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Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Puspitasari Y, Aryaloka S, Silaen OSM, Yanestria SM, Widodo A, Moses IB, Effendi MH, Afnani DA, Ramandinianto SC, Hasib A, Riwu KHP. Brucellosis: Unveiling the complexities of a pervasive zoonotic disease and its global impacts. Open Vet J 2024; 14:1081-1097. [PMID: 38938422 PMCID: PMC11199761 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i5.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
One zoonotic infectious animal disease is brucellosis. The bacteria that cause brucellosis belong to the genus Brucella. Numerous animal and human species are affected by brucellosis, with an estimated 500,000 human cases recorded annually worldwide. The occurrence of new areas of infection and the resurgence of infection in already infected areas indicate how dynamically brucellosis is distributed throughout different geographic regions. Bacteria originate from the blood and are found in the reticuloendothelial system, the liver, the spleen, and numerous other locations, including the joints, kidneys, heart, and genital tract. Diagnosis of this disease can be done by bacterial isolation, molecular tests, modified acid-fast stain, rose bengal test (RBT), milk ring test, complement fixation test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and serum agglutination test. The primary sign of a Brucella abortus infection is infertility, which can result in abortion and the birth of a frail fetus that may go on to infect other animals. In humans, the main symptoms are acute febrile illness, with or without localization signs, and chronic infection. Female cattle have a greater risk of contracting Brucella disease. Human populations at high risk of contracting brucellosis include those who care for cattle, veterinarians, slaughterhouse employees, and butchers. Antibiotic treatment of brucellosis is often unsuccessful due to the intracellular survival of Brucella and its adaptability in macrophages. A "one health" strategy is necessary to control illnesses like brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Shendy Canadya Kurniawan
- Master Program of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, Specialisation in Molecule, Cell and Organ Functioning, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yulianna Puspitasari
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Suhita Aryaloka
- Master Program of Veterinary Agribusiness, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Agus Widodo
- Department of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Daniah Ashri Afnani
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Mataram, Indonesia
| | | | - Abdullah Hasib
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland
| | - Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Mataram, Indonesia
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Mazwi KD, Kolo FB, Jaja IF, Bokaba RP, Ngoshe YB, Hassim A, Neves L, van Heerden H. Serological Evidence and Coexposure of Selected Infections among Livestock Slaughtered at Eastern Cape Abattoirs in South Africa. Int J Microbiol 2023; 2023:8906971. [PMID: 38077996 PMCID: PMC10708957 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8906971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic infections were investigated in a cross-sectional study on asymptomatic livestock slaughtered in abattoirs in the Eastern Cape. Antibodies against Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii, Toxoplasma gondii, and the coexposure were investigated in sera using serological tests. A total of 565 animals comprising of 280 cattle, 200 sheep, and 85 pigs were screened using RBT, iELISA, CFT, and AMOS-PCR. The Mast® Toxoreagent test and iELISA were used for the detection of T. gondii and C. burnetii, respectively. The Brucella positivity based on at least two tests was 4.3% (12/280), 1.0% (2/200), and 0.0% (0/85) in cattle, sheep, and pigs, respectively. Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity of 37.90% (106/280), 1.50% (3/200), and 7.10% (6/85) was observed in cattle, sheep, and pigs, respectively. Coxiella burnetii seropositivity of 26.40% (74/280), 15.00% (30/200), and 2.40% (2/85) was observed in cattle, sheep, and pigs, respectively. Coexposure was detected in cattle for positivity against C. burnetii and T. gondii 40.54%, Brucella spp. and T. gondii 1.35%, and Brucella spp. and C. burnetii 4.05%. Coexposure for Brucella spp., C. burnetii, and T. gondii 4.05% was detected in cattle. Coexposure of Brucella spp. and C. burnetii 6.67% was detected in sheep. The AMOS-PCR identified B. abortus in cattle and a mixed infection of B. abortus and B. melitensis in sheep in 64.71% seropositive samples. To our knowledge, the coexposure of Brucella spp., T. gondii, and C. burnetii in cattle has not been reported. Coexposure of Brucella spp. and C. burnetii in cattle and sheep is significant as it results in reproductive losses and constitutes an infectious risk to humans. The detection of antibodies against multiple zoonotic infections in livestock from abattoirs has implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. D. Mazwi
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - F. B. Kolo
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - I. F. Jaja
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - R. P. Bokaba
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Y. B. Ngoshe
- Epidemiology Section, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A. Hassim
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - L. Neves
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - H. van Heerden
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
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Rostami S, Rashidian E, Jaydari A, Rahimi H. Investigation of the Proportion of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in Sheep and Goat Milk. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:6751152. [PMID: 38044961 PMCID: PMC10691893 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6751152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the implementation of brucellosis eradication programs in Iran, this disease is still endemic and highly prevalent among ruminants in this country. The infection of small ruminants with Brucella abortus may play a significant role in the continuation of brucellosis among the herds of ruminants. This study investigated the proportion of B. abortus and Brucella melitensis in 150 samples of sheep and goat's raw milk which were obtained from Lorestan and Hamadan provinces in the western part of Iran using the PCR method. The results revealed that among the Brucella spp. positive samples, 26.5% and 73.4% of the samples were infected with B. abortus and B. melitensis, respectively. The incidence rates of B. abortus among the sheep and goats samples were 6.8% and 12.5%, respectively. There was a significant difference between goats and sheep regarding the proportion of B. abortus. Three samples (2%) (2 goats and one sheep) were simultaneously infected with both B. melitensis and B. abortus. This article renews our knowledge about the causative agent of brucellosis in small ruminants and shows that B. abortus has a relatively high prevalence among those animals in the western regions of Iran, and its role as one of the main factors of abortion among small ruminants should not be ignored. The information provided in the present study is important for the surveillance program, as eradication programs and strategies to prevent the spread of B. abortus among small ruminants that have not been vaccinated against this microorganism may be adapted accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Rostami
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Rashidian
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Amin Jaydari
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Heidar Rahimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
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Laine CG, Johnson VE, Scott HM, Arenas-Gamboa AM. Global Estimate of Human Brucellosis Incidence. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1789-1797. [PMID: 37610167 PMCID: PMC10461652 DOI: 10.3201/eid2909.230052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a major public health concern worldwide, especially for persons living in resource-limited settings. Historically, an evidence-based estimate of the global annual incidence of human cases has been elusive. We used international public health data to fill this information gap through application of risk metrics to worldwide and regional at-risk populations. We performed estimations using 3 statistical models (weighted average interpolation, bootstrap resampling, and Bayesian inference) and considered missing information. An evidence-based conservative estimate of the annual global incidence is 2.1 million, significantly higher than was previously assumed. Our models indicate Africa and Asia sustain most of the global risk and cases, although areas within the Americas and Europe remain of concern. This study reveals that disease risk and incidence are higher than previously suggested and lie mainly within resource-limited settings. Clarification of both misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis is required because those factors will amplify case estimates.
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Seroprevalence, associated risk factors, and molecular detection of bovine brucellosis in rural areas of Egypt. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 95:101971. [PMID: 36921504 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The study was carried out on six villages in northern Egypt to evaluate the epidemiological situation of bovine brucellosis among 989 unvaccinated household cattle by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and indirect ELISA (iELISA) and to investigate the existence of Brucella DNA using real-time PCR in 100 milk and 100 sera from seropositive cattle and 50 sera from seronegative cattle. The overall seroprevalence was 20.7% and 23.7% by RBPT and iELISA, respectively. Based on the iELISA results, the seroprevalence was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the village II (34.7%) and cattle > 7 years (30.1%). More males than females were non-significant seropositive (P = 0.6). There was 95% agreement between RBPT and iELISA, although iELISA showed a higher positivity rate (23.7%, 95% CI: 0.21-0.26) than RBPT (20.7%, 95% CI: 0.18-0.24). DNA of Brucella was confirmed in 16 milk samples by IS711 qPCR from seropositive cattle, however, no Brucella DNA was detected in serum samples tested positive and negative. Brucella abortus was the only species detected based on the alkB gene. Prevalence is highly related to the sampling site and the age of the animals. In conclusion, although qPCR is more accurate and commonly used in the diagnosis of most infectious diseases but in this situation iELISA is preferred and recommended for continuous screening and animal movement restriction and vaccination protocols, especially in high-risk areas.
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Occurrence and Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Commercial Cattle Farms from Selected Districts of the Eastern Coast Zone, Tanzania. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:4904931. [PMID: 36814809 PMCID: PMC9940978 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4904931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a disease of major socio-economic importance worldwide, particularly in low-income countries. This retrospective study aimed to estimate seroprevalence and risk factors associated with brucellosis in commercial cattle farms in the eastern coast zone of Tanzania (ECZT). A total of 1,052 serum samples collected from 20 commercial farms were subjected to rose bengal plate test (RBPT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA). Descriptive analysis was employed to determine frequencies and proportions. To establish risk factors, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out using a backward elimination procedure, following a univariate analysis, with 0.1 set as a cut-off point for the selection of putative risk factors. Agreement between RBPT and i-ELISA was determined using a Kappa coefficient (κ). The overall animal-level seroprevalence was 25.9% based on i-ELISA. Logistic regression analysis revealed that odds of infection were significantly higher in females (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2-2.5, p = 0.002) and in young animals than in adults (OR = 3.6, CI: 2.1-6.2, p < 0.001). In addition, odds of infection were higher during the wet season (OR = 3.4, CI: 3.2-5.2, p < 0.001), in cattle reared in rural farms (OR = 4.8, CI: 2.0-11.5, p < 0.001), in cattle reared in areas, not in contact with wildlife (OR = 2.9, CI: 1.4-2.3, p = 0.004), and in medium-sized farms (OR = 12.5, CI: 6.9-22.9, p < 0.001). These findings confirm that bovine brucellosis was prevalent among commercial cattle farms in the ECZT, posing a serious public health concern to the community living in these settings. The one health approach should be adopted for effective control of brucellosis.
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Zeinali M, Doosti S, Amiri B, Gouya MM, Godwin GN. Trends in the Epidemiology of Brucellosis Cases in Iran during the Last Decade. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 51:2791-2798. [PMID: 36742247 PMCID: PMC9874203 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v51i12.11470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Brucellosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases that impose a serious public health burden on some countries in the world. Annually, the WHO reports more than 500000 new cases of human brucellosis. The disease is endemic in most parts of Iran; especially, in areas where people live in close contact with infected animals. According to data from the Iranian Ministry of Health, the average incidence of brucellosis in Iran was 22 cases per 100000 population, with a decreasing trend of surveillance. Methods This cross-sectional survey was carried out within 2011-2020 in all provinces of Iran and from patients with clinical symptoms. Results During the last decade, a total of 173526 cases were reported from different provinces of Iran, with a higher frequency of occurrence in males (58.2%) living in rural areas (77%), as compared to those in urban areas (23%). Moreover, brucellosis was more common in the summer season (June) and most of the cases were via contact with infected livestock (91%) and consumption of unpasteurized dairy products (78% in rural areas and 76% in the urban areas). Conclusion The failure to effectively control brucellosis may be attributed to lack of knowledge about the disease, consumption of unpasteurized dairy and raw meat, lack of proper and safe vaccines for prevention and eradication programs, lack of rapid detection systems, and ineffective methods of isolating infected animals. Therefore, education and advancement of people's knowledge are key to the prevention and control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zeinali
- Zoonoses Department, Centre of Disease Control (CDC), Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Doosti
- Zoonoses Department, Centre of Disease Control (CDC), Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author:
| | - Behzad Amiri
- Zoonoses Department, Centre of Disease Control (CDC), Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Gouya
- Zoonoses Department, Centre of Disease Control (CDC), Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gidiglo Nutifafa Godwin
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ma F, Xiao M, Zhu L, Jiang W, Jiang J, Zhang PF, Li K, Yue M, Zhang L. An integrated platform for Brucella with knowledge graph technology: From genomic analysis to epidemiological projection. Front Genet 2022; 13:981633. [PMID: 36186430 PMCID: PMC9516312 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.981633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation:Brucella, the causative agent of brucellosis, is a global zoonotic pathogen that threatens both veterinary and human health. The main sources of brucellosis are farm animals. Importantly, the bacteria can be used for biological warfare purposes, requiring source tracking and routine surveillance in an integrated manner. Additionally, brucellosis is classified among group B infectious diseases in China and has been reported in 31 Chinese provinces to varying degrees in urban areas. From a national biosecurity perspective, research on brucellosis surveillance has garnered considerable attention and requires an integrated platform to provide researchers with easy access to genomic analysis and provide policymakers with an improved understanding of both reported patients and detected cases for the purpose of precision public health interventions. Results: For the first time in China, we have developed a comprehensive information platform for Brucella based on dynamic visualization of the incidence (reported patients) and prevalence (detected cases) of brucellosis in mainland China. Especially, our study establishes a knowledge graph for the literature sources of Brucella data so that it can be expanded, queried, and analyzed. When similar “epidemiological comprehensive platforms” are established in the distant future, we can use knowledge graph to share its information. Additionally, we propose a software package for genomic sequence analysis. This platform provides a specialized, dynamic, and visual point-and-click interface for studying brucellosis in mainland China and improving the exploration of Brucella in the fields of bioinformatics and disease prevention for both human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubo Ma
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jizhe Jiang
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kang Li
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yue
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- *Correspondence: Le Zhang, ; Min Yue,
| | - Le Zhang
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Le Zhang, ; Min Yue,
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Lysholm S, Lindahl JF, Dautu G, Johansson E, Bergkvist PK, Munyeme M, Wensman JJ. Seroepidemiology of selected transboundary animal diseases in goats in Zambia. Prev Vet Med 2022; 206:105708. [PMID: 35835047 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transboundary pathogens of goats present significant constraints to the livelihoods of millions of farmers in countries such as Zambia. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp), foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), Brucella spp., Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in Zambian goats. Another aim was to identify associations between seroprevalence and different predictor variables, such as trade and border proximity. From September to October 2019, 962 serum samples were collected from goats in seven Zambian districts, four of which have an international border while the remaining three do not. A questionnaire survey was conducted with each household, focusing on trade routines, management strategies and herd disease history. Animal-level seroprevalence adjusted for herd-level clustering was 8.2 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 7.5-9.0) for Mccp, 12.9% (95% CI 12.0-13.7) for FMDV, 13.0 % (95% CI 12.1-13.9) for Brucella spp., 3.3 % (95% CI 2.8-3.7) for CCHFV, and 0.4 % (95 % CI 0.3-0.7) for RVFV. The association between herd-level seroprevalence and border proximity and trade appeared negligible, with the exception of selling goats at least twice a year which was identified as a potential risk factor for Brucella spp. (OR 4.1, 95 % CI 1.1-16.0, p = 0.040). In addition, a positive association between herd-level seroprevalence of FMDV and a herd size of 21 goats or more (OR 3.3, 95 % CI 1.0-11.1, p = 0.049) was detected. Also, positive associations between animal-level seroprevalence of Brucella spp. and increasing age (OR 7.7, 95 % CI 1.5-40.7, p = 0.016), and CCHFV and keeping pigs in the household (OR 2.7, 95 % CI 1.0-7.1, p = 0.044), were found. For FMDV (OR 3.8, 95 % CI 1.4-10.9, p = 0.011) and Brucella spp. (OR 4.5, 95 % CI 1.2-17.3, p = 0.031) on the other hand, animal-level seroprevalence was significantly higher in households without pigs. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to describe the presence of antibodies for CCPP and CCHF in the Zambian goat population. While the association between seroprevalence and trade and border proximity generally appeared negligible, it is recommended that their influence is further evaluated in future studies, preferably through in-depth longitudinal studies incorporating impacts of different biosecurity measures and trade variations, linked to for example seasonality and trade peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lysholm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Johanna F Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George Dautu
- Department of Veterinary Services Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Zambia
| | - Elin Johansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Musso Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals (ACEIDHA), Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Jonas Johansson Wensman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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Jalihal S, Rana S, Sharma S. Systematic mapping on the importance of vultures in the Indian public health discourse. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY (SINGAPORE) 2022; 5:135-143. [PMID: 37521585 PMCID: PMC9004616 DOI: 10.1007/s42398-022-00224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Vultures are of immense ecological significance to forest and urban ecosystems. These birds play a major role in curbing environmental contamination through scavenging on carcasses. Prevention of spread of diseases is pivotal for public health and is an inexorable economic burden for any country. We present the crucial role vultures can play in disease mitigation and public health by regulating or decreasing the spread of zoonotic diseases. We elaborate examples from three zoonotic diseases; rabies, brucellosis and tuberculosis, which spread among dogs and cattle as well as human population. We establish the viable links in the transmission of these diseases from the infected dead and alive animals to humans and their possible exacerbation in the absence of vultures. These indirect links help formulate the case for increased interventions for disease spread and control along with conservation of these scavengers. Their role as natural and effective cleaners of the environment in the Indian health discourse is of importance because they can reduce the expenses of the government in waste management and maintenance of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Jalihal
- Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, FLAME University, Pune, 412115 India
| | - Shweta Rana
- Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, FLAME University, Pune, 412115 India
| | - Shailja Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur, 342005 India
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Lysholm S, Lindahl JF, Munyeme M, Misinzo G, Mathew C, Alvåsen K, Dautu G, Linde S, Mitternacht L, Olovsson E, Wilén E, Berg M, Wensman JJ. Crossing the Line: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Transboundary Animal Diseases Along the Tanzania-Zambia Border. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:809128. [PMID: 35359681 PMCID: PMC8962627 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.809128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transboundary pathogens pose a threat to livelihood security in countries such as Zambia and Tanzania. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), sheep and goat pox virus (SGPV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) and Brucella spp. in sheep and goats along the Tanzania-Zambia border. Another aim was to assess the association between certain predictor variables and seroprevalence, focusing on trade and proximity to an international border, to a town and to the Tanzania-Zambia highway. During September-October 2018, 486 serum samples from small ruminants in Zambia and 491 in Tanzania were collected and analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). A questionnaire focused on management strategies was administered to each household. The animal-level seroprevalence in Zambia was 0.21% [95% confidence interval (CI) (0.01–1.14) for PPRV, 1.03% (95% CI 0.33–2.39) for FMDV, 0% (95% CI 0–0.76) for SGPV, 2.26% (95% CI 1.14–4.01) for RVFV and 1.65% (95% CI 0.71–3.22) for Brucella spp.]. In Tanzania, animal-level seroprevalence was 2.85% (95% CI 1.57–4.74) for PPRV, 16.9% (95% CI 13.7–20.5) for FMDV, 0.20% (95% CI 0.01–1.13) for SGPV, 3.26% (95% CI 1.87–5.24) for RVFV and 20.0% (95% CI 14.5–26.5) for Brucella spp. For PPRV (OR 6.83, 95% CI 1.37–34.0, p = 0.019) and FMDV (OR 5.68, 95% CI 1.58–20.3, p = 0.008), herds situated more than 30 km from an international border were more likely to be seropositive, while being located 10–30 km (OR 4.43, 95% CI 1.22–16.1 p = 0.024) from a border was identified as a risk factor for Brucella spp. For FMDV (OR 79.2, 95% CI 4.52–1388.9, p = 0.003), being situated within 30 km from a town was associated with seropositivity. Furthermore, contact with wild ruminants (OR 18.2, 95% CI 1.36–244), and the presence of sheep in the household (OR 5.20, 95% CI 1.00–26.9, p = 0.049), was associated with seropositivity for PPRV, and FMDV. No significant associations between trade or distance to the Tan-Zam highway and seroprevalence were found. We recommend that the impact of trade and proximity to borders, towns and roads should be further evaluated in larger studies, ideally incorporating aspects such as temporal trade fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lysholm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Sara Lysholm
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Musso Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Coletha Mathew
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Pathology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Karin Alvåsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - George Dautu
- Department of Veterinary Services Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Siri Linde
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lydia Mitternacht
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emelie Olovsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elsa Wilén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Berg
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas J. Wensman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Mligo BJ, Sindato C, Yapi RB, Mathew C, Mkupasi EM, Kazwala RR, Karimuribo ED. Knowledge, attitude and practices of frontline health workers in relation to detection of brucellosis in rural settings of Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2022; 4:1. [PMID: 34983693 PMCID: PMC8725462 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-021-00056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis an important zoonotic disease worldwide, which frequently presents as an undifferentiated febrile illness with otherwise varied and non-specific clinical manifestations. Despite its importance, there are few reports on its awareness among frontline health workers. This study aimed at assessing the baseline knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) related to detection and management of brucellosis among frontline health workers (FHWs) namely; healthcare workers (HWs) and community health workers (CHWs). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to January 2020 in Kilosa and Chalinze districts of Tanzania. Data on demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude and practices regarding brucellosis were collected from the study participants using a structured questionnaire. Interviews were conducted with 32 HWs and 32 CHWs who were systematically selected in study districts. Chi square/fisher Exact was used to assess the association between sociodemographic variables and those related to knowledge, attitude and practices. RESULTS Overall, a total of 30 (93.8%) HWs and nine (28.1%) CHWs from the study districts heard about brucellosis, with (34.4%) of HWs having knowledge about the causative organism. Overall, knowledge showed almost half (46.9%) HWs and (28.1%) CHWs were aware of the symptoms, clinical signs, diagnosis and control regarding brucellosis. Knowledge difference was statistically significant with HWs' age (p = 0.016). Almost half (46.9%) HWs and less than quarter (12.5%) CHWs had good practices regarding brucellosis control. Almost three quarters (71.9%) of HWs and (21.9%) CHWs had positive attitude regarding brucellosis control; overall attitude was statistically significant with CHWs age (p = 0.028) and education level (p = 0.024). Lack of awareness and unavailability of diagnostic tools were the main challenges faced by FHWs in the two districts. CONCLUSION The majority of participants were not aware of human brucellosis. Moreover, their overall knowledge was inadequate and the common practices were diagnostic tools, and adequate knowledge to manage brucellosis cases. These findings highlight the need to strengthen frontline health workers knowledge, practices and diagnostic capacities related to brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Joseph Mligo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3015, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Calvin Sindato
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora Research Centre, Tabora, Tanzania
| | - Richard B Yapi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Centre d'Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Coletha Mathew
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3015, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ernatus M Mkupasi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3015, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Rudovick R Kazwala
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3015, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Esron D Karimuribo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3015, Morogoro, Tanzania
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
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13
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Mubanga M, Mfune RL, Kothowa J, Mohamud AS, Chanda C, Mcgiven J, Bumbangi FN, Hang'ombe BM, Godfroid J, Simuunza M, Muma JB. Brucella Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Occupationally Exposed Humans in Selected Districts of Southern Province, Zambia. Front Public Health 2021; 9:745244. [PMID: 34869159 PMCID: PMC8635505 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.745244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Brucellosis is a neglected debilitating zoonosis widely recognized as an occupational health hazard. The seroprevalence of human anti-Brucella antibodies in high-risk populations, as well as their risk factors, have not been well-documented in Zambia. This study aimed at estimating the Brucella seroprevalence in herdsmen and abattoir workers and assess the associated risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional seroepidemiological study was carried out between May and December 2020 among abattoir workers and herdsmen in Namwala, Monze and Choma districts of Southern Province in Zambia. Seroprevalence was assessed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) or competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) while a questionnaire was administered to obtain epidemiological data. Results: A total of 153 individuals were recruited in the study. The overall Brucella seroprevalence was 20.3% (95% CI: 14.6–27.5). Seropositivity among herdsmen and abattoir workers was 14.4% (95% CI: 9.2–21.8) and 46.4%, (95% CI: 28.8–65.0), respectively. Comparable seropositive results among districts showed Namwala with 26.9%, which was the highest, seconded by Monze 19.0%, and the least was Choma with 11.36%, seropositivity. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that occupation, age category, and district of residence were predictors of being seropositive to Brucella spp. antibodies. The odds of abattoir workers being seropositive to Brucella antibodies were 8.6 (95% CI: 2.6–28.2) higher than that of herdsmen being the reference group. The odds of age category 17–50 years being seropositive to Brucella antibodies were 7.0 (95% CI: 0.7–72.2) higher than being <16 years as the reference group. The odds of one having attained primary level of education being seropositive to Brucella were 1.3 (95% CI: 0.1–14.7) or secondary level of education were 6.2 (95% CI: 0.5–72.6) or tertiary level of education were 5.1 (95% CI: 0.2, 113.3) higher than that of no level of education as the reference group. Furthermore, the odds of a respondent being seropositive to Brucella antibodies were 4.5 (95% CI: 1.3–15.7) for Namwala and 4.9 (95% CI: 1.1–21.7) for Monze higher than that of Choma as the reference group. Conclusion: Anti-Brucella antibodies are prevalent among herdsmen and abattoir workers in the study areas of Zambia (20.26%), a sign of exposure to Brucella pathogens. Type of profession, age and level of education seem to influence the exposure to Brucella pathogens. This zoonosis should be considered as one of the differential diagnosis in humans presenting intermittent fever, malaria-like signs and general pain in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melai Mubanga
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Eden University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ruth L Mfune
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - John Kothowa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Blantyre Agriculture Development Division (BLADD), Mpemba, Malawi
| | - Ahmed S Mohamud
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Red Sea University, Galkaio, Somalia
| | - Chitalu Chanda
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, The University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John Mcgiven
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Woodham Lane, New Haw Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Flavien N Bumbangi
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Eden University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Bernard M Hang'ombe
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Jacques Godfroid
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Martin Simuunza
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John B Muma
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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14
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Sambu RM, Mathew C, Nonga HE, Lukambagire AS, Yapi RB, Akoko J, Fokou G, Keyyu JD, Bonfoh B, Kazwala RR. Circulating Brucella species in wild animals of the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2021; 3:15. [PMID: 34425909 PMCID: PMC8383352 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-021-00047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis of public health and economic importance worldwide. It affects a number of domestic animals, wild animals and humans. Human brucellosis originates from either livestock or wildlife. The species of Brucella circulating in wild animals in Tanzania is largely unknown due to insufficient surveillance. This study was carried out to identify Brucella species found in selected wildlife hosts in the Serengeti ecosystem. METHODOLOGY The study used a total of 189 archived samples that were obtained from cross-sectional studies previously conducted between 2000 and 2017 in the Serengeti ecosystem in Tanzania. Whole blood, serum and amniotic fluid collected from buffalos, lions, wildebeest, impala, zebra and hyena were available for DNA extraction. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. ovis and B. suis (AMOS PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) targeting the bcsp31 and IS711 genes for Brucella genus detection and the IS711 targets alkB for B. abortus and BMEI1162 for B. melitensis were used to detect Brucella strains. RESULTS Out of the 189 samples tested, 12 (6.35 %) and 22 (11.6 %) were positive to AMOS-PCR and qPCR, respectively. Most of the positive samples were from lions (52.6 %) and buffaloes (19.6 %). Other animals that were positive included: wildebeest (13.6 %), impala (13.6 %), zebra (4.5 %) and hyena (4.5 %). Out of 22 positive samples, 16 (66.7 %) were identified as B. abortus and the other six samples did not amplify for neither B. abortus nor B. melitensis. CONCLUSIONS The detection of Brucella DNA in archived wild animal samples shows testing potential of samples collected from this population. The zoonotic species B. abortus and B. melitensis detected in wild animals have previously been reported in livestock and humans in the region. The findings suggest that, due to the contact network, some of the identified wild animal hosts in this study could be reservoirs for infections in domestic animals and humans within the Serengeti ecosystem while others are likely dead-end hosts. One Health control strategies and continuous surveillance programs in other wildlife reserved areas should be implemented to help predicting transmission in livestock and humans in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Sambu
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, P.O. Box 129, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - C. Mathew
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - H. E. Nonga
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, P.O. Box 2870, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - A. S. Lukambagire
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - R. B. Yapi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - J. Akoko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - G. Fokou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - J. D. Keyyu
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Box 661, Arusha, Sambu, Tanzania
| | - B. Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - R. R. Kazwala
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
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15
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Bodenham RF, Mazeri S, Cleaveland S, Crump JA, Fasina FO, de Glanville WA, Haydon DT, Kazwala RR, Kibona TJ, Maro VP, Maze MJ, Mmbaga BT, Mtui-Malamsha NJ, Shirima GM, Swai ES, Thomas KM, Bronsvoort BMD, Halliday JEB. Latent class evaluation of the performance of serological tests for exposure to Brucella spp. in cattle, sheep, and goats in Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009630. [PMID: 34428205 PMCID: PMC8384210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is a neglected zoonosis endemic in many countries, including regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Evaluated diagnostic tools for the detection of exposure to Brucella spp. are important for disease surveillance and guiding prevention and control activities. METHODS AND FINDINGS Bayesian latent class analysis was used to evaluate performance of the Rose Bengal plate test (RBT) and a competitive ELISA (cELISA) in detecting Brucella spp. exposure at the individual animal-level for cattle, sheep, and goats in Tanzania. Median posterior estimates of RBT sensitivity were: 0.779 (95% Bayesian credibility interval (BCI): 0.570-0.894), 0.893 (0.636-0.989), and 0.807 (0.575-0.966), and for cELISA were: 0.623 (0.443-0.790), 0.409 (0.241-0.644), and 0.561 (0.376-0.713), for cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. Sensitivity BCIs were wide, with the widest for cELISA in sheep. RBT and cELISA median posterior estimates of specificity were high across species models: RBT ranged between 0.989 (0.980-0.998) and 0.995 (0.985-0.999), and cELISA between 0.984 (0.974-0.995) and 0.996 (0.988-1). Each species model generated seroprevalence estimates for two livestock subpopulations, pastoralist and non-pastoralist. Pastoralist seroprevalence estimates were: 0.063 (0.045-0.090), 0.033 (0.018-0.049), and 0.051 (0.034-0.076), for cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. Non-pastoralist seroprevalence estimates were below 0.01 for all species models. Series and parallel diagnostic approaches were evaluated. Parallel outperformed a series approach. Median posterior estimates for parallel testing were ≥0.920 (0.760-0.986) for sensitivity and ≥0.973 (0.955-0.992) for specificity, for all species models. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that Brucella spp. surveillance in Tanzania using RBT and cELISA in parallel at the animal-level would give high test performance. There is a need to evaluate strategies for implementing parallel testing at the herd- and flock-level. Our findings can assist in generating robust Brucella spp. exposure estimates for livestock in Tanzania and wider sub-Saharan Africa. The adoption of locally evaluated robust diagnostic tests in setting-specific surveillance is an important step towards brucellosis prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F. Bodenham
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) group, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Crump
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - William A. de Glanville
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel T. Haydon
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tito J. Kibona
- Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Venance P. Maro
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Michael J. Maze
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Blandina T. Mmbaga
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Niwael J. Mtui-Malamsha
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Gabriel M. Shirima
- Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Emanuel S. Swai
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Kate M. Thomas
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Barend M. deC. Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) group, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jo E. B. Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Identification of Bacillus anthracis, Brucella spp., and Coxiella burnetii DNA signatures from bushmeat. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14876. [PMID: 34290271 PMCID: PMC8295346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat from wildlife species (bushmeat) represents a major source of dietary protein in low- and middle-income countries where humans and wildlife live in close proximity. Despite the occurrence of zoonotic pathogens in wildlife, their prevalence in bushmeat remains unknown. To assess the risk of exposure to major pathogens in bushmeat, a total of 3784 samples, both fresh and processed, were collected from three major regions in Tanzania during both rainy and dry seasons, and were screened by real-time PCR for the presence of DNA signatures of Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis), Brucella spp. (Brucella) and Coxiella burnetii (Coxiella). The analysis identified DNA signatures of B. anthracis (0.48%), Brucella (0.9%), and Coxiella (0.66%) in a total of 77 samples. Highest prevalence rates of B. anthracis, Brucella, and Coxiella were observed in wildebeest (56%), dik-dik (50%), and impala (24%), respectively. Fresh samples, those collected during the rainy season, and samples from Selous or Serengeti had a greater relative risk of being positive. Microbiome characterization identified Firmicutes and Proteobacteria as the most abundant phyla. The results highlight and define potential risks of exposure to endemic wildlife diseases from bushmeat and the need for future investigations to address the public health and emerging infectious disease risks associated with bushmeat harvesting, trade, and consumption.
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17
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Ukita M, Hozé N, Nemoto T, Cauchemez S, Asakura S, Makingi G, Kazwala R, Makita K. Quantitative evaluation of the infection dynamics of bovine brucellosis in Tanzania. Prev Vet Med 2021; 194:105425. [PMID: 34256237 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is endemic in Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted at 17 cattle farms in agro-pastoral areas in Tanzania to identify risk factors associated with the within-farm prevalence of bovine brucellosis and to quantitatively assess the infection dynamics through disease modelling. Cattle blood sampling and interviews with farmers using a structured questionnaire were conducted. A total of 673 serum samples were screened using the Rose-Bengal plate test (RBPT), and sero-positivity of RBPT-positive samples was confirmed using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Zero-inflated binomial regression was performed for univariable and multivariable risk factor analyses of within-farm prevalence. Several susceptible-infectious (SI) models were compared based on deviance information criteria, and age-dependent force of infection (FOI) was measured using age-specific prevalence data for the 10 infection-positive farms. Using the diagnoses of cows on the 17 farms, the basic reproduction number, R0, was also calculated. The farm-level prevalence and animal-level adjusted prevalence were 58.8 % (10/17, 95 % confidence interval: 33.5-80.6 %) and 7.0 % (28/673, 95 % credible interval: 5.7-8.4 %), respectively. The risk factor for high within-farm prevalence was introduction of cattle from other herds. A mathematical model with constant FOI showed the annual probability of infection as 1.4 % (95 % credible interval: 1.0 %-2.0 %). The R0 was 1.07. The constant FOI could have been due to the predominant mode of infection being transmission of Brucella from contaminated aborted materials during grazing. Direct purchase of infected cattle could facilitate efficient transmission between susceptible animals through abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ukita
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Nathanael Hozé
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Takahiro Nemoto
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Shingo Asakura
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, 069-8501, Japan
| | - George Makingi
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, P.O. Box 3000, Tanzania
| | - Rudovick Kazwala
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, P.O. Box 3000, Tanzania
| | - Kohei Makita
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, 069-8501, Japan.
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Swai ES, Mkumbukwa AJ, Chaula SL, Leba BG. Epidemiological Investigation of Bovine Brucellosis in Indigenous Cattle Herds in Kasulu District of Tanzania. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 94:285-296. [PMID: 34211349 PMCID: PMC8223540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Livestock-wildlife interfaces create unique hotspots of many infectious diseases including brucellosis. Methods: A combination of epidemiological field studies utilizing Participatory Epidemiology tools and cross-sectional studies investigating Abortion Associated Syndrome (AAS) was conducted in livestock wildlife interface areas in Kasulu district, Tanzania from 23 to 28 July 2019. A total of 285 cattle from 27 herds were examined and sampled. Individual animal and herd-level data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Serum samples were screened for anti-Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT). Results: Ranking and proportional piling showed cattle to be the most important animal species kept but also significantly contribute to the livelihood of the livestock keepers. Matrix scoring results showed weak to moderate agreement between informant groups perception on the AAS and risk factors. The overall seroprevalence of anti-Brucella antibodies in individual animal was 30.8% (95% Confidence intervals (CI) = 25.5 - 36.2) and the corresponding herd prevalence was 77.7% (95% CI = 59.2 - 89.4). Fifty-one (37.0%) out of the 138 cows that had history of abortion over the previous 2 years (2018-2019) prior to the study was seropositive on RBPT. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed sex and age of the animals as a potential predictor for individual animal seroprevalence. Conclusions: The results showed that farmer knowledge and perception about diseases including AAS to be moderate and further confirm brucellosis to be prevalent and widely distributed locally. Heightened routine surveillance, further studies, and institution of preventive and control measures particularly among young female stock should be implemented. Creating disease awareness especially amongst livestock keepers and general public who are at high risk of contracting brucellosis is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel S. Swai
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma,
Tanzania,To whom all correspondence should be addressed:
Emanuel S. Swai, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, PO Box 2870, Dodoma,
Tanzania; Tel: +255 754 816967; ; ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6273-7946
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ANTIBODY PREVALENCE TO AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS, MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS, FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS, RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS, INFLUENZA A VIRUS, AND BRUCELLA AND LEPTOSPIRA SPP. IN FREE-RANGING WARTHOG (PHACOCHOERUS AFRICANUS) POPULATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:60-70. [PMID: 33635986 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) can be used as a model for investigating disease transmission at the human, wildlife, and livestock interface. An omnivore and scavenger, a warthog moves freely between natural ecotypes, farmland, and human communities and is susceptible to diseases of zoonotic, agricultural, and conservation concern. A retrospective study using 100 individual serum samples collected from May 1999 to August 2016 was performed to determine antibody prevalence to seven pathogens in warthogs from five locations in northeastern South Africa. Higher prevalence of antibodies to African swine fever virus and Mycobacterium bovis were detected in warthogs from the Greater Kruger National Park ecosystem in comparison to lower prevalence of antibodies to M. bovis and no antibodies to African swine fever virus in warthogs from uMhkuze Game Reserve. Low prevalence of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus, Rift Valley fever virus, and influenza A virus was detected in all locations, and no antibodies against Brucella and Leptospira spp. were detected. No statistically significant difference in antibody prevalence was found between sexes for any disease. At the univariate analysis, M. bovis seropositivity was significantly different among age categories, with 49% (35/71) of adults found positive versus 29% (4/14) of juveniles and 9% (1/11) of sub-adults (Fisher's exact test, P=0.020), and between the sampling locations (Fisher's exact test, P=0.001). The multivariate model results indicated that juvenile warthogs had lower odds of testing positive to M. bovis antibodies than adults (juveniles' odds ratio [OR]=0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02-1.0), although this result was not statistically significant at the 5% level (P=0.052). For warthogs sampled at Satara Buffalo Camp, the odds (OR=0.22, 95% CI: 0.035-0.96) of being M. bovis antibody positive were significantly lower (P=0.043) than for warthogs sampled at Skukuza. Of particular interest in this study was the detection of warthogs seropositive for influenza A virus.
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Mburu CM, Bukachi SA, H. Tokpa K, Fokou G, Shilabukha K, Ezekiel M, Bonfoh B, Kazwala R, Kreppel K. Lay attitudes and misconceptions and their implications for the control of brucellosis in an agro-pastoral community in Kilombero district, Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009500. [PMID: 34111114 PMCID: PMC8219154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a priority zoonotic disease in Tanzania that causes ill-health in people and affects livestock productivity. Inadequate awareness and behavior risking transmission can impede control efforts. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 333 livestock owners in three villages in the Kilombero district, Tanzania, to understand their awareness, knowledge and behavior associated with brucellosis. Six Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), two in each village, were conducted, as well as an additional FGD with male herders from one of the villages. Factors associated with knowledge on brucellosis, food consumption and animal husbandry behavior risking transmission of this disease, were identified using generalized linear models. Predictors for knowledge of brucellosis were being male and having a higher educational level, while age was positively associated with a higher level of knowledge. Faith and ethnicity were associated with the performance of practices risking transmission. Following traditional religion and belonging to the Wamaasai ethnicity significantly increased the odds of carrying out these practices. Qualitative analysis gave insight into risk practices and reasoning. Of the 333 respondents, 29% reported that they had experienced abortions in their herds, 14% witnessed retained placentas, and 8% had seen still-births in their cattle within the previous year. However, survey results also showed that only 7.2% of participants had heard about brucellosis as a disease in livestock. Of those who had heard about brucellosis in livestock, 91% associated abortions with it and 71% knew that humans can get infected through raw milk consumption. People overwhelmingly attributed symptoms and transmission of brucellosis in livestock to infection with trypanosomiasis and to supernatural reasons instead. In the community, consumption of raw milk was valued and handling of aborted material was not considered a risk for infection. This agro-pastoralist community holds on to long-held beliefs and practices and lacks understanding of the biomedical concept of brucellosis. Transmission routes and symptoms of brucellosis in humans and livestock are completely unknown. The disparity between risk perception and actual transmission risk related to animal handling and consumption of animal products presents a challenge for disease awareness communication. This study recommends focused community engagement and sensitization to address the limited awareness and misconceptions among agro-pastoralists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Mburu
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Salome A. Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kathrin H. Tokpa
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire
| | - Gilbert Fokou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire
| | - Khamati Shilabukha
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mangi Ezekiel
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire
| | | | - Katharina Kreppel
- Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
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21
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Bosco Ntirandekura J, Eliaimringi Matemba L, Iddi Kimera S, Bwayla Muma J, Daniel Karimuribo E. Brucellosis and its associated risk factors to humans and domestic ruminants in Kagera Ecosystem, Tanzania. Afr Health Sci 2021; 21:523-530. [PMID: 34795704 PMCID: PMC8568260 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v21i2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is an important disease for both veterinary and public health. A study was conducted to understand the seroprevalence of brucellosis and its associated risk factors in pastoral areas of Kagera, Tanzania. METHODS Sera from 156 patients with malaria-like symptoms were analyzed using the commercial rapid agglutination test (specific for B.abortus and B.melitensis detection) and Fluorescence Polarization Assay (FPA). Sera from 426 cattle, 206 goats and 197 sheep were analyzed using Rose Bengal Plate (RBPT) and Competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) tests. RESULTS In humans, overall brucellosis, B. abortus, and B. melitensis sero-prevalences were 7.7% (95%CI: 3.8-12.2%), 1.9% (95% CI: 0.4-4.5%), and 5.8 % (95%CI: 2.6-10.6%), respectively. At animal level, seropositivity was 5.9% (95%CI: 4.0-8.6%), 2.5% (95%CI: 0.8-5.7%) and 0.5% (95%CI: 0.01-2.8%) in cattle, goats and sheep, respectively. At herd level, seropositivity was 18.2% (95%CI: 12.0-25.8%) in cattle and 6.9% (95%CI: 2.2-15.3%) in small ruminants. Brucellosis was associated with assisting in parturition without wearing protective gears (OR= 5.6; p= 0.02) in humans, herds of 50-200 animals (OR= 4.2, p= 0.01) and cattle (OR=3.5; p=0.01). The knowledge of brucellosis among pastoralists (OR=0.1; p<0.01) was a protective factor. CONCLUSION Brucella infections could be occurring in pastoralists and domestic ruminants in Kagera. Community health education is necessary for the control of brucellosis in Tanzania.
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Djangwani J, Ooko Abong’ G, Gicuku Njue L, Kaindi DWM. Brucellosis: Prevalence with reference to East African community countries - A rapid review. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:851-867. [PMID: 33421354 PMCID: PMC8136958 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease which is endemic to certain regions of the world including Sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this article is to provide a recent and rapid review on brucellosis prevalence in East African Community (EAC) countries. Literature was obtained using Google Scholar search engine and screened for relevancy and fulfilment of criteria to 1, 17, 4, 4, 30 and 29 articles retained for brucellosis prevalence in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. Recent literature (published in the last decade 2010 to 2019) was considered for prevalence results in this review. In EAC, livestock had an animal-level prevalence of 0.2% to 43.8%, 0.0% to 20.0% and 0.0% to 13.8% for cattle, goats and sheep respectively. In humans, the prevalence varied mostly between 0.0% and 35.8%. In conclusion, brucellosis is quite prevalent in the region. The reported prevalence calls for plans or more efforts from individual member countries and from EAC, as a region, to control brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juvenal Djangwani
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary SciencesDepartment of Food Science, Nutrition and TechnologyUniversity of NairobiKangemiKenya
- College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary MedicineSchool of Agriculture and Food SciencesUniversity of RwandaMusanzeRwanda
| | - George Ooko Abong’
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary SciencesDepartment of Food Science, Nutrition and TechnologyUniversity of NairobiKangemiKenya
| | - Lucy Gicuku Njue
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary SciencesDepartment of Food Science, Nutrition and TechnologyUniversity of NairobiKangemiKenya
| | - Dasel W. M. Kaindi
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary SciencesDepartment of Food Science, Nutrition and TechnologyUniversity of NairobiKangemiKenya
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Akoko JM, Pelle R, Lukambagire AS, Machuka EM, Nthiwa D, Mathew C, Fèvre EM, Bett B, Cook EAJ, Othero D, Bonfoh B, Kazwala RR, Shirima G, Schelling E, Halliday JEB, Ouma C. Molecular epidemiology of Brucella species in mixed livestock-human ecosystems in Kenya. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8881. [PMID: 33893352 PMCID: PMC8065124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis, caused by several species of the genus Brucella, is a zoonotic disease that affects humans and animal species worldwide. Information on the Brucella species circulating in different hosts in Kenya is largely unknown, thus limiting the adoption of targeted control strategies. This study was conducted in multi-host livestock populations in Kenya to detect the circulating Brucella species and assess evidence of host-pathogen associations. Serum samples were collected from 228 cattle, 162 goats, 158 sheep, 49 camels, and 257 humans from Narok and Marsabit counties in Kenya. Information on age, location and history of abortion or retained placenta were obtained for sampled livestock. Data on age, gender and location of residence were also collected for human participants. All samples were tested using genus level real-time PCR assays with primers specific for IS711 and bcsp31 targets for the detection of Brucella. All genus positive samples (positive for both targets) were further tested with a speciation assay for AlkB and BMEI1162 targets, specific for B. abortus and B. melitensis, respectively. Samples with adequate quantities aggregating to 577 were also tested with the Rose Bengal Test (RBT). A total of 199 (33.3%) livestock and 99 (38.5%) human samples tested positive for genus Brucella. Animal Brucella PCR positive status was positively predicted by RBT positive results (OR = 8.3, 95% CI 4.0-17.1). Humans aged 21-40 years had higher odds (OR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.2-6.6) of being Brucella PCR positive compared to the other age categories. The data on detection of different Brucella species indicates that B. abortus was detected more often in cattle (OR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-4.6) and camels (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.3-6.3), while B. melitensis was detected more in sheep (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 2.0-6.7) and goats (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-3.1). Both B. abortus and B. melitensis DNA were detected in humans and in multiple livestock host species, suggesting cross-transmission of these species among the different hosts. The detection of these two zoonotic Brucella species in humans further underpins the importance of One Health prevention strategies that target multiple host species, especially in the multi-host livestock populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Akoko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya.
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub KE, Nairobi, Kenya.
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub KE, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Eunice M Machuka
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub KE, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Nthiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | | | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth A J Cook
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Doreen Othero
- Department of Public Health, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Gabriel Shirima
- Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | - Jo E B Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Collins Ouma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
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Simpson G, Thompson PN, Saegerman C, Marcotty T, Letesson JJ, de Bolle X, Godfroid J. Brucellosis in wildlife in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5960. [PMID: 33727580 PMCID: PMC7966391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to consolidate current knowledge of wildlife brucellosis in Africa and to analyse available predictors of infection. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Information on species, test used, test results, area, rainfall, livestock and wildlife contact and year of study were extracted. This systematic review revealed 42 prevalence studies, nine disease control articles and six articles on epidemiology. Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella inopinata and Brucella suis were reported in wildlife. The prevalence studies revealed serological evidence of brucellosis in buffalo, antelope (positive in 14/28 species), carnivores (4/12) and other species (7/20) over the last five decades. Buffalo populations were more likely to be infected and had a higher seroprevalence than other species; the pooled seroprevalence was 13.7% (95% CI 10.3-17.3%) in buffalo, 7.1% (95% CI 1.1-15.5%) in carnivores and 2.1% (95% CI 0.1-4.9%) in antelope. Wildlife in high rainfall areas (≥ 800 mm) were more likely to be infected, and infected populations showed higher seroprevalence in high rainfall areas and in studies published after 2000. Domestic animal contact was associated with increased seroprevalence in antelope and carnivore species, but not in buffalo, supporting the hypothesis that buffalo may be a reservoir species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Simpson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Peter N Thompson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Tanguy Marcotty
- Faculty of Science, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - Jacques Godfroid
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Lukambagire AS, Mendes ÂJ, Bodenham RF, McGiven JA, Mkenda NA, Mathew C, Rubach MP, Sakasaka P, Shayo DD, Maro VP, Shirima GM, Thomas KM, Kasanga CJ, Kazwala RR, Halliday JEB, Mmbaga BT. Performance characteristics and costs of serological tests for brucellosis in a pastoralist community of northern Tanzania. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5480. [PMID: 33750848 PMCID: PMC7943594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82906-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of brucellosis across sub-Saharan Africa is hampered by the lack of standardized testing and the use of tests with poor performance. This study evaluated the performance and costs of serological assays for human brucellosis in a pastoralist community in northern Tanzania. Serum collected from 218 febrile hospital patients was used to evaluate the performance of seven index tests, selected based on international recommendation or current use. We evaluated the Rose Bengal test (RBT) using two protocols, four commercial agglutination tests and a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, Youden's index, diagnostic accuracy, and per-sample cost of each index test were estimated. The diagnostic accuracy estimates ranged from 95.9 to 97.7% for the RBT, 55.0 to 72.0% for the commercial plate tests, and 89.4% for the cELISA. The per-sample cost range was $0.69-$0.79 for the RBT, $1.03-$1.14 for the commercial plate tests, and $2.51 for the cELISA. The widely used commercial plate tests performed poorly and cost more than the RBT. These findings provide evidence for the public health value of discontinuing the use of commercial agglutination tests for human brucellosis in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulHamid S Lukambagire
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Ângelo J Mendes
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rebecca F Bodenham
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - John A McGiven
- OIE/FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Coletha Mathew
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Matthew P Rubach
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Philoteus Sakasaka
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute-Biotechnology Laboratory, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Venance P Maro
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Gabriel M Shirima
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Kate M Thomas
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute-Biotechnology Laboratory, Moshi, Tanzania
- Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J Kasanga
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Rudovick R Kazwala
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Jo E B Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute-Biotechnology Laboratory, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
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Aruho R, MacLeod ET, Manirakiza L, Rwego IB. A serological survey of brucellosis in wildlife in four major National Parks of Uganda. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:95. [PMID: 33648507 PMCID: PMC7923651 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brucellosis is a contagious zoonotic disease of great public health and economic significance especially in developing countries. The disease affects humans and several species of livestock and wildlife. Studies on Brucellosis in wildlife in Uganda have been limited to single populations particularly in Queen Elizabeth National Park. This study aimed at estimating the percentage of positive samples of Brucella spp. in wildlife in four major national parks of Uganda. This was a retrospective survey which utilized archived samples collected from wildlife during the annual disease surveillance activities between 2013 and 2017. Results A total of 241 samples from seven species namely African buffalo (Syncerus caffer, n = 109), African elephant (Loxodonta africana, n = 22), giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi, n = 41), Uganda kob (Kobus kob thomasi, n = 36), lion (Panthera leo, n = 6), plain zebra (Equus quagga, n = 25), and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus, n = 2), were tested for antibodies using the Rose Bengal Plate Test. The overall percentage of positive samples in the four national parks was 31.1% (75/241; 95% CI: 25.6–37.2). Kidepo Valley National Park had a significantly higher percentage of positive samples of 55.9% (19/34; 95% CI: 39.5–71.1) compared to other sampled national parks (p < 0.05). Lions had significantly higher percentage of positive samples at 66.7% (4/6) than African buffalo at 48.6% (53/109, p < 0.0001). There were no antibodies for Brucella spp. detected in African elephant and bushbuck. Conclusion This study shows variations in percentage of positive samples with Brucella spp. between species and across national parks and notably a high percentage with Brucella spp. in wildlife in Uganda than that recorded elsewhere in sub-Saharan region of Africa. Potential for transmission to other wildlife and spill over to livestock is high especially in national parks with high livestock-wildlife interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Aruho
- Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) Headquarters, Plot 7, Kira Road, Kamwokya, P. O Box 3530, Kampala, Uganda. .,Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, 1 George Square, Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Ewan T MacLeod
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, 1 George Square, Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Leonard Manirakiza
- National Pharmacovigilance Centre, Uganda National Drug Authority, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Innocent B Rwego
- Department of Biosecurity Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health, Africa One Health University Network (AFROHUN), College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. .,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, One Health Division, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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Ntivuguruzwa JB, Kolo FB, Gashururu RS, Umurerwa L, Byaruhanga C, van Heerden H. Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Bovine Brucellosis at the Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface in Rwanda. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1553. [PMID: 33050125 PMCID: PMC7600169 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine brucellosis is endemic in Rwanda; however, little information is available on seroprevalence and risk factors. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted among cattle farmed at the wildlife-livestock-human interface (n = 1691) in five districts and one peri-urban district (n = 216). Cattle were screened using the Rose Bengal test, then the results were confirmed by indirect enzyme-linked immunesorbent assay. Potential risk factors were determined with a questionnaire and analyzed for their association with seropositivity. In all districts, the animal and herd-level seroprevalence was 7.4% (141/1907) and 28.9% (61/212), respectively, 8.3% (141/1691) and 30.9% (61/198) at the interface, and 0.0% (0/216) in peri-urban areas. Among the potential risk factors, old age (≥5 years), cattle farmed close to wildlife, herds of cattle and small ruminants, history of abortions, and replacement animals were significantly associated with brucellosis (p < 0.05). Low awareness of zoonotic brucellosis, assisting calving without biosafety protection, drinking raw milk, and manual milking were each observed in more than 21.7% of cattle keepers whose herds were seropositive. This study confirmed brucellosis endemicity in cattle farmed close to wildlife in Rwanda, suggesting the need to focus control efforts in these areas. Educated farmers with a high awareness of zoonotic brucellosis had low bovine brucellosis seropositivity, which emphasizes the importance of education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Bosco Ntivuguruzwa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (F.B.K.); (C.B.); (H.v.H.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P.O.Box 57 Nyagatare, Rwanda;
| | - Francis Babaman Kolo
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (F.B.K.); (C.B.); (H.v.H.)
| | - Richard Simba Gashururu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P.O.Box 57 Nyagatare, Rwanda;
| | - Lydia Umurerwa
- Department of Animal Resources and Veterinary Services, Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Board, P.O.Box 5016 Kigali, Rwanda;
| | - Charles Byaruhanga
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (F.B.K.); (C.B.); (H.v.H.)
- National Agricultural Research Organisation, P.O. Box 259 Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Henriette van Heerden
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (F.B.K.); (C.B.); (H.v.H.)
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Kalule JB, Tomusange J, Namatovu T. Serological detection of brucellosis among febrile, malaria-negative children and domesticated dogs in an urban African setting. Afr J Lab Med 2020; 9:864. [PMID: 33102165 PMCID: PMC7564948 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v9i1.864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood brucellosis and malaria are co-endemic febrile illnesses in some sub-Saharan African countries. Malaria and brucellosis co-infection or brucellosis sole infections are often missed due to an over emphasis on malaria and the lack of appropriate diagnostic infrastructure. Brucellosis in dogs is usually overlooked and yet there is extensive contact between humans and their pets. Objective This study investigated brucellosis in children and dogs using a confirmatory serological testing series that screens for three Brucella sp. Methods Residual blood samples from malaria smear-negative febrile children were collected and tested for Brucella sp and malaria parasite. During the same period, residual blood samples presented to a veterinary microbiology laboratory in the same area were tested for brucellosis using the same approach. Results A total of 105 human and 80 canine blood samples were tested for brucellosis antibodies. The seroprevalence of brucellosis was 22.86% (25/105) in children and 1.3% (1/80) in dogs using the Card, buffered acidified plate antigen, and standard plate agglutination tests but was 0% using the rivanol precipitation plate agglutination test. Conclusion Given that brucellosis can be caused by both smooth and rough colony strains, there is a need to modify the current serological surveillance strategy (targeted at only Brucella abortus and other smooth colony Brucella strains) to figure out the relative contribution of rough colony Brucella strains (B. ovis and B. canis). Since Uganda is endemic for brucellosis there is a need to modify the brucellosis surveillance strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Kalule
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources Animal and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Tomusange
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources Animal and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Teddy Namatovu
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources Animal and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
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Utility of the Rose Bengal Test as a Point-of-Care Test for Human Brucellosis in Endemic African Settings: A Systematic Review. J Trop Med 2020; 2020:6586182. [PMID: 33014074 PMCID: PMC7519193 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6586182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In endemic African areas, such as Tanzania, Brucella spp. cause human febrile illnesses, which often go unrecognized and misdiagnosed, resulting in delayed diagnosis, underdiagnosis, and underreporting. Although rapid and affordable point-of-care tests, such as the Rose Bengal test (RBT), are available, acceptance and adoption of these tests at the national level are hindered by a lack of local diagnostic performance data. To address this need, evidence on the diagnostic performance of RBT as a human brucellosis point-of-care test was reviewed. The review was initially focused on studies conducted in Tanzania but was later extended to worldwide because few relevant studies from Tanzania were identified. Databases including Web of Science, Embase, MEDLINE, and World Health Organization Global Index Medicus were searched for studies assessing the diagnostic performance of RBT (sensitivity and specificity) for detection of human brucellosis, in comparison to the reference standard culture. Sixteen eligible studies were identified and reviewed following screening. The diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and specificity (DSp) of RBT compared to culture as the gold standard were 87.5% and 100%, respectively, in studies that used suitable "true positive" and "true negative" patient comparison groups and were considered to be of high scientific quality. Diagnostic DSe and DSp of RBT compared to culture in studies that also used suitable "true positive" and "true negative" patient comparison groups but were considered to be of moderate scientific quality varied from 92.5% to 100% and 94.3 to 99.9%, respectively. The good diagnostic performance of RBT combined with its simplicity, quickness, and affordability makes RBT an ideal (or close to) stand-alone point-of-care test for early clinical diagnosis and management of human brucellosis and nonmalarial fevers in small and understaffed health facilities and laboratories in endemic areas in Africa and elsewhere.
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Ntirandekura JB, Matemba LE, Kimera SI, Muma JB, Karimuribo ED. Association of brucellosis to abortions in humans and domestic ruminants in Kagera ecosystem, Tanzania. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1879-1887. [PMID: 32065731 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease of socio-economic importance. Understanding the association of this disease with pregnancy outcome has the potential of contributing to the reduction of its reproductive burden in humans and animals among pastoral communities in Tanzania. A prospective cohort study was conducted in Kagera Region on pregnant women (n = 76) and gravid ruminants (121 cattle, 125 goats and 111 sheep). Exposed and non-exposed groups to brucellosis were followed for 6 months (from 15 November 2017 to 15 April 2018). Sera were collected and analysed using Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and Fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) test. Measures of effect, univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were computed. Positivity to both RBT and FPA tests was 21% (95% CI: 12.5-32) in pregnant women and 5% (95% CI: 3.1-8) in gravid ruminants. Among aborted cases, four women (out of nine), two cows (out of seven), two goats (out of 26) and zero sheep (out of 11) were positive to brucellosis. The abortion rate in humans and ruminants was 11.8% and 12.3%, respectively. Seropositivity to brucellosis was similar in aborted and non-aborted cases in humans (p = .08) and in ruminants (p = .2). At the population level, brucellosis was associated with abortions (population attributable risk: PAR) at 3.5% in pregnant women and at 0.5% in gravid ruminants in the study area. Infections to brucellosis were increased in exposed pregnant women (OR = 19; 95% CI: 1.8-203, p = .01) and in cattle (OR = 11; 95% CI: 1.3-88, p = .02). There is an indication that brucellosis could be contributing to abortions in pregnant women and domestic ruminants Kagera Region. Molecular tools could support more the results from serological tests to avoid cross-reaction with other pathogen agents. Control of brucellosis in animals is likely to reduce the threat of abortions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Bosco Ntirandekura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Département de Santé et Productions Animales, Faculté d'Agronomie et de Bio-Ingénierie, Université du Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | | | - Sharadhuli Iddi Kimera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - John Bwalya Muma
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Esron Daniel Karimuribo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Dadar M, Shahali Y, Fakhri Y, Godfroid J. The global epidemiology of Brucella infections in terrestrial wildlife: A meta-analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:715-729. [PMID: 32679611 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease with serious consequences on human and animal health. Brucella infections were reported in many terrestrial wild animals, from subtropical and temperate regions to arctic regions. In many areas, the epidemiology of brucellosis in wildlife is closely associated with the occurrence of the disease in livestock. Some wild species may contribute to the re-introduction of Brucella infections in livestock (spillback), even in officially brucellosis-free (OBF) regions. Through meta-regression analysis, this study draws a global picture of the prevalence of Brucella spp. in terrestrial wild animals, trying to determine most affected subgroups as well as preferential sampling and screening methods. For this purpose, a literature search was carried out among publications published from 1983 to 2019. Different subgroups were compared according to animal species, feeding, gender, age as well as the method used for sampling and for brucellosis diagnostic. To determine heterogeneity of studies, chi-squared test was used and a random-effects model (REM) estimated the pooled prevalence among subgroups. A total of 68 publications, comprising 229 data reports/studies, were selected. The most-reported Brucella species in wildlife was Brucella abortus, and the highest prevalence rate was found in American bison, Bison bison (39.9%) followed by Alpine ibex, Capra ibex (33%). Serology was the most widely applied diagnostic approach (66%), while PCR appeared to be highly sensitive (36.62% of positive results). The gender of animals showed no significant association with the prevalence of brucellosis (p > .05). Blood samples and visceral organs constituted the great majority of specimen used for the detection of Brucella spp., while lymph nodes showed a high prevalence of positive samples (94.6%). The present study provides insight into the global epidemiology and enzootic potential of brucellosis in wild terrestrial animals worldwide, aiming at helping the appropriate authorities to strengthen prevention, surveillance and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Dadar
- Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Youcef Shahali
- Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Jacques Godfroid
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Tromsø, Norway
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Kamga RMN, Silatsa BA, Farikou O, Kuiate J, Simo G. Detection of Brucella antibodies in domestic animals of southern Cameroon: Implications for the control of brucellosis. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:410-420. [PMID: 32243087 PMCID: PMC7397923 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is one of the world's most widespread bacterial zoonoses caused by Brucella. It leads to considerable economic losses as a result of low productivity of infected animals and the long debilitating illness in humans. Despite its impact on human and animal health, little attention has been paid on Brucella infections in domestic animals. It is in this light that the prevalence of Brucella antibodies was determined in domestic animals with the overarching goal of improving our knowledge on brucellosis in southern Cameroon. During cross-sectional studies conducted from December 2016 to August 2018 in five sites of southern Cameroon, blood samples were collected in cattle, sheep, goat, pig and dog. Plasma was obtained from each blood sample and Brucella antibodies were detected using the Rose Bengal test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). From 1873 animals that were sampled, the overall prevalence of Brucella antibodies using Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) was 6.35% (118/1873): 9.12% (78/855) in cattle; 8.04% (30/373) in sheep; 6.06% (2/33) in dog, 1.87% (3/160) in pig and 1.1% (5/452) in goat. Between animal species (p-value < .0001, x2 = 33.63) as well as sampling sites (p-value = .0001, x2 = 18.97), significant differences were observed in the prevalence of Brucella antibodies. Yoko and Noun localities have shown the highest prevalence of 8.6% (30/348) and 7.2% (78/1070), respectively. This prevalence was significantly higher (p = .03, x2 = 1.25) in female than male cattle. Between adult (16.923%) and young cattle (7.8%), significant difference (p = .04, x2 = 6.42) was observed in the prevalence of Brucella antibodies. This study shows that the prevalence of Brucella antibodies varies between animal species and localities. It also shows several domestic animals of southern Cameroon that have been in contact with Brucella. It enabled to identify villages where investigations on the transmission dynamic must be focused for the final goal of developing control measures for this neglected zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolin M. N. Kamga
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology UnitDepartment of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of DschangDschangCameroon
| | - Barberine A. Silatsa
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology UnitDepartment of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of DschangDschangCameroon
| | - Oumarou Farikou
- Special Mission for Eradication of Tsetse fliesRegional tsetse Division of AdamawaMINEPIANgaoundereCameroon
| | - Jules‐Roger Kuiate
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of DschangDschangCameroon
| | - Gustave Simo
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology UnitDepartment of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of DschangDschangCameroon
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Edao BM, Ameni G, Assefa Z, Berg S, Whatmore AM, Wood JLN. Brucellosis in ruminants and pastoralists in Borena, Southern Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008461. [PMID: 32706772 PMCID: PMC7406081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease that has important veterinary and public health consequences as well as economic impact in sub Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in four selected districts of Borena Pastoral setting in Southern Ethiopia from October 2017 to February 2018 to estimate the prevalence of brucellosis and assess associated risk factors in cattle, sheep, goats and occupationally associated humans. A total of 750 cattle, 882 sheep and goats and 341 human subjects were screened for evidence of brucellosis using the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) with positive results confirmed by Competitive-ELISA(c-ELISA). Structured questionnaires were used for collection of metadata from individual animals, herders and animal attendants to test the association between explanatory and outcome variables. The overall animal level prevalence was 2.4% (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.4-3.7) in cattle, 3.2% (95% CI: 2.1-4.6) in sheep and goats, and 2.6% (95% CI: 1.2-5) in humans occupationally linked to livestock production systems. Herd size, parity, and history of abortion were risk factors associated with Brucella seropositivity (P<0.05) in cattle whereas in sheep and goats the results showed that district, age group, flock size, and history of abortion were significantly associated risk factors with Brucella seropositivity (P<0.05). Assisting calving and presence of seropositive animals in a household (P<0.05) were significantly associated with Brucella seropositivity in humans. Evidence of brucellosis in various animal species and the associated human population illustrates the need for a coordinated One Health approach to controlling brucellosis so as to improve public health and livestock productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedaso Mammo Edao
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge Madingley Road, United Kingdom
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zerihun Assefa
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Stefan Berg
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian M. Whatmore
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - James L. N. Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge Madingley Road, United Kingdom
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Ntirandekura JB, Makene VA, Kasanga CJ, Matemba LE, Kimera SI, Muma JB, Karimuribo ED. Molecular characterization of Brucella species detected in humans and domestic ruminants of pastoral areas in Kagera ecosystem, Tanzania. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:711-719. [PMID: 32567249 PMCID: PMC7738721 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of importance to both public health and the livestock industry. The disease is likely to be endemic in Tanzania and little is reported on molecular characterization of Brucella species in pastoral settings. This study aimed at characterizing Brucella species (targeting genus Brucella) infecting humans, cattle and goat in Kagera region (Ngara and Karagwe districts) using real-time PCR, PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes and Sanger sequencing. Brucella spp. were detected in 47 samples (19 sera and 28 milk) out of 125 samples (77 sera, 35 milk and 13 aborted materials) using real-time PCR. All aborted materials (13 samples) were negative to real-time PCR. Out of the 47 real-time PCR positive samples (28 milk and 19 sera), 20 samples (10 milk and 10 sera) showed an expected 16S rRNA gene PCR product. Sequence analysis and blasting confirmed the presence of Brucella spp. in pastoral areas of Kagera region. The Brucella spp. from Kagera were phylogenetically grouped in two clades and three branches all closer to B. melitensis, B. abortus and B. suis from USA, Sudan and Iran. However, they were distinct from other species isolated also in USA, New Zealand, Germany and Egypt. This was expected based on the distance between the geographical regions from which the data (nucleotides sequences from 16S gene sequencing) for the phylogeny reconstruction were obtained. This is the first study to report Brucella species identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing in East and Central Africa. A livestock vaccination program re-inforced with a high index of Brucella diagnosis is needed to eradicate brucellosis in animals and minimize suffering from Brucella infections in humans in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Bosco Ntirandekura
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Département de Santé et Productions Animales, Faculté d'Agronomie et de Bio-Ingénierie, Université du Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Victor A Makene
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Christopher J Kasanga
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Lucas E Matemba
- The National Institute for Medical Research, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Sharadhuli I Kimera
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - John B Muma
- Department of Disease Control, TheUniversity of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Esron D Karimuribo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Ukwueze KO, Ishola OO, Dairo MD, Awosanya EJ, Cadmus SI. Seroprevalence of brucellosis and associated factors among livestock slaughtered in Oko-Oba abattoir, Lagos State, southwestern Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 36:53. [PMID: 32774628 PMCID: PMC7392031 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.36.53.21094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brucella infection, a neglected tropical zoonosis, poses public health threat to abattoir workers in developing countries including Nigeria. Oko-Oba abattoir is one of the largest abattoirs in the country that collects livestock from different parts of the country. This study determined the prevalence and factors associated with seropositivity of brucellosis among livestock slaughtered at Oko-Oba abattoir. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to May 2018. A total of 473 serum samples were collected from livestock at the abattoir and tested for antibodies to Brucella species using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi square test (p < 0.05). Results Overall seroprevalence values were 15.3% (RBPT) and 16.3% (iELISA) among the livestock slaughtered at the Oko-Oba abattoir. Seroprevalence of 17.2% (RBPT) and 15.8% (iELISA) in cattle; 15.1% (RBPT) and 14.5% (iELISA) in goat; and 8.3% (RBPT) and 23.3% (iELISA) in sheep were obtained. Higher seroprevalence were recorded among females in cattle (18.8% iELISA) and sheep (23.1% iELISA) while male goats had average value higher (14.7% iELISA) than the female (p > 0.05). Conclusion Presence of Brucella infection among slaughtered livestock was confirmed at Oko-Oba abattoir, Lagos State, Nigeria and poses a threat to abattoir workers and public health. Control of the disease in livestock and use of personal protective gear is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olayinka Olabisi Ishola
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Magbagbeola David Dairo
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Jolaoluwa Awosanya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Simeon Idowu Cadmus
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Chaters GL, Johnson PCD, Cleaveland S, Crispell J, de Glanville WA, Doherty T, Matthews L, Mohr S, Nyasebwa OM, Rossi G, Salvador LCM, Swai E, Kao RR. Analysing livestock network data for infectious disease control: an argument for routine data collection in emerging economies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180264. [PMID: 31104601 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock movements are an important mechanism of infectious disease transmission. Where these are well recorded, network analysis tools have been used to successfully identify system properties, highlight vulnerabilities to transmission, and inform targeted surveillance and control. Here we highlight the main uses of network properties in understanding livestock disease epidemiology and discuss statistical approaches to infer network characteristics from biased or fragmented datasets. We use a 'hurdle model' approach that predicts (i) the probability of movement and (ii) the number of livestock moved to generate synthetic 'complete' networks of movements between administrative wards, exploiting routinely collected government movement permit data from northern Tanzania. We demonstrate that this model captures a significant amount of the observed variation. Combining the cattle movement network with a spatial between-ward contact layer, we create a multiplex, over which we simulated the spread of 'fast' ( R0 = 3) and 'slow' ( R0 = 1.5) pathogens, and assess the effects of random versus targeted disease control interventions (vaccination and movement ban). The targeted interventions substantially outperform those randomly implemented for both fast and slow pathogens. Our findings provide motivation to encourage routine collection and centralization of movement data to construct representative networks. This article is part of the theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control'. This theme issue is linked with the earlier issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Chaters
- 1 Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK
| | - P C D Johnson
- 1 Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK
| | - S Cleaveland
- 1 Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK
| | - J Crispell
- 2 School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - W A de Glanville
- 1 Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK
| | - T Doherty
- 3 Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG , UK
| | - L Matthews
- 1 Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK
| | - S Mohr
- 1 Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK
| | - O M Nyasebwa
- 6 Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Nelson Mandela Road , Dar Es Salaam , Tanzania
| | - G Rossi
- 3 Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG , UK
| | - L C M Salvador
- 3 Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG , UK.,4 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens, GA 30602 , USA.,5 Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia , Athens, GA 30602 , USA
| | - E Swai
- 6 Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Nelson Mandela Road , Dar Es Salaam , Tanzania
| | - R R Kao
- 3 Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG , UK
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Bodenham RF, Lukambagire AS, Ashford RT, Buza JJ, Cash-Goldwasser S, Crump JA, Kazwala RR, Maro VP, McGiven J, Mkenda N, Mmbaga BT, Rubach MP, Sakasaka P, Shirima GM, Swai ES, Thomas KM, Whatmore AM, Haydon DT, Halliday JEB. Prevalence and speciation of brucellosis in febrile patients from a pastoralist community of Tanzania. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7081. [PMID: 32341414 PMCID: PMC7184621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is an endemic zoonosis in sub-Saharan Africa. Pastoralists are at high risk of infection but data on brucellosis from these communities are scarce. The study objectives were to: estimate the prevalence of human brucellosis, identify the Brucella spp. causing illness, describe non-Brucella bloodstream infections, and identify risk factors for brucellosis in febrile patients from a pastoralist community of Tanzania. Fourteen (6.1%) of 230 participants enrolled between August 2016 and October 2017 met study criteria for confirmed (febrile illness and culture positivity or ≥four-fold rise in SAT titre) or probable (febrile illness and single SAT titre ≥160) brucellosis. Brucella spp. was the most common bloodstream infection, with B. melitensis isolated from seven participants and B. abortus from one. Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were also isolated. Risk factors identified for brucellosis included age and herding, with a greater probability of brucellosis in individuals with lower age and who herded cattle, sheep or goats in the previous 12 months. Disease prevention activities targeting young herders have potential to reduce the impacts of human brucellosis in Tanzania. Livestock vaccination strategies for the region should include both B. melitensis and B. abortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F Bodenham
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Roland T Ashford
- OIE/FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | - Joram J Buza
- Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Shama Cash-Goldwasser
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - John A Crump
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania.,Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania.,Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Venance P Maro
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - John McGiven
- OIE/FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | - Nestory Mkenda
- Endulen Hospital, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Matthew P Rubach
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, North Carolina, USA.,Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Gabriel M Shirima
- Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Emanuel S Swai
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Kate M Thomas
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania.,Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Adrian M Whatmore
- OIE/FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | - Daniel T Haydon
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jo E B Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Makala R, Majigo MV, Bwire GM, Kibwana U, Mirambo MM, Joachim A. Seroprevalence of Brucella infection and associated factors among pregnant women receiving antenatal care around human, wildlife and livestock interface in Ngorongoro ecosystem, Northern Tanzania. A cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:152. [PMID: 32070308 PMCID: PMC7029502 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals, animal products or consumption of infected dairy products. Brucella infection during pregnancy is of special interest due to association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study determined the seroprevalence and factors associated with Brucella infection among pregnant women around the human-wildlife-livestock interface area in Ngorongoro ecosystem, Northern Tanzania. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted between May and June 2018 at six health facilities that provide antenatal services. Pregnant women receiving antenatal care were invited to participate. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics in addition to behavior and practices related to the occurrence of human brucellosis. The presence of serum immunoglobulin against Brucella was determined using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT). The positive samples were further assayed for the presence of IgG and IgM using The enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay. Bivariate analysis was conducted to determine the variables associated with Brucella seropositivity. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the factors independently associations with Brucella seropositivity after adjustment for other explanatory variables. Results A total of 313 participants were enrolled in the study. The overall seroprevalence of Brucella infection was 10.9% (34/313) determined by Rose Bengal plate test. Of 34 positive individuals, 27(79.4%) and 8(23.5%) were positive in the ELISA specific for IgG and IgM Brucella antibodies respectively. Regular contact with manure (AOR 3.16, 95%CI 1.27–7.83) and preference for animal fresh milk (AOR 3.80, 95% CI 1.23–11.69), raw meat (AOR 2.58, 95% CI 1.14–5.81) and raw animal blood (AOR 2.71, 95% CI 1.15–6.35) increased the odds of being Brucella seropositive. Contact with the animal placenta were not associated with Brucella seropositivity after adjustment. Conclusion This study has found that brucellosis is an important public health problem among pregnant women in areas with interactions of humans; livestock and wildlife. The risk of infection increased with the regular contact with manure and preference of raw foodstuffs like animal blood, meat, and milk. We emphasize the need for interventional strategies to reduce the risk of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Makala
- Manyara Regional Referral Hospital, Babati, Tanzania
| | - Mtebe V Majigo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - George M Bwire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Upendo Kibwana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mariam M Mirambo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Agricola Joachim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Seasonal Health Risks Due to Zoonotic Pathogens from Hand-dug Well Water in Ohangwena and Omusati Regions of Namibia. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.3.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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40
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Kosoy M, Goodrich I. Comparative Ecology of Bartonella and Brucella Infections in Wild Carnivores. Front Vet Sci 2019; 5:322. [PMID: 30662899 PMCID: PMC6328487 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic sister clades Bartonella and Brucella within the order Rhizobiales present some common biological characteristics as well as evident differences in adaptations to their mammalian reservoirs. We reviewed published data on Bartonella and Brucella infections in wild carnivores to compare the ecology of these bacteria in relatively similar host environments. Arthropod vectors are the main mechanism for Bartonella species transmission between mammalian hosts. The role of arthropods in transmission of Brucella remains disputed, however experimental studies and reported detection of Brucella in arthropods indicate potential vector transmission. More commonly, transmission of Brucella occurs via contact exposure to infected animals or the environment contaminated with their discharges. Of 26 species of carnivores tested for both Bartonella and Brucella, 58% harbored either. Among them were bobcats, African lions, golden jackals, coyotes, wolves, foxes, striped skunks, sea otters, raccoons, and harbor seals. The most common species of Bartonella in wild carnivores was B. henselae, found in 23 species, followed by B. rochalimae in 12, B. clarridgeiae in ten, and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in seven. Among Brucella species, Br. abortus was reported in over 30 terrestrial carnivore species, followed by Br. canis in seven. Marine carnivores, such as seals and sea lions, can host Br. pinnipedialis. In contrast, there is no evidence of a Bartonella strain specific for marine mammals. Bartonella species are present practically in every sampled species of wild felids, but of 14 Brucella studies of felids, only five reported Brucella and those were limited to detection of antibodies. We found no reports of Bartonella in bears while Brucella was detected in these animals. There is evident host-specificity of Bartonella species in wild carnivores (e.g., B. henselae in felids and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in canids). A co-adaptation of Brucella with terrestrial wild carnivore hosts is not as straightforward as in domestic animals. Wild carnivores often carry the same pathogens as their domesticated relatives (cats and dogs), but the risk of exposure varies widely because of differences in biology, distribution, and historical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kosoy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Irina Goodrich
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Muturi M, Bitek A, Mwatondo A, Osoro E, Marwanga D, Gura Z, Ngere P, Nganga Z, Thumbi SM, Njenga K. Risk factors for human brucellosis among a pastoralist community in South-West Kenya, 2015. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:865. [PMID: 30518420 PMCID: PMC6282298 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Brucellosis is one of the top five priority zoonosis in Kenya because of the socio-economic burden of the disease, especially among traditional, livestock keeping communities. We conducted a 1 year, hospital based, unmatched case–control study to determine risk factors for brucellosis among Maasai pastoralists of Kajiado County in 2016. A case was defined by a clinical criteria; fever or history of fever and two clinical signs suggestive of brucellosis and a positive competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test (c-ELISA). A control was defined as patients visiting the study facility with negative c-ELISA. Unconditional logistic regression was used to study association between exposure variables and brucellosis using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Forty-three cases and 86 controls were recruited from a population of 4792 individuals in 801 households. The mean age for the cases was 48.7 years while that of the controls was 37.6 years. The dominant gender for both cases (62.7%) and controls (58.1%) groups was female. Regular consumption of un-boiled raw milk and assisting animals in delivery were significantly associated with brucellosis by OR 7.7 (95% CI 1.5–40.1) and OR 3.7 (95% CI 1.1–13.5), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Muturi
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit-Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries and Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 20811-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Austine Bitek
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Athman Mwatondo
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit-Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries and Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 20811-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric Osoro
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Zeinab Gura
- Kenya Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Zipporah Nganga
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S M Thumbi
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Kenya Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kariuki Njenga
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Asakura S, Makingi G, Kazwala R, Makita K. Herd-level risk factors associated with Brucella sero-positivity in cattle, and perception and behaviours on the disease control among agro-pastoralists in Tanzania. Acta Trop 2018; 187:99-107. [PMID: 30009764 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is endemic in Tanzania, particularly in agro-pastoral areas. This study investigated the herd-level sero-prevalence and risk factors for Brucella sero-positivity in cattle, and perception and behaviours associated with brucellosis control among agro-pastoralists in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. A cross-sectional study involving herd milk diagnosis by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and questionnaire survey was conducted in 124 farms. Questions included potential risk factors, knowledge of brucellosis, willingness-to-pay for cattle vaccination, and item count technique (ICT) for selling behaviour of cows that experienced abortion. Risk factor analysis for Brucella sero-positivity in cattle and analysis of factors associated with willingness-to-pay were conducted using classical tests and generalised linear models. Most farmers had little knowledge about brucellosis (disease name: 13.7%, symptoms: 3.2%, transmission from cattle to human: 2.4%, and Brucella vaccine: 2.4%). The proportion of Brucella sero-positive herd was 44.4% (55/124, 95%CI: 35.5-53.5). No risk factors for Brucella sero-positivity were identified; however, using a veterinary service was identified as a preventive factor (OR = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.18-0.84, p = 0.02). For scenarios of vaccinating all cattle and only calves, 59.7% and 89.5% of farmers were willing to pay for vaccination, respectively. Being a Maasai tribe member was a hesitating factor for vaccinating all cattle (OR = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.19-0.83, p = 0.01) and using a veterinary service was an encouraging factor for vaccinating calves (OR = 4.0, 95%CI: 1.2-13.0, p = 0.02). The ICT found that 45.1% of farmers sold cows that experienced abortion. This estimate was not statistically different from that obtained by direct questioning (34.1%, SE = 7.5%, binomial p value = 0.27, factor score = 1.32), suggesting that farmers did not hesitate to sell such cows. The Maasai conducted more risky behaviours for human infection such as drinking raw milk (p = 0.06) or blood (p < 0.01) and helping delivery with bare hands (p = 0.03) than other tribes. Community-based brucellosis control programmes with calf vaccination may be feasible in the study areas. A One Health approach including the promotion of health education and expansion of veterinary services is crucial for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Asakura
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
| | - George Makingi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Rudovick Kazwala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Kohei Makita
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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Bugeza J, Muwonge A, Munyeme M, Lasuba P, Godfroid J, Kankya C. Seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis and associated risk factors in Nakasongola district, Uganda. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:2073-2076. [PMID: 29948776 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1631-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out between November 2015 and January 2016 to determine the seroprevalence of Brucella antibodies in cattle raised under communal, fenced farms and tethering systems and the associated factors. Seven hundred twenty-eight bovine sera were collected and tested with rose Bengal test as a screening test and the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a confirmatory test. Animal- and herd-level data were collected and binary logistic regression was used to assess the potential risk factors. True animal- and herd-level prevalence was highest in the fenced farms (4.5% (95%CI, 2.3-6.9) and 19.5% (95%CI, 8.2-32.7) respectively). The risks for natural brucellosis infection were sharing water with wild animals (OR = 0.21, 95%CI, 0.104-0.83), herd size (medium: OR = 0.089, 95%CI 0.017-0.449; large: OR = 0.024, 95%CI 0.003-0.203), fenced farms (OR = 3.7, 95% CI, 1.7-7.9), sex (OR = 0.03, 95%CI, 0.01-0.079), and lactation (OR = 0.013, 95%CI, 0.004-0.049). Changes in rangeland tenure and the shift towards intensive cattle production have influenced brucellosis epidemiology. Future studies should aim at identifying the infecting Brucellae and examining the role of wildlife in brucellosis epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Bugeza
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Tororo, Uganda.
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- Department of Genetics and Genomics-The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Musso Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Phillip Lasuba
- Department of Animal Production, University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Jacques Godfroid
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Clovice Kankya
- Department of Biosecurity Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Mirambo MM, Mgode GF, Malima ZO, John M, Mngumi EB, Mhamphi GG, Mshana SE. Seropositivity of Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. antibodies among abattoir workers and meat vendors in the city of Mwanza, Tanzania: A call for one health approach control strategies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006600. [PMID: 29939991 PMCID: PMC6034905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brucellosis and leptospirosis are among neglected tropical zoonotic diseases particularly in the resource limited countries. Despite being endemic in these countries, there is paucity of information on its magnitude. This study investigated seropositivity of Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp., and associated factors among abattoir workers and meat vendors in the city of Mwanza, Tanzania. METHODOLOGY A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Mwanza city from May to July 2017. Socio-demographic and other relevant information were collected. Detection of Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. antibodies were done using slide agglutination test and microscopic agglutination test, respectively. Data were analyzed using STATA version 13 Software. FINDINGS A total of 250 participants (146 abattoir workers and 104 meat vendors) were enrolled with median age of 31 (IQR: 25-38) years. The overall, seropositivity of Brucella spp. antibodies was 48.4% (95% Cl: 42-54). Seropositivity of B. abortus was significantly higher than that of B. melitensis (46.0%, 95%Cl: 39-52 vs. 23.6%, 95% Cl: 18-28, P<0.001) while seropositivity of both species was 21.2% (95%Cl: 16-26). The seropositivity of Leptospira spp. was 10.0% (95% CI: 6-13) with predominance of Leptospira kirschneri serovar Sokoine which was detected in 7.2% of the participants. Being abattoir worker (OR: 2.19, 95% CI 1.06-4.54, p = 0.035) and long work duration (OR: 1.06, 95%CI: 1.01-1.11, p = 0.014) predicted presence of both B.abortus and B. melitensis antibodies. Only being married (p = 0.041) was significantly associated with seropositivity of Leptospira spp. Primary education was the only factor independently predicted presence of Brucella spp. antibodies among abattoir workers on sub-analysis of occupational exposure. None of factors were found to be associated with presence of Brucella spp. antibodies among meat vendors on sub-analysis. CONCLUSION Seropositivity of B.abortus antibodies among abattoir workers and meat vendors is high and seem to be a function of being abattoir worker, having worked for long duration in the abattoir and having primary education. In addition, a significant proportion of abattoir workers and meat vendors in the city was seropositive for Leptospira kirschneri serovar Sokoine. There is a need to consider 'one health approach' in devising appropriate strategies to control these diseases in the developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam M. Mirambo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Georgies F. Mgode
- Pest Management Centre (SPMC), Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Zakaria O. Malima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Matata John
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Elifuraha B. Mngumi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ginethon G. Mhamphi
- Pest Management Centre (SPMC), Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Stephen E. Mshana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
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Abstract
Abstract
Brucellosis is one of the most prevalent zoonoses in the world. Incidence of the disease has increased significantly in recent years and has seriously affected the health of human beings and the development of animal husbandry. The pathogenesis of brucellosis remains unclear. Current studies suggest that this disease may be related to changes in natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages in immune cell subsets. Brucellosis may be also related to T helper (Th) 1 cell/Th2 cell imbalance in the CD4+ T cell subset, immunoregulation of regulatory T cells and Th17 cells, and the mechanism of action of CD8+ T cell. This paper aims to review the research progress on these inherent immune cells, the CD4+ T cell subset, and CD8+ T cells in Brucella infection.
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Seroprevalence of brucellosis and Q fever (Coxiellosis) in cattle herds in Maigana and Birnin Gwari agro-ecological zone of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1583-1589. [PMID: 29675780 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis and Q fever in cattle in Maigana and Birnin Gwari agro-ecological zone of Kaduna State, Nigeria. This study aimed at determining the significance of Brucella spp. and Coxiella burnetti infections in cattle. A total of 400 sera samples (139 from males and 261 from females cattle) were collected and screened for brucellosis using Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) and competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for brucellosis and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) for Q fever. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on the sampled animals from the study population. Data were analyzed to determine association and risk factors. Sera analysis revealed that, 18.5 and 6.8% were seropositive by RBPT and cELISA for brucellosis, while 6.2% was seropositive by iELISA for Q fever. A significant association was detected between cattle sex and sensitivity of RBPT for detecting Brucella. Meanwhile, a non-significant association was found between cattle age and breed with sensitivity of RBPT, cELISA, and iELISA. The study indicates that brucellosis and Q ever exist with high prevalence particularly among female cattle. This presents a serious public health problem, calling for greater awareness among stakeholders and for co-ordinated surveillance for the diseases among cattle populations in Nigeria.
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Asakura S, Makingi G, Kazwala R, Makita K. Brucellosis Risk in Urban and Agro-pastoral Areas in Tanzania. ECOHEALTH 2018; 15:41-51. [PMID: 29344824 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiology of human and animal brucellosis may depend on ecological conditions. A cross-sectional study was conducted to compare prevalence and risk factors of bovine brucellosis, and risky behaviours for the human infection between urban and agro-pastoral areas in Morogoro region, Tanzania. Cattle blood sampling and interviews using a structured questionnaire were conducted with farmers. Rose-Bengal test was conducted for the cattle sera, and positive samples were confirmed with competitive ELISA. Farm-level sero-prevalences were 0.9% (1/106, 95% CI 0.0-5.9%) and 52.9% (9/17, 95% CI 28.5-76.1%) in urban and agro-pastoral areas, respectively. The animal-level-adjusted prevalences were 0.2% (1/667, 95% CI 0.0-1.1%) and 7.0% (28/673, 95% CI 5.7-8.4%) in those areas. The final farm-level model including both areas found two risk factors: history of abortion in the herd (P < 0.01) and cattle grazing (P = 0.07). The animal-level risk factors in agro-pastoral areas were age (P = 0.04) and history of abortion (P = 0.03). No agro-pastoral farmer knew about Brucella vaccine. Agro-pastoralists generally had poorer knowledge on brucellosis and practiced significantly more risky behaviours for human brucellosis such as drinking raw milk (17.6%, P < 0.01) and blood (35.3%, P < 0.01), and helping cattle birth (100%, P = 0.04) than urban farmers (0, 0 and 79.2%, respectively). Intervention programs through education including both human and animal health particularly targeting agro-pastoralists would be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Asakura
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - George Makingi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Rudovick Kazwala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Kohei Makita
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan.
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Abdelbaset AE, Abushahba MFN, Hamed MI, Rawy MS. Sero-diagnosis of brucellosis in sheep and humans in Assiut and El-Minya governorates, Egypt. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:S63-S67. [PMID: 30761323 PMCID: PMC6161859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Egypt is an endemic area with brucellosis, so wherever herd problem associated abortion is present, brucellosis should be suspected, and its sero-diagnosis is needed. The present study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of brucellosis in sheep and their contact humans in Assiut and El-Minya Governorates where a history of abortion in sheep was the chief complaint of the farmers; besides; the appearance of signs of undulant fever among some contact humans. Also, to identify the risk factors for brucellosis seropositivity at human and animal level. Serum samples were collected from 189 sheep and 53 in contact humans in Assiut and El-Minya Governorates, Egypt, during 2017. Antibodies against brucellosis were measured in the serum samples using Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) and were further confirmed using Serum Tube Agglutination Test (STAT). The overall seroprevalence of brucellosis using RBPT was 15.87% in sheep and that in humans was 9.44% (5 of 53), respectively. STAT confirmed that 40% of the RBPT-positive reactor sheep were infected by Brucella abortus, 16.67% were containing Brucella melitensis and 20% were experiencing a mixed infection of both Br. abortus and Br. melitensis. Additionally, 80% of the RBPT-positive reactor humans were infected with Br. abortus only and 20% were having both species of Brucella. Among different analyzed variables in this study, the age and farming system of the examined sheep were statistically significant. There was no significant effect in relation to gender, abortion history and pregnancy status of the examined animals, however, higher exposure rates were found among males, abortive animals, and recently calved animals. Gender of the tested humans and presence of seropositive sheep in contact differed significantly in acquiring the infection. Nevertheless, other factors, including age, education, and profession were statistically insignificant on getting human brucellosis. These results indicate the high seroprevalence of brucellosis in humans and sheep in the study areas and generally in Egypt, and therefore, control programs should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelbaset E Abdelbaset
- Animal Medicine Department (Clinical and Laboratory diagnosis), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526, Egypt
| | - Mostafa F N Abushahba
- Animal Hygiene & Zoonoses Department (Zoonoses), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526, Egypt
| | - Maha I Hamed
- Animal Medicine Department (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Rawy
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Minia University, El Minya, Egypt
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Franc KA, Krecek RC, Häsler BN, Arenas-Gamboa AM. Brucellosis remains a neglected disease in the developing world: a call for interdisciplinary action. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:125. [PMID: 29325516 PMCID: PMC5765637 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-5016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is an endemic zoonotic disease in most of the developing world that causes devastating losses to the livestock industry and small-scale livestock holders. Infected animals exhibit clinical signs that are of economic significance to stakeholders and include reduced fertility, abortion, poor weight gain, lost draught power, and a substantial decline in milk production. In humans, brucellosis typically manifests as a variety of non-specific clinical signs. Chronicity and recurring febrile conditions, as well as devastating complications in pregnant women are common sequelae. DISCUSSION In regions where the disease is endemic, brucellosis has far-reaching and deleterious effects on humans and animals alike. Deeply entrenched social misconceptions and fear of government intervention contribute to this disease continuing to smolder unchecked in most of the developing world, thereby limiting economic growth and inhibiting access to international markets. The losses in livestock productivity compromise food security and lead to shifts in the cognitive competency of the working generation, influence the propagation of gender inequality, and cause profound emotional suffering in farmers whose herds are affected. The acute and chronic symptoms of the disease in humans can result in a significant loss of workdays and a decline in the socioeconomic status of infected persons and their families from the associated loss of income. The burden of the disease to society includes significant human healthcare costs for diagnosis and treatment, and non-healthcare costs such as public education efforts to reduce disease transmission. CONCLUSION Brucellosis places significant burdens on the human healthcare system and limits the economic growth of individuals, communities, and nations where such development is especially important to diminish the prevalence of poverty. The implementation of public policy focused on mitigating the socioeconomic effects of brucellosis in human and animal populations is desperately needed. When developing a plan to mitigate the associated consequences, it is vital to consider both the abstract and quantifiable effects. This requires an interdisciplinary and collaborative, or One Health, approach that consists of public education, the development of an infrastructure for disease surveillance and reporting in both veterinary and medical fields, and campaigns for control in livestock and wildlife species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Franc
- The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - R C Krecek
- Global One Health, Office of the Dean, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Center, Texas A&M University, 4461 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4461, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, USA.,Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - B N Häsler
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - A M Arenas-Gamboa
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, USA.
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Rajeev M, Mutinda M, Ezenwa VO. Pathogen Exposure in Cattle at the Livestock-Wildlife Interface. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:542-551. [PMID: 28470362 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Land use is an important driver of variation in human infectious disease risk, but less is known about how land use affects disease risk in livestock. To understand how land use is associated with disease risk in livestock, we examined patterns of pathogen exposure in cattle across two livestock ranching systems in rural Kenya: private ranches with low- to medium-intensity cattle production and high wildlife densities, and group ranches with high-intensity cattle production and low wildlife densities. We surveyed cattle from six ranches for three pathogens: Brucella spp., bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Leptospira serovar Hardjo. We found that exposure risk for Leptospira was higher on private ranches than on group ranches, but there was no difference in exposure by ranch type for Brucella or BVDV. We hypothesize that variation in livestock and wildlife contact patterns between ranch types may be driving the pattern observed for Leptospira exposure and that the different relationships we found between exposure risk and ranch type by pathogen may be explained by differences in transmission mode. Overall, our results suggest that wildlife-livestock contact patterns may play a key role in shaping pathogen transmission to livestock and that the magnitude of such effects likely depend on characteristics of the pathogen in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Rajeev
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2202, USA
| | | | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2202, USA.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2202, USA.
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