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Han S, Liu X, He B, Zhai X, Yuan C, Li Y, Lin W, Wang H, Zhang B. Efficient Production of 9,22-Dihydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one from Phytosterols by Modifying Multiple Genes in Mycobacterium fortuitum. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3579. [PMID: 38612391 PMCID: PMC11011972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
C19 steroids and C22 steroids are vital intermediates for the synthesis of steroid drugs. Compared with C19 steroids, C22 steroids are more suitable for synthesizing progesterone and adrenocortical hormones, albeit less developed. 9,22-dihydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one(9-OHBA), due to its substituents at positions C-9 and C-22, is a beneficial and innovative steroid derivative for synthesizing corticosteroids. We focused on the C22 pathway in Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 35855, aiming to develop a productive strain that produces 9-OHBA. We used a mutant strain, MFΔkstD, that knocked out kstds from Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 35855 named MFKD in this study as the original strain. Hsd4A and FadA5 are key enzymes in controlling the C19 metabolic pathway of steroids in Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 35855. After knocking out hsd4A, MFKDΔhsd4A accumulated 81.47% 9-OHBA compared with 4.13% 9-OHBA in the strain MFKD. The double mutant MFKDΔhsd4AΔfadA5 further improved the selectivity of 9-OHBA to 95.13%, and 9α-hydroxy-4-androstenedione (9-OHAD) decreased to 0.90% from 4.19%. In the end, we obtained 6.81 g/L 9-OHBA from 10 g/L phytosterols with a molar yield of 80.33%, which showed the best performance compared with formerly reported strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwan Han
- Laboratory of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China; (S.H.); (X.L.); (B.H.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (W.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangcen Liu
- Laboratory of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China; (S.H.); (X.L.); (B.H.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (W.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Beiru He
- Laboratory of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China; (S.H.); (X.L.); (B.H.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (W.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China;
| | - Xinghui Zhai
- Laboratory of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China; (S.H.); (X.L.); (B.H.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (W.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenyang Yuan
- Laboratory of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China; (S.H.); (X.L.); (B.H.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (W.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China;
| | - Yixin Li
- Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, USA;
| | - Weichao Lin
- Laboratory of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China; (S.H.); (X.L.); (B.H.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (W.L.)
| | - Haoyu Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China;
| | - Baoguo Zhang
- Laboratory of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China; (S.H.); (X.L.); (B.H.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (W.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Liu X, He B, Zhang J, Yuan C, Han S, Du G, Shi J, Sun J, Zhang B. Phytosterol conversion into C9 non-hydroxylated derivatives through gene regulation in Mycobacterium fortuitum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:7635-7646. [PMID: 37831185 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12812-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) and 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one (4-HBC) are important drug intermediates that can be biosynthesized from phytosterols. However, the C9 hydroxylation of steroids via 3-ketosteroid 9α-hydroxylase (KSH) limits AD and 4-HBC accumulation. Five active KshAs, the oxidation component of KSH, were identified in Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 35855 for the first time. The deletion of kshAs indicated that the five KshA genes were jointly responsible for C9 hydroxylation during phytosterol biotransformation. MFKDΔkshA, the five KshAs deficient strain, blocked C9 hydroxylation and produced 5.37 g/L AD and 0.55 g/L 4-HBC. The dual function reductase Opccr knockout and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Hsd4A enhancement reduced 4-HBC content from 8.75 to 1.72% and increased AD content from 84.13 to 91.34%, with 8.24 g/L AD being accumulated from 15 g/L phytosterol. In contrast, hsd4A and thioesterase fadA5 knockout resulted in the accumulation of 5.36 g/L 4-HBC from 10 g/L phytosterol. We constructed efficient AD (MFKDΔkshAΔopccr_hsd4A) and 4-HBC (MFKDΔkshAΔhsd4AΔfadA5) producers and provided insights for further metabolic engineering of the M. fortuitum ATCC 35855 strain for steroid productions. KEY POINTS: • Five active KshAs were first identified in M. fortuitum ATCC 35855. • Deactivation of all five KshAs blocks the steroid C9 hydroxylation reaction. • AD or 4-HBC production was improved by Hsd4A, FadA5, and Opccr modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcen Liu
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Beiru He
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jingxian Zhang
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Chenyang Yuan
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Suwan Han
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guilin Du
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jiping Shi
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Junsong Sun
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Baoguo Zhang
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Song L, Ke J, Luo ZK, Xiong LB, Dong YG, Wei DZ, Wang FQ. Driving the conversion of phytosterol to 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum by engineering the supply and regeneration of flavin adenine dinucleotide. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:98. [PMID: 37291661 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conversion of phytosterols to steroid synthons by engineered Mycolicibacteria comprises one of the core steps in the commercial production of steroid hormones. This is a complex oxidative catabolic process, and taking the production of androstenones as example, it requires about 10 equivalent flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). As the high demand for FAD, the insufficient supply of FAD may be a common issue limiting the conversion process. RESULTS We substantiated, using the production of 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (9-OHAD) as a model, that increasing intracellular FAD supply could effectively increase the conversion of phytosterols into 9-OHAD. Overexpressing ribB and ribC, two key genes involving in FAD synthesis, could significantly enhance the amount of intracellular FAD by 167.4% and the production of 9-OHAD by 25.6%. Subsequently, styrene monooxygenase NfStyA2B from Nocardia farcinica was employed to promote the cyclic regeneration of FAD by coupling the oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to NAD+, and the production of 9-OHAD was further enhanced by 9.4%. However, the viable cell numbers decreased by 20.1%, which was attributed to sharply increased levels of H2O2 because of the regeneration of FAD from FADH2. Thus, we tried to resolve the conflict between FAD regeneration and cell growth by the overexpression of catalase and promotor replacement. Finally, a robust strain NF-P2 was obtained, which could produce 9.02 g/L 9-OHAD after adding 15 g/L phytosterols with productivity of 0.075 g/(L h), which was 66.7% higher than that produced by the original strain. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted that the cofactor engineering, including the supply and recycling of FAD and NAD+ in Mycolicibacterium, should be adopted as a parallel strategy with pathway engineering to improve the productivity of the industrial strains in the conversion of phytosterols into steroid synthons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Intelligent Manufacturing (ECUST), China National Light Industry, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jie Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Intelligent Manufacturing (ECUST), China National Light Industry, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhi-Kun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Intelligent Manufacturing (ECUST), China National Light Industry, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Liang-Bin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Yu-Guo Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Intelligent Manufacturing (ECUST), China National Light Industry, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Intelligent Manufacturing (ECUST), China National Light Industry, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Yuan C, Li Y, Han S, He B, Zhai X, Lin W, Shi J, Sun J, Zhang B. Functional analysis of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and their application to C22 steroid production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3419-3428. [PMID: 37093308 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ChsE) is involved in the steroid side-chain degradation process. However, their function in vivo remains unclear. In this study, three ChsE, ChsE1-ChsE2, ChsE3, and ChsE4-ChsE5, were identified in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum, and their functions in vivo are studied and compared with those from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. By gene knockout, complementation, and the bioconversion of phytosterols, the function of ChsE was elucidated that ChsE4-ChsE5 could utilize C27, C24, and C22 steroids in vivo. ChsE3 could utilize C27 and C24 steroids in vivo. ChsE1-ChsE2 could utilize C27, C24, and C22 steroids in vivo. What is more, the production strain of a C22 steroid, 3-oxo-4,17-pregadiene-20-carboxylic acid methyl ester (PDCE), is constructed with ChsE overexpression. This study improved the understanding of the steroid bioconversion pathway and proposed a method of the production of a new C22 steroid. KEY POINTS: • Three ChsE paralogs from M. neoaurum are identified and studied. • The function of ChsE is overlapped in vivo. • A C22 steroid (PDCE) producer was constructed with ChsE overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Yuan
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yixin Li
- Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, ME, 04901, USA
| | - Suwan Han
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Beiru He
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinghui Zhai
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weichao Lin
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jiping Shi
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junsong Sun
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Baoguo Zhang
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Zhang J, Zhang R, Song S, Su Z, Shi J, Cao H, Zhang B. Whole-Genome Analysis of Mycobacterium neoaurum DSM 1381 and the Validation of Two Key Enzymes Affecting C22 Steroid Intermediates in Sterol Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076148. [PMID: 37047121 PMCID: PMC10094492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium neoaurum DSM 1381 originated from Mycobacterium neoaurum ATCC 25790 by mutagenesis screening is a strain of degrading phytosterols and accumulating important C22 steroid intermediates, including 22-hydroxy-23, 24-bisnorchola-4-en-3-one (4-HP) and 22-hydroxy-23, 24-bisnorchola-1,4-dien-3-one (HPD). However, the metabolic mechanism of these C22 products in M. neoaurum DSM 1381 remains unknown. Therefore, the whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics analysis of M. neoaurum DSM 1381 and its parent strain M. neoaurum ATCC 25790 were performed to figure out the mechanism. As a result, 28 nonsynonymous single nucleotide variants (SNVs), 17 coding region Indels, and eight non-coding region Indels were found between the genomes of the two strains. When the wild-type 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylase subunit A1 (KshA1) and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (Hsd4A) were overexpressed in M. neoaurum DSM 1381, the steroids were transformed into the 4-androstene-3, 17- dione (AD) and 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD) instead of C22 intermediates. This result indicated that 173N of KshA1 and 171K of Hsd4A are indispensable to maintaining their activity, respectively. Amino acid sequence alignment analysis show that both N173D in KshA1 and K171E in Hsd4A are conservative sites. The 3D models of these two enzymes were predicted by SWISS-MODEL and AlphaFold2 to understand the inactivation of the two key enzymes. These results indicate that K171E in Hsd4A may destroy the inaction between the NAD+ with the NH3+ and N173D in KshA1 and may disrupt the binding of the catalytic domain to the substrate. A C22 steroid intermediates-accumulating mechanism in M. neoaurum DSM 1381 is proposed, in which the K171E in Hsd4A leads to the enzyme's inactivation, which intercepts the C19 sub-pathways and accelerates the C22 sub-pathways, and the N173D in KshA1 leads to the enzyme's inactivation, which blocks the degradation of C22 intermediates. In conclusion, this study explained the reasons for the accumulation of C22 intermediates in M. neoaurum DSM 1381 by exploring the inactivation mechanism of the two key enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Zhang
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Lab, 1479 Gortner Avenue Saint Paul, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA
| | - Shikui Song
- Protein Engineering and Biopharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Zhengding Su
- Protein Engineering and Biopharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Jiping Shi
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huijin Cao
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Baoguo Zhang
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Yuan C, Ma Z, Li Y, Zhang J, Liu X, Han S, Du G, Shi J, Sun J, Zhang B. Production of 21-hydroxy-20-methyl-pregna-1,4-dien-3-one by modifying multiple genes in Mycolicibacterium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1563-1574. [PMID: 36729227 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
C22 steroid drug intermediates are suitable for corticosteroids synthesis, and the production of C22 steroids is unsatisfactory due to the intricate steroid metabolism. Among the C22 steroids, 21-hydroxy-20-methyl-pregna-1,4-dien-3-one (1,4-HP) could be used for Δ1-steroid drug synthesis, such as prednisolone. Nevertheless, the production of 1,4-HP remains unsatisfactory. In this study, an ideal 1,4-HP producing strain was constructed. By the knockout of 3-ketosteroid-9-hydroxylase (KshA) genes and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Hsd4A) gene, the steroid nucleus degradation and the accumulation of C19 steroids in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum were blocked. The mutant strain could transform phytosterols into 1,4-HP as the main product and 21-hydroxy-20-methyl-pregna-4-ene-3-one as a by-product. Subsequently, the purity of 1,4-HP improved to 95.2% by the enhancement of 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase (KSTD) activity, and the production of 1,4-HP was improved by overexpressing NADH oxidase (NOX) and catalase (KATE) genes. Consequently, the yield of 1,4-HP achieved 10.5 g/L. The molar yield and the purity of 1,4-HP were optimal so far, and the production of 1,4-HP provides a new intermediate for the pharmaceutical steroid industry. KEY POINTS: • A third 3-ketosteroid-9-hydroxylase was identified in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum. • An 1,4-HP producer was constructed by KshA and Hsd4A deficiency. • The production of 1,4-HP was improved by KSTD, NOX, and KATE overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Yuan
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiguo Ma
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yixin Li
- Department of Biology, Waterville, ME, 04901, USA
| | - Jingxian Zhang
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangcen Liu
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Suwan Han
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guilin Du
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiping Shi
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junsong Sun
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Baoguo Zhang
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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7
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Loop pathways are responsible for tuning the accumulation of C19- and C22-sterol intermediates in the mycobacterial phytosterol degradation pathway. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:19. [PMID: 36710325 PMCID: PMC9885637 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-02008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Androstene-3,17-dione (4-AD) and 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one (BA) are the most important and representative C19- and C22-steroidal materials. The optimalization of sterol production with mycobacterial phytosterol conversion has been investigated for decades. One of the major challenges is that current industrial mycobacterial strains accumulate unignorable impurities analogous to desired sterol intermediates, significantly hampering product extractions and refinements. Previously, we identified Mycobacterium neoaurum HGMS2 as an efficient 4-AD-producing strain (Wang et al. in Microb Cell Fact. 19:187, 2020). Recently, we have genetically modified the HGMS2 strain to remove its major impurities including ADD and 9OH-AD (Li et al. in Microb Cell Fact. 20:158, 2021). Unexpectedly, the modified mutants started to significantly accumulate BA compared with the HGMS2 strain. In this work, while we attempted to block BA occurrence during 4-AD accumulation in HGMS2 mutants, we identified a few loop pathways that regulated metabolic flux switching between 4-AD and BA accumulations and found that both the 4-AD and BA pathways shared a 9,10-secosteroidial route. One of the key enzymes in the loop pathways was Hsd4A1, which played an important role in determining 4-AD accumulation. The inactivation of the hsd4A1 gene significantly blocked the 4-AD metabolic pathway so that the phytosterol degradation pathway flowed to the BA metabolic pathway, suggesting that the BA metabolic pathway is a complementary pathway to the 4-AD pathway. Thus, knocking out the hsd4A1 gene essentially made the HGMS2 mutant (HGMS2Δhsd4A1) start to efficiently accumulate BA. After further knocking out the endogenous kstd and ksh genes, an HGMS2Δhsd4A1 mutant, HGMS2Δhsd4A1/Δkstd1, enhanced the phytosterol conversion rate to BA in 1.2-fold compared with the HGMS2Δhsd4A1 mutant in pilot-scale fermentation. The final BA yield increased to 38.3 g/L starting with 80 g/L of phytosterols. Furthermore, we knocked in exogenous active kstd or ksh genes to HGMS2Δhsd4A1/Δ kstd1 to construct DBA- and 9OH-BA-producing strains. The resultant DBA- and 9OH-BA-producing strains, HGMS2Δhsd4A1/kstd2 and HGMS2Δkstd1/Δhsd4A1/kshA1B1, efficiently converted phytosterols to DBA- and 9OH-BA with the rates of 42.5% and 40.3%, respectively, and their final yields reached 34.2 and 37.3 g/L, respectively, starting with 80 g/L phytosterols. Overall, our study not only provides efficient strains for the industrial production of BA, DBA and 9OH-BA but also provides insights into the metabolic engineering of the HGMS2 strain to produce other important steroidal compounds.
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Key Words
- 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD)
- 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one (BA)
- 3-hydroxy-9,10-secoandrost-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione (HSA)
- 3-ketosteroid-1,2-dehydrogenase (KstD)
- 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylase (Ksh)
- 4-androstene-3,17-dione (4-AD)
- 9α-hydroxyl-4-androstene-3,17-dione (9OH-AD)
- Bioconversion
- Biotransformation
- Cholesterol oxidases (Cho)
- Monooxygenase (Mon)
- Phytosterols and Mycobacterium sp.
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8
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Donova MV. Current Trends and Perspectives in Microbial Bioconversions of Steroids. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2704:3-21. [PMID: 37642835 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3385-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The microbiological transformation of sterols is currently the technological basis for the industrial production of valuable steroid precursors, the so-called synthons, from which a wide range of steroid and indane isoprenoids are obtained by combined chemical and enzymatic routes. These compounds include value-added corticoids, neurosteroids, sex hormones, bile acids, and other terpenoid lipids required by the medicine, pharmaceutical, food, veterinary, and agricultural industries.Progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of microbial degradation of steroids, and the development and implementation of genetic technologies, opened a new era in steroid biotechnology. Metabolic engineering of microbial producers makes it possible not only to improve the biocatalytic properties of industrial strains by enhancing their target activity and/or suppressing undesirable activities in order to avoid the formation of by-products or degradation of the steroid core, but also to redirect metabolic fluxes in cells towards accumulation of new metabolites that may be useful for practical applications. Along with whole-cell catalysis, the interest of researchers is growing in enzymatic methods that make it possible to carry out selective structural modifications of steroids, such as the introduction of double bonds, the oxidation of steroidal alcohols, or the reduction of steroid carbonyl groups. A promising area of research is strain engineering based on the heterologous expression of foreign steroidogenesis systems (bacterial, fungal, or mammalian) that ensure selective formation of demanded hydroxylated steroids.Here, current trends and progress in microbial steroid biotechnology over the past few years are briefly reviewed, with a particular focus on the application of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology techniques to improve existing and create new whole-cell microbial biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Russia.
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9
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Bioconversion of Phytosterols to 9-Hydroxy-3-Oxo-4,17-Pregadiene-20-Carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester by Enoyl-CoA Deficiency and Modifying Multiple Genes in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0130322. [PMID: 36286498 PMCID: PMC9680642 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01303-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
C22 steroids are valuable precursors for steroid drug synthesis, but the development of C22 steroids remains unsatisfactory. This study presented a strategy for the one-step bioconversion of phytosterols to a C22 steroid drug precursor, 9-hydroxy-3-oxo-4,17-pregadiene-20-carboxylic acid methyl ester (9-OH-PDCE), by 3-ketosteroid-Δ
1
-dehydrogenase and enoyl-CoA hydratase deficiency with overexpression of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in
Mycolicibacterium
.
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