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Nasseri SA, Lazarski AC, Lemmer IL, Zhang CY, Brencher E, Chen HM, Sim L, Panwar D, Betschart L, Worrall LJ, Brumer H, Strynadka NCJ, Withers SG. An alternative broad-specificity pathway for glycan breakdown in bacteria. Nature 2024; 631:199-206. [PMID: 38898276 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The vast majority of glycosidases characterized to date follow one of the variations of the 'Koshland' mechanisms1 to hydrolyse glycosidic bonds through substitution reactions. Here we describe a large-scale screen of a human gut microbiome metagenomic library using an assay that selectively identifies non-Koshland glycosidase activities2. Using this, we identify a cluster of enzymes with extremely broad substrate specificities and thoroughly characterize these, mechanistically and structurally. These enzymes not only break glycosidic linkages of both α and β stereochemistry and multiple connectivities, but also cleave substrates that are not hydrolysed by standard glycosidases. These include thioglycosides, such as the glucosinolates from plants, and pseudoglycosidic bonds of pharmaceuticals such as acarbose. This is achieved through a distinct mechanism of hydrolysis that involves oxidation/reduction and elimination/hydration steps, each catalysed by enzyme modules that are in many cases interchangeable between organisms and substrate classes. Homologues of these enzymes occur in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria associated with the gut microbiome and other body parts, as well as other environments, such as soil and sea. Such alternative step-wise mechanisms appear to constitute largely unrecognized but abundant pathways for glycan degradation as part of the metabolism of carbohydrates in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Amirhossein Nasseri
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aleksander C Lazarski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Imke L Lemmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chloe Y Zhang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eva Brencher
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hong-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lyann Sim
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Deepesh Panwar
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Leo Betschart
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Liam J Worrall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Harry Brumer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Natalie C J Strynadka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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2
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Goris T, Braune A. Genomics and physiology of Catenibacillus, human gut bacteria capable of polyphenol C-deglycosylation and flavonoid degradation. Microb Genom 2024; 10:001245. [PMID: 38785231 PMCID: PMC11170127 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Catenibacillus (family Lachnospiraceae, phylum Bacillota) includes only one cultivated species so far, Catenibacillus scindens, isolated from human faeces and capable of deglycosylating dietary polyphenols and degrading flavonoid aglycones. Another human intestinal Catenibacillus strain not taxonomically resolved at that time was recently genome-sequenced. We analysed the genome of this novel isolate, designated Catenibacillus decagia, and showed its ability to deglycosylate C-coupled flavone and xanthone glucosides and O-coupled flavonoid glycosides. Most of the resulting aglycones were further degraded to the corresponding phenolic acids. Including the recently sequenced genome of C. scindens and ten faecal metagenome-assembled genomes assigned to the genus Catenibacillus, we performed a comparative genome analysis and searched for genes encoding potential C-glycosidases and other polyphenol-converting enzymes. According to genome data and physiological characterization, the core metabolism of Catenibacillus strains is based on a fermentative lifestyle with butyrate production and hydrogen evolution. Both C. scindens and C. decagia encode a flavonoid O-glycosidase, a flavone reductase, a flavanone/flavanonol-cleaving reductase and a phloretin hydrolase. Several gene clusters encode enzymes similar to those of the flavonoid C-deglycosylation system of Dorea strain PUE (DgpBC), while separately located genes encode putative polyphenol-glucoside oxidases (DgpA) required for C-deglycosylation. The diversity of dgpA and dgpBC gene clusters might explain the broad C-glycoside substrate spectrum of C. scindens and C. decagia. The other Catenibacillus genomes encode only a few potential flavonoid-converting enzymes. Our results indicate that several Catenibacillus species are well-equipped to deglycosylate and degrade dietary plant polyphenols and might inhabit a corresponding, specific niche in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Goris
- Research Group Intestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Annett Braune
- Research Group Intestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
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3
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Mi HTN, Chaiyasarn S, Kim H, Han J. C-Glycoside-Metabolizing Human Gut Bacterium, Dorea sp. MRG-IFC3. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:1606-1614. [PMID: 37789701 PMCID: PMC10772555 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2308.08021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical gut metabolism of dietary bioactive compounds is of great significance in elucidating health-related issues at the molecular level. In this study, a human gut bacterium cleaving C-C glycosidic bond was screened from puerarin conversion to daidzein, and a new, gram-positive C-glycoside-deglycosylating strain, Dorea sp. MRG-IFC3, was isolated from human fecal sample under anaerobic conditions. Though MRG-IFC3 biotransformed isoflavone C-glycoside, it could not metabolize other C-glycosides, such as vitexin, bergenin, and aloin. As evident from the production of the corresponding aglycons from various 7-O-glucosides, MRG-IFC3 strain also showed 7-O-glycoside cleavage activity; however, flavone 3-O-glucoside icariside II was not metabolized. In addition, for mechanism study, C-glycosyl bond cleavage of puerarin by MRG-IFC3 strain was performed in D2O GAM medium. The complete deuterium enrichment on C-8 position of daidzein was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and the result clearly proved for the first time that daidzein is produced from puerarin. Two possible reaction intermediates, the quinoids and 8-dehydrodaidzein anion, were proposed for the production of daidzein-8d. These results will provide the basis for the mechanism study of stable C-glycosidic bond cleavage at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Thi Ngoc Mi
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Santipap Chaiyasarn
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Heji Kim
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehong Han
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
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4
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Pirvu LC, Pintilie L, Albulescu A, Stefaniu A, Neagu G. Anti-Proliferative Potential of Cynaroside and Orientin-In Silico (DYRK2) and In Vitro (U87 and Caco-2) Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16555. [PMID: 38068880 PMCID: PMC10705913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Luteolin derivates are plant compounds with multiple benefits for human health. Stability to heat and acid hydrolysis and high resistance to (auto)oxidation are other arguments for the laden interest in luteolin derivates today. The present study was designed to compare the in silico and in vitro anti-proliferative potential of two luteolin derivates, luteolin-7-O-glucoside/cynaroside (7-Lut) and luteolin-8-C-glucoside/orientin (8-Lut). In silico investigations were carried out on the molecular target, namely, the human dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 2 (DYRK2) in association with its natural ligand, curcumin (PDB ID: 5ZTN), by CLC Drug Discovery Workbench v. 1.5.1. software and Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD) v. MVD 2019.7.0. software. In vitro studies were performed on two human tumor cell lines, glioblastoma (U87) and colon carcinoma (Caco-2), respectively. Altogether, docking studies have revealed 7-Lut and 8-Lut as effective inhibitors of DYRK2, even stronger than the native ligand curcumin; in vitro studies indicated the ability of both luteolin glucosides to inhibit the viability of both human tumor cell lines, up to 85% at 50 and 100 µg/mL, respectively; the most augmented cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects were obtained for U87 exposed to 7-Lut (IC50 = 26.34 µg/mL). The results support further studies on cynaroside and orientin to create drug formulas targeting glioblastoma and colon carcinoma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Camelia Pirvu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies, National Institute of Chemical Pharmaceutical R&D—ICCF Bucharest, 112 Vitan, 031299 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Lucia Pintilie
- Department of Synthesis of Bioactive Substances and Pharmaceutical Technologies, National Institute of Chemical Pharmaceutical R&D—ICCF Bucharest, 112 Vitan, 031299 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Adrian Albulescu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Chemical Pharmaceutical R&D—ICCF Bucharest, 112 Vitan, 031299 Bucharest, Romania;
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Molecular Virology Department, 285 Mihai Bravu, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Amalia Stefaniu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies, National Institute of Chemical Pharmaceutical R&D—ICCF Bucharest, 112 Vitan, 031299 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Georgeta Neagu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Chemical Pharmaceutical R&D—ICCF Bucharest, 112 Vitan, 031299 Bucharest, Romania;
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Bitter J, Pfeiffer M, Borg AJE, Kuhlmann K, Pavkov-Keller T, Sánchez-Murcia PA, Nidetzky B. Enzymatic β-elimination in natural product O- and C-glycoside deglycosylation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7123. [PMID: 37932298 PMCID: PMC10628242 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological degradation of natural product glycosides involves, alongside hydrolysis, β-elimination for glycosidic bond cleavage. Here, we discover an O-glycoside β-eliminase (OGE) from Agrobacterium tumefaciens that converts the C3-oxidized O-β-D-glucoside of phloretin (a plant-derived flavonoid) into the aglycone and the 2-hydroxy-3-keto-glycal elimination product. While unrelated in sequence, OGE is structurally homologous to, and shows effectively the same Mn2+ active site as, the C-glycoside deglycosylating enzyme (CGE) from a human intestinal bacterium implicated in β-elimination of 3-keto C-β-D-glucosides. We show that CGE catalyzes β-elimination of 3-keto O- and C-β-D-glucosides while OGE is specific for the O-glycoside substrate. Substrate comparisons and mutagenesis for CGE uncover positioning of aglycone for protonic assistance by the enzyme as critically important for C-glycoside cleavage. Collectively, our study suggests convergent evolution of active site for β-elimination of 3-keto O-β-D-glucosides. C-Glycoside cleavage is a specialized feature of this active site which is elicited by substrate through finely tuned enzyme-aglycone interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Bitter
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Pfeiffer
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Annika J E Borg
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Kirill Kuhlmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/III, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/III, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- BioHealth Field of Excellence, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Pedro A Sánchez-Murcia
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Molecular Design, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingstalstraße 6/III, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010, Graz, Austria.
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, A-8010, Graz, Austria.
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6
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Choi J, Kim Y, Eser BE, Han J. Theoretical study on the glycosidic C-C bond cleavage of 3''-oxo-puerarin. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16282. [PMID: 37770535 PMCID: PMC10539306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Puerarin, daidzein C-glucoside, was known to be biotransformed to daidzein by human intestinal bacteria, which is eventually converted to (S)-equol. The metabolic pathway of puerarin to daidzein by DgpABC of Dorea sp. PUE strain was reported as puerarin (1) → 3''-oxo-puerarin (2) → daidzein (3) + hexose enediolone (C). The second reaction is the cleavage of the glycosidic C-C bond, supposedly through the quinoid intermediate (4). In this work, the glycosidic C-C bond cleavage reaction of 3''-oxo-puerarin (2) was theoretically studied by means of DFT calculation to elucidate chemical reaction mechanism, along with biochemical energetics of puerarin metabolism. It was found that bioenergetics of puerarin metabolism is slightly endergonic by 4.99 kcal/mol, mainly due to the reaction step of hexose enediolone (C) to 3''-oxo-glucose (A). The result implied that there could be additional biochemical reactions for the metabolism of hexose enediolone (C) to overcome the thermodynamic energy barrier of 4.59 kcal/mol. The computational study focused on the C-C bond cleavage of 3''-oxo-puerarin (2) found that formation of the quinoid intermediate (4) was not accessible thermodynamically, rather the reaction was initiated by the deprotonation of 2''C-H proton of 3''-oxo-puerarin (2). The 2''C-dehydro-3''-oxo-puerarin (2a2C) anionic species produced hexose enediolone (C) and 8-dehydro-daidzein anion (3a8), and the latter quickly converted to daidzein through the daidzein anion (3a7). Our study also explains why the reverse reaction of C-glycoside formation from daidzein (3) and hexose enediolone (C) is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongkeun Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungwoon University, 113, Sukgol-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22100, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongho Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Applied Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Bekir Engin Eser
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jaehong Han
- Metalloenzyme Research Group, Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodong-daero, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Korczak M, Pilecki M, Granica S, Gorczynska A, Pawłowska KA, Piwowarski JP. Phytotherapy of mood disorders in the light of microbiota-gut-brain axis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 111:154642. [PMID: 36641978 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical research in natural product-based psychopharmacology has revealed a variety of promising herbal medicines that may provide benefit in the treatment of mild mood disorders, however failed to unambiguously indicate pharmacologically active constituents. The emerging role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis opens new possibilities in the search for effective methods of treatment and prevention of mood disorders. PURPOSE Considering the clinically proven effectiveness juxtaposed with inconsistencies regarding the indication of active principles for many medicinal plants applied in the treatment of anxiety and depression, the aim of the review is to look at their therapeutic properties from the perspective of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. METHOD A literature-based survey was performed using Scopus, Pubmed, and Google Scholar databases. The current state of knowledge regarding Hypericum perforatum, Valeriana officinalis, Piper methysticum, Passiflora incarnata, Humulus lupulus, Melissa officinalis, Lavandula officinalis, and Rhodiola rosea in terms of their antimicrobial activity, bioavailability, clinical effectiveness in depression/anxiety and gut microbiota - natural products interaction was summarized and analyzed. RESULTS Recent studies have provided direct and indirect evidence that herbal extracts and isolated compounds are potent modulators of gut microbiota structure. Additionally, some of the formed postbiotic metabolites exert positive effects and ameliorate depression-related behaviors in animal models of mood disorders. The review underlines the gap in research on natural products - gut microbiota interaction in the context of mood disorders. CONCLUSION Modification of microbiota-gut-brain axis by natural products is a plausible explanation of their therapeutic properties. Future studies evaluating the effectiveness of herbal medicine and isolated compounds in treating mild mood disorders should consider the bidirectional interplay between phytoconstituents and the gut microbiota community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Korczak
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Pilecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gorczynska
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina A Pawłowska
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub P Piwowarski
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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8
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Sallam IE, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Schäpe SS, Zaghloul SS, El-Dine RS, Shao P, von Bergen M, Farag MA. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Biotransformation of Opuntia Ficus Fruit: The Effect of In Vitro and Ex Vivo Gut Microbiota Metabolism. Molecules 2022; 27:7568. [PMID: 36364395 PMCID: PMC9653959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Opuntia ficus-indica biological effects are attributed to several bioactive metabolites. However, these actions could be altered in vivo by biotransformation reactions mainly via gut microbiota. This study assessed gut microbiota effect on the biotransformation of O. ficus-indica metabolites both in vitro and ex vivo. Two-time aliquots (0.5 and 24 h) from the in vitro assay were harvested post incubation of O. ficus-indica methanol extract with microbial consortium, while untreated and treated samples with fecal bacterial culture from the ex vivo assay were prepared. Metabolites were analyzed using UHPLC-QTOF-MS, with flavonoid glycosides completely hydrolyzed in vitro at 24 h being converted to two major metabolites, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid and phloroglucinol, concurrent with an increase in the gallic acid level. In case of the ex vivo assay, detected flavonoid glycosides in untreated sample were completely absent from treated counterpart with few flavonoid aglycones and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in parallel to an increase in piscidic acid. In both assays, fatty and organic acids were completely hydrolyzed being used as energy units for bacterial growth. Chemometric tools were employed revealing malic and (iso)citric acids as the main discriminating metabolites in vitro showing an increased abundance at 0.5 h, whereas in ex vivo assay, (iso)citric, aconitic and mesaconic acids showed an increase at untreated sample. Piscidic acid was a significant marker for the ex vivo treated sample. DPPH, ORAC and FRAP assays were further employed to determine whether these changes could be associated with changes in antioxidant activity, and all assays showed a decline in antioxidant potential post biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim E. Sallam
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October City, Giza 12566, Egypt
| | - Ulrike Rolle-Kampczyk
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ GmbH, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Serena Schäpe
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ GmbH, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Soumaya S. Zaghloul
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October City, Giza 12566, Egypt
| | - Riham S. El-Dine
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Ping Shao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ GmbH, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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9
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Tao Z, Zheng S, Liu S, Wang J, Geng D, Wang R. Isolation and identification of Enterococcus gallinarum P581a, a strain of intestinal bacteria deglycosylating flavone C-glycosides. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2022; 68:125-133. [PMID: 35650022 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Flavone C-glycosides are not easily degraded because of their strong C-C bond between sugar moieties and aglycones. However, some bacteria such as intestinal species can produce specific enzymes to degrade them. In this study, a bacterial strain P581a, which is capable of deglycosylating flavone C-glycosides, was isolated from human intestinal bacteria and was identified as Enterococcus gallinarum by morphological examination, physiological and biochemical analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. This strain may produce a specific flavonoside glycosidase. The activity of the enzyme in the culture medium containing different quantity of carbon sources was also studied, and it was found that the content of carbon sources is negatively correlated with the deglycosylation efficiency of this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Tao
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Shiqi Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Shuangyue Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Di Geng
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Rufeng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
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10
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A newly isolated human intestinal strain deglycosylating flavonoid C-glycosides. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:310. [PMID: 35536516 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02881-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glycosidic bond of C-glycosides is difficult to be broken due to its chemical stability. Screening specific microbe from microbiota is a practical way to deglycosylate these compounds. In this study, a new strain W974-1 which is capable of cleaving C-glycosidic bonds was isolated from human gut microbiota by spread plate method. It deglycosylates flavonoid 8-C-glycosides such as orientin and vitexin to their aglycones with the enzymes secreted outside the bacterial cells. This strain was identified as Enterococcus avium by 16S rDNA sequencing, physiological and biochemical characterization.
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11
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Muller CJF, Joubert E, Chellan N, Miura Y, Yagasaki K. New Insights into the Efficacy of Aspalathin and Other Related Phytochemicals in Type 2 Diabetes-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010356. [PMID: 35008779 PMCID: PMC8745648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pursuit of bioactive phytochemicals as a therapeutic strategy to manage metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D), aspalathin, C-glucosyl dihydrochalcone from rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), has received much attention, along with its C-glucosyl flavone derivatives and phlorizin, the apple O-glucosyl dihydrochalcone well-known for its antidiabetic properties. We provided context for dietary exposure by highlighting dietary sources, compound stability during processing, bioavailability and microbial biotransformation. The review covered the role of these compounds in attenuating insulin resistance and enhancing glucose metabolism, alleviating gut dysbiosis and associated oxidative stress and inflammation, and hyperuricemia associated with T2D, focusing largely on the literature of the past 5 years. A key focus of this review was on emerging targets in the management of T2D, as highlighted in the recent literature, including enhancing of the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate 1 signaling via protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibition, increasing glycolysis with suppression of gluconeogenesis by sirtuin modulation, and reducing renal glucose reabsorption via sodium-glucose co-transporter 2. We conclude that biotransformation in the gut is most likely responsible for enhancing therapeutic effects observed for the C-glycosyl parent compounds, including aspalathin, and that these compounds and their derivatives have the potential to regulate multiple factors associated with the development and progression of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christo J. F. Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (MRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (C.J.F.M.); (N.C.)
- Centre for Cardiometabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest & Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council, Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa;
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Nireshni Chellan
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (MRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (C.J.F.M.); (N.C.)
- Centre for Cardiometabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Yutaka Miura
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Kazumi Yagasaki
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
- Correspondence:
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12
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He Y, Liu X, Dong Y, Lei J, Ito K, Zhang B. Enterococcus faecium PNC01 isolated from the intestinal mucosa of chicken as an alternative for antibiotics to reduce feed conversion rate in broiler chickens. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:122. [PMID: 34182992 PMCID: PMC8240220 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development and utilization of probiotics had many environmental benefits for replacing antibiotics in animal production. Bacteria in the intestinal mucosa have better adhesion to the host intestinal epithelial cells compared to bacteria in the intestinal contents. In this study, lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the intestinal mucosa of broiler chickens and investigated as the substitution to antibiotic in broiler production. Results In addition to acid resistance, high temperature resistance, antimicrobial sensitivity tests, and intestinal epithelial cell adhesion, Enterococcus faecium PNC01 (E. faecium PNC01) was showed to be non-cytotoxic to epithelial cells. Draft genome sequence of E. faecium PNC01 predicted that it synthesized bacteriocin to perform probiotic functions and bacteriocin activity assay showed it inhibited Salmonella typhimurium from invading intestinal epithelial cells. Diet supplemented with E. faecium PNC01 increased the ileal villus height and crypt depth in broiler chickens, reduced the relative length of the cecum at day 21, and reduced the relative length of jejunum and ileum at day 42. Diet supplemented with E. faecium PNC01 increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus, decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroides in the cecal microbiota. Conclusion E. faecium PNC01 replaced antibiotics to reduce the feed conversion rate. Furthermore, E. faecium PNC01 improved intestinal morphology and altered the composition of microbiota in the cecum to reduce feed conversion rate. Thus, it can be used as an alternative for antibiotics in broiler production to avoid the adverse impact of antibiotics by altering the gut microbiota. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01609-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuanyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Koichi Ito
- Department of Food and Physiological Models, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3145 Ago, Kasama, Ibaraki, 319-0206, Japan
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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13
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Rivera-Mondragón A, Peeters L, Van AA, Breynaert A, Caballero-George C, Pieters L, Hermans N, Foubert K. Simulated Gastrointestinal Biotransformation of Chlorogenic Acid, Flavonoids, Flavonolignans and Triterpenoid Saponins in Cecropia obtusifolia Leaf Extract. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:404-416. [PMID: 33007785 DOI: 10.1055/a-1258-4383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that biotransformation processes in the human body are crucial to form potentially bioactive metabolites from particular classes of natural products. However, little research has been conducted concerning the bioavailability of polyphenols, especially in the colon. The gastrointestinal stability and colonic biotransformation of the crude extract of the leaves of Cecropia obtusifolia, rich in flavone C-glycosides, was investigated under in vitro conditions, and the processing and interpretation of results were facilitated by using an automated machine learning model. This investigation revealed that flavone C-glycosides and flavonolignans from C. obtusifolia were stable throughout their passage in the simulated gastrointestinal tract including the colon phase. On the other hand, the colon bacteria extensively metabolized chlorogenic acid, flavonol, and triterpenoid O-glycosides. This investigation revealed that the colonic microbiota has an important role in the biotransformation of some chemical constituents of this extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Rivera-Mondragón
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Centre of Innovation and Technology Transfer, Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services (INDICASAT-AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Laura Peeters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anastasiader Auwera Van
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annelies Breynaert
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Catherina Caballero-George
- Centre of Innovation and Technology Transfer, Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services (INDICASAT-AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Luc Pieters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nina Hermans
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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14
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Hasanah U, Miki K, Nitoda T, Kanzaki H. Aerobic bioconversion of C-glycoside mangiferin into its aglycone norathyriol by an isolated mouse intestinal bacterium. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:989-997. [PMID: 33710320 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Norathyriol is an aglycone of a xanthonoid C-glycoside mangiferin that possesses different bioactive properties useful for humans compared to mangiferin. Mangiferin is more readily available in nature than norathyriol; thus, efficient mangiferin conversion into norathyriol is desirable. There are a few reports regarding mangiferin C-deglycosylation because of the C-C bond resistance toward acid, alkaline, and enzyme hydrolysis. In this study, we isolated a mangiferin-deglycosylating bacterium strain KM7-1 from the mouse intestine. 16S rDNA sequencing indicated that KM7-1 belongs to the Bacillus genus. Compared to the taxonomically similar bacteria, the growth characteristic of facultative anaerobic and thermophilic resembled, yet only Bacillus sp. KM7-1 was able to convert mangiferin into norathyriol. Resting cells of Bacillus sp. KM7-1 obtained from aerobic cultivation at 50 °C showed high norathyriol formation from 1 m m of mangiferin. Norathyriol formation can be conducted either under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, and the reaction depended on time and bacterial amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uswatun Hasanah
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kasumi Miki
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Nitoda
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kanzaki
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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15
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Comparative effects of quercetin, luteolin, apigenin and their related polyphenols on uric acid production in cultured hepatocytes and suppression of purine bodies-induced hyperuricemia by rutin in mice. Cytotechnology 2021; 73:343-351. [PMID: 34149170 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-021-00452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia, the high uric acid (UA) state in blood, has been accepted as an important risk factor for gout. The liver is a main factory of UA production. In the present study, we have examined the effects of three kinds of flavonol and flavones as typical aglycons, i.e., quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, their glycosides and related compounds, on UA productivity in cultured hepatocytes, adopting allopurinol as the positive control drug. Quercetin, luteolin, diosmetin (4'-O-methylluteolin) and apigenin at 10, 30 and 100 μM as well as allopurinol at 0.1, 0.3 and 1 μM dose-dependently and significantly decreased UA production in the hepatocytes, when compared with 0 μM (control). Both rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) and quercitrin (quercetin-3-O-ramnoside) significantly reduced UA production in the hepatocytes at 100 μM. Luteolin glycosides such as orientin (luteolin-8-C-glucoside) and isoorientin (luteolin-6-C-glucoside) exerted no influences on it even at 100 μM. Likewise, apigenin glycosides such as vitexin (apigenin-8-C-glucoside) and isovitexin (apigenin-6-C-glucoside) showed no inhibitory effect on it, while apigetrin (apigenin-7-O-glucoside) significantly reduced it at 100 μM. In model mice with purine bodies-induced hyperuricemia, allopurinol completely suppressed the hyperuricemia at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Rutin suppressed significantly the hyperuricemia at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight, while vitexin showed no significant effect up to 300 mg/kg body weight. Thus, rutin (O-glycoside) is demonstrated to be hypouricemic in both cultured hepatocytes and model mice with recently contrived purine bodies-induced hyperuricemia.
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16
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Donati Zeppa S, Agostini D, Piccoli G, Stocchi V, Sestili P. Gut Microbiota Status in COVID-19: An Unrecognized Player? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:576551. [PMID: 33324572 PMCID: PMC7725702 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.576551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus causes cardiopulmonary and vascular complications, ranging in severity. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of the novel SARS-CoV2 infection and progression can provide potential novel targets for its prevention and/or treatment. Virus microbiota reciprocal interactions have been studied in a variety of viral infections. For example, the integrity of Coronavirus particles can be disrupted by surfactin, a bacterial surface molecule that targets other viruses, including that of influenza A. In this light, intestinal microbiota likely influences COVID-19 virulence, while from its side SARS-CoV-2 may affect the intestinal microbiome promoting dysbiosis and other deleterious consequences. Hence, the microbiota pre-existing health status and its alterations in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection, are likely to play an important, still underscored role in determining individual susceptibility and resilience to COVID-19. Indeed, the vast majority of COVID-19 worst clinical conditions and fatalities develop in subjects with specific risk factors such as aging and the presence of one or more comorbidities, which are intriguingly characterized also by unhealthy microbiome status. Moreover, these comorbidities require complex pharmacological regimens known as "polypharmacy" that may further affect microbiota integrity and worsen the resilience to viral infections. This complex situation may represent a further and underestimated risk with regard to COVID-19 clinical burden for the elderly and comorbid people. Here, we discuss the possible biological, physiopathological, and clinical implications of gut microbiota in COVID-19 and the strategies to improve/maintain its healthy status as a simple and adjunctive strategy to reduce COVID-19 virulence and socio-sanitary burden.
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17
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Chen L, Zhang X, Hu C, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Kan J, Li B, Du J. Regulation of GABA A and 5-HT Receptors Involved in Anxiolytic Mechanisms of Jujube Seed: A System Biology Study Assisted by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and RT-qPCR Method. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:01320. [PMID: 33178009 PMCID: PMC7593408 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase of the prevalence of anxiety greatly impacts the quality of life in China and globally. As the most popular traditional Chinese medicinal ingredient for nourishing health and tranquilizing mind, Jujube seed (Ziziphus jujuba Mill., Rhamnaceae) (SZJ) has been proved to exert anxiolytic effects in previous reports. In this study, a system biology method assisted by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and RT-qPCR was developed to systematically demonstrate the anxiolytic mechanisms of SZJ. A total of 35 phytochemicals were identified from SZJ extract (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa [Bunge] Hu ex H.F. Chow), which interact with 71 anxiolytic targets. Protein-protein interaction, genes cluster, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis were subsequently conducted, and results demonstrated that regulation of serotonergic and GABAergic synapse pathways were dominantly involved in the anxiolytic mechanisms of SZJ extract. The effects of SZJ extract on mRNA expressions of multiple GABAA (gamma-aminobutyric acid type A) and 5-HT (serotonin) receptors subtypes were further validated in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells using RT-qPCR. Results showed that SZJ extract (250 μg/mL) significantly up-regulated the mRNA level of GABRA1 and GABRA3 as well as HTR1A, HTR2A, and HTR2B in non-H2O2 treated SH-SY5Y cells. However, it exerted an inhibitive effect on the overexpressed mRNA of GABRA1, GABRA2, HTR1A, and HTR2A in H2O2 treated SH-SY5Y cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that anxiolytic mechanisms of SZJ mostly involve the regulation of GABAergic and serotonergic synapse pathways, especially a two-way modulation of GABRA1, HTR1A, and HTR2A. Our current results provide potential direction for future investigation of SZJ as an anxiolytic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Amway (China) R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Amway (China) R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Hu
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Amway Innovation and Science, Buena Park, CA, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Amway (China) R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Amway (China) R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Juntao Kan
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Amway (China) R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Li
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Amway (China) R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Du
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Amway (China) R&D Center, Shanghai, China
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18
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Nakamura K, Zhu S, Komatsu K, Hattori M, Iwashima M. Deglycosylation of the Isoflavone C-Glucoside Puerarin by a Combination of Two Recombinant Bacterial Enzymes and 3-Oxo-Glucose. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00607-20. [PMID: 32385077 PMCID: PMC7357486 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00607-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A human intestinal bacterium strain related to Dorea species, PUE, can metabolize the isoflavone C-glucoside puerarin (daidzein 8-C-glucoside) to daidzein and glucose. We reported previously that 3″-oxo-puerarin is an essential reaction intermediate in enzymatic puerarin degradation, and we characterized a bacterial enzyme, the DgpB-DgpC complex, that cleaved the C-glycosidic bond in 3″-oxo-puerarin. However, the exact enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of the C-3″ hydroxyl in puerarin has not been identified. In this study, we demonstrated that recombinant DgpA, a Gfo/Idh/MocA family oxidoreductase, catalyzed puerarin oxidation in the presence of 3-oxo-glucose as the hydride acceptor. In the redox reaction, NAD(H) functioned as the cofactor, which bound tightly but noncovalently to DgpA. Kinetics analysis of DgpA revealed that the reaction proceeded via a ping-pong mechanism. Enzymatic C-deglycosylation of puerarin was achieved by a combination of recombinant DgpA, the DgpB-DgpC complex, and 3-oxo-glucose. In addition, the metabolite derived from the sugar moiety in the 3″-oxo-puerarin-cleaving reaction catalyzed by the DgpB-DgpC complex was characterized as 1,5-anhydro-d-erythro-hex-1-en-3-ulose, suggesting that the C-glycosidic linkage is cleaved through a β-elimination-like mechanism.IMPORTANCE One important role of the gut microbiota is to metabolize dietary nutrients and supplements such as flavonoid glycosides. Ingested glycosides are metabolized by intestinal bacteria to more-absorbable aglycones and further degradation products that show beneficial effects in humans. Although numerous glycoside hydrolases that catalyze O-deglycosylation have been reported, enzymes responsible for C-deglycosylation are still limited. In this study, we characterized enzymes involved in the C-deglycosylation of puerarin from a human intestinal bacterium, PUE. Here, we report the purification and characterization of a recombinant oxidoreductase involved in C-glucoside degradation. This study provides new insights for the elucidation of mechanisms of enzymatic C-deglycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Shu Zhu
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Katsuko Komatsu
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masao Hattori
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Makoto Iwashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
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19
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Wei B, Wang YK, Qiu WH, Wang SJ, Wu YH, Xu XW, Wang H. Discovery and mechanism of intestinal bacteria in enzymatic cleavage of C-C glycosidic bonds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1883-1890. [PMID: 31932892 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
C-Glycosides, a special type of glycoside, are frequently distributed in many kinds of medicinal plants, such as puerarin and mangiferin, showing various and significant bioactivities. C-Glycosides are usually characterized by the C-C bond that forms between the anomeric carbon of sugar moieties and the carbon atom of aglycon, which is usually resistant against acidic hydrolysis and enzymatic treatments. Interestingly, C-glycosides could be cleaved by several intestinal bacteria, but whether the enzymatic cleavage of C-C glycosidic bond is reduction or hydrolysis has been controversial; furthermore, whether existence of a "C-glycosidase" directly catalyzing the cleavage is not clear. Here we review research advances about the discovery and mechanism of intestinal bacteria in enzymatic cleavage of C-C glycosidic bond with an emphasis on the identification of enzymes manipulation the deglycosylation. Finally, we give a brief conclusion about the mechanism of C-glycoside deglycosylation and perspectives for future study in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 310012, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Kun Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hui Qiu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Jia Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Rehabilitation Building 32-21, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Yue-Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 310012, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 310012, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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