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Chen M, Wu Z, Zou Y, Peng C, Hao Y, Zhu Z, Shi X, Su B, Ou L, Lai Y, Jia J, Xun M, Li H, Zhu W, Feng Z, Yao M. Phellodendron chinense C.K.Schneid: An in vitro study on its anti-Helicobacter pylori effect. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 333:118396. [PMID: 38823658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Phellodendron chinense C.K.Schneid(P. chinense Schneid) is known in TCM as Huang Bo, is traditionally used to support gastrointestinal function and alleviate stomach-related ailments, including gastric ulcer bleeding and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is classified by the WHO as a Group 1 carcinogen. However, the specific activity and mechanism of action of P. chinense Schneid against H. pylori infection remain unclear. It has been noted that Huangjiu processing may alter the bitter and cold properties of P. chinense Schneid, but its effect on antimicrobial activity requires further investigation. Additionally, it remains uncertain whether berberine is the sole antimicrobial active component of P. chinense Schneid. AIM OF STUDY This study aims to elucidate the anti-H. pylori infection activity of P. chinense Schneid, along with its mechanism of action and key antimicrobial active components. MATERIALS AND METHODS Phytochemical analysis was carried out by UPLC-MS/MS. HPLC was employed to quantify the berberine content of the extracts. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the micro broth dilution method. Morphology was observed using SEM. The impact on urease activity was analyzed through in vitro urease enzyme kinetics. RT-qPCR was employed to detect the expression of virulence genes, including adhesin, flagellum, urease, and cytotoxin-related genes. The adhesion effect was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining and agar culture. RESULTS P. chinense Schneid exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against both antibiotic-sensitive and resistant H. pylori strains, with MIC ranging from 40 to 160 μg/mL. Combination with amoxicillin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, and clarithromycin did not result in antagonistic effects. P. chinense Schneid induced alterations in bacterial morphology and structure, downregulated the expression of various virulence genes, and inhibited urease enzyme activity. In co-infection systems, P. chinense Schneid significantly attenuated H. pylori adhesion and urease relative content, thereby mitigating cellular damage caused by infection. Huangjiu processing enhanced the anti-H. pylori activity of P. chinense Schneid. Besides berberine, P. chinense Schneid contained seven other components with anti-H. pylori activity, with palmatine exhibiting the strongest activity, followed by jatrorrhizine. CONCLUSIONS This study sheds light on the potential therapeutic mechanisms of P. chinense Schneid against H. pylori infection, demonstrating its capacity to disrupt bacterial structure, inhibit urease activity, suppress virulence gene transcription, inhibit adhesion, and protect host cells. The anti-H. pylori activity of P. chinense Schneid was potentiated by Huangjiu processing, and additional components beyond berberine were identified as possessing strong anti-H. pylori activity. Notably, jatrorrhizine, a core component of P. chinense Schneid, exhibited significant anti-H. pylori activity, marking a groundbreaking discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Ziyao Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yuanjing Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Chang Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Yajie Hao
- Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhixiang Zhu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy (Qingdao), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Shi
- Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China.
| | - Bingmei Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Ling Ou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Yuqian Lai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Junwei Jia
- Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China.
| | - Mingjin Xun
- Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China.
| | - Weixing Zhu
- Qingyuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingyuan, 511500, China.
| | - Zhong Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China; International Pharmaceutical Engineering Lab of Shandong Province, Feixian, 273400, China; Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China.
| | - Meicun Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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Yang L, Dai Y, Wang J, Chen D. Angeliticin B, a new chromone isolated from Angelica polymorpha Maxim. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38767178 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2354860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
A new chromone, angeliticin B (1) together with nine known compounds, psoralene (2), isoimperatorin (3), (S)-(-)-2'-methoxypeucedanin hydrate (4), (S)-(-)-oxypeucedanin (5), xanthotoxin (6), isopimpinellin (7), 1'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2'S, 3'R)-3'-hydroxymarmesin (8), sec-O-glucosylhamaudol (9) and vanillin (10) were isolated from the methanol extract of Angelica polymorpha Maxim. The structures of these compounds were elucidated through a comprehensive analysis of standard spectral data (MS, IR, and NMR). Compound 1 exhibited antioxidant activity with IC50 = 198.57 μM in DPPH experiment and 31.71 μM in ABTS experiment. Compound 2, 6, 7 exhibited ABTS radical scavenging activity with IC50 ranging from 105.96 μM to 167.67 μM. Compound 3 demonstrated a synergistic induction effect on nigericin-activated NLRP3 inflammasome in THP-1 cell by LDH release method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Medicinal Natural Products, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanlin Dai
- Department of Medicinal Natural Products, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- Department of Medicinal Natural Products, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Donglin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Natural Products, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Chen J, Zhou Y, Liu D, Lu X, Chen H, Huang M, Mao Z, Zhang T, He Z, Zou Z, Zhang K. Discovery and Development of Luvangetin from Zanthoxylum avicennae as a New Fungicide Candidate for Fusarium verticillioides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8550-8568. [PMID: 38546976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi pose a significant threat to crop yields and human healthy, and the subsequent fungicide resistance has greatly aggravated these agricultural and medical challenges. Hence, the development of new fungicides with higher efficiency and greater environmental friendliness is urgently required. In this study, luvangetin, isolated and identified from the root of Zanthoxylum avicennae, exhibited wide-spectrum antifungal activity in vivo and in vitro. Integrated omics and in vitro and in vivo transcriptional analyses revealed that luvangetin inhibited GAL4-like Zn(II)2Cys6 transcriptional factor-mediated transcription, particularly the FvFUM21-mediated FUM cluster gene expression, and decreased the biosynthesis of fumonisins inFusarium verticillioides. Moreover, luvangetin binds to the double-stranded DNA helix in vitro in the groove mode. We isolated and identified luvangetin, a natural metabolite from a traditional Chinese edible medicinal plant and uncovered its multipathogen resistance mechanism. This study is the first to reveal the mechanism underlying the antifungal activity of luvangetin and provides a promising direction for the future use of plant-derived natural products to prevent and control plant and animal pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009 Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009 Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Duxuan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009 Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009 Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009 Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Mengni Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009 Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009 Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhen He
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009 Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhongmei Zou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009 Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
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Adewale Ahmed I, Hossain MS, Pei Cee L, Hisam Zamakshsharia N. A Review of the Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical, and Anticancer Properties of Melicope Species. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300952. [PMID: 37994297 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The genus Melicope, which consists of 230 species, stands out as the largest genus within the Rutaceae family. Melicope species are characterized by their evergreen nature and can range from shrubs to predominantly dioecious trees. The Melicope species have been utilized in traditional medicine to address a wide range of ailments, including fever, colds, cramps, and inflammation. These plants have gained significant attention due to their noteworthy ethnopharmacological and ethnomedicinal significance. Researchers have isolated numerous biologically active secondary metabolites from different Melicope species, which include polymethoxylated flavonoids, furanocoumarins, acetophenones, benzenoids, and quinolone alkaloids. These compounds exhibit diverse biological activities, such as antibacterial, antidiabetic, antifungal, and antiproliferative properties against human cancer cell lines. This review provides an update on the chemical constituents of the selected species of Melicope. The study also highlights the anticancer and cytotoxicity properties of the plant extracts and phytochemical constituents from Melicope species. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects are elucidated. Overall, this review contributes to understanding the significant pharmacological potential of Melicope species and unlocking their chemical composition, emphasizing their relevance in the development of therapeutic agents, particularly in the field of cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Adewale Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science, Lincoln University College, 47301, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md Sanower Hossain
- Centre for Sustainability of Mineral and Resource Recovery Technology (Pusat SMaRRT), University Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Kuantan, 26300, Malaysia
| | - Lim Pei Cee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, MAHSA University, 42610, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hisam Zamakshsharia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, University Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan Sarawak, Malaysia
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Mandal A, Hazra B. Medicinal plant molecules against hepatitis C virus: Current status and future prospect. Phytother Res 2023; 37:4353-4374. [PMID: 37439007 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a global malady, causes acute and chronic hepatitis leading to permanent liver damage, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death. Modern anti-HCV therapies are efficient, but mostly inaccessible for residents of underdeveloped regions. To innovate more effective treatments at affordable cost, medicinal plant-based products need to be explored. The aim of this article is to review plant constituents in the light of putative anti-HCV mechanisms of action, and discuss existing problems, challenges, and future directions for their potential application in therapeutic settings. One hundred sixty literatures were collected by using appropriate search strings via scientific search engines: Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Bibliography was prepared using Mendeley desktop software. We found a substantial number of plants that were reported to inhibit different stages of HCV life cycle. Traditional medicinal plants such as Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. and Thonn., Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk., and Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile exhibited strong anti-HCV activities. Again, several phytochemicals such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate, honokilol, punicalagin, and quercetin have shown broad-spectrum anti-HCV effect. We have presented promising phytochemicals like silymarin, curcumin, glycyrrhizin, and camptothecin for nanoparticle-based hepatocyte-targeted drug delivery. Nevertheless, only a few animal studies have been performed to validate the anti-HCV effect of these plant products. Again, insufficient clinical evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of herbal medications remain a problem. Selected plants products could be developed as novel therapeutics for HCV patients only after scrupulous evaluation of their safety and efficacy in a clinical set-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, Mrinalini Datta Mahavidyapith, Birati, Kolkata, India
| | - Banasri Hazra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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Kaur M, Sharma A, Kaur H, Singh M, Devi B, Naresh Raj AR, Sood V, Pandey A, Gartia J, Kumar R, Suresh Babu AR, Singh G, Barnwal RP. Screening of potential inhibitors against structural proteins from Monkeypox and related viruses of Poxviridae family via docking and molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37776002 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2259489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an orthopoxvirus which causes zoonotic infection in humans. Even though sporadic cases of this infection are limited to the African continent, but if the infection continues to increase unabated, it can be a cause of serious concern for the human populace. Smallpox vaccination has been in use against monkeypox infection but it only provides mild protection. In the current study, we have screened novel small molecules (estrone fused heterocycles (EH1-EH7)) exhibiting good binding with monkeypox virus protein and related proteins from Poxviridae family of viruses via computational approaches. EH1-7 series of small molecules selected for the work have been synthesized via cycloaddition methodology. Docking and Molecular Dynamics (MD) results highlight EH4 compound to have strong binding affinity towards monkeypox and other related viral proteins selected for the study. Thus, computational outcomes suggest EH4 as a good candidate against monkeypox. Currently, no antiviral medication has been approved against monkeypox and the treatment is only via therapeutics available for smallpox and related conditions that may be helpful against monkeypox. Our study is thus an attempt to screen novel compounds against monkeypox infection, which would, in turn, facilitate development of novel therapeutics against Poxviridae family. HIGHLIGHTSMonkeypox infection is a public health emergency and necessitates immediate drug discovery.Molecular docking study to screen estrone-fused heterocycles compounds against Monkeypox and other orthopoxviruses.Molecular dynamics simulations revealed interaction/high binding affinities among EH4 heterocyclic compound and profilin-like protein from the monkeypox virus.Estrone-fused heterocycles compounds are promising anti-viral agents as per our in silico analysis.Our study provides evidence for investigating estrone-fused heterocycles compounds for further pharmacological interventions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harjeet Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manjari Singh
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bharti Devi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi, UP, India
| | | | - Vikas Sood
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankur Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Janeka Gartia
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi, UP, India
| | | | - Gurpal Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Wahyuni TS, Sukma NS, Permanasari AA, Aoki-Utsubo C, Widyawaruyanti A, Hafid AF. Acacia mangium: A promising plant for isolating anti-hepatitis C virus agents. F1000Res 2023; 11:1452. [PMID: 38046541 PMCID: PMC10690042 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.124947.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Medicinal plants are potential resources for isolating drug candidates. Various plants have been reported to possess pharmacological effects including anti-hepatitis C activities. The current study examined the anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) activities of Acacia mangium extracts in solvents with various polarities and further evaluated the mechanism of action of the extracts using Western blotting and combination treatment models. Methods: The leaves of A. mangium were extracted in two phases, first in ethanol and then in solvents with different polarities (n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol). HCV-infected Huh7it-1 cells were treated with the extracts at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 50, and 100 µg/mL. Results: The results revealed the strong anti-HCV activities of the extracts. The 50% inhibition concentrations (IC 50s) of the ethanol, n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts were of 4.6 ± 0.3, 2.9 ± 0.2, 0.2 ± 0.3, and 2.8 ± 0.2 μg/mL, respectively, and no cytotoxic effect was detected. These extracts displayed stronger effects than the positive control ribavirin. The mode of action of the ethanol extract was evaluated at 30 µg/mL, revealing that the inhibitory effect was stronger on the post-entry step than on the entry step. Western blotting revealed that the extracts decreased NS3 protein expression, indicating that virus replication was suppressed. Further evaluation illustrated that combined treatment with the ethanol extract enhanced the anti-viral activity of simeprevir. Conclusions: These results indicated that A. mangium leaves could represent sources of anti-HCV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tutik Sri Wahyuni
- Center of Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nida S. Sukma
- Undergraduate student, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Adita A. Permanasari
- Center of Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Chie Aoki-Utsubo
- Dept. of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Aty Widyawaruyanti
- Center of Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Achmad Fuad Hafid
- Center of Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Rizaldi G, Hafid AF, Wahyuni TS. Promising alkaloids and flavonoids compounds as anti-hepatitis c virus agents: a review. J Public Health Afr 2023. [PMID: 37492538 PMCID: PMC10365654 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2023.2514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Virus infections are presently seen as a major public health problem. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is recognized as a “silent killer” because the acute infection has no symptoms, and it develops as a chronic infection that causes hepatocellular carcinoma and liver damage. The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that between 130-170 million people are estimated to have chronic Hepatitis C. Plants have various phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids and flavonoids that have prominent antiviral effects especially anti-HCV. The current HCV treatment still has limitations related to side effects and can lead to viral resistance. Therefore, it is necessary for the discovery and development of novel anti-HCV drugs for alternative and complementary medicine.
Objective: This review intends to evaluate the alkaloids and flavonoids that have the potential to be used against HCV by looking at their classification and their mechanism of action.
Methods: Twenty-one articles from 2010 to 2022 obtained from PUBMED database using keywords such as isolated compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, hepatitis C virus.
Results: 21 alkaloids and 37 flavonoids reported active against HCV. Alkaloids include quinoline, quinolizidine and isoquinoline. In addition, flavanone, flavonol, flavone, flavan-3-ol, flavonolignan, anthocyanidin and proanthocyanidin comprise flavonoids. The berberine alkaloids and eriodictyol 7-O-(6′′-caffeoyl)-β-D- glucopyranoside flavonoids had the lowest IC50 with values of 0.49 mM and 0.041 nM.
Conclusions: Alkaloids and flavonoids compound had good activity against HCV with various mechanisms. Our results provide information of alkaloids and flavonoids to the researcher for the development of alternative and complementary medicine of hepatitis C.
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Permanasari AA, Aoki-Utsubo C, Wahyuni TS, Tumewu L, Adianti M, Widyawaruyanti A, Hotta H, Hafid AF. An in vitro study of an Artocarpus heterophyllus substance as a hepatitis C antiviral and its combination with current anti-HCV drugs. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:260. [PMID: 34641875 PMCID: PMC8507375 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03408-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current therapy of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has dramatically improved the sustained virologic response (SVR) of affected patients; however, treatment with DAAs remains expensive, and drug-resistant HCV variants remain a threat. As a result, there is still a need to continue to develop affordable and effective drugs for the treatment of HCV. Previously, we have demonstrated that a crude extract from Artocarpus heterophyllus leaves is a potential anti-HCV candidate. In this study, we have further purified this crude extract, examined which sub-fraction possesses the highest antiviral activity, and then explored its efficacy at different HCV life cycle stages. We also assessed synergistic antiviral effects between the A. heterophyllus extract and commercially available anti-HCV drugs. Methods We used vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to fractionate a dichloromethane extract of A. heterophyllus leaves. We then examined the anti-HCV activity of the fractions using HCV genotype 2a, JFH1a; the antiviral mode of action was determined by exploring adding the treatments at different times. We examined the antiviral effects on the viral entry stage through a virucidal activity test, viral adsorption examination, and pretreatment of cells with the drug. The effects on the post-viral entry stage were determined by the levels of HCV protein expression and HCV RNA expression in infected cells. Results Through activity guided purification, we identified the sub-fraction FR3T3 as possessing the most robust anti-HCV activity with an IC50 value of 4.7 ± 1.0 μg/mL. Mode-of-action analysis revealed that FR3T3 inhibited post-viral entry stages such as HCV NS3 protein expression and HCV RNA replication with marginal effects on the viral entry stage. Thin-layer Chromatography (TLC) indicated that FR3T3 contained terpenoids and chlorophyll-related compounds. We also found a synergistic antiviral activity when the DCM extract of A. heterohyllus was used in combination therapy with commercial anti-HCV drugs; Ribavirin, Simeprevir, Cyclosporin A. Conclusions The extract of A. heterophyllus and its sub-fraction, FR3T3, presented here have anti-HCV activities and could be candidate drugs for add-on-therapy for treatment of chronic HCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chie Aoki-Utsubo
- Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2, Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Tutik Sri Wahyuni
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Lidya Tumewu
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Myrna Adianti
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.,Department of Health, Study Program Traditional Medicine, Vocational Faculty, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Aty Widyawaruyanti
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Hak Hotta
- Faculty of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Konan Women's University, 6-2-23, Morikita-machi, Higashida-ku, Kobe, 658-0001, Japan
| | - Achmad Fuad Hafid
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
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