1
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Chaumeau V, Wasisakun P, Watson JA, Oo T, Aryalamloed S, Sue MP, Htoo GN, Tha NM, Archusuksan L, Sawasdichai S, Gornsawun G, Mehra S, White NJ, Nosten FH. Transmission-blocking activities of artesunate, chloroquine, and methylene blue on Plasmodium vivax gametocytes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0085324. [PMID: 39058023 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00853-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is now the main cause of malaria outside Africa. The gametocytocidal effects of antimalarial drugs are important to reduce malaria transmissibility, particularly in low-transmission settings, but they are not well characterized for P. vivax. The transmission-blocking effects of chloroquine, artesunate, and methylene blue on P. vivax gametocytes were assessed. Blood specimens were collected from patients presenting with vivax malaria, incubated with or without the tested drugs, and then fed to mosquitos from a laboratory-adapted colony of Anopheles dirus (a major malaria vector in Southeast Asia). The effects on oocyst and sporozoite development were analyzed under a multi-level Bayesian model accounting for assay variability and the heterogeneity of mosquito Plasmodium infection. Artesunate and methylene blue, but not chloroquine, exhibited potent transmission-blocking effects. Gametocyte exposures to artesunate and methylene blue reduced the mean oocyst count 469-fold (95% CI: 345 to 650) and 1,438-fold (95% CI: 970 to 2,064), respectively. The corresponding estimates for the sporozoite stage were a 148-fold reduction (95% CI: 61 to 470) and a 536-fold reduction (95% CI: 246 to 1,311) in the mean counts, respectively. In contrast, high chloroquine exposures reduced the mean oocyst count only 1.40-fold (95% CI: 1.20 to 1.64) and the mean sporozoite count 1.34-fold (95% CI: 1.12 to 1.66). This suggests that patients with vivax malaria often remain infectious to anopheline mosquitos after treatment with chloroquine. Use of artemisinin combination therapies or immediate initiation of primaquine radical cure should reduce the transmissibility of P. vivax infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Chaumeau
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Ramat, Tak, Thailand
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Praphan Wasisakun
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Ramat, Tak, Thailand
| | - James A Watson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thidar Oo
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Ramat, Tak, Thailand
| | - Sarang Aryalamloed
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Ramat, Tak, Thailand
| | - Mu Phang Sue
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Ramat, Tak, Thailand
| | - Gay Nay Htoo
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Ramat, Tak, Thailand
| | - Naw Moo Tha
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Ramat, Tak, Thailand
| | - Laypaw Archusuksan
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Ramat, Tak, Thailand
| | - Sunisa Sawasdichai
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Ramat, Tak, Thailand
| | - Gornpan Gornsawun
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Ramat, Tak, Thailand
| | - Somya Mehra
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicholas J White
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - François H Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Ramat, Tak, Thailand
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
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2
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Hazzard B, Sá JM, Bogale HN, Pascini TV, Ellis AC, Amin S, Armistead JS, Adams JH, Wellems TE, Serre D. Single-cell analyses of polyclonal Plasmodium vivax infections and their consequences on parasite transmission. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7625. [PMID: 39223117 PMCID: PMC11369214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51949-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Most Plasmodium vivax infections contain genetically distinct parasites, but the consequences of this polyclonality on the development of asexual parasites, their sexual differentiation, and their transmission remain unknown. We describe infections of Saimiri monkeys with two strains of P. vivax and the analyses of 80,024 parasites characterized by single cell RNA sequencing and individually genotyped. In our model, consecutive inoculations fail to establish polyclonal infections. By contrast, simultaneous inoculations of two strains lead to sustained polyclonal infections, although without detectable differences in parasite regulation or sexual commitment. Analyses of sporozoites dissected from mosquitoes fed on coinfected monkeys show that all genotypes are successfully transmitted to mosquitoes. However, after sporozoite inoculation, not all genotypes contribute to the subsequent blood infections, highlighting an important bottleneck during pre-erythrocytic development. Overall, these studies provide new insights on the mechanisms regulating the establishment of polyclonal P. vivax infections and their consequences for disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Hazzard
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juliana M Sá
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious, Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Haikel N Bogale
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tales V Pascini
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious, Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Angela C Ellis
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious, Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shuchi Amin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious, Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer S Armistead
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious, Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Global Health and Inter-Disciplinary Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - John H Adams
- Center for Global Health and Inter-Disciplinary Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Thomas E Wellems
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious, Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Serre
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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Manen-Freixa L, Moliner-Cubel S, Gamo FJ, Crespo B, Borrell JI, Teixidó J, Estrada-Tejedor R. Exploring the unexplored chemical space: Rational identification of new Tafenoquine analogs with antimalarial properties. Bioorg Chem 2024; 148:107472. [PMID: 38788364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Patents tend to define a huge chemical space described by the combinatorial nature of Markush structures. However, the optimization of new principal active ingredient is frequently driven by a simple Free Wilson approach. This procedure leads to a highly focused study on the chemical space near a hit compound leaving many unexplored regions that may present highly biological active reservoirs. This study aims to demonstrate that this unveiled chemical space can hide compounds with interesting potential biological activity that would be worth pursuing. This underlines the value and necessity of broadening an approach beyond conventional strategies. Hence, we advocate for an alternative methodology that may be more efficient in the early drug discovery stages. We have selected the case of Tafenoquine, a single-dose treatment for the radical cure of P. vivax malaria approved by the FDA in 2018, as an example to illustrate the process. Through the deep exploration of the Tafenoquine chemical space, seven compounds with potential antimalarial activity have been rationally identified and synthesized. This small set is representative of the chemical diversity unexplored by the 58 analogs reported to date. After biological assessment, results evidence that our approach for rational design has proven to be a very efficient exploratory methodology suitable for the early drug discovery stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Manen-Freixa
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Benigno Crespo
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GSK, Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - José I Borrell
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Teixidó
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Estrada-Tejedor
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
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4
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Christensen P, Cinzah R, Suwanarusk R, Chua ACY, Kaneko O, Kyle DE, Aung HL, Matheson J, Bifani P, Rénia L, Cook GM, Snounou G, Russell B. Extended blood stage sensitivity profiles of Plasmodium cynomolgi to doxycycline and tafenoquine, as a model for Plasmodium vivax. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0028024. [PMID: 38587391 PMCID: PMC11064600 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00280-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Testing Plasmodium vivax antimicrobial sensitivity is limited to ex vivo schizont maturation assays, which preclude determining the IC50s of delayed action antimalarials such as doxycycline. Using Plasmodium cynomolgi as a model for P. vivax, we determined the physiologically significant delayed death effect induced by doxycycline [IC50(96 h), 1,401 ± 607 nM]. As expected, IC50(96 h) to chloroquine (20.4 nM), piperaquine (12.6 µM), and tafenoquine (1,424 nM) were not affected by extended exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Christensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rosy Cinzah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rossarin Suwanarusk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Adeline Chiew Yen Chua
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), , Singapore
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Dennis E. Kyle
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Htin Lin Aung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jessica Matheson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Pablo Bifani
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), , Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Gregory M. Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Georges Snounou
- 11-Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB/IDMIT/UMR1184), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Kremlin- Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Bruce Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
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5
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Maher SP, Bakowski MA, Vantaux A, Flannery EL, Andolina C, Gupta M, Antonova-Koch Y, Argomaniz M, Cabrera-Mora M, Campo B, Chao AT, Chatterjee AK, Cheng WT, Chuenchob E, Cooper CA, Cottier K, Galinski MR, Harupa-Chung A, Ji H, Joseph SB, Lenz T, Lonardi S, Matheson J, Mikolajczak SA, Moeller T, Orban A, Padín-Irizarry V, Pan K, Péneau J, Prudhomme J, Roesch C, Ruberto AA, Sabnis SS, Saney CL, Sattabongkot J, Sereshki S, Suriyakan S, Ubalee R, Wang Y, Wasisakun P, Yin J, Popovici J, McNamara CW, Joyner CJ, Nosten F, Witkowski B, Le Roch KG, Kyle DE. A Drug Repurposing Approach Reveals Targetable Epigenetic Pathways in Plasmodium vivax Hypnozoites. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.01.31.526483. [PMID: 36778461 PMCID: PMC9915689 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.31.526483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria must include elimination of quiescent 'hypnozoite' forms in the liver; however, the only FDA-approved treatments are contraindicated in many vulnerable populations. To identify new drugs and drug targets for hypnozoites, we screened the Repurposing, Focused Rescue, and Accelerated Medchem (ReFRAME) library and a collection of epigenetic inhibitors against P. vivax liver stages. From both libraries, we identified inhibitors targeting epigenetics pathways as selectively active against P. vivax and P. cynomolgi hypnozoites. These include DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors as well as several inhibitors targeting histone post-translational modifications. Immunofluorescence staining of Plasmodium liver forms showed strong nuclear 5-methylcystosine signal, indicating liver stage parasite DNA is methylated. Using bisulfite sequencing, we mapped genomic DNA methylation in sporozoites, revealing DNA methylation signals in most coding genes. We also demonstrated that methylation level in proximal promoter regions as well as in the first exon of the genes may affect, at least partially, gene expression in P. vivax. The importance of selective inhibitors targeting epigenetic features on hypnozoites was validated using MMV019721, an acetyl-CoA synthetase inhibitor that affects histone acetylation and was previously reported as active against P. falciparum blood stages. In summary, our data indicate that several epigenetic mechanisms are likely modulating hypnozoite formation or persistence and provide an avenue for the discovery and development of improved radical cure antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. P. Maher
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia; Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - M. A. Bakowski
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - A. Vantaux
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institute Pasteur of Cambodia; Phnom Penh, 120 210, Cambodia
| | - E. L. Flannery
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - C. Andolina
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit; Mae Sot, Tak, 63110, Thailand
| | - M. Gupta
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California; Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Y. Antonova-Koch
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - M. Argomaniz
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia; Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - M. Cabrera-Mora
- International Center for Malaria Research, Education and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - B. Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV); Geneva, 1215, Switzerland
| | - A. T. Chao
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - A. K. Chatterjee
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - W. T. Cheng
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia; Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - E. Chuenchob
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - C. A. Cooper
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia; Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | | | - M. R. Galinski
- International Center for Malaria Research, Education and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - A. Harupa-Chung
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - H. Ji
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia; Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - S. B. Joseph
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - T. Lenz
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California; Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - S. Lonardi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California; Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - J. Matheson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago; Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - S. A. Mikolajczak
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | | | - A. Orban
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institute Pasteur of Cambodia; Phnom Penh, 120 210, Cambodia
| | - V. Padín-Irizarry
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia; Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- School of Sciences, Clayton State University; Morrow, GA, 30260, USA
| | - K. Pan
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - J. Péneau
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institute Pasteur of Cambodia; Phnom Penh, 120 210, Cambodia
| | - J. Prudhomme
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California; Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - C. Roesch
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institute Pasteur of Cambodia; Phnom Penh, 120 210, Cambodia
| | - A. A. Ruberto
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia; Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - S. S. Sabnis
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia; Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - C. L. Saney
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia; Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - J. Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Mahidol University; Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - S. Sereshki
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California; Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - S. Suriyakan
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit; Mae Sot, Tak, 63110, Thailand
| | - R. Ubalee
- Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS); Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Y. Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California; Riverside, CA, 92521
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California; Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - P. Wasisakun
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit; Mae Sot, Tak, 63110, Thailand
| | - J. Yin
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California; Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - J. Popovici
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institute Pasteur of Cambodia; Phnom Penh, 120 210, Cambodia
| | - C. W. McNamara
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - C. J. Joyner
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia; Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- International Center for Malaria Research, Education and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - F. Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit; Mae Sot, Tak, 63110, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford; Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
| | - B. Witkowski
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institute Pasteur of Cambodia; Phnom Penh, 120 210, Cambodia
| | - K. G. Le Roch
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California; Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - D. E. Kyle
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia; Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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6
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Obaldía N, Da Silva Filho JL, Núñez M, Glass KA, Oulton T, Achcar F, Wirjanata G, Duraisingh M, Felgner P, Tetteh KK, Bozdech Z, Otto TD, Marti M. Sterile protection against P. vivax malaria by repeated blood stage infection in the Aotus monkey model. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302524. [PMID: 38158220 PMCID: PMC10756917 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax remains a major global public health challenge, and no vaccine is approved for use in humans. Here, we assessed whether P. vivax strain-transcendent immunity can be achieved by repeated infection in Aotus monkeys. Sterile immunity was achieved after two homologous infections, whereas subsequent heterologous challenge provided only partial protection. IgG levels based on P. vivax lysate ELISA and protein microarray increased with repeated infections and correlated with the level of homologous protection. Parasite transcriptional profiles provided no evidence of major antigenic switching upon homologous or heterologous challenge. However, we observed significant sequence diversity and transcriptional differences in the P. vivax core gene repertoire between the two strains used in the study, suggesting that partial protection upon heterologous challenge is due to molecular differences between strains rather than immune evasion by antigenic switching. Our study demonstrates that sterile immunity against P. vivax can be achieved by repeated homologous blood stage infection in Aotus monkeys, thus providing a benchmark to test the efficacy of candidate blood stage P. vivax malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicanor Obaldía
- Departamento de Investigaciones en Parasitologia, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá City, Republic of Panamá
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- https://ror.org/00vtgdb53 Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joao Luiz Da Silva Filho
- https://ror.org/00vtgdb53 Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- https://ror.org/02crff812 Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marlon Núñez
- Departamento de Investigaciones en Parasitologia, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá City, Republic of Panamá
| | - Katherine A Glass
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tate Oulton
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fiona Achcar
- https://ror.org/00vtgdb53 Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- https://ror.org/02crff812 Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Grennady Wirjanata
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manoj Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip Felgner
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Ka Tetteh
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Zbynek Bozdech
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas D Otto
- https://ror.org/00vtgdb53 Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Matthias Marti
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- https://ror.org/00vtgdb53 Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- https://ror.org/02crff812 Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Hazzard B, Sá JM, Bogale HN, Pascini TV, Ellis AC, Amin S, Armistead JS, Adams JH, Wellems TE, Serre D. Single-cell analyses of polyclonal Plasmodium vivax infections and their consequences on parasite transmission. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3888175. [PMID: 38410426 PMCID: PMC10896380 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3888175/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Most Plasmodium vivax infections contain genetically distinct parasites, but the consequences of this polyclonality on the development of asexual parasites, their sexual differentiation, and their transmission remain unknown. We describe infections of Saimiri monkeys with two strains of P. vivax and the analyses of 117,350 parasites characterized by single cell RNA sequencing and individually genotyped. In our model, consecutive inoculations fail to establish polyclonal infections. By contrast, simultaneous inoculations of two strains lead to sustained polyclonal infections, although without detectable differences in parasite regulation or sexual commitment. Analyses of sporozoites dissected from mosquitoes fed on coinfected monkeys show that all genotypes are successfully transmitted to mosquitoes. However, after sporozoite inoculation, not all genotypes contribute to the subsequent blood infections, highlighting an important bottleneck during pre-erythrocytic development. Overall, these studies provide new insights on the mechanisms regulating the establishment of polyclonal P. vivax infections and their consequences for disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Hazzard
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Juliana M. Sá
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Haikel N. Bogale
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tales V. Pascini
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Angela C. Ellis
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuchi Amin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Armistead
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Center for Global Health and Inter-Disciplinary Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - John H. Adams
- Center for Global Health and Inter-Disciplinary Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Thomas E. Wellems
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Serre
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Lead contact
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8
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do Nascimento Martinez L, Silva DC, Brilhante-da-Silva N, da Silva Rodrigues FL, de Lima AA, Tada MS, Costa JDN. Monitoring the density of Plasmodium spp. gametocytes in isolates from patient samples in the region of Porto Velho, Rondônia. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:405. [PMID: 37987025 PMCID: PMC10657340 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gametocytes are the forms of the malaria parasite that are essential for the continuation of the transmission cycle to the vector Anopheles. This study aimed to evaluate the parasite density of Plasmodium spp gametocytes in samples from patients in the region of Porto Velho, Rondônia. Slides containing patient samples were selected from users who sought out care at the Center for Research in Tropical Medicine (CEPEM) during the period from January to December 2016. Samples of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum were selected for analysis of their respective gametocytes. In parallel, monitoring was performed in cultures of NF54 strain P. falciparum gametocytes. Of 248 thick smear slides (EG) evaluated in double blind, 142 (57.2%) were detected with P. vivax, of this total 47 (18.9%) had gametocytes, 1 (0.4%) with LVC negative diagnosis for gametocytes and 1 (0.4%) Pv + Pf (mixed malaria). Regarding P. falciparum, the total number of samples analyzed was 106 (42.7%), of which 20 (8.0%) had gametocytes detected, 6 (2.4%) LVC negative for gametocyte forms, and 3 (1.2%) Pv + Pf (mixed malaria), Plasmodium malariae species was not detected among the samples. The results showed that P. vivax gametocytes were present in the first days of symptoms, with a higher prevalence in patients with two crosses, a fact that was also observed in patients with P. falciparum regarding the prevalence of gametocytes. Faced with this problem, it is necessary to monitor the fluctuation of gametocytes, since these forms are responsible for continuing the malaria cycle within the mosquito vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro do Nascimento Martinez
- Plataforma de Bioensaios em Malária e Leishmaniose (PBML)-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental (Pgbioexp), Centro Universitário São Lucas-PVH/ Afya, Porto Velho, RO Brazil
| | | | - Nairo Brilhante-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos (LEA)-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular E Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mauro Shugiro Tada
- Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical–CEPEM, Instituto de Pesquisa em Patologias Tropicais, Porto Velho, Rondônia Brazil
| | - Joana D.‘Arc Neves Costa
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia de Malária, Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical-CEPEM, Instituto de Pesquisa em Patologias Tropicais, Porto Velho, RO Brasil
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9
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Bailey BL, Nguyen W, Cowman AF, Sleebs BE. Chemo-proteomics in antimalarial target identification and engagement. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:2303-2351. [PMID: 37232495 PMCID: PMC10947479 DOI: 10.1002/med.21975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Humans have lived in tenuous battle with malaria over millennia. Today, while much of the world is free of the disease, areas of South America, Asia, and Africa still wage this war with substantial impacts on their social and economic development. The threat of widespread resistance to all currently available antimalarial therapies continues to raise concern. Therefore, it is imperative that novel antimalarial chemotypes be developed to populate the pipeline going forward. Phenotypic screening has been responsible for the majority of the new chemotypes emerging in the past few decades. However, this can result in limited information on the molecular target of these compounds which may serve as an unknown variable complicating their progression into clinical development. Target identification and validation is a process that incorporates techniques from a range of different disciplines. Chemical biology and more specifically chemo-proteomics have been heavily utilized for this purpose. This review provides an in-depth summary of the application of chemo-proteomics in antimalarial development. Here we focus particularly on the methodology, practicalities, merits, and limitations of designing these experiments. Together this provides learnings on the future use of chemo-proteomics in antimalarial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brodie L. Bailey
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - William Nguyen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Alan F. Cowman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Brad E. Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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10
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Voorberg-van der Wel A, Zeeman AM, Kocken CHM. Transfection Models to Investigate Plasmodium vivax-Type Dormant Liver Stage Parasites. Pathogens 2023; 12:1070. [PMID: 37764878 PMCID: PMC10534883 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax causes the second highest number of malaria morbidity and mortality cases in humans. Several biological traits of this parasite species, including the formation of dormant stages (hypnozoites) that persist inside the liver for prolonged periods of time, present an obstacle for intervention measures and create a barrier for the elimination of malaria. Research into the biology of hypnozoites requires efficient systems for parasite transmission, liver stage cultivation and genetic modification. However, P. vivax research is hampered by the lack of an in vitro blood stage culture system, rendering it reliant on in vivo-derived, mainly patient, material for transmission and liver stage culture. This has also resulted in limited capability for genetic modification, creating a bottleneck in investigations into the mechanisms underlying the persistence of the parasite inside the liver. This bottleneck can be overcome through optimal use of the closely related and experimentally more amenable nonhuman primate (NHP) parasite, Plasmodium cynomolgi, as a model system. In this review, we discuss the genetic modification tools and liver stage cultivation platforms available for studying P. vivax persistent stages and highlight how their combined use may advance our understanding of hypnozoite biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Voorberg-van der Wel
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (A.-M.Z.); (C.H.M.K.)
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11
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Kumari S, Sinha A. Culture and transfection: Two major bottlenecks in understanding Plasmodium vivax biology. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1144453. [PMID: 37082177 PMCID: PMC10110902 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1144453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The long term in vitro culture of Plasmodium falciparum was successfully established by Trager and Jensen in 1976; however it largely remains unachieved for P. vivax. The major obstacle associated with Plasmodium vivax in vitro culture is its predilection for invading younger reticulocytes and the complex remodelling of invaded reticulocytes. There are many factors under exploration for this predilection and host–parasite interactions between merozoites and invaded reticulocytes. These include various factors related to parasite, host and environment such as compromised reticulocyte osmotic stability after invasion, abundance of iron in the reticulocytes which makes them favourable for P. vivax growth and propagation and role of a hypoxic environment in P. vivax in vitro growth. P. vivax blood stage transfection represents another major hurdle towards understanding this parasite’s complex biology. Efforts in making this parasite amenable for molecular investigation by genetic modification are limited. Newer approaches in sustaining a longer in vitro culture and thereby help advancing transfection technologies in P. vivax are urgently needed that can be explored to understand the unique biology of this parasite.
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12
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Bharti P, Gupta H, Nema S. Time to stimulate Plasmodium vivax research in India: A way forwards. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.368016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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13
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Moita D, Maia TG, Duarte M, Andrade CM, Albuquerque IS, Dwivedi A, Silva JC, González-Céron L, Janse CJ, Mendes AM, Prudêncio M. A genetically modified Plasmodium berghei parasite as a surrogate for whole-sporozoite vaccination against P. vivax malaria. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:163. [PMID: 36526627 PMCID: PMC9755804 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two malaria parasite species, Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and P. vivax (Pv) are responsible for most of the disease burden caused by malaria. Vaccine development against this disease has focused mainly on Pf. Whole-sporozoite (WSp) vaccination, targeting pre-erythrocytic (PE) parasite stages, is a promising strategy for immunization against malaria and several PfWSp-based vaccine candidates are currently undergoing clinical evaluation. In contrast, no WSp candidates have been developed for Pv, mainly due to constraints in the production of Pv sporozoites in the laboratory. Recently, we developed a novel approach for WSp vaccination against Pf based on the use of transgenic rodent P. berghei (Pb) sporozoites expressing immunogens of this human-infective parasite. We showed that this platform can be used to deliver PE Pf antigens, eliciting both targeted humoral responses and cross-species cellular immune responses against Pf. Here we explored this WSp platform for the delivery of Pv antigens. As the Pv circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is a leading vaccine candidate antigen, we generated a transgenic Pb parasite, PbviVac, that, in addition to its endogenous PbCSP, expresses PvCSP under the control of a strictly PE promoter. Immunofluorescence microscopy analyses confirmed that both the PbCSP and the PvCSP antigens are expressed in PbviVac sporozoites and liver stages and that PbviVac sporozoite infectivity of hepatic cells is similar to that of its wild-type Pb counterpart. Immunization of mice with PbviVac sporozoites elicits the production of anti-PvCSP antibodies that efficiently recognize and bind to Pv sporozoites. Our results warrant further development and evaluation of PbviVac as a surrogate for WSp vaccination against Pv malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Moita
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa G Maia
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Duarte
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carolina M Andrade
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês S Albuquerque
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ankit Dwivedi
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joana C Silva
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lilia González-Céron
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Chris J Janse
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - António M Mendes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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14
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Hazzard B, Sá JM, Ellis AC, Pascini TV, Amin S, Wellems TE, Serre D. Long read single cell RNA sequencing reveals the isoform diversity of Plasmodium vivax transcripts. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010991. [PMID: 36525464 PMCID: PMC9803293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax infections often consist of heterogenous populations of parasites at different developmental stages and with distinct transcriptional profiles, which complicates gene expression analyses. The advent of single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) enabled disentangling this complexity and has provided robust and stage-specific characterization of Plasmodium gene expression. However, scRNA-seq information is typically derived from the end of each mRNA molecule (usually the 3'-end) and therefore fails to capture the diversity in transcript isoforms documented in bulk RNA-seq data. Here, we describe the sequencing of scRNA-seq libraries using Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) chemistry to characterize full-length Plasmodium vivax transcripts from single cell parasites. Our results show that many P. vivax genes are transcribed into multiple isoforms, primarily through variations in untranslated region (UTR) length or splicing, and that the expression of many isoforms is developmentally regulated. Our findings demonstrate that long read sequencing can be used to characterize mRNA molecules at the single cell level and provides an additional resource to better understand the regulation of gene expression throughout the Plasmodium life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Hazzard
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Juliana M. Sá
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Angela C. Ellis
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tales V. Pascini
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shuchi Amin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Wellems
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Serre
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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15
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Molina-Franky J, Reyes C, Picón Jaimes YA, Kalkum M, Patarroyo MA. The Black Box of Cellular and Molecular Events of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Invasion into Reticulocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314528. [PMID: 36498854 PMCID: PMC9739029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed malaria parasite affecting humans worldwide, causing ~5 million cases yearly. Despite the disease's extensive burden, there are gaps in the knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms by which P. vivax invades reticulocytes. In contrast, this crucial step is better understood for P. falciparum, the less widely distributed but more often fatal malaria parasite. This discrepancy is due to the difficulty of studying P. vivax's exclusive invasion of reticulocytes, which represent 1-2% of circulating cells. Its accurate targeting mechanism has not yet been clarified, hindering the establishment of long-term continuous in vitro culture systems. So far, only three reticulocyte invasion pathways have been characterised based on parasite interactions with DARC, TfR1 and CD98 host proteins. However, exposing the parasite's alternative invasion mechanisms is currently being considered, opening up a large field for exploring the entry receptors used by P. vivax for invading host cells. New methods must be developed to ensure better understanding of the parasite to control malarial transmission and to eradicate the disease. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on cellular and molecular mechanisms of P. vivax's merozoite invasion to contribute to a better understanding of the parasite's biology, pathogenesis and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Molina-Franky
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 112111, Colombia
- Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - César Reyes
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 112111, Colombia
- Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Animal Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Bogotá 111166, Colombia
| | | | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 112111, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.A.P.)
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16
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Satchwell TJ. Generation of red blood cells from stem cells: Achievements, opportunities and perspectives for malaria research. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1039520. [PMID: 36452302 PMCID: PMC9702814 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1039520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Plasmodium that cause malaria survive within humans by invasion of, and proliferation within, the most abundant cell type in the body, the red blood cell. As obligate, intracellular parasites, interactions between parasite and host red blood cell components are crucial to multiple aspects of the blood stage malaria parasite lifecycle. The requirement for, and involvement of, an array of red blood cell proteins in parasite invasion and intracellular development is well established. Nevertheless, detailed mechanistic understanding of host cell protein contributions to these processes are hampered by the genetic intractability of the anucleate red blood cell. The advent of stem cell technology and more specifically development of methods that recapitulate in vitro the process of red blood cell development known as erythropoiesis has enabled the generation of erythroid cell stages previously inaccessible in large numbers for malaria studies. What is more, the capacity for genetic manipulation of nucleated erythroid precursors that can be differentiated to generate modified red blood cells has opened new horizons for malaria research. This review summarises current methodologies that harness in vitro erythroid differentiation of stem cells for generation of cells that are susceptible to malaria parasite invasion; discusses existing and emerging approaches to generate novel red blood cell phenotypes and explores the exciting potential of in vitro derived red blood cells for improved understanding the broad role of host red blood cell proteins in malaria pathogenesis.
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Mohring F, van Schalkwyk DA, Henrici RC, Blasco B, Leroy D, Sutherland CJ, Moon RW. Cation ATPase (ATP4) Orthologue Replacement in the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium knowlesi Reveals Species-Specific Responses to ATP4-Targeting Drugs. mBio 2022; 13:e0117822. [PMID: 36190127 PMCID: PMC9600963 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01178-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several unrelated classes of antimalarial compounds developed against Plasmodium falciparum target a parasite-specific P-type ATP-dependent Na+ pump, PfATP4. We have previously shown that other malaria parasite species infecting humans are less susceptible to these compounds. Here, we generated a series of transgenic Plasmodium knowlesi orthologue replacement (OR) lines in which the endogenous pkatp4 locus was replaced by a recodonized P. knowlesi atp4 (pkatp4) coding region or the orthologous coding region from P. falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale subsp. curtisi, or Plasmodium vivax. Each OR transgenic line displayed a similar growth pattern to the parental P. knowlesi line. We found significant orthologue-specific differences in parasite susceptibility to three chemically unrelated ATP4 inhibitors, but not to comparator drugs, among the P. knowlesi OR lines. The PfATP4OR transgenic line of P. knowlesi was significantly more susceptible than our control PkATP4OR line to three ATP4 inhibitors: cipargamin, PA21A092, and SJ733. The PvATP4OR and PmATP4OR lines were similarly susceptible to the control PkATP4OR line, but the PocATP4OR line was significantly less susceptible to all ATP4 inhibitors than the PkATP4OR line. Cipargamin-induced inhibition of Na+ efflux was also significantly greater with the P. falciparum orthologue of ATP4. This confirms that species-specific susceptibility differences previously observed in ex vivo studies of human isolates are partly or wholly enshrined in the primary amino acid sequences of the respective ATP4 orthologues and highlights the need to monitor efficacy of investigational malaria drugs against multiple species. P. knowlesi is now established as an important in vitro model for studying drug susceptibility in non-falciparum malaria parasites. IMPORTANCE Effective drugs are vital to minimize the illness and death caused by malaria. Development of new drugs becomes ever more urgent as drug resistance emerges. Among promising compounds now being developed to treat malaria are several unrelated molecules that each inhibit the same protein in the malaria parasite-ATP4. Here, we exploited the genetic tractability of P. knowlesi to replace its own ATP4 genes with orthologues from five human-infective species to understand the drug susceptibility differences among these parasites. We previously estimated the susceptibility to ATP4-targeting drugs of each species using clinical samples from malaria patients. These estimates closely matched those of the corresponding "hybrid" P. knowlesi parasites carrying introduced ATP4 genes. Thus, species-specific ATP4 inhibitor efficacy is directly determined by the sequence of the gene. Our novel approach to understanding cross-species susceptibility/resistance can strongly support the effort to develop antimalarials that effectively target all human malaria parasite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Mohring
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Donelly A. van Schalkwyk
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan C. Henrici
- Center for Global Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Didier Leroy
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Colin J. Sutherland
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- UK Health Security Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W. Moon
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Nunes-Cabaço H, Moita D, Prudêncio M. Five decades of clinical assessment of whole-sporozoite malaria vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:977472. [PMID: 36159849 PMCID: PMC9493004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.977472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1967, pioneering work by Ruth Nussenzweig demonstrated for the first time that irradiated sporozoites of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei protected mice against a challenge with infectious parasites of the same species. This remarkable finding opened up entirely new prospects of effective vaccination against malaria using attenuated sporozoites as immunization agents. The potential for whole-sporozoite-based immunization in humans was established in a clinical study in 1973, when a volunteer exposed to X-irradiated P. falciparum sporozoites was found to be protected against malaria following challenge with a homologous strain of this parasite. Nearly five decades later, much has been achieved in the field of whole-sporozoite malaria vaccination, and multiple reports on the clinical evaluation of such candidates have emerged. However, this process has known different paces before and after the turn of the century. While only a few clinical studies were published in the 1970’s, 1980’s and 1990’s, remarkable progress was made in the 2000’s and beyond. This article reviews the history of the clinical assessment of whole-sporozoite malaria vaccines over the last forty-nine years, highlighting the impressive achievements made over the last few years, and discussing some of the challenges ahead.
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Rehn T, Lubiana P, Nguyen THT, Pansegrau E, Schmitt M, Roth LK, Brehmer J, Roeder T, Cadar D, Metwally NG, Bruchhaus I. Ectopic Expression of Plasmodium vivax vir Genes in P. falciparum Affects Cytoadhesion via Increased Expression of Specific var Genes. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061183. [PMID: 35744701 PMCID: PMC9230084 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (PfIEs) adhere to endothelial cell receptors (ECRs) of blood vessels mainly via PfEMP1 proteins to escape elimination via the spleen. Evidence suggests that P. vivax-infected reticulocytes (PvIRs) also bind to ECRs, presumably enabled by VIR proteins, as shown by inhibition experiments and studies with transgenic P. falciparum expressing vir genes. To test this hypothesis, our study investigated the involvement of VIR proteins in cytoadhesion using vir gene-expressing P. falciparum transfectants. Those VIR proteins with a putative transmembrane domain were present in Maurer's clefts, and some were also present in the erythrocyte membrane. The VIR protein without a transmembrane domain (PVX_050690) was not exported. Five of the transgenic P. falciparum cell lines, including the one expressing PVX_050690, showed binding to CD36. We observed highly increased expression of specific var genes encoding PfEMP1s in all CD36-binding transfectants. These results suggest that ectopic vir expression regulates var expression through a yet unknown mechanism. In conclusion, the observed cytoadhesion of P. falciparum expressing vir genes depended on PfEMP1s, making this experimental unsuitable for characterizing VIR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Rehn
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (T.R.); (P.L.); (T.H.T.N.); (E.P.); (M.S.); (L.K.R.); (J.B.); (D.C.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Pedro Lubiana
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (T.R.); (P.L.); (T.H.T.N.); (E.P.); (M.S.); (L.K.R.); (J.B.); (D.C.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Thi Huyen Trang Nguyen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (T.R.); (P.L.); (T.H.T.N.); (E.P.); (M.S.); (L.K.R.); (J.B.); (D.C.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Eva Pansegrau
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (T.R.); (P.L.); (T.H.T.N.); (E.P.); (M.S.); (L.K.R.); (J.B.); (D.C.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Marius Schmitt
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (T.R.); (P.L.); (T.H.T.N.); (E.P.); (M.S.); (L.K.R.); (J.B.); (D.C.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Lisa Katharina Roth
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (T.R.); (P.L.); (T.H.T.N.); (E.P.); (M.S.); (L.K.R.); (J.B.); (D.C.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Jana Brehmer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (T.R.); (P.L.); (T.H.T.N.); (E.P.); (M.S.); (L.K.R.); (J.B.); (D.C.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Molecular Physiology Department, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dániel Cadar
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (T.R.); (P.L.); (T.H.T.N.); (E.P.); (M.S.); (L.K.R.); (J.B.); (D.C.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Nahla Galal Metwally
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (T.R.); (P.L.); (T.H.T.N.); (E.P.); (M.S.); (L.K.R.); (J.B.); (D.C.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (T.R.); (P.L.); (T.H.T.N.); (E.P.); (M.S.); (L.K.R.); (J.B.); (D.C.); (N.G.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, 22601 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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20
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Abstract
"The Primate Malarias" book has been a uniquely important resource for multiple generations of scientists, since its debut in 1971, and remains pertinent to the present day. Indeed, nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been instrumental for major breakthroughs in basic and pre-clinical research on malaria for over 50 years. Research involving NHPs have provided critical insights and data that have been essential for malaria research on many parasite species, drugs, vaccines, pathogenesis, and transmission, leading to improved clinical care and advancing research goals for malaria control, elimination, and eradication. Whilst most malaria scientists over the decades have been studying Plasmodium falciparum, with NHP infections, in clinical studies with humans, or using in vitro culture or rodent model systems, others have been dedicated to advancing research on Plasmodium vivax, as well as on phylogenetically related simian species, including Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium coatneyi, and Plasmodium knowlesi. In-depth study of these four phylogenetically related species over the years has spawned the design of NHP longitudinal infection strategies for gathering information about ongoing infections, which can be related to human infections. These Plasmodium-NHP infection model systems are reviewed here, with emphasis on modern systems biological approaches to studying longitudinal infections, pathogenesis, immunity, and vaccines. Recent discoveries capitalizing on NHP longitudinal infections include an advanced understanding of chronic infections, relapses, anaemia, and immune memory. With quickly emerging new technological advances, more in-depth research and mechanistic discoveries can be anticipated on these and additional critical topics, including hypnozoite biology, antigenic variation, gametocyte transmission, bone marrow dysfunction, and loss of uninfected RBCs. New strategies and insights published by the Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center (MaHPIC) are recapped here along with a vision that stresses the importance of educating future experts well trained in utilizing NHP infection model systems for the pursuit of innovative, effective interventions against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Galinski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory National Primate Research Center (Yerkes National Primate Research Center), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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21
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Peter C, Annie R, Ward Kurt E, Jessica M, Rossarin S, Adeline CC, Kaneko O, Lin AH, Laurent R, Nadia A, Victor M, Julien L, Roger LG, Dennis K, Pablo B, Cook Gregory M, Georges S, Bruce R. Improving in vitro continuous cultivation of Plasmodium cynomolgi, a model for P. vivax. Parasitol Int 2022; 89:102589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Lestarisa T, Arwati H, Dachlan YP, Keman S, Safruddin D. THE USE OF ARCHIVED GIEMSA-STAINED BLOOD SMEARS AND RDT FOR PCR-BASED GENOTYPING OF Plasmodium v ivax MEROZOITE SURFACE PROTEIN-1 IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN PROVINCE, INDONESIA. Afr J Infect Dis 2022; 16:13-20. [PMID: 35047726 PMCID: PMC8751392 DOI: 10.21010/ajid.v16i1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Plasmodium vivax is transmitted most across the country of Indonesia. The country has set out a malaria elimination program by 2030. The information on genetic diversity of malarial parasites relates to malaria transmission in an endemic area may provide the information that can help the malaria control program to achieve the target. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of the Pvmsp-1 gene in Central Kalimantan Province. Materials and Methods: Samples were 140 of archived Giemsa-stained blood smear and rapid detection test. Samples were divided into the indigenous and migrant populations. After confirmation by single-step PCR, only P. vivax and mixed infection samples were amplified to nested PCR for genotyping of Pvmsp-1 allelic variation in segments F1, F2, and F3. Results: Genotyping of 23 PCR positive samples resulted in 13 genotypes. In segment F1, three allelic variants type A containing subtype A1 (1,050 bp), A2 (350 bp), A3 (150 bp), and type B (100 bp). In segment F2, mono genotypes were detected as variant type A (1,050 bp) and type B3 (150 bp), multiple genotypes were detected as type B containing subtype B1 (250 bp), B2 (200 bp), and B3 (150bp). In segment F3, three allelic variants generated from four mono genotypes were type A (350 bp), type B (300 bp), and two type C (250 bp). Conclusion: The low allelic variation of Pvmsp-1 gene may reflect the actual situation of the low malaria endemic status of the study sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trilianty Lestarisa
- Doctoral Program on Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Palangka Raya, Palangka Raya City, Indonesia
| | - Heny Arwati
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Yoes Prijatna Dachlan
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Soedjajadi Keman
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Din Safruddin
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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23
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Aggarwal S, Peng WK, Srivastava S. Multi-Omics Advancements towards Plasmodium vivax Malaria Diagnosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:2222. [PMID: 34943459 PMCID: PMC8700291 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax malaria is one of the most lethal infectious diseases, with 7 million infections annually. One of the roadblocks to global malaria elimination is the lack of highly sensitive, specific, and accurate diagnostic tools. The absence of diagnostic tools in particular has led to poor differentiation among parasite species, poor prognosis, and delayed treatment. The improvement necessary in diagnostic tools can be broadly grouped into two categories: technologies-driven and omics-driven progress over time. This article discusses the recent advancement in omics-based malaria for identifying the next generation biomarkers for a highly sensitive and specific assay with a rapid and antecedent prognosis of the disease. We summarize the state-of-the-art diagnostic technologies, the key challenges, opportunities, and emerging prospects of multi-omics-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Aggarwal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India;
| | - Weng Kung Peng
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Building A1, University Innovation Park, Dongguan 523808, China
- Precision Medicine-Engineering Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India;
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24
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Bailey BL, Nguyen W, Ngo A, Goodman CD, Gancheva MR, Favuzza P, Sanz LM, Gamo FJ, Lowes KN, McFadden GI, Wilson DW, Laleu B, Brand S, Jackson PF, Cowman AF, Sleebs BE. Optimisation of 2-(N-phenyl carboxamide) triazolopyrimidine antimalarials with moderate to slow acting erythrocytic stage activity. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105244. [PMID: 34452759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a devastating parasitic disease caused by parasites from the genus Plasmodium. Therapeutic resistance has been reported against all clinically available antimalarials, threatening our ability to control the disease and therefore there is an ongoing need for the development of novel antimalarials. Towards this goal, we identified the 2-(N-phenyl carboxamide) triazolopyrimidine class from a high throughput screen of the Janssen Jumpstarter library against the asexual stages of the P. falciparum parasite. Here we describe the structure activity relationship of the identified class and the optimisation of asexual stage activity while maintaining selectivity against the human HepG2 cell line. The most potent analogues from this study were shown to exhibit equipotent activity against P. falciparum multidrug resistant strains and P. knowlesi asexual parasites. Asexual stage phenotyping studies determined the triazolopyrimidine class arrests parasites at the trophozoite stage, but it is likely these parasites are still metabolically active until the second asexual cycle, and thus have a moderate to slow onset of action. Non-NADPH dependent degradation of the central carboxamide and low aqueous solubility was observed in in vitro ADME profiling. A significant challenge remains to correct these liabilities for further advancement of the 2-(N-phenyl carboxamide) triazolopyrimidine scaffold as a potential moderate to slow acting partner in a curative or prophylactic antimalarial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brodie L Bailey
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - William Nguyen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Anna Ngo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | | | - Maria R Gancheva
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paola Favuzza
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Laura M Sanz
- Global Health Pharma Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos 28760, Spain
| | | | - Kym N Lowes
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey I McFadden
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Danny W Wilson
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Benoît Laleu
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva 1215, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Brand
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva 1215, Switzerland
| | - Paul F Jackson
- Global Public Health, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alan F Cowman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Brad E Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
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25
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Jin X, Zhu S, Xu W, Chen J, Ruan W, Wang X. Limited polymorphism in k13 gene of Plasmodium falciparum and k12 of Plasmodium vivax isolates imported from African and Asian countries between 2014 and 2019 in Hangzhou city, China. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:853. [PMID: 34418991 PMCID: PMC8379771 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria causes major public health problems globally and drug resistance hinders its control and elimination. Molecular markers associated with drug resistance are considered as a beneficial tool to monitor the disease trends, evolution and distribution so as to help improve drug policy. Methods We collected 148 Plasmodium falciparum and 20 Plasmodium vivax isolates imported into Hangzhou city, China between 2014 and 2019. k13 gene of P. falciparum and k12 of P. vivax were sequenced. Polymorphisms and prevalence of k13 and k12 were analyzed. Results Most (98.65%, 146/148) P. falciparum infections were imported from Africa, and half P. vivax cases came from Africa and the other half from Asia. Nucleotide mutation prevalence was 2.03% (3/148) and the proportion of amino acid mutations was 0.68% (1/148). The amino acid mutation, A676S, was observed in an isolate from Nigeria. No mutation of k12 was observed from the parasites from African and Asian countries. Conclusions Limited polymorphism in k13 gene of P. falciparum isolates imported from African countries, but no evidence for the polymorphism of k12 in P. vivax samples from African and Asian countries was found. These results provide information for drug policy update in study region. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06579-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Jin
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Sujuan Zhu
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Weimin Xu
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Junfang Chen
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Wei Ruan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
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26
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Broichhagen J, Kilian N. Chemical Biology Tools To Investigate Malaria Parasites. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2219-2236. [PMID: 33570245 PMCID: PMC8360121 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases like malaria tropica have been shaping human evolution and history since the beginning of mankind. After infection, the response of the human host ranges from asymptomatic to severe and may culminate in death. Therefore, proper examination of the parasite's biology is pivotal to deciphering unique molecular, biochemical and cell biological processes, which in turn ensure the identification of treatment strategies, such as potent drug targets and vaccine candidates. However, implementing molecular biology methods for genetic manipulation proves to be difficult for many parasite model organisms. The development of fast and straightforward applicable alternatives, for instance small-molecule probes from the field of chemical biology, is essential. In this review, we will recapitulate the highlights of previous molecular and chemical biology approaches that have already created insight and understanding of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. We discuss current developments from the field of chemical biology and explore how their application could advance research into this parasite in the future. We anticipate that the described approaches will help to close knowledge gaps in the biology of P. falciparum and we hope that researchers will be inspired to use these methods to gain knowledge - with the aim of ending this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Broichhagen
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP)Robert-Roessle-Strasse 1013125BerlinGermany
| | - Nicole Kilian
- Centre for Infectious DiseasesParasitologyHeidelberg University HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 32469120HeidelbergGermany
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27
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Suratanee A, Buaboocha T, Plaimas K. Prediction of Human- Plasmodium vivax Protein Associations From Heterogeneous Network Structures Based on Machine-Learning Approach. Bioinform Biol Insights 2021; 15:11779322211013350. [PMID: 34188457 PMCID: PMC8212370 DOI: 10.1177/11779322211013350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax can lead to severe morbidity and death. In addition, resistance has been reported to existing drugs in treating this malaria. Therefore, the identification of new human proteins associated with malaria is urgently needed for the development of additional drugs. In this study, we established an analysis framework to predict human-P. vivax protein associations using network topological profiles from a heterogeneous network structure of human and P. vivax, machine-learning techniques and statistical analysis. Novel associations were predicted and ranked to determine the importance of human proteins associated with malaria. With the best-ranking score, 411 human proteins were identified as promising proteins. Their regulations and functions were statistically analyzed, which led to the identification of proteins involved in the regulation of membrane and vesicle formation, and proteasome complexes as potential targets for the treatment of P. vivax malaria. In conclusion, by integrating related data, our analysis was efficient in identifying potential targets providing an insight into human-parasite protein associations. Furthermore, generalizing this model could allow researchers to gain further insights into other diseases and enhance the field of biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apichat Suratanee
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of
Applied Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok,
Thailand
| | - Teerapong Buaboocha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of
Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics
Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kitiporn Plaimas
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics
Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Advanced Virtual and Intelligent
Computing (AVIC) Center, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of
Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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28
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Ramos GQ, Baia-da-Silva DC, Lacerda MVG, Monteiro WM, Lopes SCP. Viability and Infectivity of Plasmodium vivax Gametocytes in Short-Term Culture. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:676276. [PMID: 34141630 PMCID: PMC8204544 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.676276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The control and elimination of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax both represent a great challenge due to the biological aspects of the species. Gametocytes are the forms responsible for the transmission of the parasite to the vector and the search for new strategies for blocking transmission are essential in a scenario of control and elimination The challenges in this search in regard to P. vivax mainly stem from the lack of a long-term culture and the limitation of studies of gametocytes. This study evaluated the viability and infectivity of P. vivax gametocytes in short-term culture. The samples enriched in gametocytes using Percoll (i), using magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS®) (ii), and using non-enriched samples (iii) were evaluated. After the procedures, gametocytes were cultured in IMDM medium for up to 48 h. Cultured P. vivax gametocytes were viable and infectious for up to 48 h, however differences in viability and infectivity were observed in the samples after 12 h of culture in relation to 0 h. Percoll-enriched samples were shown to be viable in culture for longer intervals than those purified using MACS®. Gametocyte viability after enrichment procedures and short-term culture may provide new avenues in the development of methods for evaluating P. vivax TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Quaresma Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Djane Clarys Baia-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Guimarães Lacerda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Stefanie Costa Pinto Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Brazil
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29
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Rawat A, Roy M, Jyoti A, Kaushik S, Verma K, Srivastava VK. Cysteine proteases: Battling pathogenic parasitic protozoans with omnipresent enzymes. Microbiol Res 2021; 249:126784. [PMID: 33989978 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide lie at the risk of parasitic protozoic infections that kill over a million people each year. The rising inefficacy of conventional therapeutics to combat these diseases, mainly due to the development of drug resistance to a handful of available licensed options contributes substantially to the rising burden of these ailments. Cysteine proteases are omnipresent enzymes that are critically implicated in the pathogenesis of protozoic infections. Despite their significance and druggability, cysteine proteases as therapeutic targets have not yet been translated into the clinic. The review presents the significance of cysteine proteases of members of the genera Plasmodium, Entamoeba, and Leishmania, known to cause Malaria, Amoebiasis, and Leishmaniasis, respectively, the protozoic diseases with the highest morbidity and mortality. Further, projecting them as targets for molecular tools like the CRISPR-Cas technology for favorable manipulation, exploration of obscure genomes, and achieving a better insight into protozoic functioning. Overcoming the hurdles that prevent us from gaining a better insight into the functioning of these enzymes in protozoic systems is a necessity. Managing the burden of parasitic protozoic infections pivotally depends upon the betterment of molecular tools and therapeutic concepts that will pave the path to an array of diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadish Rawat
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur, India
| | - Mrinalini Roy
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur, India
| | - Anupam Jyoti
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur, India
| | - Sanket Kaushik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur, India
| | - Kuldeep Verma
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur, India.
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Zhu G, Yin J, Cuny GD. Current status and challenges in drug discovery against the globally important zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. ANIMAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe zoonotic cryptosporidiosis is globally distributed, one of the major diarrheal diseases in humans and animals. Cryptosporidium oocysts are also one of the major environmental concerns, making it a pathogen that fits well into the One Health concept. Despite its importance, fully effective drugs are not yet available. Anti-cryptosporidial drug discovery has historically faced many unusual challenges attributed to unique parasite biology and technical burdens. While significant progresses have been made recently, anti-cryptosporidial drug discovery still faces a major obstacle: identification of systemic drugs that can be absorbed by patients experiencing watery diarrhea and effectively pass through electron-dense (ED) band at the parasite-host cell interface to act on the epicellular parasite. There may be a need to develop an in vitro assay to effectively screen hits/leads for their capability to cross ED band. In the meantime, non-systemic drugs with strong mucoadhesive properties for extended gastrointestinal exposure may represent another direction in developing anti-cryptosporidial therapeutics. For developing both systemic and non-systemic drugs, a non-ruminant animal model exhibiting diarrheal symptoms suitable for routine evaluation of drug absorption and anti-cryptosporidial efficacy may be very helpful.
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Tavella TA, da Silva NSM, Spillman N, Kayano ACAV, Cassiano GC, Vasconcelos AA, Camargo AP, da Silva DCB, Fontinha D, Salazar Alvarez LC, Ferreira LT, Peralis Tomaz KC, Neves BJ, Almeida LD, Bargieri DY, Lacerda MVGD, Lemos Cravo PV, Sunnerhagen P, Prudêncio M, Andrade CH, Pinto Lopes SC, Carazzolle MF, Tilley L, Bilsland E, Borges JC, Maranhão Costa FT. Violacein-Induced Chaperone System Collapse Underlies Multistage Antiplasmodial Activity. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:759-776. [PMID: 33689276 PMCID: PMC8042658 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antimalarial drugs with novel modes of action and wide therapeutic potential are needed to pave the way for malaria eradication. Violacein is a natural compound known for its biological activity against cancer cells and several pathogens, including the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). Herein, using chemical genomic profiling (CGP), we found that violacein affects protein homeostasis. Mechanistically, violacein binds Pf chaperones, PfHsp90 and PfHsp70-1, compromising the latter's ATPase and chaperone activities. Additionally, violacein-treated parasites exhibited increased protein unfolding and proteasomal degradation. The uncoupling of the parasite stress response reflects the multistage growth inhibitory effect promoted by violacein. Despite evidence of proteotoxic stress, violacein did not inhibit global protein synthesis via UPR activation-a process that is highly dependent on chaperones, in agreement with the notion of a violacein-induced proteostasis collapse. Our data highlight the importance of a functioning chaperone-proteasome system for parasite development and differentiation. Thus, a violacein-like small molecule might provide a good scaffold for development of a novel probe for examining the molecular chaperone network and/or antiplasmodial drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Almeida Tavella
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases−Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Noeli Soares Melo da Silva
- Biochemistry and Biophysics of Proteins Group−São Carlos Institute of Chemistry−IQSC, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, BQ1, S27, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Natalie Spillman
- Department of Biochemistry, Bio 21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Melbourne,VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ana Carolina Andrade Vitor Kayano
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases−Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Capatti Cassiano
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases−Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adrielle Ayumi Vasconcelos
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Antônio Pedro Camargo
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Djane Clarys Baia da Silva
- Leônidas & Maria Deane Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz−FIOCRUZ, Manaus , AM 69057070, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical−Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Diana Fontinha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Carlos Salazar Alvarez
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases−Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Letícia Tiburcio Ferreira
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases−Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Kaira Cristina Peralis Tomaz
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases−Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Bruno Junior Neves
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, LabMol, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-170, Brazil
- LabChem−Laboratory of Cheminformatics, Centro Universitário de Anápolis−UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, GO 75083-515, Brazil
| | - Ludimila Dias Almeida
- Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Daniel Youssef Bargieri
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária “Armando Salles Oliveira”, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Vitor Lemos Cravo
- LabChem−Laboratory of Cheminformatics, Centro Universitário de Anápolis−UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, GO 75083-515, Brazil
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Per Sunnerhagen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases−Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, LabMol, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Stefanie Costa Pinto Lopes
- Leônidas & Maria Deane Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz−FIOCRUZ, Manaus , AM 69057070, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical−Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry, Bio 21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Melbourne,VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Bilsland
- Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Júlio César Borges
- Biochemistry and Biophysics of Proteins Group−São Carlos Institute of Chemistry−IQSC, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, BQ1, S27, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Fabio Trindade Maranhão Costa
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases−Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
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Bourgard C, Lopes SCP, Lacerda MVG, Albrecht L, Costa FTM. A suitable RNA preparation methodology for whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing harvested from Plasmodium vivax-infected patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5089. [PMID: 33658571 PMCID: PMC7930272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84607-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is a world-threatening human malaria parasite, whose biology remains elusive. The unavailability of in vitro culture, and the difficulties in getting a high number of pure parasites makes RNA isolation in quantity and quality a challenge. Here, a methodological outline for RNA-seq from P. vivax isolates with low parasitemia is presented, combining parasite maturation and enrichment with efficient RNA extraction, yielding ~ 100 pg.µL−1 of RNA, suitable for SMART-Seq Ultra-Low Input RNA library and Illumina sequencing. Unbiased coding transcriptome of ~ 4 M reads was achieved for four patient isolates with ~ 51% of transcripts mapped to the P. vivax P01 reference genome, presenting heterogeneous profiles of expression among individual isolates. Amongst the most transcribed genes in all isolates, a parasite-staged mixed repertoire of conserved parasite metabolic, membrane and exported proteins was observed. Still, a quarter of transcribed genes remain functionally uncharacterized. In parallel, a P. falciparum Brazilian isolate was also analyzed and 57% of its transcripts mapped against IT genome. Comparison of transcriptomes of the two species revealed a common trophozoite-staged expression profile, with several homologous genes being expressed. Collectively, these results will positively impact vivax research improving knowledge of P. vivax biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Bourgard
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Stefanie C P Lopes
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brazil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado-FMT-HVD, Gerência de Malária, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marcus V G Lacerda
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brazil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado-FMT-HVD, Gerência de Malária, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Letusa Albrecht
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil. .,Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Fabio T M Costa
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Oriero EC, Amenga-Etego L, Ishengoma DS, Amambua-Ngwa A. Plasmodium malariae, current knowledge and future research opportunities on a neglected malaria parasite species. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:44-56. [PMID: 33507842 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1838440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium malariae is often reported as a benign malaria parasite. There are limited data on its biology and disease burden in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) possibly due to the unavailability of specific and affordable tools for routine diagnosis and large epidemiology studies. In addition, P. malariae occurs at low parasite densities and in co-infections with other species, predominately P. falciparum. The paucity of data on P. malariae infections limits the capacity to accurately determine its contribution to malaria and the effect of control interventions against P. falciparum on its prevalence. Here, we summarise the current knowledge on P. malariae epidemiology in sSA - overall prevalence ranging from 0-32%, as detected by different diagnostic methods; seroprevalence ranging from 0-56% in three countries (Mozambique, Benin and Zimbabwe), and explore the future application of next-generation sequencing technologies as a tool for enriching P. malariae genomic epidemiology. This will provide insights into important adaptive mechanisms of this neglected non-falciparum species, including antimalarial drug resistance, local and regional parasite transmission patterns and genomic signatures of selection. Improved diagnosis and genomic surveillance of non-falciparum malaria parasites in Africa would be helpful in evaluating progress towards elimination of all human Plasmodium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniyou C Oriero
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at LSHTM, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Lucas Amenga-Etego
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Deus S Ishengoma
- Tanga Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Alfred Amambua-Ngwa
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at LSHTM, Fajara, The Gambia
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Abstract
Plasmodium vivax bench research greatly lags behind Plasmodium falciparum because of an inability to culture in vitro. A century ago, intentionally inducing a malaria infection was a strategy commonly used to cure late-stage syphilis. These controlled human malaria infections were used with expertise and persisted to the end of World War II. While controlled malaria liver-stage infection has been achieved for both P. vivax and P. falciparum, controlled human transmission to mosquitoes falls short for both species. In this issue of the JCI, Collins et al. present groundbreaking work that establishes a system to transmit P. vivax gametocytes from humans to mosquitoes. The authors injected a unique human isolate of P. vivax that reached high gametocyte density within weeks. This study provides a technical advance that will facilitate the study and eradication of the human parasite P. vivax.
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Pereira-Silva JW, Martins-Campos KM, Sabrina Dos Reis Martins E, de Souza Menezes A, Guimarães Lacerda MV, Costa Pessoa FA, Ríos-Velásquez CM. Long-lasting infectivity of Plasmodium vivax present in malarial patient blood to Anopheles aquasalis. Exp Parasitol 2021; 222:108064. [PMID: 33421382 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies for understanding the relationship between Plasmodium vivax and its vector hosts are difficult, because of to the lack of a long-term, in vitro continuous culture system unavailability of infected blood samples, seasonality of the disease, and the concentration of most cases in remote areas. This study evaluates the duration of the infectivity of P. vivax to Anopheles aquasalis after collecting blood from malaria-infected patients. Blood was collected from patients and stored at 4 °C and 37 °C. Every day, for 4 days, the blood was fed to An. aquasalis adult females, and a Giemsa-stained thick blood smear was mounted to account for sexual (gametocytes) and asexual (trophozoites and schizonts) stages and calculate parasitemia. Oocysts in the midgut of the mosquitoes were counted on the seventh day after feeding. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the mean number of oocysts (MO) and the parasite density (PD) in each storage condition and post-infection time-points. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the number of oocysts for each day between temperatures. The results show that P. vivax stored at 4 °C and at 37 °C has its infectivity to An. aquasalis preserved for 2 days and 3 days, respectively. Infection rate (IR), PD and MO were higher on the day of blood collection and decreased gradually over time. The parasite density (number of parasites/μL) diminished faster at 4 °C than at 37 °C. In this study, a preservation protocol is shown for long-lasting infectivity of P. vivax in a blood sample taken from malaria-infected patients. These results show that infectivity of P. vivax stored at 4 °C and at 37 °C to An. aquasalis persist until 3 days after blood collection, but parasite density, infection rate, and mean of oocysts decreased 24h after blood collection. Since the malaria cases are increasingly far from the urban areas these results indicate that is possible, losing some infectivity, to realize experimental infections several dozen hours after the blood collection. However, it is necessary to improve the procedures for preserving P. vivax gametocytes for mosquito infection in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordam William Pereira-Silva
- Lab. Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis Na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Brazil; Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; PPG Medicina Tropical, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexandre de Souza Menezes
- Lab. Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis Na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Brazil; PPG Biologia da Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Guimarães Lacerda
- Lab. Diagnóstico e Controle de Doenças Infecciosas Na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Brazil; Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; PPG Medicina Tropical, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; PPG Biologia da Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Felipe Arley Costa Pessoa
- Lab. Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis Na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Brazil; PPG Biologia da Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Claudia Maria Ríos-Velásquez
- Lab. Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis Na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Brazil; PPG Medicina Tropical, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; PPG Biologia da Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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Kepple D, Pestana K, Tomida J, Abebe A, Golassa L, Lo E. Alternative Invasion Mechanisms and Host Immune Response to Plasmodium vivax Malaria: Trends and Future Directions. Microorganisms 2020; 9:E15. [PMID: 33374596 PMCID: PMC7822457 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax malaria is a neglected tropical disease, despite being more geographically widespread than any other form of malaria. The documentation of P. vivax infections in different parts of Africa where Duffy-negative individuals are predominant suggested that there are alternative pathways for P. vivax to invade human erythrocytes. Duffy-negative individuals may be just as fit as Duffy-positive individuals and are no longer resistant to P.vivax malaria. In this review, we describe the complexity of P. vivax malaria, characterize pathogenesis and candidate invasion genes of P. vivax, and host immune responses to P. vivax infections. We provide a comprehensive review on parasite ligands in several Plasmodium species that further justify candidate genes in P. vivax. We also summarize previous genomic and transcriptomic studies related to the identification of ligand and receptor proteins in P. vivax erythrocyte invasion. Finally, we identify topics that remain unclear and propose future studies that will greatly contribute to our knowledge of P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kepple
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (K.P.); (J.T.)
| | - Kareen Pestana
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (K.P.); (J.T.)
| | - Junya Tomida
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (K.P.); (J.T.)
| | - Abnet Abebe
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia;
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia;
| | - Eugenia Lo
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (K.P.); (J.T.)
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Matlani M, Kumar A, Singh V. Assessing the in vitro sensitivity with associated drug resistance polymorphisms in Plasmodium vivax clinical isolates from Delhi, India. Exp Parasitol 2020; 220:108047. [PMID: 33221328 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The drug resistance of Plasmodium vivax in clinical cases remains largely unknown till date because of the difficulty in diagnosing the resistant P. vivax strains. The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of mutant alleles in drug resistance genes viz P. vivax multi-drug resistance (pvmdr-1), chloroquine resistance transporter (pvcrt-o), dihydrofolate reductase (pvdhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (pvdhps) along with in vitro chloroquine (CQ) sensitivity in P. vivax clinical isolates. During August-October 2017 a total of 86 samples of the febrile patients were screened and 31 samples were found to be positive for P. vivax in Safdarjung hospital, New Delhi. Sequence genotyping of the drug resistance genes was carried out in these P. vivax samples and in vitro CQ susceptibility for 23 isolates was determined by the schizont maturation assay (SMA). The CQ inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for the clinical isolates was found to be in the range of 25.6-176.7 nM. All the 31 clinical isolates analyzed for pvmdr-1 gene, showed mutant alleles and in only two isolates novel mutations at 861 and 898 codons were observed. Sequence analysis of pvcrt-o, pvdhfr and pvdhps genes revealed wild type genotypes in all the 31 studied isolates. The presence of mutations in pvmdr-1 gene and the increase in the CQ IC50 value indicates the possibility of shift in drug tolerance where CQ with primaquine (PQ) is still the first line of treatment for P. vivax malaria in the country. The regular molecular surveillance in P. vivax would provide useful information for the policy makers of the malaria control programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Matlani
- Department of Microbiology,Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Cell Biology Laboratory and Malaria Parasite Bank, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Cell Biology Laboratory and Malaria Parasite Bank, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India.
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Costa EMF, Amador ECC, Silva ES, Alvarenga CO, Pereira PE, Póvoa MM, Cunha MG. Malaria transmission and individual variability of the naturally acquired IgG antibody against the Plasmodium vivax blood-stage antigen in an endemic area in Brazil. Acta Trop 2020; 209:105537. [PMID: 32454033 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax remains an important cause of malaria in South America and Asia, and analyses of the antibody immune response are being used to identify biomarker of parasite exposure. The IgG antibody naturally acquired predominantly occurs against targets on blood-stage parasites, including C-terminal of the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1-19). Epidemiological and immunological evidence has been showed that antibodies to malaria parasite antigens are lost in the absence of ongoing exposure. We describe the IgG antibody response in individuals living in an unstable malaria transmission area in Pará state, Amazon region, Brazil, where an epidemic of P. vivax malaria was recorded and monitored over time. As indicated by epidemiological data, the number of P. vivax-caused malaria cases decreased by approximately 90% after three years and the prevalence of IgG positive to PvMSP1-19 decreased significantly over time, in 2010 (93.4%), 2012 (78.3%), and 2013 (85.1%). Acquisition and decay of the IgG antibody against P. vivax MSP1-19 showed variability among individuals living in areas with recent circulating parasites, where the malaria epidemic was being monitored until transmission had been completely controlled. We also found that previous malaria episodes were associated with an increased in the IgG positivity . Our results showed epidemiological, spatial, temporal and individual variability. The understanding on dynamics of antibodies may have implications for the design of serosurveillance tools for monitoring parasite circulation, especially in a context with spatial and temporal changes in P. vivax malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Maria F Costa
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, CEP: 66075-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Eliane S Silva
- Fundação Centro de Hemoterapia e Hematologia do Pará, CEP: 660033-000, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Cassiana O Alvarenga
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, CEP: 66075-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro Elias Pereira
- Fundação Centro de Hemoterapia e Hematologia do Pará, CEP: 660033-000, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marinete M Póvoa
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, CEP: 66087-082, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Maristela G Cunha
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, CEP: 66075-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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Golassa L, Amenga-Etego L, Lo E, Amambua-Ngwa A. The biology of unconventional invasion of Duffy-negative reticulocytes by Plasmodium vivax and its implication in malaria epidemiology and public health. Malar J 2020; 19:299. [PMID: 32831093 PMCID: PMC7443611 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax has been largely neglected over the past century, despite a widespread recognition of its burden across region where it is endemic. The parasite invades reticulocytes, employing the interaction between Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) and human Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC). However, P. vivax has now been observed in Duffy-negative individuals, presenting a potentially serious public health problem as the majority of African populations are Duffy-negative. Invasion of Duffy-negative reticulocytes is suggested to be through duplication of the PvDBP and a novel protein encoded by P. vivax erythrocyte binding protein (EBP) genes. The emergence and spread of specific P. vivax strains with ability to invade Duffy-negative reticulocytes has, therefore, drawn substantial attention and further complicated the epidemiology and public health implication of vivax malaria. Given the right environment and vectorial capacity for transmission coupled with the parasite’s ability to invade Duffy-negative individuals, P. vivax could increase its epidemiological significance in Africa. In this review, authors present accruing knowledge on the paradigm shift in P. vivax invasion of Duffy-negative reticulocytes against the established mechanism of invading only Duffy-positive individuals and offer a perspective on the epidemiological diagnostic and public health implication in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Lucas Amenga-Etego
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eugenia Lo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Alfred Amambua-Ngwa
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
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Schäfer C, Roobsoong W, Kangwanrangsan N, Bardelli M, Rawlinson TA, Dambrauskas N, Trakhimets O, Parthiban C, Goswami D, Reynolds LM, Kennedy SY, Flannery EL, Murphy SC, Sather DN, Draper SJ, Sattabongkot J, Mikolajczak SA, Kappe SHI. A Humanized Mouse Model for Plasmodium vivax to Test Interventions that Block Liver Stage to Blood Stage Transition and Blood Stage Infection. iScience 2020; 23:101381. [PMID: 32739836 PMCID: PMC7399188 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax remains vastly understudied, mainly due to the lack of suitable laboratory models. Here, we report a humanized mouse model to test interventions that block P. vivax parasite transition from liver stage infection to blood stage infection. Human liver-chimeric FRGN huHep mice infected with P. vivax sporozoites were infused with human reticulocytes, allowing transition of exo-erythrocytic merozoites to reticulocyte infection and development into all erythrocytic forms, including gametocytes, in vivo. In order to test the utility of this model for preclinical assessment of interventions, the invasion blocking potential of a monoclonal antibody targeting the essential interaction of the P. vivax Duffy Binding Protein with the Duffy antigen receptor was tested by passive immunization. This antibody inhibited invasion by over 95%, providing unprecedented in vivo evidence that PvDBP constitutes a promising blood stage vaccine candidate and proving our model highly suitable to test blood stage interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Schäfer
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Wanlapa Roobsoong
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Niwat Kangwanrangsan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | - Nicholas Dambrauskas
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Olesya Trakhimets
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chaitra Parthiban
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology and Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Debashree Goswami
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Laura M Reynolds
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Spencer Y Kennedy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Erika L Flannery
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sean C Murphy
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology and Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sebastian A Mikolajczak
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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Obaldía N, Nuñez M. On the survival of 48 h Plasmodium vivax Aotus monkey-derived ex vivo cultures: the role of leucocytes filtration and chemically defined lipid concentrate media supplementation. Malar J 2020; 19:278. [PMID: 32746814 PMCID: PMC7398384 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Filtration of leukocytes (WBCs) is a standard practice of malaria ex vivo cultures. To date, few studies have considered the effect of filtration or the lack thereof on the survival of Plasmodium vivax ex vivo cultures through one cycle of maturation. This study investigates the effect of WBC filtration and culture media supplementation on the survival of 48–72 h ex vivo cultures. Methods Using parasitaemia density, the study compares the survival of Plasmodipur® filtered, filter-retained or washed ex vivo cultures, maintained with McCoy’s5A medium supplemented with 25% serum alone or 20% in combination with 5% chemically defined lipid concentrate (CDLC), and in washed ex vivo cultures plus GlutaMAX™, benchmarked against IMDM™ or AIM-V™ media; also, assessed the survival of ex vivo cultures co-cultivated with human red blood cells (hRBCs). Results After 48 h of incubation a statistically significant difference was detected in the survival proportions of filtered and the filter-retained ex vivo cultures supplemented with serum plus CDLC (p = 0.0255), but not with serum alone (p = 0.1646). To corroborate these finding, parasitaemias of washed ex vivo cultures maintained with McCoy’s5A complete medium were benchmarked against IMDM™ or AIM-V™ media; again, a statistically significant difference was detected in the cultures supplemented with CDLC and GlutaMAX™ (p = 0.03), but not when supplemented with either alone; revealing a pattern of McCoy’s5A medium supplementation for Aotus-derived P. vivax cultures as follows: serum < serum + GlutaMAX™ < serum + CDLC < serum + CDLC + GlutaMAX™; confirming a key role of CDLC in combination with GlutaMAX™ in the enhanced survival observed. Lastly, results showed that co-cultivation with malaria-naïve hRBCs improved the survival of ex vivo cultures. Conclusions This study demonstrates that WBC filtration is not essential for the survival of P. vivax ex vivo cultures. It also demonstrates that McCoy’s5A complete medium improves the survival of Aotus-derived P. vivax ex vivo cultures, with no significant difference in survival compared to IMDM and AIM-V media. Finally, the study demonstrates that co-cultivation with hRBCs enhances the survival of ex vivo cultures. These findings are expected to help optimize seeding material for long-term P. vivax in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicanor Obaldía
- Center for the Evaluation of Antimalarial Drugs and Vaccines, Tropical Medicine Research/Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama city, Panama. .,Center for Global Health & Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Marlon Nuñez
- Center for the Evaluation of Antimalarial Drugs and Vaccines, Tropical Medicine Research/Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama city, Panama
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Galinski MR. Functional genomics of simian malaria parasites and host-parasite interactions. Brief Funct Genomics 2020; 18:270-280. [PMID: 31241151 PMCID: PMC6859816 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two simian malaria parasite species, Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium cynomolgi, cause zoonotic infections in Southeast Asia, and they have therefore gained recognition among scientists and public health officials. Notwithstanding, these species and others including Plasmodium coatneyi have served for decades as sources of knowledge on the biology, genetics and evolution of Plasmodium, and the diverse ramifications and outcomes of malaria in their monkey hosts. Experimental analysis of these species can help to fill gaps in knowledge beyond what may be possible studying the human malaria parasites or rodent parasite species. The genome sequences for these simian malaria parasite species were reported during the last decade, and functional genomics research has since been pursued. Here research on the functional genomics analysis involving these species is summarized and their importance is stressed, particularly for understanding host–parasite interactions, and potentially testing novel interventions. Importantly, while Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax can be studied in small New World monkeys, the simian malaria parasites can be studied more effectively in the larger Old World monkey macaque hosts, which are more closely related to humans. In addition to ex vivo analyses, experimental scenarios can include passage through Anopheline mosquito hosts and longitudinal infections in monkeys to study acute and chronic infections, as well as relapses, all in the context of the in vivo host environment. Such experiments provide opportunities for understanding functional genomic elements that govern host–parasite interactions, immunity and pathogenesis in-depth, addressing hypotheses not possible from in vitro cultures or cross-sectional clinical studies with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Galinski
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Plasmodium vivax transcriptional profiling of low input cryopreserved isolates through the intraerythrocytic development cycle. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008104. [PMID: 32119669 PMCID: PMC7067476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one-third of the global population is at risk of Plasmodium vivax infection, and an estimated 7.51 million cases were reported in 2017. Although, P. vivax research is currently limited by the lack of a robust continuous in vitro culture system for this parasite, recent work optimizing short-term ex vivo culture of P. vivax from cryopreserved isolates has facilitated quantitative assays on synchronous parasites. Pairing this improved culture system with low-input Smart-seq2 RNAseq library preparation, we sought to determine whether transcriptional profiling of P. vivax would provide insight into the differential survival of parasites in different culture media. To this end we probed the transcriptional signature of three different ex vivo P. vivax samples in four different culture media using only 1000 cells for each time point taken during the course of the intraerythrocytic development cycle (IDC). Using this strategy, we achieved similar quality transcriptional data to previously reported P. vivax transcriptomes. We found little effect with varying culture media on parasite transcriptional signatures, identified many novel gametocyte-specific genes from transcriptomes of FACS-isolated gametocytes, and determined invasion ligand expression in schizonts in biological isolates and across the IDC. In total, these data demonstrate the feasibility and utility of P. vivax RNAseq-based transcriptomic studies using minimal biomass input to maximize experimental capacity. Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent malaria-causing parasite species outside of Sub-Saharan Africa and has many unique and poorly understood biological characteristics that make it particularly challenging to study and combat. Transcriptomic profiling of P. vivax under various conditions has the potential to unlock new experimental abilities and aid in elucidating biology and the development of clinical interventions. However, a lack of a robust in vitro culture system for this parasite has restricted transcriptomic studies to researchers with timely access to fresh human isolates from clinics, which often are in resource-poor settings, as well as nearby, well-equipped laboratories for sample processing. This study aimed to gain insight into the differential survival of P. vivax in various culture media from the parasites transcriptional signature in each media. By implementing low-input RNA library preparation strategies, this study obtains robust transcriptomic data at various parasite development stages and in different culture conditions from just 1000 FACS-purified, P. vivax-infected erythrocytes from viable cryopreserved patient isolates. With these data, we find culture media has little effect on transcriptional profile, we characterize invasion ligand expression across intraerythrocytic development and between clinical isolates, and we define the transcriptome of sexual, transmissible stages of the P. vivax parasite. These results highlight the establishment and utility of a powerful platform for studying the transcriptomic biology of this particularly challenging parasite.
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Venkatesh A, Aggarwal S, Kumar S, Rajyaguru S, Kumar V, Bankar S, Shastri J, Patankar S, Srivastava S. Comprehensive proteomics investigation of P. vivax-infected human plasma and parasite isolates. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:188. [PMID: 32122317 PMCID: PMC7053139 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In recent times, Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) has become a serious threat to public health due to its ability to cause severe infection with fatal outcomes. Its unique biology makes it resilient to control measures that are otherwise effective against P. falciparum. A deeper understanding of P. vivax biology and pathogenesis is, therefore, essential for developing the right control strategies. Proteomics of P. falciparum has been helpful in studying disease biology and elucidating molecular mechanisms involved in the development of disease. However, unlike P. falciparum, proteomics data for P. vivax infection is minimal due to the absence of a continuous culture system. The dependence on clinical samples and animal models has drastically limited P. vivax research, creating critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of the disease. This study describes an in-depth proteomics analysis of P. vivax-infected human plasma and parasite isolates, to understand parasite biology, pathogenesis, and to identify new diagnostic targets for P. vivax malaria. Methods A mass-spectrometry- (MS) based proteomics approach (Q Exactive) was applied to analyze human plasma and parasite isolates from vivax malaria patients visiting a primary health centre in India. Additionally, a targeted proteomics assay was standardized for validating unique peptides of most recurring parasite proteins. Results Thirty-eight P. vivax proteins were detected in human plasma with high confidence. Several glycolytic enzymes were found along with hypothetical, cytoskeletal, ribosomal, and nuclear proteins. Additionally, 103 highly abundant P. vivax proteins were detected in parasite isolates. This represents the highest number of parasite proteins to be reported from clinical samples so far. Interestingly, five of these; three Plasmodium exported proteins (PVX_003545, PVX_003555 and PVX_121935), a hypothetical protein (PVX_083555) and Pvstp1 (subtelomeric transmembrane protein 1, PVX_094303) were found in both plasma and parasite isolates. Conclusions A parasite proteomics investigation is essential to understand disease pathobiology and design novel interventions. Control strategies against P. vivax also depend on early diagnosis. This work provides deeper insights into the biology of P. vivax by identifying proteins expressed by the parasite during its complex life-cycle within the human host. The study also reports antigens that may be explored as diagnostic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Venkatesh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Shalini Aggarwal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Swati Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Srushti Rajyaguru
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Sheetal Bankar
- Department of Microbiology, T. N. Medical College and BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayanthi Shastri
- Department of Microbiology, T. N. Medical College and BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Swati Patankar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
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Patarroyo MA, Arévalo-Pinzón G, Moreno-Pérez DA. From a basic to a functional approach for developing a blood stage vaccine against Plasmodium vivax. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:195-207. [PMID: 32077349 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1733421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Numerous challenges have hampered developing an anti-malarial vaccine against the most widespread malarial parasite worldwide: Plasmodium vivax. Despite the progress achieved in studying proteins in short-term in vitro culture or in experimental models, there is still no clear method for defining which antigens or their regions should be prioritized for including them in a vaccine.Areas covered: The methods used by research groups so far which have focused on the functional analysis of P. vivax blood stage antigens have been reviewed here. A logical strategy orientated toward resolving two of the most commonly occurring problems in designing vaccines against this species has thus been proposed (i.e. the search for candidates and evaluating/ascertaining their functional role in the invasion of such molecules).Expert commentary: Advances in knowledge regarding P. vivax biology have been extremely slow. Only two key receptor-ligand interactions concerning merozoite entry to reticulocytes have been reported during the last 20 years: PvDBP1-DARC and PvRBP2b-CD71. Despite increasing knowledge about the parasite's intimate preference for its host cells, it has yet to be determined which regions of the merozoite molecules characterized to date meet the requirement of inducing protective immune responses effectively blocking heterologous parasite entry to human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá D.C., Colombia.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Gabriela Arévalo-Pinzón
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.,Receptor-Ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Darwin A Moreno-Pérez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá D.C., Colombia.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.,Livestock Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas Y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Bogotá DC, Colombia
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Heterogeneous Network Model to Identify Potential Associations Between Plasmodium vivax and Human Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041310. [PMID: 32075230 PMCID: PMC7072978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of multiple sources and data levels provides a great insight into the complex associations between human and malaria systems. In this study, a meta-analysis framework was developed based on a heterogeneous network model for integrating human-malaria protein similarities, a human protein interaction network, and a Plasmodium vivax protein interaction network. An iterative network propagation was performed on the heterogeneous network until we obtained stabilized weights. The association scores were calculated for qualifying a novel potential human-malaria protein association. This method provided a better performance compared to random experiments. After that, the stabilized network was clustered into association modules. The potential association candidates were then thoroughly analyzed by statistical enrichment analysis with protein complexes and known drug targets. The most promising target proteins were the succinate dehydrogenase protein complex in the human citrate (TCA) cycle pathway and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the human central nervous system. Promising associations and potential drug targets were also provided for further studies and designs in therapeutic approaches for malaria at a systematic level. In conclusion, this method is efficient to identify new human-malaria protein associations and can be generalized to infer other types of association studies to further advance biomedical science.
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Popovici J, Roesch C, Rougeron V. The enigmatic mechanisms by which Plasmodium vivax infects Duffy-negative individuals. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008258. [PMID: 32078643 PMCID: PMC7032691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of the Duffy protein at the surface of erythrocytes was considered for decades to confer full protection against Plasmodium vivax as this blood group is the receptor for the key parasite ligand P. vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP). However, it is now clear that the parasite is able to break through this protection and induce clinical malaria in Duffy-negative people, although the underlying mechanisms are still not understood. Here, we briefly review the evidence of Duffy-negative infections by P. vivax and summarize the current hypothesis at the basis of this invasion process. We discuss those in the perspective of malaria-elimination challenges, notably in African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Popovici
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh Cambodia
- Malaria Translational Research Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris & Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Camille Roesch
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh Cambodia
- Malaria Translational Research Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris & Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), Montpellier, France
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Rout S, Mahapatra RK. In silico study of M18 aspartyl amino peptidase (M18AAP) of Plasmodium vivax as an antimalarial drug target. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2553-2571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Structural basis for inhibition of Plasmodium vivax invasion by a broadly neutralizing vaccine-induced human antibody. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1497-1507. [PMID: 31133755 PMCID: PMC6711757 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The most widespread form of malaria is caused by Plasmodium vivax. To replicate, this parasite must invade immature red blood cells, through a process which requires interaction of the Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein, PvDBP with its human receptor, the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines, DARC. Naturally acquired antibodies that inhibit this interaction associate with clinical immunity, suggesting PvDBP as a leading candidate for inclusion in a vaccine to prevent malaria due to Plasmodium vivax. Here, we isolated a panel of monoclonal antibodies from human volunteers immunised in a clinical vaccine trial of PvDBP. We screened their ability to prevent PvDBP from binding to DARC, and their capacity to block red blood cell invasion by a transgenic Plasmodium knowlesi parasite genetically modified to express PvDBP and to prevent reticulocyte invasion by multiple clinical isolates of Plasmodium vivax. This identified a broadly neutralising human monoclonal antibody which inhibited invasion of all tested strains of Plasmodium vivax. Finally, we determined the structure of a complex of this antibody bound to PvDBP, indicating the molecular basis for inhibition. These findings will guide future vaccine design strategies and open up possibilities for testing the prophylactic use of such an antibody.
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