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Liu Y, Chen M. Emerging role of α-Klotho in energy metabolism and cardiometabolic diseases. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2023; 17:102854. [PMID: 37722166 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Klotho was first identified as a gene associated with aging and longevity in 1997. α-Klotho is an anti-aging protein and its role in energy metabolism, various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and metabolic disorders is increasingly being recognized. In this review, we aimed to outline the potential protective role and therapeutic prospects of α-Klotho in energy metabolism and cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs). METHODS We comprehensively reviewed the relevant literature in PubMed using the keywords 'Klotho', 'metabolism', 'cardiovascular', 'diabetes', 'obesity', 'metabolic syndrome', and 'nonalcoholic fatty liver disease'. RESULTS α-Klotho can be divided into membrane-bound Klotho, secreted Klotho, and the most studied circulating soluble Klotho that can act as a hormone. Klotho gene polymorphisms have been implicated in energy metabolism and CMDs. α-Klotho can inhibit insulin/insulin growth factor-1 signaling and its overexpression can lead to a 'healthy insulin resistance' and may exert beneficial effects on the regulation of glycolipid metabolism and central energy homeostasis. α-Klotho, mainly serum Klotho, has been revealed to be protective against CVDs, diabetes and its complications, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Human recombinant Klotho protein/Klotho gene delivery, multiple drugs, or natural products, and exercise can increase α-Klotho expression. CONCLUSION Overall, α-Klotho has demonstrated its potential as a promising target for modulating energy metabolism and CMDs, and further research is needed to explore its utilization in clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430000, PR China
| | - Mingkai Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430000, PR China.
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2
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Norton CE, Shaw RL, Segal SS. Differential Effects of High Fat Diets on Resilience to H 2O 2-Induced Cell Death in Mouse Cerebral Arteries: Role for Processed Carbohydrates. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1433. [PMID: 37507971 PMCID: PMC10376469 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
High fat, western-style diets increase vascular oxidative stress. We hypothesized that smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells adapt during the consumption of high fat diets to become more resilient to acute oxidative stress. Male C57Bl/6J mice were fed a western-style diet high in fat and processed carbohydrates (WD), a high fat diet that induces obesity (DIO), or their respective control (CD) and standard (SD) diets for 16 weeks. Posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs) were isolated and pressurized for study. During acute exposure to H2O2 (200 µM), smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell death were reduced in PCAs from WD, but not DIO mice. WD selectively attenuated mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization and vessel wall Ca2+ influx during H2O2 exposure. Selective inhibition of transient receptor potential (TRP) V4 or TRPC3 channels reduced smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell death in concert with the vessel wall [Ca2+]i response to H2O2 for PCAs from CD mice and eliminated differences between CD and WD. Inhibiting Src kinases reduced smooth muscle cell death along with [Ca2+]i response to H2O2 only in PCAs from CD mice and eliminated differences between diets. However, Src kinase inhibition did not alter endothelial cell death. These findings indicate that consuming a WD, but not high fat alone, leads to adaptations that limit Ca2+ influx and vascular cell death during exposure to acute oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Norton
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Rebecca L Shaw
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Steven S Segal
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Fontes MT, Arruda-Junior DF, dos Santos DS, Ribeiro-Silva JC, Antônio EL, Tucci PF, Rossoni LV, Girardi AC. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibition rescues PKA-eNOS signaling and suppresses aortic hypercontractility in male rats with heart failure. Life Sci 2023; 323:121648. [PMID: 37001807 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Vascular dysfunction and elevated circulating dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) activity are both reported to be involved in the progression of heart failure (HF). While the cardiac benefits of DPP4 inhibitors (DPP4i) have been extensively studied, little is known about the effects of DPP4i on vascular dysfunction in nondiabetic HF. This study tested the hypothesis that vildagliptin (DPP4i) mitigates aortic hyperreactivity in male HF rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were subjected to left ventricle (LV) radiofrequency ablation to HF induction or sham operation (SO). Six weeks after surgery, radiofrequency-ablated rats who developed HF were treated with vildagliptin (120 mg⸱kg-1⸱day-1) or vehicle for 4 weeks. Thoracic aorta reactivity, dihydroethidium fluorescence, immunoblotting experiments, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed. KEY FINDINGS DPP4i ameliorated the hypercontractility of HF aortas to the α-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine towards SO levels. In HF, the reduced endothelium and nitric oxide (NO) anticontractile effect on phenylephrine response was restored by DPP4i. At the molecular level, this vasoprotective effect of DPP4i was accompanied by (i) reduced oxidative stress and NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) expression, (ii) enhanced total endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and phosphorylation at Ser1177, and (iii) increased PKA activation, which acts upstream of eNOS. Additionally, DPP4i restored the higher serum angiotensin II concentration towards SO. SIGNIFICANCE Our data demonstrate that DPP4i ameliorates aortic hypercontractility, most likely by enhancing NO bioavailability, showing that the DPP4i-induced cardioprotection in male HF may arise from effects not only in the heart but also in conductance arteries.
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Tang A, Zhang Y, Wu L, Lin Y, Lv L, Zhao L, Xu B, Huang Y, Li M. Klotho's impact on diabetic nephropathy and its emerging connection to diabetic retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1180169. [PMID: 37143722 PMCID: PMC10151763 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1180169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide and is a significant burden on healthcare systems. α-klotho (klotho) is a protein known for its anti-aging properties and has been shown to delay the onset of age-related diseases. Soluble klotho is produced by cleavage of the full-length transmembrane protein by a disintegrin and metalloproteases, and it exerts various physiological effects by circulating throughout the body. In type 2 diabetes and its complications DN, a significant decrease in klotho expression has been observed. This reduction in klotho levels may indicate the progression of DN and suggest that klotho may be involved in multiple pathological mechanisms that contribute to the onset and development of DN. This article examines the potential of soluble klotho as a therapeutic agent for DN, with a focus on its ability to impact multiple pathways. These pathways include anti-inflammatory and oxidative stress, anti-fibrotic, endothelial protection, prevention of vascular calcification, regulation of metabolism, maintenance of calcium and phosphate homeostasis, and regulation of cell fate through modulation of autophagy, apoptosis, and pyroptosis pathways. Diabetic retinopathy shares similar pathological mechanisms with DN, and targeting klotho may offer new insights into the prevention and treatment of both conditions. Finally, this review assesses the potential of various drugs used in clinical practice to modulate klotho levels through different mechanisms and their potential to improve DN by impacting klotho levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Ling Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Lizeyu Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Liangbin Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Bojun Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Youqun Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingquan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Mingquan Li,
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Prud’homme GJ, Kurt M, Wang Q. Pathobiology of the Klotho Antiaging Protein and Therapeutic Considerations. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:931331. [PMID: 35903083 PMCID: PMC9314780 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.931331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
The α-Klotho protein (henceforth denoted Klotho) has antiaging properties, as first observed in mice homozygous for a hypomorphic Klotho gene (kl/kl). These mice have a shortened lifespan, stunted growth, renal disease, hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia, vascular calcification, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, pulmonary disease, cognitive impairment, multi-organ atrophy and fibrosis. Overexpression of Klotho has opposite effects, extending lifespan. In humans, Klotho levels decline with age, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease and other conditions. Low Klotho levels correlate with an increase in the death rate from all causes. Klotho acts either as an obligate coreceptor for fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), or as a soluble pleiotropic endocrine hormone (s-Klotho). It is mainly produced in the kidneys, but also in the brain, pancreas and other tissues. On renal tubular-cell membranes, it associates with FGF receptors to bind FGF23. Produced in bones, FGF23 regulates renal excretion of phosphate (phosphaturic effect) and vitamin D metabolism. Lack of Klotho or FGF23 results in hyperphosphatemia and hypervitaminosis D. With age, human renal function often deteriorates, lowering Klotho levels. This appears to promote age-related pathology. Remarkably, Klotho inhibits four pathways that have been linked to aging in various ways: Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), Wnt and NF-κB. These can induce cellular senescence, apoptosis, inflammation, immune dysfunction, fibrosis and neoplasia. Furthermore, Klotho increases cell-protective antioxidant enzymes through Nrf2 and FoxO. In accord, preclinical Klotho therapy ameliorated renal, cardiovascular, diabetes-related and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cancer. s-Klotho protein injection was effective, but requires further investigation. Several drugs enhance circulating Klotho levels, and some cross the blood-brain barrier to potentially act in the brain. In clinical trials, increased Klotho was noted with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (losartan, valsartan), a statin (fluvastatin), mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin, everolimus), vitamin D and pentoxifylline. In preclinical work, antidiabetic drugs (metformin, GLP-1-based, GABA, PPAR-γ agonists) also enhanced Klotho. Several traditional medicines and/or nutraceuticals increased Klotho in rodents, including astaxanthin, curcumin, ginseng, ligustilide and resveratrol. Notably, exercise and sport activity increased Klotho. This review addresses molecular, physiological and therapeutic aspects of Klotho.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald J. Prud’homme
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Gérald J. Prud’homme,
| | - Mervé Kurt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Yinuo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
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Huang HC, Hsu SJ, Chuang CL, Hsiung SY, Chang CC, Hou MC, Lee FY. Effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition on portal hypertensive and cirrhotic rats. J Chin Med Assoc 2021; 84:1092-1099. [PMID: 34670224 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Portal hypertension is a pathophysiological abnormality with distinct vascular derangements associated with liver cirrhosis. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are antidiabetic agents which exert pleiotropic vascular effects, but their relevant impact on portal hypertension and liver cirrhosis remains unclear. This study aims to clarify this issue. METHODS Rats receiving partial portal vein ligation (PVL) and common bile duct ligation (BDL) served as experimental models for portal hypertension and cirrhosis, respectively. After linagliptin (a DPP-4 inhibitor) treatment, the survival rate, hemodynamics, biochemistry parameters and liver histopathology were evaluated. In addition, the collateral vascular responsiveness and severity of portal-systemic shunting were examined. mRNA and protein expression in the vasculature and liver were also examined. RESULTS Linagliptin significantly reduced portal pressure (control vs linagliptin: 12.9 ± 1.2 vs 9.1 ± 2.0 mmHg, p = 0.001) and upregulated nitric oxide synthase expression in the collateral vessel, superior mesentery artery, and liver of PVL rats. However, the portal hypotensive effect was insignificant in BDL rats. Glucose plasma levels, liver and renal biochemistry parameters were not significantly altered by linagliptin. The degree of portal-systemic shunting and collateral vascular responsiveness were also not significantly altered by linagliptin treatment. Linagliptin did not improve liver fibrosis and hepatic inflammation in BDL rats. CONCLUSION DPP-4 inhibition by linagliptin reduced portal pressure in portal hypertensive rats but not in cirrhotic rats. It may act by decreasing intrahepatic resistance via upregulation of hepatic nitric oxide synthase in portal hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chun Huang
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shao-Jung Hsu
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiao-Lin Chuang
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shao-Yu Hsiung
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Chih Chang
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Chih Hou
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fa-Yauh Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Zhang X, Yuan J, Zhou N, Shen K, Wang Y, Wang K, Zhu H. Omarigliptin Prevents TNF-α-Induced Cellular Senescence in Rat Aorta Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2024-2031. [PMID: 34382399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is one of the most significant factors involved in aging and age-related diseases. Senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) adversely affects the function of the cardiovascular system and contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an important incretin hormone involved in insulin release and vascular tone. GLP-1 is quickly degraded by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). Omarigliptin is a new DPP-4 inhibitor that has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress properties. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the selective DPP-4 inhibitor omarigliptin (OMG) on VSMCs exposed to insult from tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), one of the main inflammatory signaling molecules involved in cellular senescence. We found that OMG could suppress TNF-α-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-8) and inhibit oxidative stress by reducing the production of H2O2 and protein carbonyl. OMG ameliorated the increase in senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) and telomerase activity induced by TNF-α. The plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)/p53/p21 pathway is a key inducer of cellular senescence. OMG ameliorated the acetylation of p53 at lysine 382 (K382) and subsequent activation of p21 via inhibition of PAI-1. Importantly, our experiments revealed that blockage of silent information-regulator 1 (SIRT1) abolished the inhibitory effects of OMG on p53 acetylation, SA-β-gal activity, and telomerase activity in VSMCs. These results suggest that OMG may have the potential to delay or prevent the progression of age-related cardiovascular diseases by modulating the activity of SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijun Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Jianjun Yuan
- Department of Ultrasound, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Nanqian Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Kaikai Shen
- Department of Ultrasound, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Yisa Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, China
| | - Haohui Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
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High-Fat Diets Modify the Proteolytic Activities of Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV and the Regulatory Enzymes of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Cardiovascular Tissues of Adult Wistar Rats. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091149. [PMID: 34572336 PMCID: PMC8470673 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The replacement of diets high in saturated fat (SAFA) with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) is associated with better cardiovascular function and is related to the modulation of the activity of the local renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and the collagenase activity of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). The objective of the work was to verify the capacity of different types of dietary fat on the regulatory activities of RAS and DPP-IV. (2) Methods: Male Wistar rats were fed for 24 weeks with three different diets: the standard diet (S), the standard diet supplemented with virgin olive oil (20%) (VOO), or with butter (20%) plus cholesterol (0.1%) (Bch). The proteolytic activities were determined by fluorometric methods in the soluble (sol) and membrane-bound (mb) fractions of the left ventricle and atrium, aorta, and plasma samples. (3) Results: With the VOO diet, angiotensinase values were significantly lower than with the Bch diet in the aorta (GluAP and ArgAP (mb)), ventricle (ArgAP (mb)) and atrium (CysAP (sol)). Significant decreases in DPP-IV (mb) activity occurred with the Bch diet in the atrium and aorta. The VOO diet significantly reduced the activity of the cardiac damage marker LeuAP (mb) in the ventricle and aorta, except for LeuAP (sol) in the ventricle, which was reduced with the Bch diet. (4) Conclusions: The introduction into the diet of a source rich in MUFA would have a beneficial cardiovascular effect on RAS homeostasis and cardiovascular functional stability.
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Aroor AR, Mummidi S, Lopez-Alvarenga JC, Das N, Habibi J, Jia G, Lastra G, Chandrasekar B, DeMarco VG. Sacubitril/valsartan inhibits obesity-associated diastolic dysfunction through suppression of ventricular-vascular stiffness. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:80. [PMID: 33882908 PMCID: PMC8061206 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiac diastolic dysfunction (DD) and arterial stiffness are early manifestations of obesity-associated prediabetes, and both serve as risk factors for the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Since the incidence of DD and arterial stiffness are increasing worldwide due to exponential growth in obesity, an effective treatment is urgently needed to blunt their development and progression. Here we investigated whether the combination of an inhibitor of neprilysin (sacubitril), a natriuretic peptide-degrading enzyme, and an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (valsartan), suppresses DD and arterial stiffness in an animal model of prediabetes more effectively than valsartan monotherapy. METHODS Sixteen-week-old male Zucker Obese rats (ZO; n = 64) were assigned randomly to 4 different groups: Group 1: saline control (ZOC); Group 2: sacubitril/valsartan (sac/val; 68 mg•kg-1•day-1; ZOSV); Group 3: valsartan (31 mg•kg-1•day-1; ZOV) and Group 4: hydralazine, an anti-hypertensive drug (30 mg•kg-1•day-1; ZOH). Six Zucker Lean (ZL) rats that received saline only (Group 5) served as lean controls (ZLC). Drugs were administered daily for 10 weeks by oral gavage. RESULTS Sac/val improved echocardiographic parameters of impaired left ventricular (LV) stiffness in untreated ZO rats, without altering the amount of food consumed or body weight gained. In addition to improving DD, sac/val decreased aortic stiffness and reversed impairment in nitric oxide-induced vascular relaxation in ZO rats. However, sac/val had no impact on LV hypertrophy. Notably, sac/val was more effective than val in ameliorating DD. Although, hydralazine was as effective as sac/val in improving these parameters, it adversely affected LV mass index. Further, cytokine array revealed distinct effects of sac/val, including marked suppression of Notch-1 by both valsartan and sac/val, suggesting that cardiovascular protection afforded by both share some common mechanisms; however, sac/val, but not val, increased IL-4, which is increasingly recognized for its cardiovascular protection, possibly contributing, in part, to more favorable effects of sac/val over val alone in improving obesity-associated DD. CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that sac/val is superior to val in reversing obesity-associated DD. It is an effective drug combination to blunt progression of asymptomatic DD and vascular stiffness to HFpEF development in a preclinical model of obesity-associated prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya R Aroor
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, D110, DC043.0 One Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Srinivas Mummidi
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Lopez-Alvarenga
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Nitin Das
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Javad Habibi
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, D110, DC043.0 One Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, D110, DC043.0 One Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Guido Lastra
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, D110, DC043.0 One Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, One Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, D110, DC043.0 One Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Characterization of combined linagliptin and Y2R agonist treatment in diet-induced obese mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8060. [PMID: 33850212 PMCID: PMC8044192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors improve glycemic control by prolonging the action of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). In contrast to GLP-1 analogues, DPP-IV inhibitors are weight-neutral. DPP-IV cleavage of PYY and NPY gives rise to PYY3-36 and NPY3-36 which exert potent anorectic action by stimulating Y2 receptor (Y2R) function. This invites the possibility that DPP-IV inhibitors could be weight-neutral by preventing conversion of PYY/NPY to Y2R-selective peptide agonists. We therefore investigated whether co-administration of an Y2R-selective agonist could unmask potential weight lowering effects of the DDP-IV inhibitor linagliptin. Male diet-induced obese (DIO) mice received once daily subcutaneous treatment with linagliptin (3 mg/kg), a Y2R-selective PYY3-36 analogue (3 or 30 nmol/kg) or combination therapy for 14 days. While linagliptin promoted marginal weight loss without influencing food intake, the PYY3-36 analogue induced significant weight loss and transient suppression of food intake. Both compounds significantly improved oral glucose tolerance. Because combination treatment did not further improve weight loss and glucose tolerance in DIO mice, this suggests that potential negative modulatory effects of DPP-IV inhibitors on endogenous Y2R peptide agonist activity is likely insufficient to influence weight homeostasis. Weight-neutrality of DPP-IV inhibitors may therefore not be explained by counter-regulatory effects on PYY/NPY responses.
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11
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Cao F, Wu K, Zhu YZ, Bao ZW. Roles and Mechanisms of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors in Vascular Aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:731273. [PMID: 34489872 PMCID: PMC8416540 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.731273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular aging is characterized by alterations in the constitutive properties and biological functions of the blood vessel wall. Endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are indispensability elements in the inner layer and the medial layer of the blood vessel wall, respectively. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, as a hypoglycemic agent, play a protective role in reversing vascular aging regardless of their effects in meliorating glycemic control in humans and animal models of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through complex cellular mechanisms, including improving EC dysfunction, promoting EC proliferation and migration, alleviating EC senescence, obstructing EC apoptosis, suppressing the proliferation and migration of VSMCs, increasing circulating endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) levels, and preventing the infiltration of mononuclear macrophages. All of these showed that DPP4 inhibitors may exert a positive effect against vascular aging, thereby preventing vascular aging-related diseases. In the current review, we will summarize the cellular mechanism of DPP4 inhibitors regulating vascular aging; moreover, we also intend to compile the roles and the promising therapeutic application of DPP4 inhibitors in vascular aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihua First People’s Hospital, Huaihua, China
| | - Kun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Huaihua First People’s Hospital, Huaihua, China
| | - Yong-Zhi Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihua First People’s Hospital, Huaihua, China
| | - Zhong-Wu Bao
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihua First People’s Hospital, Huaihua, China
- *Correspondence: Zhong-Wu Bao,
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12
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McCallinhart PE, Scandling BW, Trask AJ. Coronary remodeling and biomechanics: Are we going with the flow in 2020? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 320:H584-H592. [PMID: 33185115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00634.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Under normal conditions, coronary blood flow (CBF) provides critical blood supply to the myocardium so that it can appropriately meet the metabolic demands of the body. Dogmatically, there exist several known regulators and modulators of CBF that include local metabolites and neurohormonal factors that can influence the function of the coronary circulation. In disease states such as diabetes and myocardial ischemia, these regulators are impaired or shifted such that CBF is reduced. Although functional considerations have been and continued to be well studied, more recent evidence builds upon established studies that collectively suggest that the relative roles of coronary structure, biomechanics, and the influence of cardiac biomechanics via extravascular compression may also play a significant role in dictating CBF. In this mini review, we discuss these regulators of CBF under normal and pathophysiological conditions and their potential influence on the control of CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E McCallinhart
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Heart Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Benjamin W Scandling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Aaron J Trask
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Heart Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
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13
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Aortic adventitial thickness as a marker of aortic atherosclerosis, vascular stiffness, and vessel remodeling in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 40:1843-1852. [PMID: 33025269 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is limited human imaging data on the association of adventitial thickness (AT) with arterial disease. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypical disease model for studying markers of premature arterial disease. OBJECTIVE To determine if increased aortic AT is associated with aortic atherosclerosis [increased intima media thickness (IMT) or plaques], stiffness [increased pressure-strain elastic modulus (PSEM)], and vessel remodeling. METHODS In total, 70 SLE patients and 26 age- and sex-matched controls underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Two-dimensional guided M-mode images were obtained to assess AT, IMT, and plaques, and PSEM at the proximal, mid, and distal thoracic aorta. Images were interpreted by 3 observers unaware of the subjects' clinical data and each other's measurements. Abnormal aortic AT, IMT, and PSEM were defined as > 2SD above the overall mean values in controls and corresponded to > 1 mm, > 1 mm, and > 10.6 Pascal units, respectively. Plaques were defined as focal-protruding IMT > 50% of the surrounding vessel wall. RESULTS Abnormal aortic AT, atherosclerosis, and abnormal stiffness were more frequent in SLE patients than in controls (all p ≤ 0.02). In SLE patients, abnormal AT combined with atherosclerosis was associated with larger aortic end-diastolic diameters than in controls (p ≤ 0.05). In SLE patients, aortic AT was greater in patients with atherosclerosis and in those with abnormal stiffness than in patients without these abnormalities (all p ≤ 0.02). In patients with abnormal AT, the degree of aortic stiffness was similar to those with atherosclerosis (p = 0.22). CONCLUSION In patients with SLE, increased aortic AT is associated with aortic atherosclerosis, abnormal stiffness, and eccentric vessel remodeling. Key Points • In patients with SLE, abnormal aortic adventitial thickness is associated with aortic atherosclerosis, abnormal stiffness, and eccentric vessel remodeling. • In patients with SLE, aortic adventitial thickening may contribute to the extent of aortic atherosclerosis, abnormal aortic stiffness, and vessel remodeling. • To our knowledge, this is the first human imaging study to characterize the aortic adventitial layer and delineate its association with aortic disease.
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Hong OK, Lee SS, Yoo SJ, Lee MK, Kim MK, Baek KH, Song KH, Kwon HS. Gemigliptin Inhibits Interleukin-1β-Induced Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition via Canonical-Bone Morphogenetic Protein Pathway. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:384-395. [PMID: 32615723 PMCID: PMC7386109 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.35.2.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) contributes to inflammatory conditions inducing conversion of endothelial cells (ECs) into activated fibroblasts, promoting fibrotic diseases. Pro-inflammatory cytokine is the most potent inducer of EndMT. We investigated inhibition of interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced EndMT by gemigliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor. METHODS We exposed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to 10 ng/mL IL-1β/20 μM gemigliptin and analyzed the expression of endothelial, smooth muscle, mesenchymal, and osteoblastic markers, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Smad, and non-Smad signaling pathway proteins. RESULTS Morphological changes showed gemigliptin blocked IL-1β-induced EndMT, upregulated EC markers, and downregulated smooth muscle and mesenchymal markers. IL-1β activation of HUVECs is initiated by the BMP/Smad and non-smad BMP signaling pathways. Gemigliptin inhibited IL-1β induction of BMP2 and 7, activin receptor type IA, BMP receptor type IA, and BMP receptor type II. Reversal of IL-1β-mediated inhibition of BMP-induced Smad1/5/8, Smad2, and Smad3 phosphorylation by gemigliptin suggests involvement of the Smad pathway in gemigliptin action. In the non-Smad BMP pathway, gemigliptin treatment significantly increased the deactivation of extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), p38, and JNK by IL-1β. Gemigliptin treatment suppressed BMP-2-induced expression of key osteoblastic markers including osterix, runt-related transcription factor 2, and hepcidin during IL-1β-induced EndMT. CONCLUSION We demonstrated a novel protective mechanism of gemigliptin against fibrosis by suppressing IL-1β-induced EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oak-Kee Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Seong-Su Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon,
Korea
| | - Soon Jib Yoo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon,
Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Goyang,
Korea
| | - Mee-Kyoung Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Baek
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Song
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Hyuk-Sang Kwon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
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15
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Ghosh S, Luo D, He W, Chen J, Su X, Huang H. Diabetes and calcification: The potential role of anti-diabetic drugs on vascular calcification regression. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104861. [PMID: 32407954 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) has been well-established as an independent and strong predictor of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) as well as major cardiac adverse events (MACE). VC is associated with increased mortality in patients with CVD. Pathologically, VC is now believed to be a multi-directional active process ultimately resulting in ectopic calcium deposition in vascular beds. On the other hand, prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is gradually increasing thus making the current population more prone to future CVD. Although the mechanisms involved in development and progression of VC in DM patients are not fully understood, a series of evidences demonstrated positive association between DM and VC. It has been highlighted that different cellular pathways are involved in this process. These intermediates such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), various interleukins (ILs) and different cell-signaling pathways are over-expressed in DM patients leading to development of VC. Thus, considering the burden and significance of VC it is of great importance to find a therapeutic approach to prevent or minimize the development of VC in DM patients. Over the past few years various anti diabetic drugs (ADDs) have been introduced and many of them showed desired glucose control. But no study demonstrated the effects of these medications on regression of VC. In this review, we will briefly discuss the current understanding on DM and VC and how commonly used ADDs modulate the development or progression of VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Ghosh
- Cardiovascular Department, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongling Luo
- Cardiovascular Department, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wanbing He
- Cardiovascular Department, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Su
- Tungwah Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Dongguan, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Cardiovascular Department, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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16
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McCallinhart PE, Cho Y, Sun Z, Ghadiali S, Meininger GA, Trask AJ. Reduced stiffness and augmented traction force in type 2 diabetic coronary microvascular smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H1410-H1419. [PMID: 32357115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00542.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetic (T2DM) coronary resistance microvessels (CRMs) undergo inward hypertrophic remodeling associated with reduced stiffness and reduced coronary blood flow in both mice and pig models. Since reduced stiffness does not appear to be due to functional changes in the extracellular matrix, this study tested the hypothesis that decreased CRM stiffness in T2DM is due to reduced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) stiffness, which impacts the traction force generated by VSMCs. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and traction force microscopy (TFM) were conducted on primary low-passage CRM VSMCs from normal Db/db and T2DM db/db mice in addition to low-passage normal and T2DM deidentified human coronary VSMCs. Elastic modulus was reduced in T2DM mouse and human coronary VSMCs compared with normal (mouse: Db/db 6.84 ± 0.34 kPa vs. db/db 4.70 ± 0.19 kPa, P < 0.0001; human: normal 3.59 ± 0.38 kPa vs. T2DM 2.61 ± 0.35 kPa, P = 0.05). Both mouse and human T2DM coronary microvascular VSMCs were less adhesive to fibronectin compared with normal. T2DM db/db coronary VSMCs generated enhanced traction force by TFM (control 692 ± 67 Pa vs. db/db 1,507 ± 207 Pa; P < 0.01). Immunoblot analysis showed that T2DM human coronary VSMCs expressed reduced β1-integrin and elevated β3-integrin (control 1.00 ± 0.06 vs. T2DM 0.62 ± 0.14, P < 0.05 and control 1.00 ± 0.49 vs. T2DM 3.39 ± 1.05, P = 0.06, respectively). These data show that T2DM coronary VSMCs are less stiff and less adhesive to fibronectin but are able to generate enhanced force, corroborating previously published computational findings that decreasing cellular stiffness increases the cells' ability to generate higher traction force.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show here that a potential causative factor for reduced diabetic coronary microvascular stiffness is the direct reduction in coronary vascular smooth muscle cell stiffness. These cells were also able to generate enhanced traction force, validating previously published computational models. Collectively, these data show that smooth muscle cell stiffness can be a contributor to overall tissue stiffness in the coronary microcirculation, and this may be a novel area of interest for therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E McCallinhart
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Heart Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Youjin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Zhe Sun
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Samir Ghadiali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Aaron J Trask
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Heart Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
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17
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Norton CE, Jacobsen NL, Sinkler SY, Manrique-Acevedo C, Segal SS. Female sex and Western-style diet protect mouse resistance arteries during acute oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 318:C627-C639. [PMID: 31891519 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00342.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A Western-style diet (WD; high in fat and carbohydrates) increases vascular oxidative stress. We hypothesized that vascular cells adapt to a WD by developing resilience to oxidative stress. Male and female C57BL/6J mice (4 wk of age) were fed a control diet (CD) or a WD for 16-20 wk. Superior epigastric arteries (SEAs; diameter, ~125 µm) were isolated and pressurized for study. Basal reactive oxygen species production was greatest in SEAs from males fed the WD. During exposure to H2O2 (200 μM, 50 min), propidium iodide staining identified nuclei of disrupted endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). For mice fed the CD, death of SMCs (21%) and ECs (6%) was greater (P < 0.05) in SEAs from males than females (9% and 2%, respectively). WD consumption attenuated cell death most effectively in SEAs from males. With no difference at rest, H2O2 increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) to the greatest extent in SEAs from males, as shown by fura 2 fluorescence. Selective disruption of the endothelium (luminal air bubble) increased [Ca2+]i and SMC death during H2O2 exposure irrespective of sex; the WD reduced both responses most effectively in males. Nonselective transient receptor potential (TRP) channel inhibition (ruthenium red, 5 μM) attenuated the rise of [Ca2+]i, as did selective inhibition of TRP vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) channels (HC-067047, 1 μM), which also attenuated cell death. In contrast, inhibition of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (diltiazem, 50 μM) was without effect. Thus, for resistance arteries during acute oxidative stress: 1) ECs are more resilient than (and can protect) SMCs, 2) vessels from females are inherently more resilient than those from males, and 3) a WD increases vascular resilience by diminishing TRPV4 channel-dependent Ca2+ entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Norton
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Nicole L Jacobsen
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Shenghua Y Sinkler
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Research Services, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Steven S Segal
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
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18
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Effect of Linagliptin on the Ratio of Apoptosis Regulators in the Model of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in db/db Mice. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 167:210-214. [PMID: 31236880 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitor linagliptin on the expression of apoptosis regulator proteins Bcl-2 and Bad in the liver of db/db mice with genetically determined obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The mice received daily linagliptin or saline (placebo) by gavage from week 10 to week 18 of life. In the liver of non-treated mice, the area positively stained for Bad was greater than the area of Bcl-2 expression, which created the conditions for apoptosis activation in liver at this age. Administration of linagliptin decreased Bad stained area and increased Bcl-2 stained area in the liver cells. At the same time, Bad stained area remained larger in treated mice than the area of Bcl-2 expression area, which attested to partial normalization of pro- and antiapoptotic protein balance.
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19
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DPP-4 inhibition enhanced renal tubular and myocardial GLP-1 receptor expression decreased in CKD with myocardial infarction. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:75. [PMID: 30823876 PMCID: PMC6397488 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease and is a significant risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality. In contrast, GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation has been shown to confer both renal and cardiovascular protection, though its relationship with CKD and CKD with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated changes in renal and myocardial GLP-1R expression in the CKD rat model with MI/R. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats with 5/6 nephrectomy were used as a rat model of CKD and CKD with MI/R. For myocardial ischemia, the left coronary artery was ligated and released for 30 min 1 week after 5/6 nephrectomy. Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors were administered orally with linagliptin once daily for 8 weeks. Renal cortical and myocardial GLP-1R expression were measured via immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Results DPP-4 activity was increased in CKD. Western blot density of GLP-1R in renal cortex extracts revealed increased abundance 2 weeks after 5/6 nephrectomy, followed by a decrease at 8 weeks. In contrast, CKD and CKD with MI/R rats showed decreases in renal and cardiac expression of GLP-1R; these effects were attenuated in rats treated with linagliptin. Conclusions In CKD with MI/R, linagliptin attenuated renal injury and increased renal and myocardial GLP-1R expression. These data suggest that activation of renal and myocardial GLP-1R expression may provide both cardio- and renoprotective effects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12882-019-1243-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Cosenso-Martin LN, Giollo-Júnior LT, Fernandes LAB, Cesarino CB, Nakazone MA, Machado MDN, Yugar-Toledo JC, Vilela-Martin JF. Effect of vildagliptin versus glibenclamide on endothelial function and arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Diabetol 2018; 55:1237-1245. [PMID: 30094725 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-018-1204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Several trials have reported that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, used to treat type 2 diabetes (T2DM), improve endothelial function. The current study investigated the effects of vildagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, compared to glibenclamide on endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and blood pressure in patients with T2DM and hypertension. METHODS Patients aged over 35 years with T2DM and hypertension, but without cardiovascular disease, were randomly allocated to treatment with vildagliptin (n = 25) or glibenclamide (n = 25). Both groups took metformin. Endothelial function was evaluated by peripheral artery tonometry (Endo-PAT 2000) to calculate the reactive hyperemia index (RHI) and arterial stiffness. Primary outcome was change in the RHI after 12 weeks of treatment. Twenty-four-hour non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed using a Mobil-O-Graph® 24-h PWA monitor. Arterial stiffness was assessed using the augmentation index corrected for 75 bpm (AIx75), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and central systolic blood pressure (cSBP). RESULTS There were no changes in the RHI in the vildagliptin group (before 2.35 ± 0.59; after 2.24 ± 0.60; p value = NS) or in the glibenclamide group (before 2.36 ± 0.52; after 2.34 ± 0.50; p value = NS), with no differences between groups (p value = NS). There was also no difference between vildagliptin and glibenclamide treatment in respect to AIx75 (p value = NS), cSBP (p value = NS) or PWV (p value = NS). CONCLUSIONS Vildagliptin and glibenclamide similarly do not change the endothelial function and arterial stiffness after 12 weeks of treatment in diabetic and hypertensive patients without cardiovascular disease. Thus, vildagliptin has a neutral effect on vascular function. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02145611, registered on 11 Jun 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Neves Cosenso-Martin
- Internal Medicine Division, Hospital de Base, State Medical School at São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Tadeu Giollo-Júnior
- Hypertension Clinic, State Medical School at São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudia Bernardi Cesarino
- Hypertension Clinic, State Nursing School at São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Arruda Nakazone
- Cardiology Department, Hospital de Base, State Medical School at São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício de Nassau Machado
- Cardiology Department, Hospital de Base, State Medical School at São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo
- Hypertension Clinic, State Medical School at São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Fernando Vilela-Martin
- Hypertension Clinic, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital de Base, State Medical School at São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Ave Brig. Faria Lima 5416, São José do Rio Preto, 15090-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Chen CY, Wu VC, Lin CJ, Lin CS, Pan CF, Chen HH, Lin YF, Huang TM, Chen L, Wu CJ. Improvement in Mortality and End-Stage Renal Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes After Acute Kidney Injury Who Are Prescribed Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors. Mayo Clin Proc 2018; 93:1760-1774. [PMID: 30343892 PMCID: PMC7126857 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To focus on the potential beneficial effects of the pleiotropic effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4is) on attenuating progression of diabetic kidney disease in reducing the long-term effect of the acute kidney injury (AKI) to chronic kidney disease (CKD) transition. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data from the National Health Insurance Research Database from January 1, 1999, to July 31, 2011, were analyzed, and patients with diabetes weaning from dialysis-requiring AKI were identified. Cox proportional hazards models and inverse-weighted estimates of the probability of treatment were used to adjust for treatment selection bias. The outcomes were incident end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events, and hospitalized heart failure. RESULTS Of a total of 6165 patients with diabetes weaning from dialysis-requiring AKI identified, 5635 (91.4%) patients were DPP4i nonusers and 530 (8.6%) patients were DPP4i users. Compared with DPP4i nonusers, DPP4i users had a lower risk of ESRD (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70-0.94; P=.04) and all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.23-0.34; P<.001) after adjustments for CKD, advanced CKD, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker use. In contrast, the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and hospitalized heart failure did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSION Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor users had a lower risk of ESRD and mortality than did nonusers among patients with diabetes after weaning from dialysis-requiring AKI. Therefore, a prospective study of AKI to CKD transitions after episodes of AKI is needed to optimally target DPP4i interventions.
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Key Words
- aki, acute kidney injury
- aki-d, dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury
- ckd, chronic kidney disease
- dm, diabetes mellitus
- dpp4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4
- dpp4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitior
- esrd, end-stage renal disease
- hhf, hospitalized heart failure
- hr, hazard ratio
- icd-9-cm, international classification of diseases, ninth revision, clinical modification
- iptw, inverse probability of treatment weighting
- kim-1, kidney injury molecule-1
- mace, major adverse cardiovascular event
- mi, myocardial infarction
- mpr, medication possession ratio
- nhi, national health insurance
- nhird, national health insurance research database
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Jui Lin
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Medicine, Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Feng Pan
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tao-Min Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Likwang Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Medicine, Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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22
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Li H, Zhang J, Lin L, Xu L. Vascular protection of DPP-4 inhibitors in retinal endothelial cells in in vitro culture. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 66:162-168. [PMID: 30466028 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
People with diabetes are at high risk of developing diabetes-related eye disease, termed as diabetic retinopathy, due damage being caused to the blood vessels in the retina. An efficient medical treatment to reduce diabetic retinopathy can improve the quality of life for diabetes patients. In our study, we show that linagliptin, a commercially available DPP-4 inhibitor, plays a protective role in retinal vascular endothelial cells. The presence of linagliptin protects retinal endothelial cells against TNF-α-induced cytotoxicity and enhances their viability. Linagliptin treatment suppresses TNF-α-induced production of reactive oxygen species and improves mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, linagliptin suppresses TNF-α-induced production of pro-inflammatory and pro-adhesive vascular cytokines including IL-6, IL-8, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. The presence of linagliptin in cell media can reduce the number of THP-1 cells that adhere to retina endothelial cells. Mechanistically, linagliptin potently suppresses TNF-α-induced accumulation of NF-κB nuclear protein p65 and activation of NF-κB promoter. Our data indicate that linagliptin is an anti-inflammatory diabetic agent, with the potential to be applied as a treatment for diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital Sichuan University, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Suining Central Hospital of Sichuan Province, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital Sichuan University, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Suining Central Hospital of Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lishuai Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of the North Sichuan Medical College
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23
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Aroor AR, Das NA, Carpenter AJ, Habibi J, Jia G, Ramirez-Perez FI, Martinez-Lemus L, Manrique-Acevedo CM, Hayden MR, Duta C, Nistala R, Mayoux E, Padilla J, Chandrasekar B, DeMarco VG. Glycemic control by the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin decreases aortic stiffness, renal resistivity index and kidney injury. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:108. [PMID: 30060748 PMCID: PMC6065158 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arterial stiffness is emerging as an independent risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease. The sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, which lower serum glucose by inhibiting SGLT2-mediated glucose reabsorption in renal proximal tubules, have shown promise in reducing arterial stiffness and the risk of cardiovascular and kidney disease in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Since hyperglycemia contributes to arterial stiffness, we hypothesized that the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin (EMPA) would improve endothelial function, reduce aortic stiffness, and attenuate kidney disease by lowering hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic female mice (db/db). Materials/methods Ten-week-old female wild-type control (C57BLKS/J) and db/db (BKS.Cg-Dock7m+/+Leprdb/J) mice were divided into three groups: lean untreated controls (CkC, n = 17), untreated db/db (DbC, n = 19) and EMPA-treated db/db mice (DbE, n = 19). EMPA was mixed with normal mouse chow at a concentration to deliver 10 mg kg−1 day−1, and fed for 5 weeks, initiated at 11 weeks of age. Results Compared to CkC, DbC showed increased glucose levels, blood pressure, aortic and endothelial cell stiffness, and impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Furthermore, DbC exhibited impaired activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, increased renal resistivity and pulsatility indexes, enhanced renal expression of advanced glycation end products, and periarterial and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. EMPA promoted glycosuria and blunted these vascular and renal impairments, without affecting increases in blood pressure. In addition, expression of “reversion inducing cysteine rich protein with Kazal motifs” (RECK), an anti-fibrotic mediator, was significantly suppressed in DbC kidneys and partially restored by EMPA. Confirming the in vivo data, EMPA reversed high glucose-induced RECK suppression in human proximal tubule cells. Conclusions Empagliflozin ameliorates kidney injury in type 2 diabetic female mice by promoting glycosuria, and possibly by reducing systemic and renal artery stiffness, and reversing RECK suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya R Aroor
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nitin A Das
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Andrea J Carpenter
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Javad Habibi
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Luis Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Camila M Manrique-Acevedo
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Melvin R Hayden
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Cornel Duta
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ravi Nistala
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Eric Mayoux
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, D110, DC043.0, One Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
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Ogola BO, Zimmerman MA, Clark GL, Abshire CM, Gentry KM, Miller KS, Lindsey SH. New insights into arterial stiffening: does sex matter? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1073-H1087. [PMID: 30028199 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00132.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses sexual dimorphism in arterial stiffening, disease pathology interactions, and the influence of sex on mechanisms and pathways. Arterial stiffness predicts cardiovascular mortality independent of blood pressure. Patients with increased arterial stiffness have a 48% higher risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Like other cardiovascular pathologies, arterial stiffness is sexually dimorphic. Young women have lower stiffness than aged-matched men, but this sex difference reverses during normal aging. Estrogen therapy does not attenuate progressive stiffening in postmenopausal women, indicating that currently prescribed drugs do not confer protection. Although remodeling of large arteries is a protective adaptation to higher wall stress, arterial stiffening increases afterload to the left ventricle and transmits higher pulsatile pressure to smaller arteries and target organs. Moreover, an increase in aortic stiffness may precede or exacerbate hypertension, particularly during aging. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which females are protected from arterial stiffness to provide insight into its mechanisms and, ultimately, therapeutic targets for treating this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benard O Ogola
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Gabrielle L Clark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Caleb M Abshire
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kaylee M Gentry
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kristin S Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Sarah H Lindsey
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
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25
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Tripolt NJ, Aberer F, Riedl R, Url J, Dimsity G, Meinitzer A, Stojakovic T, Aziz F, Hödl R, Brachtl G, Strunk D, Brodmann M, Hafner F, Sourij H. Effects of linagliptin on endothelial function and postprandial lipids in coronary artery disease patients with early diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:71. [PMID: 29773079 PMCID: PMC5958406 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early glucose lowering intervention in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus was demonstrated to be beneficial in terms of micro- and macrovascular risk reduction. However, most of currently ongoing cardiovascular outcome trials are performed in subjects with manifest atherosclerosis and long-standing diabetes. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin in subjects with coronary artery disease (CAD) but early type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on a set of cardiovascular surrogate measurements. Methods In this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, single-center study, we included subjects with early diabetes (postchallenge diabetes (2 h glucose > 200 mg/dl) or T2DM treated with diet only or on a stable dose of metformin monotherapy and an HbA1c < 75 mmol/mol) and established CAD. Participants were randomized to receive either linagliptin (5 mg) once daily orally or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in flow mediated dilatation (FMD). The secondary objective was to investigate the effect of linagliptin treatment on arginine bioavailability ratios [Global arginine bioavailability ratio (GABR) and arginine to ornithine ratio (AOR)]. Arginine, ornithine and citrulline were measured in serum samples with a conventional usual amino acid analysis technique, involving separation of amino acids by ion exchange chromatography followed by postcolumn continuous reaction with ninhydrin. GABR was calculated by l-arginine divided by the sum of (l-ornithine plus l-citrulline). The AOR was calculated by dividing l-arginine by l-ornithine levels. Group comparisons were calculated by using a two-sample t-test with Satterthwaite adjustment for unequal variances. Results We investigated 43 patients (21% female) with a mean age of 63.3 ± 8.2 years. FMD at baseline was 3.5 ± 3.1% in the linagliptin group vs. 4.0 ± 2.9% in the placebo group. The change in mean FMD in the linagliptin group was not significantly different compared to the change in the placebo group (0.43 ± 4.84% vs. − 0.45 ± 3.01%; p = 0.486). No significant improvements were seen in the arginine bioavailability ratios (GABR; p = 0.608 and AOR; p = 0.549). Conclusion Linagliptin treatment in subjects with CAD and early T2DM did not improve endothelial function or the arginine bioavailability ratios. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02350478 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02350478) Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-018-0716-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert J Tripolt
- Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Felix Aberer
- Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Regina Riedl
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jasmin Url
- Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Gudrun Dimsity
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Meinitzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Faisal Aziz
- Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria.,Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBmed, Graz, Austria
| | - Ronald Hödl
- Center for Cardiovascular Rehabilitation St. Radegund, St. Radegund, Austria
| | - Gabriele Brachtl
- Experimental & Clinical Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dirk Strunk
- Experimental & Clinical Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marianne Brodmann
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Franz Hafner
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Sourij
- Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria. .,Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBmed, Graz, Austria.
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Aroor AR, Manrique-Acevedo C, DeMarco VG. The role of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors in management of cardiovascular disease in diabetes; focus on linagliptin. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:59. [PMID: 29669555 PMCID: PMC5907287 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple population based analyses have demonstrated a high incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in subjects with T2DM that reduces life expectancy by as much as 15 years. Importantly, the CV system is particularly sensitive to the metabolic and immune derangements present in obese pre-diabetic and diabetic individuals; consequently, CV dysfunction is often the initial CV derangement to occur and promotes the progression to end organ/tissue damage in T2DM. Specifically, diabetic CVD can manifest as microvascular complications, such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy, as well as, macrovascular impairments, including ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease. Despite some progress in prevention and treatment of CVD, mainly via blood pressure and dyslipidemia control strategies, the impact of metabolic disease on CV outcomes is still a major challenge and persists in proportion to the epidemics of obesity and diabetes. There is abundant pre-clinical and clinical evidence implicating the DPP-4-incretin axis in CVD. In this regard, linagliptin is a unique DPP-4 inhibitor with both CV and renal safety profiles. Moreover, it exerts beneficial CV effects beyond glycemic control and beyond class effects. Linagliptin is protective for both macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes in preclinical models, as well as clinical models. Given the role of endothelial-immune cell interactions as one of the key events in the initiation and progression of CVD, linagliptin modulates these cell–cell interactions by affecting two important pathways involving stimulation of NO signaling and potent inhibition of a key immunoregulatory molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya R Aroor
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA. .,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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27
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Kanasaki K. The role of renal dipeptidyl peptidase-4 in kidney disease: renal effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors with a focus on linagliptin. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:489-507. [PMID: 29491123 PMCID: PMC5828949 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors used to treat type 2 diabetes may have nephroprotective effects beyond the reduced renal risk conferred by glycemic control. DPP-4 is a ubiquitous protein with exopeptidase activity that exists in cell membrane-bound and soluble forms. The kidneys contain the highest levels of DPP-4, which is increased in diabetic nephropathy. DPP-4 inhibitors are a chemically heterogeneous class of drugs with important pharmacological differences. Of the globally marketed DPP-4 inhibitors, linagliptin is of particular interest for diabetic nephropathy as it is the only compound that is not predominantly excreted in the urine. Linagliptin is also the most potent DPP-4 inhibitor, has the highest affinity for this protein, and has the largest volume of distribution; these properties allow linagliptin to penetrate kidney tissue and tightly bind resident DPP-4. In animal models of kidney disease, linagliptin elicited multiple renoprotective effects, including reducing albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, independent of changes in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose levels. At the molecular level, linagliptin prevented the pro-fibrotic endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition by disrupting the interaction between membrane-bound DPP-4 and integrin β1 that enhances signaling by transforming growth factor-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1. Linagliptin also increased stromal cell derived factor-1 levels, ameliorated endothelial dysfunction, and displayed unique antioxidant effects. Although the nephroprotective effects of linagliptin are yet to be translated to the clinical setting, the ongoing Cardiovascular and Renal Microvascular Outcome Study with Linagliptin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (CARMELINA®) study will definitively assess the renal effects of this DPP-4 inhibitor. CARMELINA® is the only clinical trial of a DPP-4 inhibitor powered to evaluate kidney outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Kanasaki
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
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28
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Li YR, Tsai SS, Chen DY, Chen ST, Sun JH, Chang HY, Liou MJ, Chen TH. Linagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes after acute coronary syndrome or acute ischemic stroke. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:2. [PMID: 29301579 PMCID: PMC5753457 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cardiovascular safety and efficacy of linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or acute ischemic stroke (AIS) are unclear. The aim of our real-world cohort study was to evaluate the cardiovascular outcomes of linagliptin in patients with T2DM after ACS or AIS. Methods An open observational noncrossover retrospective cohort study was conducted between June 1, 2012 and December 31, 2013 utilizing Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. A total of 1203 patients with T2DM after ACS or AIS were selected as the study cohort. Cardiovascular safety and efficacy of linagliptin were evaluated by comparing outcomes of 401 subjects receiving linagliptin after ACS or AIS to 802 matched control subjects not receiving any incretin-based therapy after ACS or AIS. The primary composite outcome included cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction and non-fatal ischemic stroke. Results The primary composite outcome after 15-month follow-up was 7% (28 patients) in the linagliptin group compared with 6.1% (49 patients) in the control group [hazard ratio (HR) 1.06; 95% confidence interval (CI) .66–1.68]. The linagliptin group also had similar risks of all-cause mortality, hospitalization for heart failure, percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting compared to the control group in terms of the secondary outcomes. Conclusions In T2DM patients after ACS or AIS, treatment with linagliptin was not associated with increased risks of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Rong Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Sheng Tsai
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Yi Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Tah Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hung Sun
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Chang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Miaw-Jene Liou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Hsing Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.222, Maijin Road, Keelung, Taiwan. .,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Hasegawa Y, Hayashi K, Takemoto Y, Cheng C, Takane K, Lin B, Komohara Y, Kim-Mitsuyama S. DPP-4 inhibition with linagliptin ameliorates the progression of premature aging in klotho-/- mice. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:154. [PMID: 29195509 PMCID: PMC5709858 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential of anti-aging effect of DPP-4 inhibitors is unknown. This study was performed to determine whether linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, could protect against premature aging in klotho-/- mice. METHODS Klotho-/- mice exhibit multiple phenotypes resembling human premature aging, including extremely shortened life span, cognitive impairment, hippocampal neurodegeneration, hair loss, muscle atrophy, hypoglycemia, etc. To investigate the effect of linagliptin on these aging-related phenotypes, male klotho-/- mice were divided into two groups: (1) control group fed the standard diet, and (2) linagliptin group fed the standard diet containing linagliptin. Treatment with linagliptin was performed for 4 weeks. The effect of linagliptin on the above mentioned aging-related phenotypes was examined. RESULTS Body weight of klotho-/- mice was greater in linagliptin group than in control group (11.1 ± 0.3 vs 9.9 ± 0.3 g; P < 0.01), which was associated with greater gastrocnemius muscle weight (P < 0.01) and greater kidney weight (P < 0.05) in linagliptin group. Thus, linagliptin significantly prevented body weight loss in klotho-/- mice. Survival rate of klotho-/- mice was greater in linagliptin group (93%) compared to control group (67%), although the difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.08). None of linagliptin-treated klotho-/- mice had alopecia during the treatment (P < 0.05 vs control klotho-/- mice). Latency of klotho-/- mice in passive avoidance test was larger in linagliptin group than in control group (P < 0.05), indicating the amelioration of cognitive impairment by linagliptin. Cerebral blood flow of klotho-/- mice was larger in linagliptin group than in control group (P < 0.01), being associated with greater cerebral phospho-eNOS levels (P < 0.05) in linagliptin group. Neuronal cell number in hippocampal CA1 region was greater in linagliptin group than in control group (P < 0.05). Linagliptin group had greater cerebral phospho-Akt (P < 0.05) and phospho-CREB (P < 0.05) than control group. Thus, linagliptin ameliorated brain aging in klotho-/- mice. The degree of hypoglycemia in klotho-/- mice was less in linagliptin group than in control group, as estimated by the findings of OGTT. CONCLUSIONS Out work provided the evidence that DPP-4 inhibition with linagliptin slowed the progression of premature aging in klotho-/- mice, and provided a novel insight into the potential role of DPP-4 in the mechanism of premature aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hasegawa
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-Shi, Kumamoto-ken, 8608556, Japan
| | - Kenyu Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-Shi, Kumamoto-ken, 8608556, Japan
| | - Yushin Takemoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-Shi, Kumamoto-ken, 8608556, Japan
| | - Cao Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-Shi, Kumamoto-ken, 8608556, Japan
| | - Koki Takane
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-Shi, Kumamoto-ken, 8608556, Japan
| | - Bowen Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-Shi, Kumamoto-ken, 8608556, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shokei Kim-Mitsuyama
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-Shi, Kumamoto-ken, 8608556, Japan.
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AFM-based detection of glycocalyx degradation and endothelial stiffening in the db/db mouse model of diabetes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15951. [PMID: 29162916 PMCID: PMC5698475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation of the glycocalyx and stiffening of endothelium are important pathophysiological components of endothelial dysfunction. However, to our knowledge, these events have not been investigated in tandem in experimental diabetes. Here, the mechanical properties of the glycocalyx and endothelium in ex vivo mouse aorta were determined simultaneously in indentation experiments with an atomic force microscope (AFM) for diabetic db/db and control db/+ mice at ages of 11–19 weeks. To analyze highly heterogeneous aorta samples, we developed a tailored classification procedure of indentation data based on a bi-layer brush model supplemented with Hertz model for quantification of nanomechanics of endothelial regions with and without the glycocalyx surface. In db/db mice, marked endothelial stiffening and reduced glycocalyx coverage were present already in 11-week-old mice and persisted in older animals. In contrast, reduction of the effective glycocalyx length was progressive and was most pronounced in 19-week-old db/db mice. The reduction of the glycocalyx length correlated with an increasing level of glycated haemoglobin and decreased endothelial NO production. In conclusion, AFM nanoindentation analysis revealed that stiffening of endothelial cells and diminished glycocalyx coverage occurred in early diabetes and were followed by the reduction of the glycocalyx length that correlated with diabetes progression.
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31
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Suzuki T, Tada Y, Gladson S, Nishimura R, Shimomura I, Karasawa S, Tatsumi K, West J. Vildagliptin ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis in lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury by inhibiting endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Respir Res 2017; 18:177. [PMID: 29037205 PMCID: PMC5644255 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary fibrosis is a late manifestation of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Sepsis is a major cause of ARDS, and its pathogenesis includes endotoxin-induced vascular injury. Recently, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) was shown to play an important role in pulmonary fibrosis. On the other hand, dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 was reported to improve vascular dysfunction in an experimental sepsis model, although whether DPP-4 affects EndMT and fibrosis initiation during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-EndMT effects of the DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin in pulmonary fibrosis after systemic endotoxemic injury. METHODS A septic lung injury model was established by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in eight-week-old male mice (5 mg/kg for five consecutive days). The mice were then treated with vehicle or vildagliptin (intraperitoneally, 10 mg/kg, once daily for 14 consecutive days from 1 day before the first administration of LPS.). Flow cytometry, immunohistochemical staining, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis was used to assess cell dynamics and EndMT function in lung samples from the mice. RESULTS Lung tissue samples from treated mice revealed obvious inflammatory reactions and typical interstitial fibrosis 2 days and 28 days after LPS challenge. Quantitative flow cytometric analysis showed that the number of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells (PVECs) expressing alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) or S100 calcium-binding protein A4 (S100A4) increased 28 days after LPS challenge. Similar increases in expression were also confirmed by qPCR of mRNA from isolated PVECs. EndMT cells had higher proliferative activity and migration activity than mesenchymal cells. All of these changes were alleviated by intraperitoneal injection of vildagliptin. Interestingly, vildagliptin and linagliptin significantly attenuated EndMT in the absence of immune cells or GLP-1. CONCLUSIONS Inhibiting DPP-4 signaling by vildagliptin could ameliorate pulmonary fibrosis by downregulating EndMT in systemic LPS-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Suzuki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Yuji Tada
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Santhi Gladson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Rintaro Nishimura
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Advanced Medicine in Pulmonary Hypertension, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Iwao Shimomura
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Karasawa
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - James West
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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Kitao N, Miyoshi H, Furumoto T, Ono K, Nomoto H, Miya A, Yamamoto C, Inoue A, Tsuchida K, Manda N, Kurihara Y, Aoki S, Nakamura A, Atsumi T. The effects of vildagliptin compared with metformin on vascular endothelial function and metabolic parameters: a randomized, controlled trial (Sapporo Athero-Incretin Study 3). Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:125. [PMID: 29017497 PMCID: PMC5634845 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0607-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors may have protective effects in the early stage of atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes, although similar effects in advanced atherosclerosis were not shown in recent randomized placebo-controlled studies. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitor on endothelial function and glycemic metabolism compared with high-dose metformin. METHODS In this multicenter, open-labeled, prospective, randomized, parallel-group comparison study, patients with type 2 diabetes treated with low-dose metformin (500-750 mg/day) were enrolled and randomly assigned to a vildagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, add-on group (Vilda) or a double dose of metformin group (high Met) for 12 weeks. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and serum metabolic markers were assessed before and after treatment. In addition, glycemic control and metabolic parameters were also assessed. RESULTS Ninety-seven subjects (aged 58.7 ± 11.0 years; body mass index, 25.9 ± 4.4 kg/m2; HbA1c, 7.3 ± 0.5%; FMD, 5.8 ± 2.6%) were enrolled. Eight subjects dropped out by the end of the study. There were no significant differences between the two groups in baseline characteristics. After 12 weeks, HbA1c was significantly improved in the Vilda group compared with the high Met group (- 0.80 ± 0.38% vs. - 0.40 ± 0.47%, respectively; p < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in FMD (- 0.51 [- 1.08-0.06]% vs. - 0.58 [- 1.20-0.04]%). Although the apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio was significantly reduced in the Vilda group compared with baseline (0.66-0.62; p < 0.01), the change did not differ significantly between the two groups (- 0.04 vs. 0.00; p = 0.27). Adiponectin levels were significantly increased in the Vilda group compared with the high Met group (0.75 μg/mL vs. 0.01 μg/mL; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Regardless of glycemic improvement, combination therapy of vildagliptin and metformin did not affect endothelial function but may exert favorable effects on adipokine levels and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes without advanced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kitao
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Hideaki Miyoshi
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Tomoo Furumoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, NTT East Japan Sapporo Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kota Ono
- Clinical Research and Medical Innovation Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nomoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Aika Miya
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Chiho Yamamoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Atsushi Inoue
- Japan Community Healthcare and Organization Hokkaido Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Akinobu Nakamura
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
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de Boer SA, Heerspink HJL, Juárez Orozco LE, van Roon AM, Kamphuisen PW, Smit AJ, Slart RHJA, Lefrandt JD, Mulder DJ. Effect of linagliptin on pulse wave velocity in early type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, controlled 26-week trial (RELEASE). Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:1147-1154. [PMID: 28244635 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the effects of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor linagliptin on aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) as a surrogate marker of arterial stiffness and early atherosclerosis in people with early type 2 diabetes. METHODS A total of 45 people with type 2 diabetes (median [interquartile range] age 63 [54-66] years, 61% men, mean ± standard deviation glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c] 6.3% ± 0.4% [45 ± 4.6 mmol/mol]), without cardiovascular disease and naïve to antidiabetic treatment, were randomized (1:1) to treatment with linagliptin 5 mg once daily or placebo for 26 weeks in a double-blind fashion. PWV was assessed at baseline, 4 and 26 weeks of treatment, and again at 30, 4 weeks after treatment. The primary endpoint was between-group difference in PWV (corrected for systolic blood pressure [SBP]) at week 26. Secondary endpoints included differences in central SBP and augmentation index (AIx). RESULTS Compared with placebo, 26 weeks of linagliptin decreased PWV by an average of 0.91 m/s (95% confidence interval -1.76 to -0.06; P = .035). PWV returned to baseline after 4 weeks washout. Differences in central SBP and AIx were not different between linagliptin and placebo. Linagliptin decreased HbA1c (-0.4%; P < .001), fasting plasma glucose (-0.7 mmol/L; P = .002) and triglycerides (-0.49 mmol/L; P = .019) as compared with placebo. The changes in body weight, cholesterol and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Linagliptin decreased aortic PWV in people with early-stage type 2 diabetes as compared with placebo after 26 weeks of treatment. These results suggest that linagliptin has a favourable effect on arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A de Boer
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hiddo J L Heerspink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luis E Juárez Orozco
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arie M van Roon
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter W Kamphuisen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andries J Smit
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Riemer H J A Slart
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Photonic Imaging, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Joop D Lefrandt
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe J Mulder
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Choi SY, Ryu HM, Oh EJ, Choi JY, Cho JH, Kim CD, Kim YL, Park SH. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor gemigliptin protects against vascular calcification in an experimental chronic kidney disease and vascular smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180393. [PMID: 28686724 PMCID: PMC5501516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, a class of antidiabetic drugs, have various pleiotropic effects, it remains undetermined whether gemigliptin has a beneficial effect on vascular calcification. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the effect of gemigliptin on vascular calcification in a rat model of adenine-induced chronic kidney disease and in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Gemigliptin attenuated calcification of abdominal aorta and expression of RUNX2 in adenine-induced chronic kidney disease rats. In cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, phosphate-induced increase in calcium content was reduced by gemigliptin. Gemigliptin reduced phosphate-induced PiT-1 mRNA expression, reactive oxygen species generation, and NADPH oxidase mRNA expression (p22phox and NOX4). The reduction of oxidative stress by gemigliptin was associated with the downregulation of phospho-PI3K/AKT expression. High phosphate increased the expression of frizzled-3 (FDZ3) and decreased the expression of dickkopf-related protein-1 (DKK-1) in the Wnt pathway. These changes were attenuated by gemigliptin treatment. Gemigliptin restored the decreased expression of vascular smooth muscle cells markers (α-SMA and SM22α) and increased expression of osteogenic makers (CBFA1, OSX, E11, and SOST) induced by phosphate. In conclusion, gemigliptin attenuated vascular calcification and osteogenic trans-differentiation in vascular smooth muscle cells via multiple steps including downregulation of PiT-1 expression and suppression of reactive oxygen species generation, phospho-PI3K/AKT, and the Wnt signaling pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/drug effects
- Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/metabolism
- Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Frizzled Receptors/genetics
- Frizzled Receptors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- NADPH Oxidase 4
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Phosphates/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphates/pharmacology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Piperidones/pharmacology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reactive Oxygen Species/antagonists & inhibitors
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/chemically induced
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/genetics
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Transcription Factor Pit-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factor Pit-1/genetics
- Transcription Factor Pit-1/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/genetics
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
- Vascular Calcification/prevention & control
- Wnt Signaling Pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Youn Choi
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- BK21 Plus Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye-Myung Ryu
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Oh
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Choi
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Cho
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chan-Duck Kim
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong-Lim Kim
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- BK21 Plus Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Park
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Duan L, Rao X, Xia C, Rajagopalan S, Zhong J. The regulatory role of DPP4 in atherosclerotic disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:76. [PMID: 28619058 PMCID: PMC5472996 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of atherosclerosis has become a worldwide health concern. Although significant progress has been made in the understanding of atherosclerosis pathogenesis, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Recent studies suggest dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), a regulator of inflammation and metabolism, may be involved in the development of atherosclerotic diseases. There has been increasing clinical and pre-clinical evidence showing DPP4-incretin axis is involved in cardiovascular disease. Although the cardiovascular outcome of DPP4 inhibition or incretin analogues has been or being evaluated by several large scale clinical trials, the exact role of DPP4 in atherosclerotic diseases is not completely understood. In the current review, we will summarize the recent advances in direct and indirect regulatory role of DPP4 in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Duan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd., Wolstein Research Building 4525, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Xiaoquan Rao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd., Wolstein Research Building 4525, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Chang Xia
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd., Wolstein Research Building 4525, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd., Wolstein Research Building 4525, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd., Wolstein Research Building 4525, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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36
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Aroor AR, Habibi J, Kandikattu HK, Garro-Kacher M, Barron B, Chen D, Hayden MR, Whaley-Connell A, Bender SB, Klein T, Padilla J, Sowers JR, Chandrasekar B, DeMarco VG. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition with linagliptin reduces western diet-induced myocardial TRAF3IP2 expression, inflammation and fibrosis in female mice. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:61. [PMID: 28476142 PMCID: PMC5420102 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diastolic dysfunction (DD), a hallmark of obesity and primary defect in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, is a predictor of future cardiovascular events. We previously reported that linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, improved DD in Zucker Obese rats, a genetic model of obesity and hypertension. Here we investigated the cardioprotective effects of linagliptin on development of DD in western diet (WD)-fed mice, a clinically relevant model of overnutrition and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Methods Female C56Bl/6 J mice were fed an obesogenic WD high in fat and simple sugars, and supplemented or not with linagliptin for 16 weeks. Results WD induced oxidative stress, inflammation, upregulation of Angiotensin II type 1 receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression, interstitial fibrosis, ultrastructural abnormalities and DD. Linagliptin inhibited cardiac DPP-4 activity and prevented molecular impairments and associated functional and structural abnormalities. Further, WD upregulated the expression of TRAF3IP2, a cytoplasmic adapter molecule and a regulator of multiple inflammatory mediators. Linagliptin inhibited its expression, activation of its downstream signaling intermediates NF-κB, AP-1 and p38-MAPK, and induction of multiple inflammatory mediators and growth factors that are known to contribute to development and progression of hypertrophy, fibrosis and contractile dysfunction. Linagliptin also inhibited WD-induced collagens I and III expression. Supporting these in vivo observations, linagliptin inhibited aldosterone-mediated MR-dependent oxidative stress, upregulation of TRAF3IP2, proinflammatory cytokine, and growth factor expression, and collagen induction in cultured primary cardiac fibroblasts. More importantly, linagliptin inhibited aldosterone-induced fibroblast activation and migration. Conclusions Together, these in vivo and in vitro results suggest that inhibition of DPP-4 activity by linagliptin reverses WD-induced DD, possibly by targeting TRAF3IP2 expression and its downstream inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya R Aroor
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Javad Habibi
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Hemanth Kumar Kandikattu
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mona Garro-Kacher
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Brady Barron
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dongqing Chen
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Melvin R Hayden
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Adam Whaley-Connell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shawn B Bender
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
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