glycaemic control, risk factors for complications and evidence of end organ damage in a large multi-practice study and to profile their characteristics. METHODS Patients with T2DM were identified using disease coding in Health One practice management software in 41 general practices. Patients' demographics and clinical data were extracted. Rates of poor glycaemic control (glycated haemoglobin > 58 mmol/mol) and albumin creatinine ratio > 3 mg/mmol were calculated. A multilevel logistic regression analysis using both patient and practice variables was conducted. RESULTS Data was collected from 3188 patients of whom 29% (95% CI 28 to 31%) had poor glycaemic control, which was associated with younger age, higher BMI and higher total cholesterol. Only 42% of patients (n = 1332) had albumin creatinine ratio measured with 42% (95% CI 40 to 45%) of these having values > 3 mg/mmol. Older age groups, men, those with hypertension, eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 and poor glycaemic control were most associated with higher values of albumin creatinine ratio. CONCLUSIONS Analysing this large multi-practice dataset gives important information on the prevalence and characteristics of diabetic patients who are most at risk of poor outcomes. It highlights that recording of some data could be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sullivan
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Ailish Hannigan
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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Bambury N, O'Neill K, Buckley CM, Kearney PM. Trends in incidence of ischaemic stroke in people with and without diabetes in Ireland 2005-2015. Diabet Med 2023; 40:e15127. [PMID: 37140385 DOI: 10.1111/dme.15127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We aim to describe the epidemiology of ischaemic stroke and in-hospital mortality associated with stroke among men and women with and without diabetes from 2005 to 2015. METHODS Secondary data analysis of national hospital discharge data from the Hospital Inpatient Enquiry database. Stroke incidence and in-hospital mortality rates in people with and without diabetes were calculated. Poisson regression models were used to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) and assess trends over time. RESULTS The age-adjusted incidence of stroke was twice as high in people with diabetes compared to those without diabetes (men IRR 2.0 [95% CI 1.95-2.06] and women IRR 2.2 [95% CI 2.12-2.27]). The incidence of ischaemic stroke decreased by an average 1.7% per year in men with diabetes and 3.3% per year in women with diabetes. In people without diabetes, the average annual reduction was smaller (0.2% per year in men and 1% per year in women). In-hospital mortality associated with admission with ischaemic stroke was approximately twice as high in those with diabetes compared to those without diabetes among men [IRR 1.81 (1.67-1.97)] and women [IRR 2 (95% CI 1.84-2.18)]. CONCLUSION Despite decreases in incidence of ischaemic stroke and associated in-hospital mortality, there remains a twofold increased risk of ischaemic stroke and mortality in people with diabetes. Therefore, priority must be given to management of risk factors for ischaemic stroke in people with diabetes as well as continued development of targeted stroke prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Bambury
- Department of Public Health, HSE South (Cork and Kerry), Cork, Ireland
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kate O'Neill
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Armstrong PR, Ring É, MacNicholas R. A decade of rising alcoholic liver disease hospital admissions and deaths in Irish hospitals, 2007-2016: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 34:671-677. [PMID: 34985049 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of both liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Ireland. AIMS The aim of the study was to identify the epidemiological profile, temporal trends, development of complications and mortality arising from inpatient care episodes linked to ALD in Ireland from 2007 to 2016. METHODS This was a national retrospective study that analysed data on patient discharges from hospitals across Ireland. The Hospital Inpatient Enquiry System was used to gather this data. The main outcome measures were the number of hospital discharges for patients with ALD or HCC, also expressed per 100 000 population, the mortality rate associated with ALD and the prevalence of complications associated with ALD. RESULTS A total of 33 794 hospital discharges were examined. There was a 38% increase in hospital discharges and 300% increase in HCC coding for patients with ALD between 2006 and 2016. There were 73 hospital discharges with ALD per 100 000 population in 2016. That year, 40 482 bed days were required for inpatient management equating to 120 beds per day. Deaths from ALD rose by 29% over the 10-year period. Cirrhosis was diagnosed in 57% and 24% had ascites. Mortality was 9.8% rising to 16% with variceal bleeding and 42% with acute kidney injury. Only 31% were under the care of a gastroenterologist or hepatologist. CONCLUSION Ireland is seeing a rise in ALD-related hospital admissions and deaths, including HCC which increased three-fold. ALD is a preventable disease, and public health interventions are of proven benefit and required to reverse this trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Armstrong
- Department of Hepatology, The National Liver Transplant Unit, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Rehni AK, Cho S, Dave KR. Ischemic brain injury in diabetes and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Neurochem Int 2022; 152:105219. [PMID: 34736936 PMCID: PMC8918032 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a widespread disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to abnormal insulin activity, production, or both. Chronic diabetes causes many secondary complications including cardiovascular disease: a life-threatening complication. Cerebral ischemia-related mortality, morbidity, and the extent of brain injury are high in diabetes. However, the mechanism of increase in ischemic brain injury during diabetes is not well understood. Multiple mechanisms mediate diabetic hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia-induced increase in ischemic brain injury. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress mediates both brain injury as well as brain protection after ischemia-reperfusion injury. The pathways of ER stress are modulated during diabetes. Free radical generation and mitochondrial dysfunction, two of the prominent mechanisms that mediate diabetic increase in ischemic brain injury, are known to stimulate the pathways of ER stress. Increased ischemic brain injury in diabetes is accompanied by a further increase in the activation of ER stress. As there are many metabolic changes associated with diabetes, differential activation of the pathways of ER stress may mediate pronounced ischemic brain injury in subjects suffering from diabetes. We presently discuss the literature on the significance of ER stress in mediating increased ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Rehni
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Sunjoo Cho
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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McGrath N, Riordan F, Kearney PM, O'Neill K, McHugh SM. Health professionals’ views of the first national GP payment scheme for structured type 2 diabetes care in Ireland: a qualitative study. HRB Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.13460.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Payment schemes are widely used to improve chronic disease management in general practice. Although stakeholder views of such schemes could provide valuable learning regarding aspects that work and those which are more difficult to implement, there is a paucity of such data. We explored health professionals’ views of the implementation of the first national general practice payment scheme for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) care in Ireland, the ‘cycle of care’. Methods: Qualitative data were drawn from a multiple case study evaluating the implementation of a National Clinical Programme for Diabetes, collected from April 2016 to June 2017. Interview and focus group transcripts from participants involved in providing diabetes management in general practice and who referenced the cycle of care were eligible for inclusion in the current analysis. Data were analysed using reflective thematic analysis. Results: We analysed data from 28 participants comprising general practitioners (GPs) (n=8), practice nurses (n=9) and diabetes nurse specialists (DNS) (n=11). Participants perceived the cycle of care as “not adequate, but…a good start” to improve T2DM care in general practice in Ireland. Perceived benefits were greater financial viability for T2DM management in general practice, fostering a more proactive approach to T2DM care, delivery of T2DM care closer to patients’ homes, and increased use of other community diabetes services e.g., DNS and podiatry. Participants identified the limited resource for practice nurse time, inflexibility to provide care based on patient need and issues with data submission as drawbacks of the cycle of care. Conclusions: The cycle of care was viewed as a positive first step to increase and improve T2DM care delivered in general practice in Ireland. The implementation issues identified in this study should be considered in the design of future payment schemes targeting chronic disease management in general practice.
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Corrao G, Rea F, Mancia G, Perseghin G, Merlino L, Martini N, Carbone S, Carle F. Cost-effectiveness of the adherence with recommendations for clinical monitoring of patients with diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:3111-3121. [PMID: 34531108 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To validate a set of indicators for monitoring the quality of care of patients with diabetes in 'real-life' practice through its relationship with measurable clinical outcomes and healthcare costs. METHODS AND RESULTS A population-based cohort study was carried out by including the 20,635 patients, residents in the Lombardy Region (Italy), who in the year 2012 were newly taken-in-care for diabetes. Adherence with clinical recommendations (i.e., controls for glycated haemoglobin, lipid profile, urine albumin excretion and serum creatinine) was recorded during the first year after the patient was taken-in-care, and categorized according whether he/she complied with none or almost none (0 or 1), just some (2) or all or almost all (3 or 4) the recommendations, respectively denoted as poor, intermediate and high adherence. Short- and long-term complications of diabetes, and healthcare cost incurred by the National Health Service, were assessed during follow-up. Compared with patients with poor adherence, those with intermediate and high adherence respectively showed (i) a delay in outcome occurrence of 13 days (95% CI, -2 to 27) and 23 days (9-38), and (ii) a lower healthcare cost of 54 € and 77 €. In average, a gain of 18 Euros and 15 Euros for each day free from diabetic complication by increasing adherence respectively from poor to intermediate and from poor to high were observed. CONCLUSION Close control of patients with diabetes through regular clinical examinations must be considered the cornerstone of national guidance, national audits, and quality improvement incentive schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corrao
- National Centre for Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Rea
- National Centre for Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Gianluca Perseghin
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation, Policlinico di Monza, Monza, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Luca Merlino
- Epidemiologic Observatory, Lombardy Region Welfare Department, Milan, Italy
| | - Nello Martini
- Research and Health Foundation (Fondazione ReS -Ricerca e Salute-), Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Carbone
- Department of Health Planning, Italian Health Ministry, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Carle
- National Centre for Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Center of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Diagnostic coding of chronic physical conditions in Irish general practice. Ir J Med Sci 2021; 191:1693-1699. [PMID: 34476724 PMCID: PMC9308610 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-021-02748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic conditions are responsible for significant mortality and morbidity among the population in Ireland. It is estimated that almost one million people are affected by one of the four main categories of chronic disease (cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and diabetes). Primary healthcare is an essential cornerstone for individuals, families, and the community and, as such, should play a central role in all aspects of chronic disease management. Aim The aim of the project was to examine the extent of chronic disease coding of four chronic physical conditions in the general practice setting. Methods The design was a descriptive cross-sectional study with anonymous retrospective data extracted from practices. Results Overall, 8.8% of the adult population in the six participating practices were coded with at least one chronic condition. Only 0.7% of adult patients were coded with asthma, 0.3% with COPD, 3% with diabetes, and 3.3% with CVD. Male patients who visited their GP in the last year were more likely to be coded with any of the four chronic diseases in comparison with female patients. A significant relationship between gender and being coded with diabetes and CVD was found. Conclusions For a likely multitude of reasons, diagnostic coding in Irish general practice clinics in this study is low and insufficient for an accurate estimation of chronic disease prevalence. Monitoring of information provided through diagnostic coding is important for patients’ care and safety, and therefore appropriate training and reimbursement for these services is essential.
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Pereira AMP, da Silva Laureano RM, de Lima Neto FB. Five regions, five retinopathy screening programmes: a systematic review of how Portugal addresses the challenge. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:756. [PMID: 34330280 PMCID: PMC8325279 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-06776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The implementation of a population-based screening programme for diabetic retinopathy involves several challenges, often leading to postponements and setbacks at high human and material costs. Thus, it is of the utmost importance to promote the sharing of experiences, successes, and difficulties. However, factors such as the existence of regional programmes, specificities of each country's health systems, organisational and even linguistic barriers, make it difficult to create a solid framework that can be used as a basis for future projects. METHODS Web of Science and PubMed platforms were searched using appropriate key words. The review process resulted in 423 articles adherent to the search criteria, 28 of which were accepted and analysed. Web sites of all Portuguese governmental and non-governmental organisations, with a relevant role on the research topic, were inspected and 75 official documents were retrieved and analysed. RESULTS Since 2001, five regional screening programmes were gradually implemented under the guidelines of Portuguese General Health Department. However, complete population coverage was still not achieved. Among the main difficulties reported are the complex articulation between different levels of care providers, the low number of orthoptic technician in the national health system, the high burden that images grading, and treatment of positive cases represents for hospitals ophthalmology services, and low adherence rates. Yet, the comparison between strategies adopted in the different regions allowed the identification of potential solutions: hire orthoptic technician for primary health care units, eliminating the dependence of hospital professionals; use artificial intelligence algorithms for automatic retinographies grading, avoiding ophthalmologists overload; adoption of proximity strategies, as the use of portable retinographers, to promote adherence to screening. CONCLUSION Access to diabetic retinopathy screening remains remarkably variable in Portugal and needs urgent attention. However, several characteristics of effective screening programmes were found in Portuguese screening programmes, what seems to point toward promising outcomes, especially if each other highlights are considered. The findings of this research could be very useful for the other countries with similar socio-political characteristics. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration ID CRD42020200115 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raul Manuel da Silva Laureano
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Business Research Unit (BRU-IUL) and ISTAR-IUL, Av. das Forças Armadas, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Buarque de Lima Neto
- Escola Politécnica, Computer Engineering (POLI/PPG-EC), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Rua Benfica, 455 - Bloco ‘C’, Recife, 50720-001 Brazil
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The prevalence and correlates of pre-diabetes in middle- to older-aged Irish adults using three diagnostic methods. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253537. [PMID: 34170932 PMCID: PMC8232457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Type 2 diabetes is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and pre-diabetes is a strong predictor of diabetes development. To date, studies estimating the prevalence of pre-diabetes in the Irish population are sparse and conflicting. Monitoring the prevalence of pre-diabetes and a knowledge of associated factors is required to inform policies and to prevent development of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, this research examined the prevalence and correlates of pre-diabetes in a sample of middle- to older-aged Irish adults using three different methods for diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Mitchelstown Cohort Rescreen (2016/17) was a follow-up, cross-sectional study of the Mitchelstown Cohort Study (2010/11). 1,378 participants were recruited from a random sample of patients attending a single primary care centre. Pre-diabetes was defined using three diagnostic criteria: American Diabetes Association (ADA) glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) cut-offs between 5.7%-6.4% (39-46 mmol/mol), World Health Organization International Expert Committee (WHO-IEC) HbA1c cut-offs between 6.0%-6.4% (42-46 mmol/mol) and ADA fasting plasma glucose (FPG) cut-offs between 5.6-6.9 mmol/l. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with pre-diabetes. RESULTS The prevalence of pre-diabetes was found to be 43.9% (95% CI: 41.2%─46.5%), 14.5% (95% CI: 12.7%─16.5%) and 15.8% (95% CI: 13.9%─17.8%) according to HbA1c ADA, HbA1c WHO-IEC and FPG ADA definitions, respectively. Depending on diagnostic method, factors associated with pre-diabetes in univariate analyses included sex, age, marital status, health rating, education and poor diet quality. In multivariable analysis, subjects classified by the FPG ADA pre-diabetes criterion displayed the least optimal metabolic profile defined by overweight and obesity (OR = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.53-5.43), hypertension (OR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.51-3.40) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.07-2.87). CONCLUSIONS The discordance between prevalence estimates according to method of diagnosis is concerning. A National Diabetes Prevention Programme is currently being developed in Ireland. Monitoring the prevalence of pre-diabetes over time will be important to assess the effectiveness of this programme. This study will inform national decision-makers on which definition of pre-diabetes to use for monitoring purposes.
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Pierse T, O'Neill S, Dinneen SF, O'Neill C. A simulation study of the economic and health impact of a diabetes prevention programme in Ireland. Diabet Med 2021; 38:e14540. [PMID: 33576077 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Type 2 diabetes is a major public health issue that has a large effect on society including its health and social services. The aims of this paper are to generate a projection of the number of cases and explore the potential impact of a preventive intervention targeted at people with pre-diabetes on disease prevalence, complications, mortality and cost. METHODS A Markov simulation model of diabetes and pre-diabetes in Ireland, for the period 1991 to 2036, was generated based on international epidemiological data. The simulation was calibrated with the available Irish data on the prevalence of pre-diabetes, diabetes and diabetic complications. The economic and health impact of a hypothetical nationwide preventive intervention programme, which reduces the incidence by a factor consistent with the international literature, was estimated under three scenarios of alternative effectiveness and uptake. RESULTS The estimated number of people over 40 years of age with type 2 diabetes in Ireland is projected to increase from 216,000 in 2020 to 414,000 in 2036. A prevention programme, based on the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme, is estimated to result in a reduction of between 2000 (0.5%) and 19,000 (4.6%) in the number of prevalent cases of diabetes in 2036 resulting in substantial health and quality of life benefits. CONCLUSIONS A wide range of initiatives with uncertain outcomes will be required to reduce the impact of obesity and type 2 diabetes. A diabetes prevention programme seems likely to be worth pursuing as one element of this set of initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Pierse
- Health Economic and Policy Analysis Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Stephen O'Neill
- Department of Health Services, Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sean F Dinneen
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ciaran O'Neill
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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13
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Mealy A, Tierney S, Sorensen J. Lower extremity amputations in Ireland: a registry-based study. Ir J Med Sci 2021; 191:839-844. [PMID: 33755918 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-021-02536-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the current provision of lower extremity amputations (LEA) in Irish public hospitals by patient characteristics and assess the potential savings for reducing numbers if a national multi-disciplinary foot protection clinic (MDFPC) was established nation-wide. DESIGN AND DATA SOURCES Patient characteristics of LEA conducted during 2016-2019 were analysed based on discharge data from the national hospital inpatient enquiry system. Reported consequences from existing literature were used to extrapolate national consequences. RESULTS Public hospitals registered 3104 hospital admissions with LEA during 2016-2019. 68% (n = 2099) of these were minor amputations. About 76% (n = 1592) of minor amputations and 52% (n = 525) of major amputations were performed on patients with a diagnosis of diabetes. If the implementation of a national MDFPC programmed could reduce the number of diabetic amputations by 20%, 80 minor and 26 major amputations could be avoided annually. This would avoid nearly 3000 hospital bed days and correspond to a potential annual saving of €3 M. CONCLUSION LEA has severe impact on patients' lives and hospital resources. Potential savings from effective prevention strategies may offer both health improvements and cost-savings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean Tierney
- Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Jan Sorensen
- Healthcare Outcome Research Centre, RCSI, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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Douglas B, Oyesola O, Cooper MM, Posey A, Tait Wojno E, Giacomin PR, Herbert DR. Immune System Investigation Using Parasitic Helminths. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 39:639-665. [PMID: 33646858 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-122827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coevolutionary adaptation between humans and helminths has developed a finely tuned balance between host immunity and chronic parasitism due to immunoregulation. Given that these reciprocal forces drive selection, experimental models of helminth infection are ideally suited for discovering how host protective immune responses adapt to the unique tissue niches inhabited by these large metazoan parasites. This review highlights the key discoveries in the immunology of helminth infection made over the last decade, from innate lymphoid cells to the emerging importance of neuroimmune connections. A particular emphasis is placed on the emerging areas within helminth immunology where the most growth is possible, including the advent of genetic manipulation of parasites to study immunology and the use of engineered T cells for therapeutic options. Lastly,we cover the status of human challenge trials with helminths as treatment for autoimmune disease, which taken together, stand to keep the study of parasitic worms at the forefront of immunology for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Douglas
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; ,
| | - Oyebola Oyesola
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; ,
| | - Martha M Cooper
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia; ,
| | - Avery Posey
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; .,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Elia Tait Wojno
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; ,
| | - Paul R Giacomin
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia; ,
| | - De'Broski R Herbert
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; ,
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O’Donovan M, Sezgin D, O’Caoimh R, Liew A. The Impact of and Interaction between Diabetes and Frailty on Psychosocial Wellbeing and Mortality in Ireland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249535. [PMID: 33352735 PMCID: PMC7766174 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Frailty in middle-aged and older adults is associated with diabetes-related complications. The impact of and interaction between diabetes and frailty on psychosocial wellbeing and mortality in Ireland for adults aged ≥50 years were assessed using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. Measures included diabetes status (self-reported), frailty phenotype (≥3/5 criteria), low self-rated health (“fair” or “poor”), depression screening (EURO-D index score ≥4), and low quality of life (QoL) (CASP-12 index score < 35). Among the 970 participants, those with diabetes (n = 87) were more likely to be frail (23% vs. 8%; p < 0.001), have low self-rated health (46% vs. 19%; p < 0.001), depression (25% vs. 17%; p = 0.070), and low QoL (25% vs. 18%, p = 0.085). Adjusting for diabetes, age and sex, frailty independently predicted low self-rated health (OR: 9.79 (5.85–16.36)), depression (9.82 (5.93–16.25)), and low QoL (8.52 (5.19–13.97)). Adjusting for frailty, age and sex, diabetes independently predicted low self-rated health (2.70 (1.63–4.47)). The age-sex adjusted mortality hazard ratio was highest for frailty with diabetes (4.67 (1.08–20.15)), followed by frailty without diabetes (2.86 (1.17–6.99)) and being non-frail with diabetes (1.76 (0.59–5.22)). Frailty independently predicts lower self-reported wellbeing and is associated with reduced survival, underpinning its role as an integral part of holistic diabetes care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark O’Donovan
- HRB Clinical Research Facility Cork, Mercy University Hospital, T12 WE28 Cork, Ireland;
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Duygu Sezgin
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Rónán O’Caoimh
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Mercy University Hospital, T12 WE28 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Aaron Liew
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
- Department of Endocrinology, Portiuncula University Hospital, H53 T971 Galway, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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16
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Pandey R, Morgan MM, Murphy C, Kavanagh H, Acheson R, Cahill M, McGettrick P, O'Toole L, Hamroush F, Mooney T, Byrne H, Fitzpatrick P, Keegan DJ. Irish National Diabetic RetinaScreen Programme: report on five rounds of retinopathy screening and screen-positive referrals. (INDEAR study report no. 1). Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 106:409-414. [PMID: 33334818 PMCID: PMC8867278 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective To study the uptake of annual diabetic retinopathy screening and study the 5-year trends in the detection of screen-positive diabetic retinopathy and non-diabetes-related eye disease in a cohort of annually screened individuals. Design Retrospective retinopathy screening attendance and retinopathy grading analysis. Setting Community-based retinopathy screening centres for the Diabetic RetinaScreen Programme. Participants 171 557 were identified by the screening programme to be eligible for annual diabetic retinopathy screening. 120 048 individuals over the age of 12 consented to and attended at least one screening appointment between February 2013 to December 2018. Main Outcome Measures Detection rate per 100 000 of any retinopathy, screen-positive referrable retinopathy and nondiabetic eye disease. Results Uptake of screening had reached 67.2% in the fifth round of screening. Detection rate of screen-positive retinopathy reduced from 13 229 to 4237 per 100 000 screened over five rounds. Detection of proliferative disease had reduced from 2898 to 713 per 100 000 screened. Non-diabetic eye disease detection and referral to treatment centres increased almost eightfold from 393 in round 1 to 3225 per 100 000 screened. The majority of individuals referred to treatment centres for ophthalmologist assessment are over the age of 50 years. Conclusions Screening programme has seen a reduced detection rate both screen-positive retinopathy referral in Ireland over five rounds of screening. Management of nondiabetic eye diseases poses a significant challenge in improving visual outcomes of people living with diabetes in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Pandey
- Diabetic RetinaScreen, National Screening Service, Health Service Executive, Dublin, Ireland
- Mater Retinal Research Group, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Margaret M Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Letterkenny University Hospital, Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Colette Murphy
- Mater Retinal Research Group, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen Kavanagh
- Mater Retinal Research Group, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert Acheson
- Diabetic Retinal Screening Service, Northgate Information Solutions Ltd, Hemel Hempstead, UK
| | - Mark Cahill
- Global Vision, Centric Health Ltd, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Louise O'Toole
- Diabetic Retinal Screening Service, Northgate Information Solutions Ltd, Hemel Hempstead, UK
| | - Fatima Hamroush
- Diabetic Retinal Screening Service, Northgate Information Solutions Ltd, Hemel Hempstead, UK
| | - Therese Mooney
- Programme Evaluation Unit, National Screening Service, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen Byrne
- Programme Evaluation Unit, National Screening Service, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patricia Fitzpatrick
- Programme Evaluation Unit, National Screening Service, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Public Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J Keegan
- Diabetic RetinaScreen, National Screening Service, Health Service Executive, Dublin, Ireland
- Mater Retinal Research Group, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Afaya RA, Bam V, Azongo TB, Afaya A. Knowledge of chronic complications of diabetes among persons living with type 2 diabetes mellitus in northern Ghana. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241424. [PMID: 33112906 PMCID: PMC7592765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease that affects many organ systems, leading to concerns about deteriorating population health status and ever-increasing healthcare expenditure. Many people with diabetes do not achieve optimal glycaemic control and other metabolic indices, leading to a heightened risk of developing complications. Adequate knowledge of diabetes complications is a prerequisite for risk-factor reduction and prevention of the consequences of the disease. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the knowledge of chronic complications of diabetes among persons living with type 2 diabetes mellitus in northern Ghana. Method A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 320 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in northern Ghana. The consecutive sampling technique was employed to recruit participants from September to November 2018. Data analysis was performed using IBM statistical package for social science version 23. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were employed to determine associations between knowledge of diabetes complications and demographic/clinical characteristics of participants, at 95% confidence interval with statistical significance at P<0.05. Results The majority of participants (54.1%) had inadequate knowledge and 45.9% had adequate knowledge of diabetes complications. The factors associated with inadequate level of knowledge were female gender [AOR = 0.29 (95%CI: 0.14–0.56), p<0.001], older age [AOR = 0.45 (95%CI:0.20–0.99), p = 0.049], primary education [AOR = 0.13 (95%CI: 0.03–0.51), p = 0.004], no formal education [AOR = 0.16 (95%CI: 0.05–0.50), p = 0.002], rural dwellers [AOR = 0.50 (95%CI: 0.27–0.95), p = 0.033] and unknown family history diabetes [AOR = 0.38 (95%CI: 0.17–0.82), p = 0.014]. Conclusion More than half of the studied population had inadequate knowledge of diabetes complications. Female gender, rural dwellers, and low education level were factors positively associated with inadequate knowledge of diabetes complications. A multisectoral approach is needed, where the government of Ghana together with other sectors of the economy such as the health, education and local government sectors work collaboratively in the development of locally tailored diabetes education programmes to promote healthy self-care behaviours relevant for the prevention of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Adongo Afaya
- Department of Surgery, Tamale West Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- * E-mail:
| | - Victoria Bam
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Thomas Bavo Azongo
- Department of Public Health, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Agani Afaya
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- College of Nursing, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
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18
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O Neill KN, Bennett KE, Mc Hugh SM, Fitzgerald AP, Kearney PM. Trends in national pharmaceutical expenditure on diabetes in Ireland 2011-2015: a repeated cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e037382. [PMID: 33039996 PMCID: PMC7552837 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore trends in pharmaceutical expenditure on diabetes between 2011 and 2015, describing trends in expenditure on blood glucose-lowering medications and estimating the effect of cost-containment measures implemented during this time. DESIGN Repeated cross-sectional study of national pharmacy claims data in Ireland. PARTICIPANTS Patients' dispensed items used in the treatment or management of diabetes. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES Total expenditure associated with diabetes was calculated by extracting data on all diabetes-related items dispensed to eligible patients. Costs were categorised into two groups. Diabetes-specific items include items used directly in diabetes treatment (WHO-Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC): A10, V07, V04) and diabetes-related include all other condition-related items (WHO-ATC: B01, C, H04, N03, N06). The impacts of two specific cost-containment measures, co-payments and reference pricing, were assessed using segmented linear regression analyses of interrupted time-series. RESULTS Total expenditure varied over the study period, peaking at €216 994 441 in 2012. Expenditure on diabetes-specific items increased steadily by 18% reaching €153 621 477 in 2015, with blood glucose-lowering medications accounting for 73% of this increase. During the same period, expenditure on diabetes-related items decreased by 32% to €50 835 856. The introduction of reference pricing for atorvastatin in November 2013 resulted in immediate costs savings of €2.4 million per yearly quarter (level-change p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The increasing expenditure on blood glucose-lowering medications negates the effect of recent cost-containment measures, presenting a significant challenge for the provision of diabetes care. Innovative policies are required to ensure high-quality diabetes care can be provided at an equitable, affordable and sustainable rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate N O Neill
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kathleen E Bennett
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Anthony P Fitzgerald
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Statistics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Pierse T, Barry L, Glynn L, Murphy AW, Cruise S, O'Neill C. A comparison, for older people with diabetes, of health and health care utilisation in two different health systems on the island of Ireland. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1446. [PMID: 32972379 PMCID: PMC7513487 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are social and economic differences between Northern Ireland (NI) and the Republic of Ireland (ROI). There are also differences in the health care systems in the two jurisdictions. The aims of this study are to compare health (prevalence of diabetes and related complications) and health care utilisation (general practitioner, outpatient or accident and emergency utilisation) among older people with diabetes in the NI and ROI. Methods Large scale comparable surveys of people over 50 years of age in Northern Ireland (NICOLA, wave 1) and the Republic of Ireland (TILDA, wave 1) are used to compare people with diabetes (type I and type II) in the two jurisdictions. The combined data set comprises 1536 people with diabetes. A coarsened exact matching approach is used to compare health care utilisation among people with diabetes in NI and ROI with equivalent demographic, lifestyle and illness characteristics (age, gender, education, smoking status and self-related health, number of other chronic diseases and number of diabetic complications). Results The overall prevalence of diabetes in the 50 to 84 years old age group is 3.4 percentage points higher in NI (11.1% in NI, 7.7% ROI, p-value < 0.01). The diabetic population in NI appear sicker – with more diabetic complications and more chronic illnesses. Comparing people with diabetes in the two jurisdictions with similar levels of illness we find that there are no statistically significant differences in GP, outpatient or A&E utilisation. Conclusion Despite the proximity of NI and ROI there are substantial differences in the prevalence of diabetes and its related complications. Despite differences in the health services in the two jurisdictions the differences in health care utilisation for an equivalent cohort are small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Pierse
- Health Economic and Policy Analysis Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Luke Barry
- Health Economic and Policy Analysis Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Liam Glynn
- Graduate Entry Medical School and Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Andrew W Murphy
- Discipline of General Practice, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sharon Cruise
- Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ciaran O'Neill
- Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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Marasigan V, Perry I, Bennett K, Balanda K, Capewell S, O' Flaherty M, Kabir Z. Explaining the fall in Coronary Heart Disease mortality in the Republic of Ireland between 2000 and 2015 - IMPACT modelling study. Int J Cardiol 2020; 310:159-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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The effect of 'paying for performance' on the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional observational study. BJGP Open 2020; 4:bjgpopen20X101021. [PMID: 32238389 PMCID: PMC7330226 DOI: 10.3399/bjgpopen20x101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ‘cycle of care’ (COC) pay for performance (PFP) programme, introduced in 2015, has resourced Irish GPs to provide structured care to PCRS eligible patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Aim To investigate the effect of COC on management processes. Design &setting Cross-sectional observational study undertaken with two points of comparison (2014 and 2017) in participating practices (Republic of Ireland general practices), with comparator data from the United Kingdom National Diabetes Audit (UKNDA) 2015–2016. Method Invitations to participate were sent to practices using a discussion forum for Health One clinical software. Participating practices provided data on the processes of care in the management of patients with T2DM. Data on PCRS eligible patients was extracted from the electronic medical record system of participating practices using secure customised software. Descriptive analysis, using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (version 25), was performed. Results Of 250 practices invited, 41 practices participated (16.4%), yielding data from 3146 patients. There were substantial improvements in the rates of recording of glycosylated haemoglobin ([HbA1c] 53.1%–98.3%), total cholesterol ([TC] 59.2%–98.8%), urinary albumin:creatinine ratio ([ACR] 9.9%–42.3%), blood pressure ([BP] 61.4%–98.2%), and body-mass index ([BMI] 39.8%–97.4%) from 2014 to 2017. For the first time, rates of retinopathy screening (76.3%), foot review (64.9%), and influenza immunisation (69.9%) were recorded. Comparison of 2017 data with UKNDA 2015–2016 was broadly similar. Conclusion The COC demonstrated much improved rates of recording of clinical and biochemical parameters, and improved achievement of targets in TC and BP, but not HbA1c. Results demonstrate substantial improvements in the processes and quality of care in the management of patients with T2DM.
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Atieno Wagoro MC, Sudi Galo W, Rakuom CP, Oderah Mirereh J, Musee C. Development of a graphic blood glucose monitoring chart for glycaemic control in diabetes mellitus: a modified Delphi method study. J Res Nurs 2020; 25:323-344. [PMID: 34394643 PMCID: PMC7932385 DOI: 10.1177/1744987119836135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Kenya 30% of patients admitted with ketoacidosis due to hyperglycaemia die within 48 hours of hospitalisation. Effective monitoring of blood glucose levels is critical for glycaemic control and prevention of mortality. Kenya public hospitals lack a graphic blood glucose monitoring tool. AIMS To develop a graphic blood glucose monitoring tool. METHODS Modified Delphi technique was used for consensus-building among nurses on the features of an appropriate blood glucose monitoring tool. A total of 150 nurses selected by purposive sampling participated in the study. Data were collected for 24 months through sequential interactive rounds and workshops using a questionnaire. At every round, consensus was reached if ≥75% of the nurses agreed or disagreed on a feature. RESULTS A graphic blood glucose monitoring chart was developed with the following features: time on the x-axis, blood glucose values on the y-axis, colour codes corresponding to blood glucose levels, existing conditions during blood glucose measurement. SIGNIFICANCE The chart may improve glycaemic control while stimulating further research on its effectiveness. CONCLUSION Modified Delphi method is useful for successive collation of judgments of nurse experts in the development of a graphic blood glucose monitoring chart.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Sudi Galo
- Assistant Chief Nursing Officer, Kakamega County Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kenya
| | - Chris Podo Rakuom
- Nursing Management Specialist, Former Director Nursing Services, Kenya
| | | | - Christine Musee
- Assistant Chief Nurse and Nursing Research Coordinator, Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya
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Gajewska KA, Biesma R, Sreenan S, Bennett K. Prevalence and incidence of type 1 diabetes in Ireland: a retrospective cross-sectional study using a national pharmacy claims data from 2016. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e032916. [PMID: 32312725 PMCID: PMC7245400 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence and incidence of type 1 diabetes in the Irish population using a national pharmacy claims database in the absence of a national diabetes register. DESIGN National, population-based, retrospective, cross-sectional study. SETTING Community care with data available through the Health Service Executive Pharmacy Claims Reimbursement Scheme from 2011 to 2016. PARTICIPANTS Individuals with type 1 diabetes were identified by coprescription of insulin and glucometer test strips without any prolonged course (>12 months) of oral hypoglycaemic agents prior to commencing insulin. Those claiming prescriptions for long-acting insulin only, without any prandial insulin, were excluded from the analysis. Incidence was estimated based on the first claim for insulin in 2016, with no insulin use in the preceding 12 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prevalence of type 1 diabetes in children (<18 years) and adults (≥18 years); incidence of type 1 diabetes in children (≤14 years) and adolescents and adults (>14 years). RESULTS There were 20 081 prevalent cases of type 1 diabetes in 2016. The crude prevalence was 0.42% (95% CI 0.42% to 0.43%). Most prevalent cases (n=17 053, 85%) were in adults with a prevalence of 0.48% (95% CI 0.47% to 0.48%). There were 1527 new cases of type 1 diabetes in 2016, giving an incidence rate of 32 per 100 000 population/year (95% CI 30.5 to 33.7). There was a significant positive linear trend for age, for prevalence (p<0.0001) and incidence (p=0.014). The prevalence and incidence were 1.2-fold and 1.3-fold higher in men than women, respectively. Significant variations in prevalence (p<0.0001) and incidence (p<0.001) between the different geographical regions were observed. CONCLUSIONS This study provides epidemiological estimates of type 1 diabetes across age groups in Ireland, with the majority of prevalent cases in adults. Establishing a national diabetes register is essential to enable updated epidemiological estimates of diabetes and for planning of services in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Anna Gajewska
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Regien Biesma
- Global Health Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Seamus Sreenan
- 3U Diabetes, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown, Blanchardstown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathleen Bennett
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Yehualashet AS. Toll-like Receptors as a Potential Drug Target for Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes-associated Complications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:4763-4777. [PMID: 33311992 PMCID: PMC7724365 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s274844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disease distinguished by hyperglycemia due to disturbance in carbohydrate or lipid metabolism or insulin function. To date, diabetes, and its complications, is established as a global cause of morbidity and mortality. The intended aim during the management of diabetes is to maintain blood glucose close to normal because the majority of patients have poor control of their elevated blood glucose and are highly prone to severe macrovascular and microvascular complications. To decrease the burden of the disease and its complications, scientists from various disciplines are working intensively to identify novel and promising drug targets for diabetes and its complications. Increased and ongoing investigations on mechanisms relating to diabetes and associated complications could potentially consider inflammatory cascades as a promising component of the strategy in the prevention and control of diabetes and its complications. The potential of targeting mediators of inflammation like toll-like receptors (TLRs) are part of current investigation by the scientific community. Hence, the aim of the present review is to discuss the role of TLRs as a potential drug target for diabetes and diabetes associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awgichew Shewasinad Yehualashet
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Awgichew Shewasinad Yehualashet Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, EthiopiaTel +251935450290 Email
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Tracey M, Racine E, Riordan F, McHugh SM, Kearney PM. Understanding the uptake of a national retinopathy screening programme: An audit of people with diabetes in two large primary care centres. HRB Open Res 2019. [DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.12926.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is estimated to affect 25–26% of the Irish population with diabetes and is one of the leading causes of blindness among working-age adults. Regular diabetic retinopathy screening (DRS) can reduce the risk of sight loss. In 2013, the new national screening programme (RetinaScreen) was introduced in Ireland. Maximising DRS uptake (consent to participate in the programme and attendance once invited) is a priority, therefore it is important to identify characteristics which determine DRS uptake among those with diabetes in Ireland. We report uptake in an Irish primary care population during the initial phase of implementation of RetinaScreen and investigate factors which predict consenting to participate in the programme. Methods: In two primary care practices, data were extracted from records of people with diabetes (type 1 and type 2) aged ≥18 years who were eligible to participate in RetinaScreen between November 2013 and August 2015. Records were checked for a RetinaScreen letter. RetinaScreen were contacted to establish the status of those without a letter on file. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to examine associations between socio-demographic variables and consenting. Adjusted incident rate ratios (IRR) with 95% CI were generated as a measure of association. Results: Of 722 people with diabetes, one fifth (n=141) were not registered with RetinaScreen. Of 582 who were registered, 63% (n=365) had participated in screening. Most people who consented subsequently attended (n=365/382, 96%). People who had attended another retinopathy screening service were less likely to consent (IRR 0.65 [95%CI 0.5-0.8]; p<0.001). Other predictors were not significantly associated with consent. Conclusions: Over one third of eligible participants in RetinaScreen had not consented. Research is needed to understand barriers and enablers of DRS uptake in the Irish context. Implementing strategies to improve DRS uptake, barriers to consent in particular, should be a priority.
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Corrao G, Rea F, Di Martino M, Lallo A, Davoli M, DlE PlALMA R, Belotti L, Merlino L, Pisanti P, Lispi L, Skrami E, Carle F. Effectiveness of adherence to recommended clinical examinations of diabetic patients in preventing diabetes-related hospitalizations. Int J Qual Health Care 2019; 31:464-472. [DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzy186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
To validate a set of indicators for quality of diabetes care through their relationship with measurable clinical outcomes.
Design
A retrospective cohort study was carried out from 2010 to 2015.
Setting
Population-based study. Data were retrieved from healthcare utilization databases of three Italian regions (Lombardy, Emilia Romagna and Lazio) on the whole covering 20 million citizens.
Participants
The 77 285 individuals who were newly taken in care for diabetes during 2010 entered into the cohort.
Interventions
Exposure to selected clinical recommendations (i.e. periodic controls for glycated hemoglobin, lipid profile, urine albumin excretion, serum creatinine and dilated eye exams) was recorded.
Main outcomes measures
A composite outcome was employed taking into account hospitalizations for brief-term diabetes complications, uncontrolled diabetes, long-term vascular outcomes and no traumatic lower limb amputation. A multivariable proportional hazards model was fitted to estimate hazard ratio, and 95% confidence intervals (CI), for the exposure-outcome association.
Results
Among the newly taken in care patients with diabetes, those who adhered to almost none (0 or 1), just some (2 or 3) or almost all (4 or 5) recommendations during the first year after diagnosis were 44%, 36% and 20%, respectively. Compared patients who adhered to almost none recommendation, significant risk reductions of 16% (95% CI, 6–24%) and 20% (7–28%) were observed for those who adhered to just some and almost all recommendations, respectively.
Conclusions
Tight control of patients with diabetes through regular clinical examinations must to be considered the cornerstone of national guidance, national audits and quality improvement incentives schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corrao
- National Centre for Healthcare Research & Pharmacoepidemiology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Rea
- National Centre for Healthcare Research & Pharmacoepidemiology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirko Di Martino
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Roma, Italy
| | - Adele Lallo
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Roma, Italy
| | - Marina Davoli
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Roma, Italy
| | - Rossana DlE PlALMA
- Authority for Healthcare and Welfare, Emilia Romagna Regional Health Service, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Belotti
- Authority for Healthcare and Welfare, Emilia Romagna Regional Health Service, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Merlino
- Epidemiologic Observatory, Lombardy Regional Health Service, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Pisanti
- Department of Health Planning, Italian Health Ministry, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Lispi
- Department of Health Planning, Italian Health Ministry, Rome, Italy
| | - Edlira Skrami
- National Centre for Healthcare Research & Pharmacoepidemiology, Milan, Italy
- Center of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Flavia Carle
- National Centre for Healthcare Research & Pharmacoepidemiology, Milan, Italy
- Center of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Belsti Y, Akalu Y, Fekadu H, Animut Y. Awareness of complications of diabetes mellitus and its associated factors among type 2 diabetic patients at Addis Zemen District Hospital, northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:602. [PMID: 31533856 PMCID: PMC6751640 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Awareness about complications is important to reduce diabetes related morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess awareness of diabetes complications and associated factors among type 2 diabetic patients. Institution based cross sectional study was conducted from April to June, 2019, using simple random sampling technique, and interviewer administered questionnaires. Results The mean age was 41 ± 1.46 years and 56% were females. Awareness regarding diabetic complications was 48.5% with 95% CI (43.3, 52.7%). Male sex (AOR: 4.67, 95% CI (2.53, 8.61)), age of 31–45 years (AOR: 7.30, 95% CI (3.10, 17.17)), 46–70 years old (AOR: 15.02, 95% CI (6.11, 36.92)), read and write (AOR: 3.79, 95% CI (1.78, 8.06)), primary school (AOR: 9.58, 95% CI (3.26, 28.18)), high school and above (AOR: 7.46, 95% CI (3.02, 18.44)), NGO employee (AOR: 7.24, 95% CI (2.68, 19.53)), having a family history of DM (AOR: 5.55, 95% CI (2.53, 12.20)); income of 1001–1500 (AOR: 3.22, 95% CI (1.28, 8.10)), 1501–2500 (AOR: 11.73, 95% CI (4.32, 31.81)) and > 2500 Ethiopian birr (AOR: 7.18, 95% CI (1.70, 30.28)) ≥ 2500 ETB (AOR: 7.18, 95% CI (1.70, 30.28)) were significantly associated with good awareness. To improve patient’s awareness on DM complications providing health education for type 2 diabetic patients is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitayeh Belsti
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Yonas Akalu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Haileab Fekadu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yaregal Animut
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Tracey M, Racine E, Riordan F, McHugh SM, Kearney PM. Understanding the uptake of a national retinopathy screening programme: An audit of patients with diabetes in two large primary care centres. HRB Open Res 2019; 2:17. [PMID: 32104778 PMCID: PMC7016880 DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.12926.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) affects 8.2% of the Irish population with type 2 diabetes over 50 years and is one of the leading causes of blindness among working-age adults. Regular diabetic retinopathy screening (DRS) can reduce the risk of sight loss. In 2013, the new national screening programme (RetinaScreen) was introduced in Ireland. Maximising DRS uptake (consent to participate in the programme and attendance once invited) is a priority, therefore it is important to identify characteristics which determine DRS uptake among those with diabetes in Ireland. We report uptake in an Irish primary care population during the initial phase of implementation of RetinaScreen and investigate factors which predict consenting to participate in the programme. Methods: In two primary care practices, data were extracted from records of people with diabetes (type 1 and type 2) aged ≥18 years who were eligible to participate in RetinaScreen between November 2013 and August 2015. Records were checked for a RetinaScreen letter. RetinaScreen were contacted to establish the status of those without a letter on file. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to examine associations between socio-demographic variables and consenting. Adjusted incident rate ratios (IRR) with 95% CI were generated as a measure of association. Results: Of 722 people with diabetes, one fifth (n=141) were not registered with RetinaScreen. Of 582 who were registered, 63% (n=365) had participated in screening. Most people who consented subsequently attended (n=365/382, 96%). People who had attended another retinopathy screening service were less likely to consent (IRR 0.65 [95%CI 0.5-0.8]; p<0.001). Other predictors were not significantly associated with consent. Conclusions: Over one third of people eligible to participate in RetinaScreen had not consented. Research is needed to understand barriers and enablers of DRS uptake in the Irish context. Implementing strategies to improve DRS uptake (consent and attendance) should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmy Racine
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Cork, T12 XF62, Ireland
| | - Fiona Riordan
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Cork, T12 XF62, Ireland
| | - Sheena M McHugh
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Cork, T12 XF62, Ireland
| | - Patricia M Kearney
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Cork, T12 XF62, Ireland
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Tracey M, Racine E, Riordan F, McHugh SM, Kearney PM. Understanding the uptake of a national retinopathy screening programme: An audit of patients with diabetes in two large primary care centres. HRB Open Res 2019. [DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.12926.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) affects 8.2% of the Irish population with type 2 diabetes over 50 years and is one of the leading causes of blindness among working-age adults. Regular diabetic retinopathy screening (DRS) can reduce the risk of sight loss. In 2013, the new national screening programme (RetinaScreen) was introduced in Ireland. Maximising DRS uptake (consent to participate in the programme and attendance once invited) is a priority, therefore it is important to identify characteristics which determine DRS uptake among those with diabetes in Ireland. We report uptake in an Irish primary care population during the initial phase of implementation of RetinaScreen and investigate factors which predict consenting to participate in the programme. Methods: In two primary care practices, data were extracted from records of people with diabetes (type 1 and type 2) aged ≥18 years who were eligible to participate in RetinaScreen between November 2013 and August 2015. Records were checked for a RetinaScreen letter. RetinaScreen were contacted to establish the status of those without a letter on file. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to examine associations between socio-demographic variables and consenting. Adjusted incident rate ratios (IRR) with 95% CI were generated as a measure of association. Results: Of 722 people with diabetes, one fifth (n=141) were not registered with RetinaScreen. Of 582 who were registered, 63% (n=365) had participated in screening. Most people who consented subsequently attended (n=365/382, 96%). People who had attended another retinopathy screening service were less likely to consent (IRR 0.65 [95%CI 0.5-0.8]; p<0.001). Other predictors were not significantly associated with consent. Conclusions: Over one third of people eligible to participate in RetinaScreen had not consented. Research is needed to understand barriers and enablers of DRS uptake in the Irish context. Implementing strategies to improve DRS uptake (consent and attendance) should be a priority.
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Shoaie N, Daneshpour M, Azimzadeh M, Mahshid S, Khoshfetrat SM, Jahanpeyma F, Gholaminejad A, Omidfar K, Foruzandeh M. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on the use of polyaniline and its nanocomposites: a review on recent advances. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:465. [PMID: 31236681 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyaniline and its composites with nanoparticles have been widely used in electrochemical sensor and biosensors due to their attractive properties and the option of tuning them by proper choice of materials. The review (with 191 references) describes the progress made in the recent years in polyaniline-based biosensors and their applications in clinical sensing, food quality control, and environmental monitoring. A first section summarizes the features of using polyaniline in biosensing systems. A subsequent section covers sensors for clinical applications (with subsections on the detection of cancer cells and bacteria, and sensing of glucose, uric acid, and cholesterol). Further sections discuss sensors for use in the food industry (such as for sulfite, phenolic compounds, acrylamide), and in environmental monitoring (mainly pesticides and heavy metal ions). A concluding section summarizes the current state, highlights some of the challenges currently compromising performance in biosensors and nanobiosensors, and discusses potential future directions. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of electrochemical sensor and biosensors applications based on polyaniline/nanoparticles in various fields of human life including medicine, food industry, and environmental monitoring. The simultaneous use of suitable properties polyaniline and nanoparticles can provide the fabrication of sensing systems with high sensitivity, short response time, high signal/noise ratio, low detection limit, and wide linear range by improving conductivity and the large surface area for biomolecules immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Shoaie
- Department of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University of Medical Science, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Daneshpour
- Biotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, P.O. Box: 1985717443, Iran
| | - Mostafa Azimzadeh
- Medical Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 89195-999, Yazd, Iran.,Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, P.O. Box: 89195-999, Iran.,Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Sara Mahshid
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, P.O. Box: H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Seyyed Mehdi Khoshfetrat
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, P.O. Box:1411713137, Iran.,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Jahanpeyma
- Department of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University of Medical Science, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alieh Gholaminejad
- Department of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University of Medical Science, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kobra Omidfar
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, P.O. Box:1411713137, Iran. .,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Foruzandeh
- Department of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University of Medical Science, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran.
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Cheloni R, Gandolfi SA, Signorelli C, Odone A. Global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e022188. [PMID: 30833309 PMCID: PMC6443069 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With increasing diabetes trends worldwide, morbidity, mortality and associated costs due to diabetes-related complications are a global public health concern. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is among the leading causes of vision loss at the global level; accurate estimates of DR burden is of crucial importance for planning, implementing and evaluating DR prevention and care interventions.The available evidence on DR prevalence at the global level, dating back to 2008, only considered data from selected regions. Taking into account the rapidly changing patterns in DR epidemiology, the aim of the current study is to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis to derive solid and updated estimates on global and setting-specific DR prevalence. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The systematic review methods have been defined following PRISMA guidelines. Studies published from 2008 through 2018 will be identified searching the electronic databases Embase, Medline, Cochrane, ISI Web of Knowledge, as well as through grey literature search. Retrieved records will be independently screened by two authors and relevant data will be extracted from studies reporting data on DR prevalence among individuals with diabetes. Prevalence pooled estimates of any form of DR and vision-threatening DR will be computed applying random-effects meta-analysis. Interstudy heterogeneity will be assessed using the I2 statistic and explored through meta regressions and subgroup analyses. Depending on data availability, we plan to conduct subgroup analyses by study population, diabetes type, DR severity, geographical region and other selected clinical and sociodemographic variables of interest. Quality appraisal of the studies will be performed. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval is not required as this is a review of anonymised published data. Findings of the final report will be shared with the scientific community through publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presentation at conferences, as well as with key stakeholders, including national and international health authorities, health policy makers, healthcare professionals and the general population. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION CRD42018085260.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Cheloni
- IRSOO - Institute of Research and Study of Optics and Optometry, Vinci, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Signorelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Odone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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O'Neill KN, McHugh SM, Kearney PM. Cycle of Care for people with diabetes: an equitable initiative? HRB Open Res 2019. [DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.12890.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Structured management of uncomplicated diabetes in primary care constitutes good quality diabetes care. The cycle of care is a national initiative that financially remunerates general practitioners to provide structured diabetes care for people with type 2 diabetes. However, eligibility for the cycle of care is limited to those with means-tested public health insurance. We investigate the national coverage of the cycle of care and describe the socio-demographic and clinical profile of those eligible and non-eligible for the initiative. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of The Irish LongituDinal study on Ageing (TILDA) Wave 1 was conducted. Type 2 diabetes was defined using self-reported doctor-diagnosis of diabetes, age at diagnosis and use of insulin/oral hypoglycaemic agents. Findings were applied to the 2016 Irish census figures to estimate the absolute population eligible and non-eligible for the cycle of care. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to compare the profiles of those eligible and non-eligible for the initiative. Results: Of the 8,107 TILDA participants, 609 had type 2 diabetes (7.9% [95%CI: 7.3%, 8.5%]) and 31.6% (95%CI: 27.8, 35.6) of these were not eligible for the cycle of care. Applying these estimates to census data, an estimated 36,567 (95%CI: 32,170, 41,196) individuals aged ≥50 years with type 2 diabetes in Ireland are not eligible for the initiative. Those not eligible were less likely to be on insulin and more likely to be managing their diabetes without medication. Conclusions: Nearly one-third of people with type 2 diabetes aged ≥50 years are not eligible for the cycle of care and appear to fit the outlined criteria for uncomplicated diabetes which can be appropriately managed in primary care. Financial barriers to managing uncomplicated diabetes in primary care exist. It is essential that the cycle of care is extended to all those likely to benefit from regular structured diabetes management.
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Riordan F, McHugh SM, Harkins V, Marsden P, Kearney PM. Sustaining quality in the community: trends in the performance of a structured diabetes care programme in primary care over 16 years. Diabet Med 2018; 35:1078-1086. [PMID: 29706032 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the quality of care delivered by a structured primary care-led programme for people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in 1999-2016. METHODS The Midland Diabetes Structured Care Programme provides structured primary care-led management. Trends over time in care processes were examined (using a chi-squared trend test and age- and gender-adjusted logistic regression). Screening and annual review attendance were reviewed. A composite of eight National Institute for Health and Care Excellence-recommended processes was used as a quality indicator. Participants who were referred to diabetes nurse specialists were compared with those not referred (Student's t-test, Pearson's chi-squared test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test). Proportions achieving outcome targets [HbA1c ≤58 mmol/mol (7.5%), blood pressure ≤140/80 mmHg, cholesterol <5.0 mmol/l] were calculated. RESULTS Data were available for people with diabetes aged ≥18 years: 1998/1999 (n=336); 2003 (n=843); 2008 (n=988); and 2016 (n=1029). Recording of some processes improved significantly over time (HbA1c , cholesterol, blood pressure, creatinine), and in 2016 exceeded 97%. Foot assessment and annual review attendance declined. In 2016, only 29% of participants had all eight National Institute for Health and Care Excellence processes recorded. A higher proportion of people with diabetes who were referred to a diabetes nurse specialist had poor glycaemic control compared with those not referred. The proportions meeting blood pressure and lipid targets increased over time. CONCLUSIONS Structured primary care led to improvements in the quality of care over time. Poorer recording of some processes, a decline in annual review attendance, and participants remaining at high risk suggest limits to what structured care alone can achieve. Engagement in continuous quality improvement to target other factors, including attendance and self-management, may deliver further improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Riordan
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - S M McHugh
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - V Harkins
- Midland Diabetes Structured Care Programme, Offaly, Ireland
| | - P Marsden
- Child Health Screening Programmes, Health and Wellbeing Division, Department of Public Health, HSE Area Office, Offaly, Ireland
| | - P M Kearney
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Dolan C, Glynn R, Griffin S, Conroy C, Loftus C, Wiehe PC, Healy ML, Lawlor B. Brain complications of diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study of awareness among individuals with diabetes and the general population in Ireland. Diabet Med 2018; 35:871-879. [PMID: 29653018 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify awareness of potential brain complications of diabetes among individuals with diabetes and the public. METHODS For this observational, cross-sectional survey study, we recruited consecutive adult attendees of a specialist diabetes clinic and two primary care practices. Primary care attendees represented members of the general population of Ireland. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to gather data on respondents' awareness of brain complications of diabetes and modifiable risk factors for dementia. Multivariable logistic regression was undertaken to identify variables independently associated with awareness. RESULTS Respondents included a total of 502 adults: 250 in the diabetes group (37% women, mean age 63 ± 14 years, 88% with Type 2 diabetes) and 252 in the general population group (51% women, mean age 47 ± 17 years, 7% with Type 2 diabetes). The diabetes group had significantly greater awareness of diabetes complications, except for depression, compared with the general population group. In the group as a whole, respondent awareness of dementia (35%) and memory problems (47%) as potential complications of diabetes was poor compared with awareness of kidney (84%) and eye damage (84%). Respondents were 1.5 times more likely to identify that individuals can modify their risk of developing Type 2 diabetes than their risk of dementia. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that there is poor awareness of brain complications of diabetes among individuals with diabetes and the general population in Ireland. The results suggest a need for expansion of public awareness campaigns and diabetes education programmes to promote awareness of the brain complications of diabetes and of the modifiable risk factors for dementia, as part of a life-course approach to dementia prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dolan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Glynn
- Health Service Executive, Public Health and Epidemiology, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Griffin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Conroy
- Department of Endocrinology, St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Loftus
- Loftus Medical Centre, Primary Care Boyle, Roscommon, Ireland
| | - P C Wiehe
- Sundrive Medical Centre, Primary Care, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M L Healy
- Department of Endocrinology, St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B Lawlor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Rehni AK, Dave KR. Ameliorative potential of conditioning on ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetes. CONDITIONING MEDICINE 2018; 1:105-115. [PMID: 29795806 PMCID: PMC5962288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a serious metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Diabetes also leads to several long-term secondary complications. Cardiovascular disease is an important complication of diabetes and is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in diabetic subjects. The discovery of conditioning-induced ischemic or anoxic tolerance has led to the demonstration of the protective potential of conditioning as a treatment strategy to mitigate ischemia-reperfusion injury. Diabetes modulates multiple metabolic pathways and signal transduction cascades. Some of these pathways may overlap with mechanisms that mediate the beneficial effects of conditioning from the body's reaction to a sublethal insult, indicating the possibility of a potential interaction between diabetes and conditioning. Studies demonstrate that diabetes abrogates the ameliorative effect of various forms of conditioning, such as ischemic preconditioning, ischemic postconditioning, remote ischemic conditioning and pharmacological conditioning, on ischemia-reperfusion injury in various animal models. Moreover, drugs used to treat diabetes may have a potential impact on protection afforded by conditioning from ischemic injury. Studies also indicate a potential impact of various anti-diabetic drugs on conditioning-induced protection. Overall, the literature suggests that a better understanding of the overlap among pathways activated by diabetes and those involved in induction of ischemia tolerance may help identify ideal conditioning paradigms to protect diabetic subjects from ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K. Rehni
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Pirozzi FF, Belini E, Okumura JV, Salvarani M, Bonini-Domingos CR, Ruiz MA. The relationship between of ACE I/D and the MTHFR C677T polymorphisms in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a population of Brazilian obese patients. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2018; 62:21-26. [PMID: 29694640 PMCID: PMC10118689 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the frequencies of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphisms in obese patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Subjects and methods These polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction in 125 patients with obesity, 47 (T2DM) and 78 (Control Group). Results No significant difference was found on comparing the T2DM and Control Groups in respect to the genotypic frequencies of the polymorphisms - (II: 13.3% vs. 12.0%; ID: 37.8% vs. 37.3; DD: 48.9% vs. 50.7%; CC: 36.2% vs. 39.0%; CT: 46.8% vs. 49.3%; TT: 17.0% vs. 11.7%), and alleles (I: 32.2% vs. 30.7%; D: 67.8% vs. 69.3%; C: 59.6% vs. 63.6%; T: 40.4% vs. 36.4%) and their synergisms in the pathophysiology of T2DM. On analyzing the T2DM Group, there were no significant differences in the presence of complications. In this population of Brazilian obese patients, no correlation was found between the ACE and MTHFR polymorphisms in the development of T2DM. Conclusion Analyzing only the group with diabetes, there was also no relationship between these polymorphisms and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Fontes Pirozzi
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”Departamento de BiologiaSão José do Rio PretoSPBrasilDepartamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
- Associação Portuguesa de BeneficênciaSão José do Rio PretoSPBrasilAssociação Portuguesa de Beneficência, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
- União das Faculdades dos Grandes LagosFaculdade de MedicinaSão José do Rio PretoSPBrasilFaculdade de Medicina União das Faculdades dos Grandes Lagos (Unilago), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Edis Belini
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”Departamento de BiologiaSão José do Rio PretoSPBrasilDepartamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Jessika Viviani Okumura
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”Departamento de BiologiaSão José do Rio PretoSPBrasilDepartamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Mariana Salvarani
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”Departamento de BiologiaSão José do Rio PretoSPBrasilDepartamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Claudia Regina Bonini-Domingos
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”Departamento de BiologiaSão José do Rio PretoSPBrasilDepartamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Milton Artur Ruiz
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”Departamento de BiologiaSão José do Rio PretoSPBrasilDepartamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
- Associação Portuguesa de BeneficênciaSão José do Rio PretoSPBrasilAssociação Portuguesa de Beneficência, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
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Yimer EM, Zewdie KA, Hishe HZ. Netrin as a Novel Biomarker and Its Therapeutic Implications in Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes-Associated Complications. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:8250521. [PMID: 30320139 PMCID: PMC6167572 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8250521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a multifactorial metabolic syndrome and is one of the shared long-lasting illnesses globally. It is linked to long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications that contribute to disability, compromised quality of life, and reduction in lifespan, which eventually leads to death. This disease is not only incurring significant economic burden but also adversely affects the patients, caregivers, communities, and the society at large. The interruption of diabetes progress and its complications is a primary focus of scientific communities. In spite of various diagnostic modalities for diabetes, there is a limited marker to investigate the risk and progress of its complications. Netrin has recently received more attention as a biomarker of diabetes and a broader range of long-term complication. Therefore, the impetus of this review is to exhaustively discuss the role of Netrin as a potential biomarker and its therapeutic implication in diabetes and diverse sets of microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. It also discourses the possible mechanisms of Netrin for the said pharmacological effect for a better understanding of the development and progression of diabetes and its complications in relation to this protein. It enables protective measures to be applied at the subclinical stage and the responses to preventive or therapeutic measures to be scrutinized. Besides, it might also facilitate the appraisal of novel therapeutic options for diabetes and various complications through modifying the endogenous Netrin and provide surrogate endpoints for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim M. Yimer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Ethiopia
| | - Kaleab Alemayehu Zewdie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Ethiopia
| | - Hailemichael Zeru Hishe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Ethiopia
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Alotaibi A, Perry L, Gholizadeh L, Al-Ganmi A. Incidence and prevalence rates of diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia: An overview. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2017; 7:211-218. [PMID: 29110860 PMCID: PMC7384574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jegh.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to report on the trends in incidence and prevalence rates of diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia over the last 25 years (1990–2015). Design: A descriptive review. Methods: A systematic search was conducted for English-language, peer reviewed publications of any research design via Medline, EBSCO, PubMed and Scopus from 1990 to 2015. Of 106 articles retrieved, after removal of duplicates and quality appraisal, 8 studies were included in the review and synthesised based on study characteristics, design and findings. Findings: Studies originated from Saudi Arabia and applied a variety of research designs and tools to diagnosis diabetes. Of the 8 included studies; three reported type 1 diabetes and five on type 2 diabetes. Overall, findings indicated that the incidence and prevalence rate of diabetes is rising particularly among females, older children/adolescent and in urban areas. Conclusion: Further development are required to assess the health intervention, polices, guidelines, self-management programs in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulellah Alotaibi
- Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia.
| | - Lin Perry
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia; South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Australia.
| | - Leila Gholizadeh
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia.
| | - Ali Al-Ganmi
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia; Faculty of Health, University of Baghdad, Iraq.
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Xu Y, Chen X, Wang K. Global prevalence of hypertension among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 11:530-540. [PMID: 28689734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to estimate, through meta-analysis, the global prevalence of hypertension among people living with HIV (PLWH). A total of 49 studies published during 2011-2016 with 63,554 participants were included in analysis. These studies were conducted in America (25), Europe (13), Africa (10), and Asia (1) with data collected during 1996-2014. Prevalence of hypertension and confidence interval was estimated and stratified by participants' age, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and calendar-years using random effects modeling. The quality assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool was high for all included studies. The estimated prevalence (95% confidence interval) of hypertension was 25.2% (21.2%, 29.6%) for the overall sample, 34.7% (27.4%, 42.8%) for ART-experienced, and 12.7% (7.4%, 20.8%) for ART-naïve participants. The estimated prevalence was found increased with age and in studies conducted after 2010. Hypertension among PLWH shows an increasing trend and is associated with receiving ART and older age. Findings of this study provide data for decision makers to incorporate blood pressure assessment in primary prevention and for researchers to further investigate factors and mechanisms related to hypertension among PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Xinguang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Unmet need for bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2017; 13:1052-1056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased bleeding in pulmonary embolism receiving conventional anticoagulant therapy: findings from a "real-world" study. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2017; 43:540-549. [PMID: 28093650 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-017-1473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bleeding refers to the most important complication during anticoagulation therapy in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE). However, the incidence and risk factors of bleeding in Chinese population with anticoagulant therapy remains unknown. Although diabetes mellitus (DM) has been demonstrated to increase the risk of PE, little information of its influence on anticoagulation-associated bleeding risk can be available. In our study, 563 acute PE patients, who fulfilled the including criteria were enrolled from a single center and received conventional anticoagulant therapy. And there were 539 patients completed the 3 months following-up. The cumulative incidences of major bleeding (MB) and clinically relevant non-major bleeding (CRNMB) were 3.0% (95% CI 1.01-3.05) and 14.0% (95% CI 1.47-5.21), respectively. Besides, anemia (OR 3.52, 95% CI 1.12-11.41) and recent history of MB (OR 8.14, 95% CI 1.41-31.95) were independently associated with MB. Age >65 year (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.12-3.11), cancer (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.12-4.01) and therapeutic range (TTR) during 3 months (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.91-0.98) were independently associated with CRNMB. Additionally, DM was an independent risk factor for both MB (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.10-4.12) and CRNMB (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.10-4.12). Notably, the incidence of MB or CRNMB was significantly higher in DM patients than non-DM patients. At the end of 3-month follow-up, the HbA1C in CRNMB group was 8.3%, yet it was 7.0% in non-CRNMB group among diabetic patients (p = 0.04). In conclusions, the bleeding rates are high in patients with acute PE who receive anticoagulant therapy. In addition to the already known bleeding risk factors, DM can also increase the bleeding risk significantly. Thus, good glycemic control may be essential after prescription of anticoagulant therapy.
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Sinnott SJ, McHugh S, Whelton H, Layte R, Barron S, Kearney PM. Estimating the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes using population level pharmacy claims data: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2017; 5:e000288. [PMID: 28123753 PMCID: PMC5253438 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes using a national pharmacy claims database. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used data from the Health Service Executive-Primary Care Reimbursement Service database in Ireland for this cross-sectional study. Prevalent cases of type 2 diabetes were individuals using an oral hypoglycemic agent, irrespective of insulin use, in 2012. Incident cases were individuals using an oral hypoglycemic agent in 2012 who had not used one in the past. Population level estimates were calculated and stratified by age and sex. RESULTS In 2012, there were 114 957 prevalent cases of type 2 diabetes giving a population prevalence of 2.51% (95% CI 2.49% to 2.52%). Among adults (≥15yrs), this was 3.16% (95% CI 3.15% to 3.18%). The highest prevalence was in those aged 70+ years (12.1%). 21 574 people developed type 2 diabetes in 2012 giving an overall incidence of 0.48% (95% CI 0.48% to 0.49%). In adults, this was 0.60% (95% CI 0.60% to 0.61%). Incidence rose with age to a maximum of 2.08% (95% CI 2.02% to 2.15%) in people aged 65-69 years. Men had a higher prevalence (2.96% vs 2.04%) and incidence (0.54% vs 0.41%) of type 2 diabetes than women. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacy claims data allow estimates of objectively defined type 2 diabetes at the population level using up-to-date data. These estimates can be generated quickly to inform health service planning or to evaluate the impact of population level interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jo Sinnott
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sheena McHugh
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Richard Layte
- Department of Sociology, School of Social Sciences and Philosophy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steve Barron
- Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patricia M Kearney
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Tracey ML, McHugh SM, Fitzgerald AP, Buckley CM, Canavan RJ, Kearney PM. Risk Factors for Macro- and Microvascular Complications among Older Adults with Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: Findings from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:5975903. [PMID: 27294152 PMCID: PMC4884580 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5975903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To explore risk factors for macro- and microvascular complications in a nationally representative sample of adults aged 50 years and over with type 2 diabetes in Ireland. Methods. Data from the first wave of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) (2009-2011) was used in cross-sectional analysis. The presence of doctor diagnosis of diabetes, risk factors, and macro- and microvascular complications were determined by self-report. Gender-specific differences in risk factor prevalence were assessed with the chi-squared test. Binomial regression analysis was conducted to explore independent associations between established risk factors and diabetes-related complications. Results. Among 8175 respondents, 655 were classified as having type 2 diabetes. Older age, being male, a history of smoking, a lower level of physical activity, and a diagnosis of high cholesterol were independent predictors of macrovascular complications. Diabetes diagnosis of 10 or more years, a history of smoking, and a diagnosis of hypertension were associated with an increased risk of microvascular complications. Older age, third-level education, and a high level of physical activity were protective factors (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Early intervention to target modifiable risk factors is urgently needed to reduce diabetes-related morbidity in the older population in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha L. Tracey
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Western Road, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sheena M. McHugh
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Western Road, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anthony P. Fitzgerald
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Western Road, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Statistics, University College Cork, Western Road, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Claire M. Buckley
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Western Road, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Public Health, Health Service Executive (HSE) South, St. Finbarr's Hospital, Douglas Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ronan J. Canavan
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Patricia M. Kearney
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Western Road, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
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Tracey ML, McHugh SM, Buckley CM, Canavan RJ, Fitzgerald AP, Kearney PM. The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes and related complications in a nationally representative sample of adults aged 50 and over in the Republic of Ireland. Diabet Med 2016; 33:441-5. [PMID: 26112979 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the prevalence of diagnosed Type 2 diabetes and its related complications in a nationally representative sample of older adults in the Republic of Ireland. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of a population-based sample of adults aged ≥ 50 years from the first wave of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), (2009-2011). Diagnosed Type 2 diabetes prevalence was estimated by self-report or the use of oral hypoglycaemic agents. The prevalence of microvascular and macrovascular complications was determined by self-report. RESULTS Diagnosed Type 2 diabetes prevalence was 8.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 7.8-9.0%] and was higher among men [10.3% (95% CI: 9.4-11.2%)] than women [6.6% (95% CI: 5.9-7.5%)]; P ≤ 0.001. Among participants with diagnosed Type 2 diabetes, the overall prevalence of microvascular complications was 26.0% (95% CI: 22.4-30.0%) with no evidence of gender-specific differences (P = 0.7). The overall prevalence of macrovascular complications was 15.1% (95% CI: 12.2-18.4%) and was higher among men [17.8% (95% CI: 14.3-23.1%)] than women [11.4% (95% CI: 7.7-16.4%)]; P ≤ 0.001. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of a national diabetes register, these findings provide a robust estimate of the national prevalence of diagnosed Type 2 diabetes and level of complications among adults aged 50 years and over in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Tracey
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - S M McHugh
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - C M Buckley
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Public Health, Heath Service Executive (HSE) South, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - R J Canavan
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - A P Fitzgerald
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - P M Kearney
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College, Cork, Republic of Ireland
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