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Bayode T, Siegmund A. Identifying childhood malaria hotspots and risk factors in a Nigerian city using geostatistical modelling approach. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5445. [PMID: 38443428 PMCID: PMC10914794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria ranks high among prevalent and ravaging infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The negative impacts, disease burden, and risk are higher among children and pregnant women as part of the most vulnerable groups to malaria in Nigeria. However, the burden of malaria is not even in space and time. This study explores the spatial variability of malaria prevalence among children under five years (U5) in medium-sized rapidly growing city of Akure, Nigeria using model-based geostatistical modeling (MBG) technique to predict U5 malaria burden at a 100 × 100 m grid, while the parameter estimation was done using Monte Carlo maximum likelihood method. The non-spatial logistic regression model shows that U5 malaria prevalence is significantly influenced by the usage of insecticide-treated nets-ITNs, window protection, and water source. Furthermore, the MBG model shows predicted U5 malaria prevalence in Akure is greater than 35% at certain locations while we were able to ascertain places with U5 prevalence > 10% (i.e. hotspots) using exceedance probability modelling which is a vital tool for policy development. The map provides place-based evidence on the spatial variation of U5 malaria in Akure, and direction on where intensified interventions are crucial for the reduction of U5 malaria burden and improvement of urban health in Akure, Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taye Bayode
- Institute of Geography & Heidelberg Centre for Environment (HCE), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Geography-Research Group for Earth Observation (rgeo), UNESCO Chair on World Heritage and Biosphere Reserve Observation and Education, Heidelberg University of Education, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Alexander Siegmund
- Institute of Geography & Heidelberg Centre for Environment (HCE), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Geography-Research Group for Earth Observation (rgeo), UNESCO Chair on World Heritage and Biosphere Reserve Observation and Education, Heidelberg University of Education, Heidelberg, Germany
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Adum P, Agyare VA, Owusu-Marfo J, Agyeman YN. Knowledge, attitude and practices of malaria preventive measures among mothers with children under five years in a rural setting of Ghana. Malar J 2023; 22:268. [PMID: 37700321 PMCID: PMC10498521 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major public health concern around the world, particularly in resource-constrained countries. Malaria still accounts for 40% of all Out-Patient Department (OPD) cases in Ghana, with children under the age of five being the most vulnerable group. The study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of malaria preventive measures among mothers with children under 5 years old in a rural setting in Ghana. METHODS A cross-sectional study design with a quantitative approach was used in this study. The study was facility based and involved the use of interviewer administered questionnaires to collect data from 281 mothers with children under the age of five. Simple random sampling method was used to select the respondents. The data collected was analysed using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 22 and results presented in tables. RESULTS There were 281 mothers, with 59.4% having children at the age of a year. The findings revealed that the majority of participants have a high level of knowledge about malaria's causes, signs, and symptoms. Again, the majority of participants demonstrated a positive attitude toward malaria prevention, such as seeking treatment at a hospital within 24 h of suspecting their children had malaria and demonstrating good knowledge of malaria prevention practices. Despite this, 35.5% of respondents were not actively engaged in malaria prevention practices in a day prior to the interview. Respondents' occupation, level of education, and religion had a statistically significant association with mothers' attitude towards prevention (p-values < 0.05 and 0.01). CONCLUSION The study's findings clearly demonstrate that the majority of mothers were knowledgeable about the causes, signs and symptoms, and preventive measures of malaria in children under the age of five. There was also statistically significant association between mothers' demographic information, including level of education, occupation, religion, and their attitude towards malaria prevention. A keen interest should be directed toward the consistent application of low-cost preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Adum
- Kintampo Municipal Government Hospital, Bono East Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Veronica Adwoa Agyare
- Ghana College of Nurses and Midwives, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana
- Ministry of Health Training Institution, SDA Nursing & Midwifery Training College Kwadaso, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Joseph Owusu-Marfo
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana.
| | - Yaa Nyarko Agyeman
- Department of Population and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana
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Lopez AR, Brown CA. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding malaria prevention and control in communities in the Eastern Region, Ghana, 2020. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290822. [PMID: 37647322 PMCID: PMC10468076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In sub-Saharan Africa countries including Ghana, the malaria burden remains unacceptably high and still a serious health challenge. Evaluating a community's level of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding malaria is essential to enabling appropriate preventive and control measures. This study aimed to evaluate knowledge of malaria, attitudes toward the disease, and adoption of control and prevention practices in some communities across the Eastern Region of Ghana. METHODS A cross‑sectional based study was carried out in 13 communities across 8 districts from January -June, 2020. Complete data on socio-demographic characteristics and KAP were obtained from 316 randomly selected household respondents by a structured pre-tested questionnaire. Associations between KAP scores and socio-demographic profiles were tested by Chi-square and binary logistic regression. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 26.0. RESULTS Most respondents (85.4%) had good knowledge score about malaria. Preferred choice of treatment seeking place (50.6%) was the health center/clinic. All respondents indicated they would seek treatment within 24 hours. Mosquito coils were the preferred choice (58.9%) against mosquito bites. Majority of households (58.5%) had no bed nets and bed net usage was poor (10.1%). Nearly half of the respondents (49.4%) had a positive attitude toward malaria and 40.5% showed good practices. Chi-square analysis showed significant associations for gender and attitude scores (p = 0.033), and educational status and practice scores (p = 0.023). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that 51-60 year-olds were less likely to have good knowledge (OR = 0.20, p = 0.04) than 15-20 year-olds. Respondents with complete basic schooling were less likely to have good knowledge (OR = 0.33, p = 0.04) than those with no formal schooling. A positive attitude was less likely in men (OR = 0.61, p = 0.04). Good malaria prevention practice was lower (OR = 0.30, p = 0.01) in participants with incomplete basic school education compared to those with no formal schooling. CONCLUSION Overall scores for respondents' knowledge, though good, was not reflected in attitudes and levels of practice regarding malaria control and prevention. Behavioral change communication, preferably on radio, should be aimed at attitudes and practice toward the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles Addoquaye Brown
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana
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Hessou-Djossou D, Djègbè I, Loko YLE, Boukari MKYG, Nonfodji OM, Tchigossou G, Djouaka R, Akogbeto M. Attitudes and prevention towards malaria in the context of COVID-19 pandemic in urban community in Benin, West Africa. Malar J 2023; 22:228. [PMID: 37542257 PMCID: PMC10401850 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04663-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic and its damages have severely impacted the global healthcare system even in countries with the best systems. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), it could worsen the malaria situation in endemic countries such as Benin. This study was conducted to describe the potential effects of the pandemic on urban dwellers attitudes, prevention and treatment against malaria in four major cities of Benin. METHODS A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted in Cotonou, Bohicon, Parakou and Natitingou, four urban cities of Benin. A total of 800 randomly selected households were interviewed. The questionnaire consisted of four parts: sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and practice. Descriptive statistics and binomial logistic regression analysis were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS More than 90% of the participants interviewed had a good level of knowledge about the transmission and prevention of malaria in the cities surveyed. In contrast, low proportions of participants reported visiting health-care facilities when they suspected malaria. Compared to the proportions observed at Parakou and Natitingou, the low proportion of participants was statistically significant at Cotonou (Parakou: X2 = 31.345, df = 1, P < 0.0001; Natitingou: X2 = 17.471, df = 1, P < 0.0001). Among the reasons for not seeking care, these related to COVID-19 were the most mentioned. Moreover, the good education level of the participants was one of the factors associated with the non-use of healthcare facilities due to over-knowledgeable about Covid-19, which might have increased the fear to go to the health facilities. Finally, high proportions of self-medication practice were mentioned with high use of malaria drugs to treat both malaria and to protect against COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS The data show a negative impact of COVID-19 on visits to healthcare facilities for malarial treatment and malaria drugs usage by the population. It is, therefore, necessary to rebuild malaria programmes by integrating measures adapted to health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Hessou-Djossou
- Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, UNSTIM, Natitingou, Bénin.
| | - Innocent Djègbè
- Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, UNSTIM, Natitingou, Bénin
- Plateforme Agriculture Environnement Santé, Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-Bénin), Cotonou, Bénin
| | | | | | - Odilon M Nonfodji
- Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, UNSTIM, Natitingou, Bénin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (LCEE), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, UNSTIM, Natitingou, Bénin
| | - Geneviève Tchigossou
- Plateforme Agriculture Environnement Santé, Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-Bénin), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- Plateforme Agriculture Environnement Santé, Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-Bénin), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Martin Akogbeto
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Bénin
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Chouakeu NAK, Tchuinkam T, Bamou R, Bindamu MM, Talipouo A, Kopya E, Awono-Ambene P, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Malaria transmission pattern across the Sahelian, humid savanna, highland and forest eco-epidemiological settings in Cameroon. Malar J 2023; 22:116. [PMID: 37029411 PMCID: PMC10080520 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major public health concern in Cameroon. Understanding vector distribution and malaria transmission dynamics is of paramount importance for evaluating the performance of control strategies. This study assesses patterns of malaria transmission in four eco-epidemiological settings in Cameroon. METHODS Adult mosquitoes were collected using Human Landing Catches (HLC) once every 4 months from August 2019 to November 2021 in Kaélé, Tibati, Santchou and Bertoua. Mosquitoes were sorted by genus and Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) species complex were identified using PCR. The presence of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) was measured by ELISA; the entomological inoculation rates (EIR) was estimated in each locality. RESULTS A total of 23,536 mosquitoes were collected. Anopheles gambiae and/or Anopheles coluzzii were the main malaria vectors in all sites. Anopheles arabiensis was recorded in low frequency in Kaélé and Tibati. Other species collected included Anopheles funestus, Anopheles pharoensis and Anopheles ziemmani. High anopheline biting rates were recorded outdoor in all sites except in Kaélé. Important differences in species biting dynamics were observed between sites. The sporozoite infection rate varied from 0.36 to 4%. The daily EIR was found to vary from 0.07 in Santchou to 0.26 infected bites/man/night (ib/m/n) in Kaélé). CONCLUSION The study suggests heterogeneous patterns of malaria transmission in different ecoepidemiological settings across the country. The findings stress the need to improve malaria vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Armanda Kala Chouakeu
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mabu Maxim Bindamu
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Abdou Talipouo
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Ngasala B, Mwaiswelo RO, Chacky F, Molteni F, Mohamed A, Lazaro S, Samuel B, Mmbando BP. Malaria knowledge, attitude, and practice among communities involved in a seasonal malaria chemoprevention study in Nanyumbu and Masasi districts, Tanzania. Front Public Health 2023; 11:976354. [PMID: 36875425 PMCID: PMC9975554 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.976354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Utilization of malaria interventions is influenced by, among other things, the level of knowledge and attitude that the community has toward the infection as well as the available interventions. This study assessed malaria knowledge, attitudes, and practices on malaria infection and interventions in Masasi and Nanyumbu districts, Tanzania. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between August and September 2020, among the heads of households having at least one under-five child. Information on knowledge, attitudes, and practices on malaria infection and interventions was gathered from the heads of the households using a structured questionnaire. The knowledge level was classified into low, moderate, and high. Attitudes were classified into positive and negative, whereas the practices were classified into good and poor. Children aged between 3 and 59 months were screened for malaria infection using a malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT). The proportion of the households' heads with high level of knowledge was the primary outcome. Proportions were compared using Chi-square or fisher's test, and logistic regression analysis was used as appropriate. Results A total of 1,556 household heads were interviewed, 1,167 (75.00%) were male, and according to marital status, 1,067 (68.57%) were couples. All the household heads had some knowledge of malaria, but 47.33% (736/1,555) and 13.83% (215/1,555) of them had moderate and high knowledge, respectively. The level of knowledge on malaria was significantly influenced by gender [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.72, 95.00% confidence interval (CI) = 0.56-0.94, p = 0.017], level of education (aOR = 1.50, 95.00% CI = 1.04-2.16, p = 0.03), and the occupation of the household head (aOR = 1.90, 95.00% CI = 1.22-2.96, p = 0.004). Majority of the households [83.87% (1,305/1,556)] had bed nets hanging on the sleeping spaces. Of the household heads possessing bed nets, 85.10% (514/604), 79.62% (586/736), and 95.35% (205/215) of them had a low, moderate, and high level of knowledge on malaria infection, respectively (trend x 2 = 31.53, p < 0.001). The majority [95.04% (1,474/1,551)] of the household heads perceived sleeping under the bed net to be beneficial. Furthermore, 15.56% (94/604), 14.67% (108/736), and 7.44% (16/215) of the household heads with low, moderate, and high knowledge, respectively, had children with malaria infection (trend x 2 = 9.172, p = 0.01). Conclusion The study population had a good level of knowledge about malaria infection, and a good attitude toward malaria interventions, and the majority of them were using bed nets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Ngasala
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Richard O Mwaiswelo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Frank Chacky
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Fabrizio Molteni
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Ally Mohamed
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Samwel Lazaro
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Bushukatale Samuel
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bruno P Mmbando
- Tanga Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania
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Kouamé RMA, Guglielmo F, Abo K, Ouattara AF, Chabi J, Sedda L, Donnelly MJ, Edi C. Education and Socio-economic status are key factors influencing use of insecticides and malaria knowledge in rural farmers in Southern Côte d'Ivoire. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2443. [PMID: 36577975 PMCID: PMC9795670 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticides play a key role in rural farming; however, their over- or misuse has been linked with a negative impact on malaria vector control policies. This study was conducted amongst agricultural communities in Southern Côte d'Ivoire to identify which insecticides are used by local farmers and how it relates to the perception of farmers on malaria. Understanding the use of insecticides may help in designing awareness programme on mosquito control and pesticides management. METHODS A questionnaire was administered to 1399 farming households across ten villages. Farmers were interviewed on their education, farming practices (e.g. crops cultivated, insecticides use), perception of malaria, and the different domestic strategies of mosquito control they use. Based on some pre-defined household assets, the socioeconomic status (SES) of each household was estimated. Statistical associations were calculated between different variables, showing significant risk factors. RESULTS The educational level of farmers was significantly associated with their SES (p < 0.0001). Most of the householders (88.82%) identified mosquitoes as the principal cause of malaria, with good knowledge of malaria resulting as positively related to high educational level (OR = 2.04; 95%CI: 1.35, 3.10). The use of indoor chemical compounds was strongly associated to the SES of the households, their education level, their use of ITNs and insecticide in agricultural (p < 0.0001). Indoor application of pyrethroid insecticides was found to be widespread among farmers as well as the use of such insecticide for crops protection. CONCLUSION Our study shows that the education level remains the key factor influencing the use of insecticides by farmers and their awareness of malaria control. We suggest that better communication tailored to education level and including SES, controlled availability and access to chemical products, should be considered when designing campaigns on use of pesticides and vector borne disease control for local communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M A Kouamé
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët Boigny, BP 1093, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Federica Guglielmo
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Biology Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Kouabénan Abo
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët Boigny, BP 1093, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Allassane F Ouattara
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Joseph Chabi
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - Luigi Sedda
- Lancaster Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Furness Building, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Biology Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Constant Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
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Malaria prevention knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among adolescents living in an area of persistent transmission in Senegal: Results from a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274656. [PMID: 36454893 PMCID: PMC9714833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While malaria morbidity has sharply declined in several areas in Senegal, it remains an important problem in the southern part of the country, particularly among adolescents. Understanding adolescents' knowledge, attitudes, prevention and care-seeking practices is important to inform more targeted interventions aimed at optimizing adolescents' uptake of malaria prevention and control measures. This study assessed malaria-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among adolescents living in a highly persistent transmission area in Senegal. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 391 adolescents living in the Saraya health district. A multistage random sampling technique was used to select households. An electronic questionnaire developed on Open Data Kit (ODK), was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, household assets, adolescents' knowledge of malaria, as well as their attitudes with regards to malaria prevention, and care-seeking behaviors. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess factors associated with adolescents' KAP towards malaria. RESULTS Nearly, one-third of the participants had good knowledge of malaria (34.4%) and good practice in regards to malaria preventive measures (32.8%) while 59.0% had a positive attitude and 73.8% had good care-seeking behavior regarding malaria. Multivariate analysis revealed that a primary (aOR = 5.43, p = 0.002) or secondary level of education (aOR = 10.41, p = 0.000) was associated with good knowledge of malaria transmission, signs, and prevention measures. Male individuals had lower knowledge compared to female ones (aOR = 0.40, p = 0.001). Individuals belonging to households from the highest wealth quintile were more likely to have a positive attitude towards malaria compared to those from households in the lowest wealth quintile (aOR = 3.49, p = 0.004). The odds of positive attitude towards malaria decreased among participants with koranic and primary education level, respectively (aOR = 0.14, p = 0.005) and (aOR = 0.24, p = 0.019). A positive attitude was 1.89 more likely to be (aOR = 1.89, p = 0.026) associated with good practice of prevention measures compared to adolescents who demonstrated negative attitudes. Individuals from households in the fourth (aOR = 0.42, p = 0.024), middle (aOR = 0.34, P = 0.005), and second (aOR = 0.42, p = 0.027) wealth quintiles were less likely to use malaria prevention measures compared to those from households in the highest wealth quintile. CONCLUSION The study revealed that adolescents, generally have poor levels of malaria knowledge and low uptake of malaria prevention and control interventions. Targeted interventions for high-risk adolescents are needed, that focus on improving their knowledge of the disease and effective preventive measures, and on increasing their access to health care services and LLINs.
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Bamou R, Tchuinkam T, Kopya E, Awono-Ambene P, Njiokou F, Mwangangi J, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding malaria control among communities living in the south Cameroon forest region. IJID REGIONS 2022; 5:169-176. [PMID: 36467507 PMCID: PMC9713328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding malaria among communities living in the equatorial forest region of south Cameroon. METHODS The study was conducted in Olama and Nyabessan. Interviews were undertaken using a semi-structured questionnaire for data collection on KAP, while malaria rapid diagnostic testing, using SD BIOLINE kits, was employed for malaria parasite detection. RESULTS In total, 186 heads of households (HoH), comprising 105 (56.45%) males and 81 (43.45%) females, were interviewed. The majority of HoH demonstrated good knowledge of malaria (86.56%; n = 161) and control measures, with a high proportion of long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) ownership (96.8%; n = 180). More than two-thirds (81.1%; n = 151) of households owned at least one LLIN for two people. The majority of HoH (85.40%) declared visiting hospitals or clinics in cases of suspected malaria. Malaria parasite prevalence was high in the two study sites (63.9% in Nyabessan and 48.65% in Olama), and varied according to age, house type, and sleeping time. CONCLUSION The study indicated that despite good knowledge of malaria, high possession and utilization of control measures by population, transmission of malaria still persist in the area. The study stress the need for implementing additional control measures to improve the fight against malaria in the area.
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Key Words
- Cameroon
- HoH, head of household
- IRS, indoor residual spraying
- KAP
- KAP, knowledge, attitude, and practice
- LLIN, long-lasting insecticidal net
- MoH, Ministry of Health. PBO, piperonyl butoxide
- NMCP, National Malaria Control Program
- WHO, World Health Organization
- forested area
- mRDT, malaria rapid diagnostic test
- malaria determinants
- malaria prevalence
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang
- Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joseph Mwangangi
- Center for Geographic Medicine Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Vector Disease Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kwale, Kenya
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
- Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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10
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Knowledge, practices and perceptions of communities during a malaria larviciding randomized trial in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276500. [PMID: 36327271 PMCID: PMC9632894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urban malaria is becoming a major public health concern in major cities in Cameroon. To improve malaria vector control, a pilot larviciding trial was conducted to assess its impact on mosquito density and malaria transmission intensity in Yaoundé. The present study investigated perceptions and practices of communities on malaria control during the larviciding trial implemented in Yaoundé. Methods Quantitative and qualitative data were collected in non-intervention and intervention areas. Quantitative data were collected during three cross-sectional surveys using a structured pre-tested questionnaire while qualitative data were obtained through interviews. A total of 26 in-depth interviews and eight focus group discussions with community members were performed. A binary logistic regression model was used to assess the perception of the community on larviciding impact on some malaria or bed nets use indicators. Results People living in intervention areas were 2.64 times more likely to know the mode of malaria transmission (95% CI: 1.82–3.84; p<0.001) and 1.3 time more likely to know mosquito breeding habitats (95% CI: 1.06–1.56; p = 0.009) compared to those living in non-intervention areas. In intervention areas, interviewee opinions on larviciding were generally good i.e. most interviewees reported having noticed a reduction in mosquito nuisance and malaria cases following larviciding implementation; whereas in non-intervention areas no report of reduction of mosquito nuisance was recorded. LLINs were regularly used by the population despite the implementation of larviciding treatments. There was high interest in larviciding program and demand for continuation, even if this needs the community involvement. Conclusion The larviciding program in the city of Yaoundé did not negatively affected community members’ behaviour and practices concerning the use of treated nets. The study indicated the acceptance of larviciding program by the population. This positive environment could favour the implementation of future antilarval control activities in the city of Yaoundé.
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11
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Oyeniyi JA, Bello IS, Oyegbade OO, Ibrahim AO, Okunromade OF, Fakoya OO. Agreement among rapid diagnostic tests, urine malaria tests, and microscopy in malaria diagnosis of adult patients in southwestern Nigeria. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221122740. [PMID: 36124920 PMCID: PMC9511314 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221122740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We determined the malaria prevalence and ascertained the degree of agreement among rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), urine malaria tests, and microscopy in malaria diagnosis of adults in Nigeria. Methods This was a cross-sectional study among 384 consenting patients recruited at a tertiary health facility in southwestern Nigeria. We used standardized interviewer-administered questionnaires to collect patients’ sociodemographic information. Venous blood samples were collected and processed for malaria parasite detection using microscopy, RDTs, and urine malaria tests. The degree of agreement was determined using Cohen’s kappa statistic. Results The malaria prevalence was 58.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 53.0–63.1), 20.6% (95% CI: 16.6–25.0), and 54.2% (95% CI: 49.0–59.2) for microscopy, RDTs, and urine malaria test, respectively. The percent agreement between microscopy and RDTs was 50.8%; the expected agreement was 45.1% and Cohen’s kappa was 0.104. The percent agreement between microscopy and urine malaria tests was 52.1%; the expected agreement was 50.7% and Cohen’s kappa was 0.03. Conclusion The malaria prevalence was dependent on the method of diagnosis. This study revealed that RDTs are a promising diagnostic tool for malaria in resource-limited settings. However, urine malaria test kits require further improvement in sensitivity prior to field use in malaria-endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ayobami Oyeniyi
- Department of Family Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim Sebutu Bello
- Department of Family Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olanrewaju Oloyede Oyegbade
- Department of Family Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Oladipupo Omolade Fakoya
- Department of Family Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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12
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Djoufounna J, Bamou R, Mayi MPA, Kala-Chouakeu NA, Tabue R, Awono-Ambene P, Achu-Fosah D, Antonio-Nkondjio C, Tchuinkam T. Population knowledge, attitudes and practices towards malaria prevention in the locality of Makenene, Centre-Cameroon. Malar J 2022; 21:234. [PMID: 35932025 PMCID: PMC9356395 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To contribute to the mission of the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) and guide future interventions in Cameroon in general, and in Makenene in particular, this study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the population of Makenene towards the fight against malaria. Methods Using a semi-structured questionnaire, a descriptive cross-sectional household community survey was carried out in randomly selected households in Makenene, a locality situated between forest and savannah ecotypes. Results Out of the 413 households surveyed, all (100%) claimed to have heard of malaria with over 94% (n = 391) associating disease transmission with mosquito bites. The main mosquito control tools used in the area were mosquito nets (92.25%). The majority of participants had good knowledge (55.93%; n = 231), good practices (71.67%, n = 296) but moderate attitudes (47.94%; n = 198) towards malaria control and fight. Good knowledge and practices were recorded mostly in educated persons including public servants and students. Good attitudes were adopted mostly by public servants and students of secondary and higher levels of education. Conclusion In Makenene, the population exhibits good knowledge and practices towards malaria and its control. However, despite high LLINs ownership and use, people still complain about malaria in the area. Control tools should be monitored, repaired or replaced when necessary to support the achievement of the NMCP mission. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04253-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Djoufounna
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon. .,Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Aix Marseille Université, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, UMR Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales Et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.
| | - Marie Paul Audrey Mayi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Nelly Armanda Kala-Chouakeu
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.,Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Raymond Tabue
- Ministry of Public Health, National Malaria Control Programme, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dorothy Achu-Fosah
- Ministry of Public Health, National Malaria Control Programme, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.
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13
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Bamou R, Mayi MPA, Djiappi-Tchamen B, Nana-Ndjangwo SM, Nchoutpouen E, Cornel AJ, Awono-Ambene P, Parola P, Tchuinkam T, Antonio-Nkondjio C. An update on the mosquito fauna and mosquito-borne diseases distribution in Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:527. [PMID: 34635176 PMCID: PMC8507310 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The expansion of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya in the past 15 years has ignited the need for active surveillance of common and neglected mosquito-borne infectious diseases. The surveillance should be designed to detect diseases and to provide relevant field-based data for developing and implementing effective control measures to prevent outbreaks before significant public health consequences can occur. Mosquitoes are important vectors of human and animal pathogens, and knowledge on their biodiversity and distribution in the Afrotropical region is needed for the development of evidence-based vector control strategies. Following a comprehensive literature search, an inventory of the diversity and distribution of mosquitoes as well as the different mosquito-borne diseases found in Cameroon was made. A total of 290 publications/reports and the mosquito catalogue website were consulted for the review. To date, about 307 species, four subspecies and one putative new species of Culicidae, comprising 60 species and one putative new species of Anopheles, 67 species and two subspecies of Culex, 77 species and one subspecies of Aedes, 31 species and one subspecies of Eretmapodites, two Mansonia, eight Coquillettidia, and 62 species with unknown medical and veterinary importance (Toxorhynchites, Uranotaenia, Mimomyia, Malaya, Hodgesia, Ficalbia, Orthopodomyia, Aedeomyia, and Culiseta and Lutzia) have been collected in Cameroon. Multiple mosquito species implicated in the transmission of pathogens within Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Eretmapodites, Mansonia, and Coquillettidia have been reported in Cameroon. Furthermore, the presence of 26 human and zoonotic arboviral diseases, one helminthic disease, and two protozoal diseases has been reported. Information on the bionomics, taxonomy, and distribution of mosquito species will be useful for the development of integrated vector management programmes for the surveillance and elimination of mosquito-borne diseases in Cameroon. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon. .,Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, UMR Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France. .,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| | - Marie Paul Audrey Mayi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Borel Djiappi-Tchamen
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.,Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Stella Mariette Nana-Ndjangwo
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Laboratoire de Parasitologie et d'écologie, Université de Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Elysée Nchoutpouen
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Antony John Cornel
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Mosquito Control Research Laboratory, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Phillipe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, UMR Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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14
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Piameu M, Nwane P, Toussile W, Mavridis K, Wipf NC, Kouadio PF, Mbakop LR, Mandeng S, Ekoko WE, Toto JC, Ngaffo KL, Ngo Etounde PK, Ngantchou AT, Chouaibou M, Müller P, Awono-Ambene P, Vontas J, Etang J. Pyrethroid and Etofenprox Resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii from Vegetable Farms in Yaoundé, Cameroon: Dynamics, Intensity and Molecular Basis. Molecules 2021; 26:5543. [PMID: 34577014 PMCID: PMC8469461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated widespread insecticide resistance in malaria vector populations from Cameroon. However, the intensity of this resistance and underlying mechanisms are poorly known. Therefore, we conducted three cross-sectional resistance surveys between April 2018 and October 2019, using the revised World Health Organization protocol, which includes resistance incidences and intensity assessments. Field-collected Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Nkolondom, Nkolbisson and Ekié vegetable farms in the city of Yaoundé were tested with deltamethrin, permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin and etofenprox, using 1× insecticide diagnostic concentrations for resistance incidence, then 5× and 10× concentrations for resistance intensity. Subsamples were analyzed for species identification and the detection of resistance-associated molecular markers using TaqMan® qPCR assays. In Nkolbisson, both An. coluzzii (96%) and An. gambiae s.s. (4%) were found together, whereas only An. gambiae s.s. was present in Nkolondom, and only An. coluzzii was present in Ekié. All three populations were resistant to the four insecticides (<75% mortality rates-MR1×), with intensity generally fluctuating over the time between mod-erate (<98%-MR5×; ≥98%-MR10×) and high (76-97%-MR10×). The kdr L995F, L995S, and N1570Y, and the Ace-1 G280S-resistant alleles were found in An. gambiae from Nkolondom, at 73%, 1%, 16% and 13% frequencies, respectively, whereas only the kdr L995F was found in An. gambiae s.s. from Nkolbisson at a 50% frequency. In An. coluzzii from Nkolbisson and Ekié, we detected only the kdr L995F allele at 65% and 60% frequencies, respectively. Furthermore, expression levels of Cyp6m2, Cyp9k1, and Gste2 metabolic genes were highly upregulated (over fivefold) in Nkolondom and Nkolbisson. Pyrethroid and etofenprox-based vector control interventions may be jeopardized in the prospected areas, due to high resistance intensity, with multiple mechanisms in An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Piameu
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Ecole des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, P.O. Box 1110, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (P.K.N.E.); (A.T.N.)
| | - Philippe Nwane
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department de Biologie et Physiologie Animales, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
- Centre de Recherche sur les Filarioses et Maladies Tropicales (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
| | - Wilson Toussile
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Département de Mathématiques et Sciences Physiques (MPS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique de Yaoundé (ENSPY), Université de Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 8390, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (K.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Nadja Christina Wipf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (N.C.W.); (P.M.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paraudie France Kouadio
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, P.O. Box 1303, Abidjan 1303, Cote d’Ivoire; (P.F.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Lili Ranaise Mbakop
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
| | - Stanislas Mandeng
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Eyisap Ekoko
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala 999108, Cameroon
| | - Jean Claude Toto
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Kelly Lionelle Ngaffo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Centre d’excellence Africain en Innovations Biotechnologiques pour l’élimination des Maladies à Transmission Vectorielle (CEA/ITECH-MTV), Université Nazi Boni, P.O. Box 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 22620, Burkina Faso;
| | - Petronile Klorane Ngo Etounde
- Ecole des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, P.O. Box 1110, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (P.K.N.E.); (A.T.N.)
| | - Arthur Titcho Ngantchou
- Ecole des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, P.O. Box 1110, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (P.K.N.E.); (A.T.N.)
| | - Mouhamadou Chouaibou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, P.O. Box 1303, Abidjan 1303, Cote d’Ivoire; (P.F.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Pie Müller
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (N.C.W.); (P.M.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (K.M.); (J.V.)
- Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 875, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Josiane Etang
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala 999108, Cameroon
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany
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15
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Antonio-Nkondjio C, Doumbe-Belisse P, Djamouko-Djonkam L, Ngadjeu CS, Talipouo A, Kopya E, Bamou R, Mayi MPA, Sonhafouo-Chiana N, Nkahe DL, Tabue R, Fosah DA, Bigoga JD, Awono-Ambene P, Wondji CS. High efficacy of microbial larvicides for malaria vectors control in the city of Yaounde Cameroon following a cluster randomized trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17101. [PMID: 34429446 PMCID: PMC8385066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid expansion of insecticide resistance and outdoor malaria transmission are affecting the efficacy of current malaria control measures. In urban settings, where malaria transmission is focal and breeding habitats are few, fixed and findable, the addition of anti-larval control measures could be efficient for malaria vector control. But field evidences for this approach remains scarce. Here we provide findings of a randomized-control larviciding trial conducted in the city of Yaoundé that support the efficacy of this approach. A two arms random control trial design including 26 clusters of 2 to 4 km2 each (13 clusters in the intervention area and 13 in the non-intervention area) was used to assess larviciding efficacy. The microbial larvicide VectoMax combining Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus in a single granule was applied every 2 weeks in all standing water collection points. The anopheline density collected using CDC light traps was used as the primary outcome, secondary outcomes included the entomological inoculation rate, breeding habitats with anopheline larvae, and larval density. Baseline entomological data collection was conducted for 17 months from March 2017 to July 2018 and the intervention lasted 26 months from September 2018 to November 2020. The intervention was associated with a reduction of 68% of adult anopheline biting density and of 79% of the entomological inoculation rate (OR 0.21; 95% CI 0.14-0.30, P < 0.0001). A reduction of 68.27% was recorded for indoor biting anophelines and 57.74% for outdoor biting anophelines. No impact on the composition of anopheline species was recorded. A reduction of over 35% of adult Culex biting densities was recorded. The study indicated high efficacy of larviciding for reducing malaria transmission intensity in the city of Yaoundé. Larviciding could be part of an integrated control approach for controlling malaria vectors and other mosquito species in the urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - P Doumbe-Belisse
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - L Djamouko-Djonkam
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - C S Ngadjeu
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - A Talipouo
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - E Kopya
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - R Bamou
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - M P Audrey Mayi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - N Sonhafouo-Chiana
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - D L Nkahe
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - R Tabue
- Ministry of Public Health, National Malaria Control Programme, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - D Achu Fosah
- Ministry of Public Health, National Malaria Control Programme, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jude D Bigoga
- Laboratory for Vector Biology and Control, National Reference Unit for Vector Control, The Biotechnology Center, Nkolbisson-University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 3851, Messa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - P Awono-Ambene
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur Le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Human Populations towards Malaria Control in Four Ecoepidemiological Settings in Cameroon. J Trop Med 2021; 2021:9925135. [PMID: 34221028 PMCID: PMC8213476 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9925135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major public health problem in Cameroon. Critical steps to improve disease control include assessing human population adherence to vector control interventions, especially in areas with different cultural backgrounds. The present study seeks to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of populations towards malaria prevention in four ecoepidemiological settings in Cameroon. A cross-sectional malaria KAP survey was conducted from August to September 2019 in households of the localities of Kaélé, Tibati, Bertoua, and Santchou. A semistructured questionnaire was administered to randomly selected households in the localities. Data recorded were analysed using SPSS v. 20 and MedCalc v14.8.1. A total of 739 households were surveyed. The majority of participants had a secondary level of education (48.71%). A substantial number of participants (over 90%) in all the localities were able to make an accurate association between malaria and mosquito bites. The main sources of information for community members were television sets in Santchou and Tibati and interpersonal conversations in Bertoua and Kaélé. Mosquito nets were the most commonly used protective measure against malaria, and the majority of nets in households came from the free-of-charge mass distribution campaigns organized by the government. Participants with secondary and higher levels of education were more aware of good practices towards malaria control compared to those with a primary level of education. The study revealed that populations' KAP differed according to localities and culture. More sensitization and education need to be done to improve adherence to prevention programs.
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Bamou R, Kopya E, Nkahe LD, Menze BD, Awono-Ambene P, Tchuinkam T, Njiokou F, Wondji CS, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Increased prevalence of insecticide resistance in Anopheles coluzzii populations in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon and influence on pyrethroid-only treated bed net efficacy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:8. [PMID: 33528357 PMCID: PMC7852377 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In Cameroon, pyrethroid-only long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are still largely used for malaria control. The present study assessed the efficacy of such LLINs against a multiple-resistant population of the major malaria vector, Anopheles coluzzii, in the city of Yaoundé via a cone bioassay and release-recapture experimental hut trial. Susceptibility of field mosquitoes in Yaoundé to pyrethroids, DDT, carbamates and organophosphate insecticides was investigated using World Health Organization (WHO) bioassay tube tests. Mechanisms of insecticide resistance were characterised molecularly. Efficacy of unwashed PermaNet® 2.0 was evaluated against untreated control nets using a resistant colonised strain of An. coluzzii. Mortality, exophily and blood feeding inhibition were estimated. Field collected An. coluzzii displayed high resistance with mortality rates of 3.5% for propoxur (0.1%), 4.16% for DDT (4%), 26.9% for permethrin (0.75%), 50.8% for deltamethrin (0.05%), and 80% for bendiocarb (0.1%). High frequency of the 1014F west-Africa kdr allele was recorded in addition to the overexpression of several detoxification genes, such as Cyp6P3, Cyp6M2, Cyp9K1, Cyp6P4 Cyp6Z1 and GSTe2. A low mortality rate (23.2%) and high blood feeding inhibition rate (65%) were observed when resistant An. coluzzii were exposed to unwashed PermaNet® 2.0 net compared to control untreated net (p < 0.001). Furthermore, low personal protection (52.4%) was observed with the resistant strain, indicating reduction of efficacy. The study highlights the loss of efficacy of pyrethroid-only nets against mosquitoes exhibiting high insecticide resistance and suggests a switch to new generation bed nets to improve control of malaria vector populations in Yaoundé.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Bamou
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon - Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B.P. 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B.P. 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon - Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leslie Diane Nkahe
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B.P. 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon - Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Benjamin D Menze
- Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom - Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B.P. 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom - Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B.P. 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon - Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
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18
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Imboumy-Limoukou RK, Maghendji-Nzondo S, Sir-Ondo-Enguier PN, Niemczura De Carvalho J, Tsafack-Tegomo NP, Buekens J, Okouga AP, Mouinga-Ondeme A, Kwedy Nolna S, Lekana-Douki JB. Malaria in children and women of childbearing age: infection prevalence, knowledge and use of malaria prevention tools in the province of Nyanga, Gabon. Malar J 2020; 19:387. [PMID: 33138819 PMCID: PMC7607695 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is little information on the social perception of malaria and the use of preventative measures in Gabon, especially in rural areas. Adequate knowledge of malaria prevention and control can help in reducing the burden of malaria among vulnerable groups, particularly pregnant women and children under 5 years old living in malaria-endemic settings. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of malaria and the knowledge and attitude towards this disease in households in Nyanga Province. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess malaria knowledge, prevention practices and prevalence of the malaria infection in five departments of Nyanga Province. Plasmodial infection was diagnosed in children ≤ 5 years of age and women aged 15-49 years using rapid diagnostic tests. A questionnaire was administered randomly to women aged 15–49 years and to the parents or guardians of children aged ≤ 5 years in 535 households during a 2-week period in March 2018. Overall, the respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of malaria, malaria prevention practices and malaria prevalence were evaluated and compared across the five departments. Results Data from a total of 1,307 participants were included in this study, including 631 women of childbearing age (61 of them pregnant) and 676 children. Practically the entire (97.7%) interviewed population had heard about malaria and attributed the cause of malaria to a mosquito bite (95.7%). This survey revealed that the reported rate of reported bed-net use was 73.3%. The study observed an average malaria parasite prevalence of 13.9%. All departmental capitals of Nyanga Province had a significant level of malaria infection except for Mayumba where no plasmodial infection was found. Conclusion High malaria prevalence is found in the departmental capital cities of Nyanga Province. This study reveals that respondents have a high knowledge of the malaria symptoms, its mode of transmission and preventive measures. Despite this high level of knowledge of the disease and its preventive measures, the incidence of malaria remains relatively high in this rural community highlighting the need for other types of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roméo Karl Imboumy-Limoukou
- Unité Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistance Parasitaire (UNEEREP), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, BP: 769, Gabon
| | - Sydney Maghendji-Nzondo
- Departement d'Epidémiologie Biostatistiques et Informatique Médicale, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, BP: 4009, Gabon
| | - Pater Noster Sir-Ondo-Enguier
- Unité Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistance Parasitaire (UNEEREP), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, BP: 769, Gabon
| | | | - Nathalie Pernelle Tsafack-Tegomo
- Unité Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistance Parasitaire (UNEEREP), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, BP: 769, Gabon
| | - Julie Buekens
- Medical Care Development International (MCDI), Silver Spring, Maryland, 20910, USA
| | - Alain Prince Okouga
- Unité Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistance Parasitaire (UNEEREP), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, BP: 769, Gabon
| | - Augustin Mouinga-Ondeme
- Unité des Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, BP: 769, Gabon
| | - Sylvie Kwedy Nolna
- Capacity of Leadership Excellence and Research (CLEAR), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Jean-Bernard Lekana-Douki
- Unité Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistance Parasitaire (UNEEREP), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, BP: 769, Gabon. .,Departement d'Epidémiologie Biostatistiques et Informatique Médicale, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, BP: 4009, Gabon.
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19
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Nkahe DL, Kopya E, Djiappi-Tchamen B, Toussile W, Sonhafouo-Chiana N, Kekeunou S, Mimpfoundi R, Awono-Ambene P, Wondji CS, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Fitness cost of insecticide resistance on the life-traits of a Anopheles coluzzii population from the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:171. [PMID: 33029560 PMCID: PMC7525343 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16039.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pyrethroid resistance is rapidly expanding in
An. gambiae s.l. populations across Sub-Saharan Africa. Yet there is still not enough information on the fitness cost of insecticide resistance . In the present study, the fitness cost of insecticide resistance on
Anopheles coluzzii population from the city of Yaoundé was investigated.
Methods: A resistant
An. coluzzii colony was established from field collected mosquitoes resistant to both DDT and pyrethroid and selected for 12 generations with deltamethrin 0.05%. The Ngousso laboratory susceptible strain was used as control. A total of 100 females of each strain were blood fed and allowed for individual eggs laying, and then different life traits parameters such as fecundity, fertility, larval development time, emergence rate and longevity were measured. The TaqMan assay was used to screen for the presence of the L1014F and L1014S
kdr mutations. Results: Field collected mosquitoes from the F0 generation had a mortality rate of 2.05% for DDT, 34.16% for permethrin and 50.23% for deltamethrin. The mortality rate of the F12 generation was 30.48% for deltamethrin, 1.25% for permethrin and 0% for DDT. The number of eggs laid per female was lower in the resistant colony compared to the susceptible (p <0.0001). Insecticide resistant larvae were found with a significantly long larval development time (10.61±0.33 days) compare to susceptible (7.57±0.35 days). The number of emerging females was significantly high in the susceptible group compared to the resistant . The adults lifespan was also significantly high for susceptible (21.73±1.19 days) compared to resistant (14.63±0.68 days). Only the L1014F-
kdr allele was detected in resistant population.. Conclusion: The study suggests that pyrethroid resistance is likely associated with a high fitness cost on
An.coluzzii populations. The addition of new tools targeting specifically larval stages could improve malaria vectors control and insecticide resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Leslie Nkahe
- Malaria Research Laboratory, OCEAC, Yaoundé, Centre, PO Box 288, Cameroon.,Department of Animal Biology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Malaria Research Laboratory, OCEAC, Yaoundé, Centre, PO Box 288, Cameroon.,Department of Animal Biology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Borel Djiappi-Tchamen
- Malaria Research Laboratory, OCEAC, Yaoundé, Centre, PO Box 288, Cameroon.,Department of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | - Nadege Sonhafouo-Chiana
- Malaria Research Laboratory, OCEAC, Yaoundé, Centre, PO Box 288, Cameroon.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Sevilor Kekeunou
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Remy Mimpfoundi
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Malaria Research Laboratory, OCEAC, Yaoundé, Centre, PO Box 288, Cameroon.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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20
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Assessment of Malaria Predisposing Factors among Crop Production Farmers Attending the Ndop District Hospital, Northwest Region of Cameroon. J Parasitol Res 2020; 2020:1980709. [PMID: 32802483 PMCID: PMC7416250 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1980709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread impacts of malaria in the tropical regions of the developing world are not only on healthcare issues but also an agricultural output. Malaria causes manpower loss when it strikes farmers at critical planting, weeding, and harvesting times. Given the above, the expected outcome to malaria prevention programs in farming communities remains a far cry, especially where the predisposing factors are not properly identified and long-lasting solutions proffered. Consequently, this study was designed to assess the malaria predisposing factors among the crop production farmers attending the Ndop District Hospital. The microscopy method was used to determine the presence of malaria parasitaemia. The following categorical variables were considered predisposing factors: Sex, history on malaria illness/treatment, use of long-lasting insecticide nets (LLINs) and knowledge on malaria transmission/prevention. A four-point Likert-type rating scale was adopted for the scoring of the responses given on the predisposing factors, while Fisher's exact test was used to assess the associations between malaria and each of the predisposing factors. The prevalence of malaria parasitaemia among the crop production farmers was 20% (143/715). The predisposing factors tested were found to be significantly associated to the occurrence of malaria among the crop production farmers. Therefore, the combination of improved existing and innovative malaria control strategies may possibly ensure sustained malaria decrease among the farmers in the Ndop Health District.
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21
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Nkahe DL, Kopya E, Djiappi-Tchamen B, Toussile W, Sonhafouo-Chiana N, Kekeunou S, Mimpfoundi R, Awono-Ambene P, Wondji CS, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Fitness cost of insecticide resistance on the life-traits of a Anopheles coluzzii population from the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:171. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16039.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pyrethroid resistance is rapidly expanding in An. gambiae s.l. populations across Sub-Saharan Africa. Yet there is still not enough information on the fitness cost of insecticide resistance . In the present study, the fitness cost of insecticide resistance on Anopheles coluzzii population from the city of Yaoundé was investigated. Methods: A resistant An. coluzzii colony was established from field collected mosquitoes resistant to both DDT and pyrethroid and selected for 12 generations with deltamethrin 0.05%. The Ngousso laboratory susceptible strain was used as control. A total of 100 females of each strain were blood fed and allowed for individual eggs laying, and then different life traits parameters such as fecundity, fertility, larval development time, emergence rate and longevity were measured. The TaqMan assay was used to screen for the presence of the L1014F and L1014S kdr mutations. Results: Field collected mosquitoes from the F0 generation had a mortality rate of 2.05% for DDT, 34.16% for permethrin and 50.23% for deltamethrin. The mortality rate of the F12 generation was 30.48% for deltamethrin, 1.25% for permethrin and 0% for DDT. The number of eggs laid per female was lower in the resistant colony compared to the susceptible (p <0.0001). Insecticide resistant larvae were found with a significantly long larval development time (10.61±0.33 days) compare to susceptible (7.57±0.35 days). The number of emerging females was significantly high in the susceptible group compared to the resistant . The adults lifespan was also significantly high for susceptible (21.73±1.19 days) compared to resistant (14.63±0.68 days). Only the L1014F-kdr allele was detected in resistant population.. Conclusion: The study suggests that pyrethroid resistance is likely associated with a high fitness cost on An.coluzzii populations. The addition of new tools targeting specifically larval stages could improve malaria vectors control and insecticide resistance management.
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Mbohou Nchetnkou C, Kojom Foko LP, Lehman LG. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices towards Malaria among Employees from Enterprises in the Town of Douala, Cameroon. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8652084. [PMID: 32685537 PMCID: PMC7335393 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8652084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a public health issue in the world especially in resource-limited countries, where it has a negative impact on their economy. There is a body of recent reports outlining the crucial role of enterprises in control of malaria. The present study aimed at determining the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards malaria among employees from enterprises in the town of Douala, Cameroon. METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive study took place between February 2015 and June 2017 in 14 enterprises of Douala. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to document sociodemographic parameters and KAP of employees. RESULTS A total of 2705 employees, mainly consisted of males (83.1%), were included in the study. The mean age of respondents was 37.33 ± 9.78 years (range 19-87). Over 90% of respondents knew at least one sign/symptom (94.1%) and associated malaria transmission with mosquito bites (91%). Artemether-Lumefantrine (36.2%), under commercial name "Coartem," was the most cited antimalarial drug. Nearly 98.2% considered malaria as a dangerous disease. Misconceptions on malaria transmission, causative agent, prevention, and treatment were recorded. More than 77% of employees declared to use mosquito bed nets to prevent malaria. About 63% employees declared going to the hospital when they were feel having malaria while 12.9% were seeking care through street drugs. Educational level, socioprofessional category, area of residence, and enterprise were significantly associated with the level of knowledge on malaria transmission, causative agent, and preventive and treatment practices. CONCLUSION This study showed a good level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of employees even though some misconceptions and bad behaviors are still present especially in people with a low level of education. Hence, there is a need to develop strategies for sensitization especially in this fraction of employees. In addition, enterprises could be an interesting approach in order to control malaria in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mbohou Nchetnkou
- Department of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Loick Pradel Kojom Foko
- Department of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Leopold Gustave Lehman
- Department of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
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23
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Mbohou CN, Foko LPK, Nyabeyeu HN, Tonga C, Nono LK, Kangam L, Bunda GW, Mbou IM, Ngo Hondt EO, Mbe AJK, Nolla NP, Lehman LG. Malaria screening at the workplace in Cameroon. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225219. [PMID: 31821328 PMCID: PMC6903749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major health problem in Cameroon; It accounts for 38% of consultations, 24% of deaths and 36.8% of absenteeism in the country. The negative economic impact of malaria has encouraged a new control approach targeting companies. In this regard, a cross sectional study was conducted from February 2015 to June 2017 in 14 companies in the town of Douala. This study aimed at determining the prevalence, control practices of employees and identifying associated factors with malaria. A total of 2705 workers were interviewed and systematically screened for malaria using LED fluorescence microscopy (CyScope®). All positive cases were given a malaria treatment. The prevalence of malaria and asymptomatic malaria was 30.1% and 28.9% respectively; asymptomatic malaria accounted for 95.7% of all positive diagnostic test. Malaria infection was significantly higher in employees aged 36–60 years (30.5%) and having completed primary studies (36%). ITNs ownership and utilization were 86.36% and 77.23% respectively. The risk for malaria infection has significantly decreased with age and educational level while the employees’ level of education and size of households were significantly associated with the regular utilization of ITNs. This is the first study assessing malaria prevalence and risk factors in workplace in Cameroon and using a novel diagnostic tool. This study outlines a high prevalence of malaria infection, especially asymptomatic carriage, high rates of ITNs ownership and utilization, as well as the influence of level of education, age and household size as associated factors. Active case detection of asymptomatic carriers through systematic screening of employees at workplace and their treatment is feasible with the Cyscope microscope and could be a good complement to ongoing control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Nchetnkou Mbohou
- Parasitology and Entomology Research Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Loick Pradel Kojom Foko
- Parasitology and Entomology Research Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Hervé Nyabeyeu Nyabeyeu
- Parasitology and Entomology Research Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Calvin Tonga
- Parasitology and Entomology Research Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Larissa Kouodjip Nono
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Lafortune Kangam
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Godlove Wepnje Bunda
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Isabelle Matip Mbou
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Etoile Odette Ngo Hondt
- Parasitology and Entomology Research Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Alex Joel Koumbo Mbe
- Parasitology and Entomology Research Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | - Leopold Gustave Lehman
- Parasitology and Entomology Research Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- * E-mail:
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24
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Kamdem SD, Konhawa F, Kuemkon EM, Meyo Kamguia L, Tchanana GK, Nche F, Oumarou A, Hamza M, Ouratou Y, Tcheutchoua MN, Ghislain Essomba R, Ngogang MP, Kengne M, Netongo PM, Ondigui BE, Okomo Assoumou MC, Brombacher F, Nono JK. Negative Association of Interleukin-33 Plasma Levels and Schistosomiasis Infection in a Site of Polyparasitism in Rural Cameroon. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2827. [PMID: 31849991 PMCID: PMC6901687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate the association of plasma levels of IL-33, a mucosal alarmin known to elicit type-2 immunity, with infection and liver fibrosis profiles of school children from an endemic area for Schistosoma mansoni, malaria and hepatitis (B & C) in rural Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolling schoolchildren from 5 public schools was conducted. Single schistosomiasis, malaria and hepatitis infections or co-infections were assessed by kato katz, microscopy, and rapid diagnostic tests, respectively. Hepatic fibrosis was assessed by ultrasound according to WHO Niamey guidelines and plasma levels of Interleukin 33 were determined by ELISA. All statistics were performed using R studio software. Principal findings: We found a prevalence of 13.5% (37/275), 18.2% (50/275), and 8% (22/275), respectively for schistosomiasis, malaria and hepatitis (B or C) single infections. Only 7.6% (21/275) of co-infections were reported. Although Plasma IL-33 showed a minimal negative risk for schistosomiasis infection (AOR 0.99; 95% CI 0.97–1.01), S. mansoni infected participants had lower levels of plasma IL-33 (p = 0.003) which decreased significantly as eggs burdens increased (p = 0.01) with a negative Pearson coefficient of r = −0.22. Hepatic fibrosis occurred in 47.3% (130/275) of our study population independently from plasma levels of IL-33 (AOR 1.00; 95% CI 0.99–1.01). Conclusion/Significance: Our data failed to show an association between plasma IL-33 levels and liver disease but convincingly report on a negative association between plasma IL-33 levels and schistosomiasis infection and egg burden in school children from a polyparasitic schistosomiasis endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Donald Kamdem
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa.,Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Francis Konhawa
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Erve Martial Kuemkon
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leonel Meyo Kamguia
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gladys K Tchanana
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,CIAB EXACT Medical Laboratory, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Frungwa Nche
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Yasmine Ouratou
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - René Ghislain Essomba
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Michel Kengne
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Palmer Masumbe Netongo
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa.,Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Justin Komguep Nono
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa.,Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa.,The Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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25
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Paul UK, Pal R. Intervention on malaria awareness among 'Bedia' tribal community in West Bengal, India. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:2820-2826. [PMID: 31681649 PMCID: PMC6820428 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_554_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tribals have a vulnerable health status because of malarial morbidities, yet they ignore their illnesses and do not go to physicians during sickness for several reasons including poverty. Objective: This qualitative research project attempted to create awareness among ‘Bedia’ tribal to initiate preventive and other personal protective measures against malaria. Methods: Initially, efforts were made to create malaria awareness by literate ‘Bedia’ volunteers who were trained to do so; however, their tribal fellows were reluctant to receive awareness efforts from them. After thorough analysis and interaction, a novel “interprofessional team” of composer, vocalist, and instrumentalists approach was made to impart malaria awareness by composing songs in the language of the aborigine. Then health education was imparted to the ‘Bedia’ participants by the trained ‘Bedia’ through theme songs with their rustic music instruments and group dance performances in the intermingled media from the team. An evaluation was done to assess usefulness of the health education intervention by the researchers. Results: Overall, 137 adult ‘Bedias’ in 42 families (M = 74; F = 63) participated in our study. In the informal feedback session, only 51 adult males and 46 adult females could furnish expected results. Out of the 42 families residing in the village, 11 houses consistently used mosquito bed nets before the awareness program; after the awareness program, it became 15 as was demonstrated by using social mapping. Conclusions: Our project activities on the Bedia tribes could unearth required interventions of awareness about malaria. However, it was possible to create awareness and confidence among them so that they could themselves take necessary preventive measures and positive approaches toward malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Kumar Paul
- Department of Medicine, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar, India
| | - Ranabir Pal
- Department of Community Medicine, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar, India
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Antonio-Nkondjio C, Ndo C, Njiokou F, Bigoga JD, Awono-Ambene P, Etang J, Ekobo AS, Wondji CS. Review of malaria situation in Cameroon: technical viewpoint on challenges and prospects for disease elimination. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:501. [PMID: 31655608 PMCID: PMC6815446 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria still has a devastating impact on public health and welfare in Cameroon. Despite the increasing number of studies conducted on disease prevalence, transmission patterns or treatment, there are to date, not enough studies summarising findings from previous works in order to identify gaps in knowledge and areas of interest where further evidence is needed to drive malaria elimination efforts. The present study seeks to address these gaps by providing a review of studies conducted so far on malaria in Cameroon since the 1940s to date. Over 250 scientific publications were consulted for this purpose. Although there has been increased scale-up of vector control interventions which significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality to malaria across the country from a prevalence of 41% of the population reporting at least one malaria case episode in 2000 to a prevalence of 24% in 2017, the situation is not yet under control. There is a high variability in disease endemicity between epidemiological settings with prevalence of Plasmodium parasitaemia varying from 7 to 85% in children aged 6 months to 15 years after long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) scale-up. Four species of Plasmodium have been recorded across the country: Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. vivax. Several primate-infecting Plasmodium spp. are also circulating in Cameroon. A decline of artemisinin-based combinations therapeutic efficacy from 97% in 2006 to 90% in 2016 have been reported. Several mutations in the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance (Pfcrt) and P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (Pfmdr1) genes conferring resistance to either 4-amino-quinoleine, mefloquine, halofanthrine and quinine have been documented. Mutations in the Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes involved in sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine are also on the rise. No mutation associated with artemisinin resistance has been recorded. Sixteen anopheline species contribute to malaria parasite transmission with six recognized as major vectors: An. gambiae, An. coluzzii, An. arabiensis, An. funestus, An. nili and An. moucheti. Studies conducted so far, indicated rapid expansion of DDT, pyrethroid and carbamate resistance in An. gambiae, An. coluzzii, An. arabiensis and An. funestus threatening the performance of LLINs. This review highlights the complex situation of malaria in Cameroon and the need to urgently implement and reinforce integrated control strategies in different epidemiological settings, as part of the substantial efforts to consolidate gains and advance towards malaria elimination in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P.288 Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jude D. Bigoga
- Laboratory for Vector Biology and control, National Reference Unit for Vector Control, The Biotechnology Center, Nkolbisson-University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 3851, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P.288 Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Josiane Etang
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P.288 Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Winchester Str. 2, 35394 Gießen, Germany
| | - Albert Same Ekobo
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
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Talipouo A, Ngadjeu CS, Doumbe-Belisse P, Djamouko-Djonkam L, Sonhafouo-Chiana N, Kopya E, Bamou R, Awono-Ambene P, Woromogo S, Kekeunou S, Wondji CS, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Correction to: Malaria prevention in the city of Yaoundé: knowledge and practices of urban dwellers. Malar J 2019; 18:204. [PMID: 31221147 PMCID: PMC6585121 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Following publication of the original article [1], the authors flagged an error concerning Table 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Talipouo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Carmene S Ngadjeu
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Patricia Doumbe-Belisse
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Landre Djamouko-Djonkam
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 337, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Nadege Sonhafouo-Chiana
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, P.O. Box 456, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 337, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sylvain Woromogo
- Centre Inter Etats d'Enseignement Supérieur en Santé Publique d'Afrique Centrale (CIESPAC), P.O. Box 1536, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Sevilor Kekeunou
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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