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Ling L, Liang L, Wang H, Lin X, Li C. Real-Time Monitoring on the Chinese Giant Salamander Using RPA-LFD. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4946. [PMID: 38732163 PMCID: PMC11084824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), listed as an endangered species under "secondary protection" in China, faces significant threats due to ecological deterioration and the expansion of human activity. Extensive field investigations are crucial to ascertain the current status in the wild and to implement effective habitat protection measures to safeguard this species and support its population development. Traditional survey methods often fall short due to the elusive nature of the A. davidianus, presenting challenges that are time-consuming and generally ineffective. To overcome these obstacles, this study developed a real-time monitoring method that uses environmental DNA (eDNA) coupled with recombinase polymerase amplification and lateral flow strip (RPA-LFD). We designed five sets of species-specific primers and probes based on mitochondrial genome sequence alignments of A. davidianus and its close relatives. Our results indicated that four of these primer/probe sets accurately identified A. davidianus, distinguishing it from other tested caudata species using both extracted DNA samples and water samples from a tank housing an individual. This method enables the specific detection of A. davidianus genomic DNA at concentrations as low as 0.1 ng/mL within 50 min, without requiring extensive laboratory equipment. Applied in a field survey across four sites in Huangshan City, Anhui Province, where A. davidianus is known to be distributed, the method successfully detected the species at three of the four sites. The development of these primer/probe sets offers a practical tool for field surveying and monitoring, facilitating efforts in population recovery and resource conservation for A. davidianus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Ling
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Linyan Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaolong Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chenhong Li
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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2
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Xu S, Man Y, Xu X, Ji J, Wang Y, Yao L, Xie Q, Bi Y. The Development of a Multienzyme Isothermal Rapid Amplification Assay to Visually Detect Duck Hepatitis B Virus. Vet Sci 2024; 11:191. [PMID: 38787163 PMCID: PMC11126061 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) is widely prevalent in global ducks and has been identified in Chinese geese with a high prevalence; the available detection techniques are time-consuming and require sophisticated equipment. In this study, an assay combining multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification (MIRA) and lateral flow dipstick (LFD) was developed for the efficient and rapid detection of DHBV. The primary reaction condition of the MIRA assay for DHBV detection was 10 min at 38 °C without a temperature cycler. Combined with the LFD assay, the complete procedure of the newly developed MIRA assay for DHBV detection required only 15 min, which is about one-fourth of the reaction time for routine polymerase chain reaction assay. And electrophoresis and gel imaging equipment were not required for detection and to read the results. Furthermore, the detection limit of MIRA was 45.6 copies per reaction, which is approximately 10 times lower than that of a routine polymerase chain reaction assay. The primer set and probe had much simpler designs than loop-mediated isothermal amplification, and they were only specific to DHBV, with no cross-reactivity with duck hepatitis A virus subtype 1 and duck hepatitis A virus subtype 3, goose parvovirus, duck enteritis virus, duck circovirus, or Riemerella anatipestifer. In this study, we offer a simple, fast, and accurate assay method to identify DHBV in clinical serum samples of ducks and geese, which would be suitable for widespread application in field clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Xu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bioreactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China; (S.X.); (Y.M.); (X.X.); (Y.W.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yuanzhuo Man
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bioreactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China; (S.X.); (Y.M.); (X.X.); (Y.W.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xin Xu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bioreactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China; (S.X.); (Y.M.); (X.X.); (Y.W.); (L.Y.)
| | - Jun Ji
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bioreactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China; (S.X.); (Y.M.); (X.X.); (Y.W.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bioreactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China; (S.X.); (Y.M.); (X.X.); (Y.W.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bioreactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China; (S.X.); (Y.M.); (X.X.); (Y.W.); (L.Y.)
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.X.); (Y.B.)
| | - Yingzuo Bi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.X.); (Y.B.)
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3
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Kotwal SB, Orekondey N, Saradadevi GP, Priyadarshini N, Puppala NV, Bhushan M, Motamarry S, Kumar R, Mohannath G, Dey RJ. Multidimensional futuristic approaches to address the pandemics beyond COVID-19. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17148. [PMID: 37325452 PMCID: PMC10257889 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been enormous and unrelenting with ∼6.9 million deaths and ∼765 million infections. This review mainly focuses on the recent advances and potentially novel molecular tools for viral diagnostics and therapeutics with far-reaching implications in managing the future pandemics. In addition to briefly highlighting the existing and recent methods of viral diagnostics, we propose a couple of potentially novel non-PCR-based methods for rapid, cost-effective, and single-step detection of nucleic acids of viruses using RNA mimics of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and nuclease-based approaches. We also highlight key innovations in miniaturized Lab-on-Chip (LoC) devices, which in combination with cyber-physical systems, could serve as ideal futuristic platforms for viral diagnosis and disease management. We also discuss underexplored and underutilized antiviral strategies, including ribozyme-mediated RNA-cleaving tools for targeting viral RNA, and recent advances in plant-based platforms for rapid, low-cost, and large-scale production and oral delivery of antiviral agents/vaccines. Lastly, we propose repurposing of the existing vaccines for newer applications with a major emphasis on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-based vaccine engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifa Bushra Kotwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Nidhi Orekondey
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | | | - Neha Priyadarshini
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Navinchandra V Puppala
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Mahak Bhushan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Snehasri Motamarry
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Gireesha Mohannath
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Ruchi Jain Dey
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
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4
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Matsui Y, Chottikamporn J, Ungvanijban S, Seeyo KB, Vitoonpong R, Suwankitwat N, Songkasupa T, Norimine J, Yamada K, Chintapitaksakul L, Misawa N. Development of a Real-Time RT-PCR System Applicable for Rapid and Pen-Side Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Using a Portable Device, PicoGene® PCR1100. J Virol Methods 2023:114753. [PMID: 37209781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral vesicular disease, causing devastating losses to the livestock industry. A diagnostic method that enables quick decisions is required to control the disease, especially in FMD-free countries. Although conventional real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a highly sensitive method widely used for the diagnosis of FMD, a time lag caused by the transport of samples to a laboratory may allow the spread of FMD. Here, we evaluated a real-time RT-PCR system using a portable PicoGene PCR1100 device for FMD diagnosis. This system could detect the synthetic FMD viral RNA within 20min with high sensitivity compared with a conventional real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, the Lysis Buffer S for crude nucleic extraction improved the viral RNA detection of this system in a homogenate of vesicular epithelium samples collected from FMD virus-infected animals. Furthermore, this system could detect the viral RNA in crude extracts prepared using the Lysis Buffer S from the vesicular epithelium samples homogenized using a Finger Masher tube, which allows easy homogenization without any equipment, with a high correlation compared to the standard method. Thus, the PicoGene device system can be utilized for the rapid and pen-side diagnosis of FMD. (199 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Matsui
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Jeeranant Chottikamporn
- Department of Livestock Development, Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease in the South East Asia, Pakchong, 30130, Thailand
| | - Sahawatchara Ungvanijban
- Department of Livestock Development, Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease in the South East Asia, Pakchong, 30130, Thailand
| | - Kingkarn Boonsuya Seeyo
- Department of Livestock Development, Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease in the South East Asia, Pakchong, 30130, Thailand
| | - Ratchaneekorn Vitoonpong
- Virology Section, Department of Livestock Development, National Institute of Animal Health, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nutthakarn Suwankitwat
- Virology Section, Department of Livestock Development, National Institute of Animal Health, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tapanut Songkasupa
- Virology Section, Department of Livestock Development, National Institute of Animal Health, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Junzo Norimine
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Prevention Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamada
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Lerdchai Chintapitaksakul
- Bureau of Quality Control of Livestock Products, Bang Kadi, Mueang Pathum Thani District, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand
| | - Naoaki Misawa
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.
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5
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Chen W, Wang W, Wang X, Li Z, Wu K, Li X, Li Y, Yi L, Zhao M, Ding H, Fan S, Chen J. Advances in the differential molecular diagnosis of vesicular disease pathogens in swine. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1019876. [PMID: 36386633 PMCID: PMC9641196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1019876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), Senecavirus A (SVA) and swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) are members of the family Picornaviridae, which can cause similar symptoms - vesicular lesions in the tissues of the mouth, nose, feet, skin and mucous membrane of animals. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of these viruses allows for control measures to prevent the spread of these diseases. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR are traditional and reliable methods for pathogen detection, while their amplification reaction requires a thermocycler. Isothermal amplification methods including loop-mediated isothermal amplification and recombinase polymerase amplification developed in recent years are simple, rapid and do not require specialized equipment, allowing for point of care diagnostics. Luminex technology allows for simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens. CRISPR-Cas diagnostic systems also emerging nucleic acid detection technologies which are very sensitivity and specificity. In this paper, various nucleic acid detection methods aimed at vesicular disease pathogens in swine (including FMDV, SVA and SVDV) are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangqi Fan, ; Jinding Chen,
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangqi Fan, ; Jinding Chen,
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6
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Development and application of a recombinase-aided amplification and lateral flow assay for rapid detection of pseudorabies virus from clinical crude samples. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:646-652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Nouri R, Dong M, Politza AJ, Guan W. Figure of Merit for CRISPR-Based Nucleic Acid-Sensing Systems: Improvement Strategies and Performance Comparison. ACS Sens 2022; 7:900-911. [PMID: 35238530 PMCID: PMC9191621 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based nucleic acid-sensing systems have grown rapidly in the past few years. Nevertheless, an objective approach to benchmark the performances of different CRISPR sensing systems is lacking due to the heterogeneous experimental setup. Here, we developed a quantitative CRISPR sensing figure of merit (FOM) to compare different CRISPR methods and explore performance improvement strategies. The CRISPR sensing FOM is defined as the product of the limit of detection (LOD) and the associated CRISPR reaction time (T). A smaller FOM means that the method can detect smaller target quantities faster. We found that there is a tradeoff between the LOD of the assay and the required reaction time. With the proposed CRISPR sensing FOM, we evaluated five strategies to improve the CRISPR-based sensing: preamplification, enzymes of higher catalytic efficiency, multiple crRNAs, digitalization, and sensitive readout systems. We benchmarked the FOM performances of 57 existing studies and found that the effectiveness of these strategies on improving the FOM is consistent with the model prediction. In particular, we found that digitalization is the most promising amplification-free method for achieving comparable FOM performances (∼1 fM·min) as those using preamplification. The findings here would have broad implications for further optimization of the CRISPR-based sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nouri
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ming Dong
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Anthony J. Politza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Weihua Guan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Petrucci S, Costa C, Broyles D, Kaur A, Dikici E, Daunert S, Deo SK. Monitoring Pathogenic Viable E. coli O157:H7 in Food Matrices Based on the Detection of RNA Using Isothermal Amplification and a Paper-Based Platform. Anal Chem 2021; 94:2485-2492. [PMID: 34968033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the number of product recalls and contamination incidents involving pathogenic bacteria has significantly increased, and the ensuing infections continue to be an ongoing problem for public health and agriculture. Due to the widespread impact of these pathogens, there is a critical need for rapid, on-site assays that can provide rapid results. In this work, we demonstrate the development of a rapid and simple test based on the combination of reverse transcription with recombinase polymerase amplification followed by lateral flow strip detection of viable Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells by detecting the RNA of the pathogen. The optimized method can be performed for approximately 2 h with a detection limit of 10 CFU/mL of E. coli O157:H7 in buffer, spinach, and ground beef samples. Our assay is sensitive, detecting only E. coli O157:H7 and not nonpathogenic E. coli or other similar pathogens. This strategy was able to distinguish viable from nonviable bacteria and more significantly was able to detect viable but nonculturable bacteria, which is a major issue when using culture-based methods for monitoring pathogenic bacteria. An important advantage of this test is that it can provide timely identification and removal of contaminated consumables prior to distribution without an extensive sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Petrucci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States.,Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Connor Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States.,Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - David Broyles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States.,Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Avinash Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States.,Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Emre Dikici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States.,Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States.,Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Sapna K Deo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States.,Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
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9
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Cavalera S, Russo A, Foglia EA, Grazioli S, Colitti B, Rosati S, Nogarol C, Di Nardo F, Serra T, Chiarello M, Baggiani C, Pezzoni G, Brocchi E, Anfossi L. Design of multiplexing lateral flow immunoassay for detection and typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus using pan-reactive and serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies: Evidence of a new hook effect. Talanta 2021; 240:123155. [PMID: 34942474 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is the most important transboundary viral disease of livestock in the international context, because of its extreme contagiousness, widespread diffusion, and severe impact on animal trade and animal productions. The rapid and on-field detection of the virus responsible for the FMD represents an urgent demand to efficiently control the diffusion of the infection, especially in low resource setting where the FMD is endemic. Colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is largely used for the development of rapid tests, due to the extreme simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and on-field operation. In this work, two multiplex LFIA devices were designed for the diagnosis of FMD and the simultaneous identification of major circulating serotypes of the FMD virus. The LFIAs relied on the sandwich-type immunoassay and combined a set of well-characterised monoclonal antibodies (mAb) pairs. One LFIA aimed at detecting and identifying O, A and Asia-1 serotypes, the second device enabled the detection and differentiation of the SAT 1 and SAT 2 serotypes. Both devices also incorporated a broad-specific test line reporting on infection from FMDV, regardless the strain and the serotype involved. Accordingly, five and four reactive zones were arranged in the two devices to achieve a total of six simultaneous analyses. The development of the two multiplex systems highlighted for the first time the relevance of the mAb positioning along the LFIA strip in connection with the use of the same or different mAb as capture and detector ligands. In fact, the excess of detector mAb typically employed for increasing the sensitivity of sandwich immunoassay induced a new type of hook effect when combined with the same ligand used as the capture. This effect strongly impacted assay sensitivity, which could be improved by an intelligent alignment of the mAb pairs along the LFIA strip. The analytical and diagnostic performances of the two LFIAs were studied by testing reference FMDV strains grown in cell cultures and some representative field samples (epithelium homogenates). Almost equivalent sensitivity and specificity to those of a reference Ag-ELISA kit were shown, except for the serotype SAT 2. These simple devices are suitable in endemic regions for in-field diagnosis of FMD accompanied by virus serotyping and, moreover, could be deployed and used for rapid confirmation of secondary outbreaks after FMD incursions in free-areas, thus contributing to promptly implement control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Alida Russo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy; Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Efrem Alessandro Foglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National/OIE/FAO, Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Via A. Bianchi 9, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Santina Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National/OIE/FAO, Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Via A. Bianchi 9, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 5, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 5, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Chiara Nogarol
- In3Diagnostic, Largo P.Braccini, 2, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Thea Serra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Matteo Chiarello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Giulia Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National/OIE/FAO, Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Via A. Bianchi 9, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National/OIE/FAO, Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Via A. Bianchi 9, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy.
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10
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Wang Y, Wang Q, Bergmann SM, Li Y, Li B, Lv Y, Yin J, Yang G, Qv Y, Wang Y, Zeng W. Development and comparative evaluation of real-time PCR and real-time RPA assays for detection of tilapia lake virus. Mol Cell Probes 2021; 60:101776. [PMID: 34740779 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2021.101776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a newly emerged pathogen responsible for high mortality and economic losses in the global tilapia industry. Early and accurate diagnosis is an important priority for TiLV disease control. In order to evaluate the methodology in the molecular diagnosis of TiLV, we compared newly developed quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and real-time recombinase polymerase amplification (real-time RPA) assays regarding their sensitivities, specificities and detection effect on clinical samples. Real-time RPA amplified the target pathogen in less than 30 min at 39 °C with a detection limit of 620 copies, while qPCR required about 60 min with a detection limit of 62 copies. Both assays were specific for TiLV and there were no cross-reactions observed with other common fish pathogens. The assays were validated using 35 tissue samples from clinically infected and 60 from artificially infected animals. The sensitivities for the real-time RPA and qPCR assays were 93.33 and 100%, respectively, and the specificity was 100% for both. Both methods have their advantages and can play their roles in different situations. The qPCR is more suitable for quantitative analysis and accurate detection of TiLV in a diagnostic laboratory, whereas real-time RPA is more suitable for the diagnosis of clinical diseases and preliminary screening for TiLV infection in poorly equipped laboratories as well as in fish farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, Guangdong China; College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, Guangdong China
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Yingying Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, Guangdong China
| | - Bo Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, Guangdong China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yuefeng Lv
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, Guangdong China; College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, Guangdong China
| | - Guang Yang
- College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Qv
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, Guangdong China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, Guangdong China.
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China.
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11
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Xie J, Yang X, Duan L, Chen K, Liu P, Zhan W, Zhang C, Zhao H, Wei M, Tang Y, Luo M. One-Step Reverse-Transcription Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Using Lateral Flow Strips for the Detection of Coxsackievirus A6. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:629533. [PMID: 33613499 PMCID: PMC7889601 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.629533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease affecting mainly children under 5 years of age. Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA-6), a major causative pathogen of HFMD, has caused outbreaks in recent years. Currently, no effective vaccine or antiviral treatments are available. In this study, one-step reverse-transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA), combined with a disposable lateral flow strip (LFS) assay, was developed to detect CVA-6. This assay can be performed in less than 35 min at 37°C without expensive instruments, and the result can be observed directly with the naked eye. The sensitivity of the RT-RPA-LFS was 10 copies per reaction, which was comparable to that of the conventional real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays. Moreover, the assay specificity was 100%. The clinical performance of the RT-RPA-LFS assay was evaluated using 142 clinical samples, and the coincidence rate between RT-RPA-LFS and qPCR was 100%. Therefore, our RT-RPA-LFS assay provides a simple and rapid approach for point-of-care CVA-6 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xie
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Duan
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keyi Chen
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenli Zhan
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changbin Zhang
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengru Wei
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyong Luo
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Wang W, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Chen G, Shi M, Qiao Y, Huang T, Wei T, Mo M, He X, Wei P. Rapid and visual detection of the emerging novel duck reovirus by using a specific and sensitive reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification method. J Virol Methods 2021; 291:114098. [PMID: 33621643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Duck spleen necrosis disease (DSND) caused by Novel Duck Reovirus (NDRV), is an emerging infectious disease that causes severely threaten to duck industry. Currently, the popular conventional RT-PCR technique for detecting NDRV is time consuming. So, it is essential to develop a rapid and accurate molecular diagnosis techniques of the pathogen for the purpose to effective control of the disease. In our study, a simple, rapid and reliable detection method was developed by an isothermal reverse transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA). The RT-RPA primers were designed targeting the S3 gene of NDRV, and its specificity was verified by testing a series of other waterfowl pathogens. A total of 20 field and experimental samples from infected ducklings were tested by the RT-RPA and compared with the results of the conventional RT-PCR and the quantitative RT-PCR simultaneously. The RT-RPA method could detect as little as 4.14 × 102 copies/μl of the target gene in the sensitivity analysis, which was 10×higher sensitive than the conventional RT-PCR. The major advantage of the RT-RPA method is that it could be performed as an isothermal reaction at 37 ℃ and completed within 20 min. In addition, no cross-reactivity was detected with other waterfowl-origin viruses. Also, the amplified products could be visualized faster, without the gel electrophoresis, by adding the SYBR Green I and observing them under an ultraviolet light. The newly developed RT-RPA method offers a simple, rapid and accurate for rapid detection of NDRV, which especially useful in on-site facilities and resource-limited areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, China
| | - Mengya Shi
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, China
| | - Yuanzheng Qiao
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, China
| | - Teng Huang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, China
| | - Tianchao Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, China
| | - Meilan Mo
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, China
| | - Xiumiao He
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi, 530006, China.
| | - Ping Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, China.
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13
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Lau YL, Ismail IB, Mustapa NIB, Lai MY, Tuan Soh TS, Haji Hassan A, Peariasamy KM, Lee YL, Abdul Kahar MKB, Chong J, Goh PP. Development of a reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid and direct visual detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245164. [PMID: 33406112 PMCID: PMC7787525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis is an important intervention in managing the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak. Real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) remains the primary means for diagnosing the new virus strain but it is time consuming and costly. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is an isothermal amplification assay that does not require a PCR machine. It is an affordable, rapid, and simple assay. In this study, we developed and optimized a sensitive reverse transcription (RT)-RPA assay for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 using SYBR Green I and/or lateral flow (LF) strip. The analytical sensitivity and specificity of the RT-RPA assay were tested by using 10-fold serial diluted synthetic RNA and genomic RNA of similar viruses, respectively. Clinical sensitivity and specificity of the RT-RPA assay were carried out using 78 positive and 35 negative nasopharyngeal samples. The detection limit of both RPA and RT-qPCR assays was 7.659 and 5 copies/μL RNA, respectively with no cross reactivity with other viruses. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of RT-RPA were 98% and 100%, respectively. Our study showed that RT-RPA represents a viable alternative to RT-qPCR for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, especially in areas with limited infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Meng Yee Lai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | - Yee Leng Lee
- Clinical Research Centre, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Jennifer Chong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pik Pin Goh
- Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
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14
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Zhang J, Liu J, An D, Fan Y, Cheng Z, Tang Y, Diao Y. A novel recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of epidemic fowl adenovirus. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6446-6453. [PMID: 33248559 PMCID: PMC7449135 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) has posed a grave threat to the health of poultry, and the sudden outbreak highlights the importance of the new rapid diagnostic method for the control and prevention of transmission. Hence, in the present study, a novel recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay, which was suitable for all 12 serotypes (FAdV-1 to 8a and 8b to 11) had been successfully launched to detect FAdV. Also, the entire amplification process could be completed in the isothermal condition when temperature ranged from 26 to 42°C within no more than 14 min, which was remarkably superior to endpoint polymerase chain reaction (98 min) with the same detecting sensitivity (as low as 0.1 fg viral DNA), avoiding sophisticated thermal cyclers with simple operation. Additionally, the same primers did not produce positive reactions with other viruses tested, demonstrating that the specificity of the RPA assay was acceptable. Moreover, this developed method could be efficiently used in the diagnosis of FAdV references and epidemic strains from different avian origins, thus making it a rapid, reliable, and point-of-care FAdV diagnostics tool, as well as an alternative to endpoint PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Da An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yunhao Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
| | - Youxiang Diao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
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15
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Wong CL, Yong CY, Ong HK, Ho KL, Tan WS. Advances in the Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:477. [PMID: 32974392 PMCID: PMC7473413 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a devastating livestock disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Outbreaks of this disease in a country always result in conspicuous economic losses to livestock industry and subsequently lead to serious socioeconomic damages due to the immediate imposition of trade embargo. Rapid and accurate diagnoses are imperative to control this infectious virus. In the current review, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based methods used in FMD diagnosis are extensively reviewed, particularly the sandwich, liquid-phase blocking, and solid-phase competition ELISA. The differentiation of infected animals from vaccinated animals using ELISA-based methods is also highlighted, in which the role of 3ABC polyprotein as a marker is reviewed intensively. Recently, more studies are focusing on the molecular diagnostic methods, which detect the viral nucleic acids based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RT-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). These methods are generally more sensitive because of their ability to amplify a minute amount of the viral nucleic acids. In this digital era, the RT-PCR and RT-LAMP are progressing toward the mobile versions, aiming for on-site FMDV diagnosis. Apart from RT-PCR and RT-LAMP, another diagnostic assay specifically designed for on-site diagnosis is the lateral flow immunochromatographic test strips. These test strips have some distinct advantages over other diagnostic methods, whereby the assay often does not require the aid of an external device, which greatly lowers the cost per test. In addition, the on-site diagnostic test can be easily performed by untrained personnel including farmers, and the results can be obtained in a few minutes. Lastly, the use of FMDV diagnostic assays for progressive control of the disease is also discussed critically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Loo Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Chean Yeah Yong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hui Kian Ong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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16
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Han Q, Wang J, Li R, Han Q, Yuan W, Wang J. Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of Haemophilus parasuis in tissue samples. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:894-900. [PMID: 32452632 PMCID: PMC7738723 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer's disease in swine, which associates with severe economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. A real‐time recombinase polymerase amplification assay (real‐time RPA) was developed for direct and rapid detection of H. parasuis basing on the translation‐initiation factor IF2 (infB) gene. The assay was performed successfully at 39°C for 20 min in Genie III, which is portable and chargeable by battery. The developed assay was highly specific for H. parasuis, and the limit of detection of the assay was 6.0 × 103 fg of H. parasuis genomic DNA, which was the same as that of a real‐time PCR developed previously. The assay was further evaluated on 68 pig tissue samples, and 18 (26.5%), 20 (29.4%), and 8 (11.8%) samples were positive for H. parasuis by the real‐time RPA, real‐time PCR and bacterial isolation, respectively. With the bacteria isolation as the reference method, the real‐time RPA showed a diagnostic specificity of 83.33% and a diagnostic sensitivity of 100%. The above data demonstrated the well‐potentiality and usefulness of the developed real‐time RPA assay in reliable diagnosis of swine Glässer's disease, especially in resource limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyi Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruiwen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Qingan Han
- Hebei Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jianchang Wang
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Shijiazhuang, China
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17
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Gao X, Liu X, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Wang Y. Rapid and visual detection of porcine deltacoronavirus by recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:130. [PMID: 32381014 PMCID: PMC7203717 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly emerging Coronavirus that was first identified in 2012 in Hong Kong, China. Since then, PDCoV has subsequently been reported worldwide, causing a high number of neonatal piglet deaths and significant economic losses to the swine industry. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a highly sensitive and specific method for the rapid diagnosis of PDCoV. Results In the present study, a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic method using recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick (LFD-RPA) was developed for rapid and visual detection of PDCoV. The system can be performed under a broad range of temperature conditions from 10 to 37 °C, and the detection of PDCoV can be completed in 10 min at 37 °C. The sensitivity of this assay was 10 times higher than that of conventional PCR with a lower detection limit of 1 × 102 copies/µl of PDCoV. Meanwhile, the LFD-RPA assay specifically amplified PDCoV, while there was no cross-amplification with other swine-associated viruses, including Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), Porcine kobuvirus (PKoV), Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and Seneca valley virus (SVV). The repeatability of the test results indicated that this assay had good repeatability. In addition, 68 clinical samples (48 fecal swab specimens and 20 intestinal specimens) were further tested by LFD-RPA and RT-PCR assay. The positive rate of LFD-RPA clinical samples was 26.47% higher than that of conventional PCR (23.53%). Conclusions The LFD-RPA assay successfully detected PDCoV in less than 20 min in this study, providing a potentially valuable tool to improve molecular detection for PDCoV and to monitor the outbreak of PDCoV, especially in low-resource areas and laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xinsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yanming Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Yonglu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
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18
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Ji J, Xu X, Wang X, Zuo K, Li Z, Leng C, Kan Y, Yao L, Bi Y. Novel polymerase spiral reaction assay for the visible molecular detection of porcine circovirus type 3. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:322. [PMID: 31492192 PMCID: PMC6731610 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a newly emerging circovirus that might be associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, reproductive failure, and cardiac and multisystemic inflammation. To aid the prevention and control of the infectious disease caused by PCV3, we developed a novel isothermal amplification assay using polymerase spiral reaction (PSR), which allows the visual detection of preserved strains and clinical samples. Results This assay precisely amplified the PCV3 genome with the use of a water bath at 62 °C for 50 min. The detection limit was found to be 1.13 × 102 copies/μL by gel electrophoresis or with the use of a visible dye (an indicator comprising phenol red and cresol red). No cross-reaction with other porcine infectious viruses was observed. The detection results for 23 PCV3-positive samples by PSR were in accordance with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. The detection rate of the PSR assay for PCV3 positivity of clinical samples was 68/97, which was higher than LAMP assay (67/97). Conclusions These results indicated that the PSR assay provides an accurate and rapid method for the detection of PCV3 with high sensitivity and specificity. It is particularly suited for use in a simple laboratory setting without a thermal cycler or gel electrophoresis equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ji
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio-reactor and Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, Hena, 473061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Xu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio-reactor and Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, Hena, 473061, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio-reactor and Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, Hena, 473061, People's Republic of China
| | - Kejing Zuo
- Veterinary Laboratory, Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhili Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoliang Leng
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio-reactor and Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, Hena, 473061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunchao Kan
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio-reactor and Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, Hena, 473061, People's Republic of China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio-reactor and Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, Hena, 473061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingzuo Bi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
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Peng Y, Zheng X, Kan B, Li W, Zhang W, Jiang T, Lu J, Qin A. Rapid detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei with a lateral flow recombinase polymerase amplification assay. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213416. [PMID: 31283772 PMCID: PMC6613700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a severe infectious disease caused by gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei). Although cases are increasing reported from other parts of the world, it is an illness of tropical and subtropical climates primarily found in southeast Asia and northern Australia. Because of a 40% mortality rate, this life-threatening disease poses a public health risk in endemic area. Early detection of B. pseudomallei infection is vital for prognosis of a melioidosis patient. In this study, a novel isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick (LF-RPA) assay was established for rapid detection of B. pseudomallei. A set of primer-probe targeting orf2 gene within the putative type III secretion system (T3SS) cluster genes was generated and parameters for the LF-RPA assay were optimized. Result can be easy visualized in 30 minutes with the limit of detection (LOD) as low as 20 femtogram (fg) (ca. 25.6 copies) of B. pseudomallei genomic DNA without a specific equipment. The assay is highly specific as no cross amplification was observed with Burkholderia mallei, members of the Burkholderia cepacia-complex and 35 non-B. pseudomallei bacteria species. Moreover, isolates from patients in Hainan (N = 19), Guangdong (N = 1), Guangxi (N = 3) province of China as well as in Australia (N = 3) and Thailand (N = 1) were retrospectively confirmed by the newly developed method. LODs for B. pseudomallei-spiked soil and blood samples were 2.1×103 CFU/g and 4.2×103 CFU/ml respectively. The sensitivity of the LF-RPA assay was comparable to TaqMan Real-Time PCR (TaqMan PCR). In addition, the LF-RPA assay exhibited a better tolerance to inhibitors in blood than TaqMan PCR. Our results showed that the LF-RPA assay is an alternative to existing PCR-based methods for detection of B. pseudomallei with a potentiality of early accurate diagnosis of melioidosis at point of care or in-field use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Peng
- Department of Pestis, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Pestis, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Kan
- Department of Diarrheal Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pestis, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Taozhen Jiang
- Department of Preservation Center for Standard Strain, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxing Lu
- Department of Hospital Antibiotics Resistance, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
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Zhao S, Cui Y, Jing J, Yan Y, Peng Y, Shi K, Wang K, Zhou Y, Jian F, Zhang L, Wang R, Ning C. Rapid and sensitive detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum using a newly developed recombinase polymerase amplification assay. Exp Parasitol 2019; 201:21-25. [PMID: 31029698 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the bacterial pathogen responsible for tick-borne fever and human granulocytic anaplasmosis, can seriously affect the health of humans and a wide range of other mammals. In this study, we developed a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay to detect A. phagocytophilum in clinical samples. Following alignment of the relevant DNA sequences, a pair of specific primers based on the 16S rRNA gene was designed to specifically detect A. phagocytophilum. The assay was performed at a constant temperature of 38 °C for 30 min, with a final primer concentration of 0.4 μM. The specificity of the primers was confirmed when DNA from A. phagocytophilum was used as the positive control, and DNA from other related pathogens were used as the negative controls, with ddH2O acting as the blank control. The results showed that the primers did not cross-react with DNA from the other related pathogens. The assay's detection limit was 1.77 × 10-5 ng/μl, a 10 × higher sensitivity level than that determined for nested PCR. The RPA assay's performance was evaluated using 44 clinical samples, and the prevalence results for A. phagocytophilum were found to not differ significantly between the RPA assay and the nested PCR. Thus, we have developed a specific, sensitive, rapid and cost-effective RPA method, requiring only a water bath, for the detection of A. phagocytophilum. The assay should be especially useful in resource-limited areas where access to laboratory equipment is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Yanyan Cui
- School of Biotechnology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Wenhua Road 298, Shangqiu, 476000, PR China
| | - Jichun Jing
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Yaqun Yan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Yongshuai Peng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Ke Shi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Kunlun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Yongchun Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China.
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Li R, Wang J, Liu L, Zhang R, Hao X, Han Q, Wang J, Yuan W. Direct detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in swine lungs and tonsils by real-time recombinase polymerase amplification assay. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 45:14-18. [PMID: 30930280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of swine contagious pleuropneumoniae, which is distributed globally and associated with severe economic losses in the pig rearing industry. In this study, a real-time recombinase polymerase amplification assay (real-time RPA) based on the apxIVA gene was developed to rapid detect A. pleuropneumoniae. Real-time RPA was performed successfully in Genie III at the constant temperature of 39 °C for 20 min. The developed assay was highly specific for A. pleuropneumoniae, and the sensitivity at 95% probability was 536 fg of A. pleuropneumoniae genomic DNA. The real-time RPA for A. pleuropneumoniae was further evaluated on the 112 clinical swine lung and tonsil samples, and 25 (22.3%), 27 (24.1%), and 12 (10.7%) samples were positive for A. pleuropneumoniae by the real-time RPA, real-time PCR and bacterial isolation, respectively. With a real-time PCR as the reference method, the real-time RPA showed a diagnostic specificity of 98.8%, a diagnostic sensitivity of 88.9%, a positive predicative value of 96.0%, a negative predictive value of 96.5%, and a kappa value of 0.900. The above data demonstrated the well potentiality and usefulness of the developed real-time RPA assay in the reliable detection of A. pleuropneumoniae, especially in resource limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Center of Inspection and Quarantine Technology, Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Libing Liu
- Center of Inspection and Quarantine Technology, Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China; Hebei Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Ruoxi Zhang
- Hebei Animal Disease Control Center, Shijiazhuang, 050050, China
| | - Xuepiao Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Qingan Han
- Hebei Animal Disease Control Center, Shijiazhuang, 050050, China
| | - Jianchang Wang
- Center of Inspection and Quarantine Technology, Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China; Hebei Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
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