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Li XY, Si FL, Zhang XX, Zhang YJ, Chen B. Characteristics of Trypsin genes and their roles in insecticide resistance based on omics and functional analyses in the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 201:105883. [PMID: 38685249 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Trypsin is one of the most diverse and widely studied protease hydrolases. However, the diversity and characteristics of the Trypsin superfamily of genes have not been well understood, and their role in insecticide resistance is yet to be investigated. In this study, a total of 342 Trypsin genes were identified and classified into seven families based on homology, characteristic domains and phylogenetics in Anopheles sinensis, and the LY-Domain and CLECT-Domain families are specific to the species. Four Trypsin genes, (Astry2b, Astry43a, Astry90, Astry113c) were identified to be associated with pyrethroid resistance based on transcriptome analyses of three field resistant populations and qRT-PCR validation, and the knock-down of these genes significantly decrease the pyrethroid resistance of Anopheles sinensis based on RNAi. The activity of Astry43a can be reduced by five selected insecticides (indoxacarb, DDT, temephos, imidacloprid and deltamethrin); and however, the Astry43a could not directly metabolize these five insecticides, like the trypsin NYD-Tr did in earlier reports. This study provides the overall information frame of Trypsin genes, and proposes the role of Trypsin genes to insecticide resistance. Further researches are necessary to investigate the metabolism function of these trypsins to insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ying Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Control and Utilization, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Feng-Ling Si
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Control and Utilization, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Control and Utilization, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yu-Juan Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Control and Utilization, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Control and Utilization, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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Oruni A, Lynd A, Njoroge H, Onyige I, van’t Hof AE, Matovu E, Donnelly MJ. Pyrethroid resistance and gene expression profile of a new resistant An. gambiae colony from Uganda reveals multiple resistance mechanisms and overexpression of Glutathione-S-Transferases linked to survival of PBO-pyrethroid combination. Wellcome Open Res 2024; 9:13. [PMID: 38813466 PMCID: PMC11134160 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19404.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are being threatened by growing resistance to pyrethroids. To restore their efficacy, a synergist, piperonyl butoxide (PBO) which inhibits cytochrome P450s has been incorporated into pyrethroid treated nets. A trial of PBO-LLINs was conducted in Uganda from 2017 and we attempted to characterize mechanisms of resistance that could impact intervention efficacy. Methods We established an Anopheles gambiae s.s colony in 2018 using female mosquitoes collected from Busia district in eastern Uganda. We first assessed the phenotypic resistance profile of this colony using WHO tube and net assays using a deltamethrin dose-response approach. The Busia colony was screened for known resistance markers and RT-qPCR targeting 15 genes previously associated with insecticide resistance was performed. Results The Busia colony had very high resistance to deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT. In addition, the colony had moderate resistance to alpha-cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin but were fully susceptible to bendiocarb and fenitrothion. Exposure to PBO in combination with permethrin and deltamethrin resulted in higher mortality rates in both net and tube assays, with a higher mortality observed in net assays than tube assays. The kdr marker, Vgsc-995S was at very high frequency (91.7-98.9%) whilst the metabolic markers Coeae1d and Cyp4j5-L43F were at very low (1.3% - 11.5%) and moderate (39.5% - 44.7%) frequencies respectively. Our analysis showed that gene expression pattern in mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin, permethrin or DDT only were similar in comparison to the susceptible strain and there was significant overexpression of cytochrome P450s, glutathione-s-transferases (GSTs) and carboxyl esterases (COEs). However, mosquitoes exposed to both PBO and pyrethroid strikingly and significantly only overexpressed closely related GSTs compared to unexposed mosquitoes while major cytochrome P450s were underexpressed. Conclusions The high levels of pyrethroid resistance observed in Busia appears associated with a wide range of metabolic gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrose Oruni
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Merseyside, L3 5QA, UK
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda
| | - Amy Lynd
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Merseyside, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Harun Njoroge
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Merseyside, L3 5QA, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ismail Onyige
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda
| | - Arjen E. van’t Hof
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Merseyside, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Enock Matovu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda
| | - Martin J. Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Merseyside, L3 5QA, UK
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Skorokhod O, Vostokova E, Gilardi G. The role of P450 enzymes in malaria and other vector-borne infectious diseases. Biofactors 2024; 50:16-32. [PMID: 37555735 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne infectious diseases are still an important global health problem. Malaria is the most important among them, mainly pediatric, life-threatening disease. Malaria and other vector-borne disorders caused by parasites, bacteria, and viruses have a strong impact on public health and significant economic costs. Most vector-borne diseases could be prevented by vector control, with attention to the ecological and biodiversity conservation aspects. Chemical control with pesticides and insecticides is widely used as a measure of prevention although increasing resistance to insecticides is a serious issue in vector control. Metabolic resistance is the most common mechanism and poses a big challenge. Insect enzyme systems, including monooxygenase CYP P450 enzymes, are employed by vectors mainly to metabolize insecticides thus causing resistance. The discovery and application of natural specific inhibitors/blockers of vector P450 enzymes as synergists for commonly used pesticides will contribute to the "greening" of insecticides. Besides vector CYPs, host CYP enzymes could also be exploited to fight against vector-borne diseases: using mostly their detoxifying properties and involvement in the immune response. Here, we review published research data on P450 enzymes from all players in vector-borne infections, that is, pathogens, vectors, and hosts, regarding the potential role of CYPs in disease. We discuss strategies on how to exploit cytochromes P450 in vector-borne disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii Skorokhod
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ekaterina Vostokova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Pazmiño-Betancourth M, Ochoa-Gutiérrez V, Ferguson HM, González-Jiménez M, Wynne K, Baldini F, Childs D. Evaluation of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for predicting age, species, and cuticular resistance of Anopheles gambiae s.l under laboratory conditions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18499. [PMID: 37898634 PMCID: PMC10613238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) combined with machine learning analysis has shown potential for quick and efficient identification of mosquito species and age groups. However, current technology to collect spectra is destructive to the sample and does not allow targeting specific tissues of the mosquito, limiting the identification of other important biological traits such as insecticide resistance. Here, we assessed the use of a non-destructive approach of MIRS for vector surveillance, micro diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (µDRIFT) using mosquito legs to identify species, age and cuticular insecticide resistance within the Anopheles gambiae s.l. complex. These mosquitoes are the major vectors of malaria in Africa and the focus on surveillance in malaria control programs. Legs required significantly less scanning time and showed more spectral consistence compared to other mosquito tissues. Machine learning models were able to identify An. gambiae and An. coluzzii with an accuracy of 0.73, two ages groups (3 and 10 days old) with 0.77 accuracy and we obtained accuracy of 0.75 when identifying cuticular insecticide resistance. Our results highlight the potential of different mosquito tissues and µDRIFT as tools for biological trait identification on mosquitoes that transmit malaria. These results can guide new ways of identifying mosquito traits which can help the creation of innovative surveillance programs by adapting new technology into mosquito surveillance and control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Pazmiño-Betancourth
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Victor Ochoa-Gutiérrez
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Klaas Wynne
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Francesco Baldini
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - David Childs
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Cherif MS, Keita M, Dahal P, Guilavogui T, Beavogui AH, Diassy L, Conde M, Touré A, Delamou A. Neglected tropical diseases in Republic of Guinea: disease endemicity, case burden and the road towards the 2030 target. Int Health 2023; 15:490-504. [PMID: 37232124 PMCID: PMC10472893 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) predominantly affect vulnerable and marginalized populations in tropical and subtropical areas and globally affect more than one billion people. In Guinea, the burden of NTDs is estimated to be >7.5 disability-adjusted life years per million inhabitants. Currently the Guinea NTDs master plan (2017-2020) has identified eight diseases as public health problems: onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, trachoma, schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, leprosy, human African trypanosomiasis and Buruli ulcer. In this review we discuss the past and the current case burden of the priority NTDs in Guinea, highlight the major milestones and discuss current and future areas of focus for achieving the 2030 target outlined by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamoud Sama Cherif
- Faculty of Sciences and Health Technics, Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
- Direction Regionale de la Santé de Faranah, Ministère de la santé et de l'hygiène publique, Faranah, Guinea
- Service de Pediatrie, Hospital National Ignace Deen, Ministère de la santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Mory Keita
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Prabin Dahal
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothé Guilavogui
- Management and Programmes Coordination, Ministry of Health, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Abdoul Habib Beavogui
- Faculty of Sciences and Health Technics, Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
- Centre National de Formation et Recherche en Sante Rurale de Maferinyah, Maferinyah, Guinea
| | - Lamine Diassy
- World Health Organization, Guinea office, Landreah, Corniche Nord, Boîte postale 817, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Mohamed Conde
- Service de Pediatrie, Hospital National Ignace Deen, Ministère de la santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Abdoulaye Touré
- Faculty of Sciences and Health Technics, Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
- Institut National de Santé Publique, Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Alexandre Delamou
- Faculty of Sciences and Health Technics, Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
- Centre National de Formation et Recherche en Sante Rurale de Maferinyah, Maferinyah, Guinea
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Kouamé RM, Lynd A, Kouamé JK, Vavassori L, Abo K, Donnelly MJ, Edi C, Lucas E. Widespread occurrence of copy number variants and fixation of pyrethroid target site resistance in Anopheles gambiae ( s.l.) from southern Côte d'Ivoire. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2023; 3:100117. [PMID: 36970448 PMCID: PMC10031352 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) is conferred by a variety of genetic mutations, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variants (CNVs). Knowledge of the distribution of these mutations in mosquito populations is a prerequisite for establishing better strategies for their management. In this study, a total of 755 Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) from southern Côte d'Ivoire were exposed to deltamethrin or pirimiphos-methyl insecticides and were screened to assess the distribution of SNPs and CNVs known or believed to confer resistance to one or other of the insecticide classes. Most individuals from the An. gambiae (s.l.) complex were identified by molecular tests as Anopheles coluzzii. Survival to deltamethrin (from 94% to 97%) was higher than to pirimiphos-methyl (from 10% to 49%). In An. gambiae (s.s.), the SNP in the Voltage Gated Sodium Channel (Vgsc) at the 995F locus (Vgsc-995F) was fixed, while other target site mutations were rare or absent (Vgsc-402L: 0%; Vgsc-1570Y: 0%, Acetylcholinesterase Acel-280S: 14%). In An. coluzzii, Vgsc-995F was the target site SNP found at highest frequency (65%) followed by other target site mutations (Vgsc-402L: 36%; Vgsc-1570Y: 0.33%; Acel-280S: 45%). The Vgsc-995S SNP was not present. The presence of the Ace1-280S SNP was found to be significantly linked to the presence of the Ace1-CNV, Ace1_AgDup. Significant association was found between the presence of the Ace1_AgDup and pirimiphos-methyl resistance in An. gambiae (s.s.) but not in An. coluzzii. The deletion Ace1_Del97 was found in one specimen of An. gambiae (s.s.). Four CNVs in the Cyp6aa/Cyp6p gene cluster, which contains genes of known importance for resistance, were detected in An. coluzzii, the most frequent being Dup 7 (42%) and Dup 14 (26%). While none of these individual CNV alleles were significantly associated with resistance, copy number in the Cyp6aa gene region in general was associated with increased resistance to deltamethrin. Elevated expression of Cyp6p3 was nearly associated with deltamethrin resistance, although there was no association of resistance with copy number. Use of alternative insecticides and control methods to arrest resistance spread in An. coluzzii populations is merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M.A. Kouamé
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët Boigny, BP 1093, Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Amy Lynd
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jackson K.I. Kouamé
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
- Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Laura Vavassori
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kouabénan Abo
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët Boigny, BP 1093, Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Martin J. Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Constant Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Eric Lucas
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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Tchouakui M, Assatse T, Tazokong HR, Oruni A, Menze BD, Nguiffo-Nguete D, Mugenzi LMJ, Kayondo J, Watsenga F, Mzilahowa T, Osae M, Wondji CS. Detection of a reduced susceptibility to chlorfenapyr in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae contrasts with full susceptibility in Anopheles funestus across Africa. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2363. [PMID: 36759650 PMCID: PMC9911381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29605-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
New insecticides have recently been produced to help control pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors including the pyrrole, chlorfenapyr. Monitoring the susceptibility of mosquito populations against this new product and potential cross-resistance with current insecticides is vital for better resistance management. In this study, we assessed the resistance status of the major malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus to chlorfenapyr across Africa and explored potential cross-resistance with known pyrethroid resistance markers. Efficacy of chlorfenapyr 100 µg/ml against An. gambiae and An. funestus from five Cameroonian locations, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Uganda, and Malawi was assessed using CDC bottle assays. Synergist assays were performed with PBO (4%), DEM (8%) and DEF (0.25%) and several pyrethroid-resistant markers were genotyped in both species to assess potential cross-resistance between pyrethroids and chlorfenapyr. Resistance to chlorfenapyr was detected in An. gambiae populations from DRC (Kinshasa) (mortality rate: 64.3 ± 7.1%) Ghana (Obuasi) (65.9 ± 7.4%), Cameroon (Mangoum; 75.2 ± 7.7% and Nkolondom; 86.1 ± 7.4). In contrast, all An. funestus populations were fully susceptible. A negative association was observed between the L1014F-kdr mutation and chlorfenapyr resistance with a greater frequency of homozygote resistant mosquitoes among the dead mosquitoes after exposure compared to alive (OR 0.5; P = 0.02) whereas no association was found between GSTe2 (I114T in An. gambiae; L119F in An. funestus) and resistance to chlorfenapyr. A significant increase of mortality to chlorfenapyr 10 µg/ml was observed in An. funestus after to PBO, DEM and DEF whereas a trend for a decreased mortality was observed in An. gambiae after PBO pre-exposure. This study reveals a greater risk of chlorfenapyr resistance in An. gambiae populations than in An. funestus. However, the higher susceptibility in kdr-resistant mosquitoes points to higher efficacy of chlorfenapyr against the widespread kdr-based pyrethroid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magellan Tchouakui
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13501, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Tatiane Assatse
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13501, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Hervé R Tazokong
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13501, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ambrose Oruni
- Entomology Department, Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), P.O.Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Benjamin D Menze
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13501, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Daniel Nguiffo-Nguete
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13501, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leon M J Mugenzi
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13501, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jonathan Kayondo
- Entomology Department, Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), P.O.Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Francis Watsenga
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, P.O Box 1197, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Themba Mzilahowa
- Entomology Department, Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS), P.O Box 265, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Michael Osae
- Radiation Entomology and Pest Management Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Legon, PO Box LG80, Accra, Ghana
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13501, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L35QA, UK.
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P.O. Box 2008, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Efa S, Elanga-Ndille E, Poumachu Y, Tene B, Mikande JZ, Zakariaou N, Wondji CS, Ndo C. Insecticide Resistance Profile and Mechanisms in An. gambiae s.l. from Ebolowa, South Cameroon. INSECTS 2022; 13:1133. [PMID: 36555042 PMCID: PMC9785700 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the trend of insecticide resistance and understanding associated genetic mechanisms is important for designing efficient malaria vector control strategies. This study was conducted to provide temporal data on insecticide resistance status and mechanisms in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. from Ebolowa, Southern Cameroon. Methods: Larvae of An. gambiae s.l. were collected from typical breeding sites throughout the city and reared to adulthood. Emerging adults were morphologically identified and WHO tube assays were performed to determine their susceptibility to carbamate, organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides at diagnostic doses. When resistance was observed, its intensity was determined by performing WHO tube tests using 5 and 10 times the concentration of the diagnostic dose. Metabolic resistance mechanisms were investigated using insecticide-synergist assays. Sibling species of the An. gambiae complex were identified using SINE-PCR protocol. TaqMan assay was used to genotype the L1014F and L1014S kdr mutations, and the N1575Y mutation, an amplifier of the resistance conferred by the L1014F mutation. Results: Anopheles coluzzii was by far the dominant (99%) member of the An. gambiae s.l. complex in Ebolowa. The species was fully susceptible to carbamates and organophosphates, but resistant to all pyrethroid insecticides tested. Resistance was of moderate intensity for deltamethrin (mortality: 37%, 70% and 99% for 1×, 5× and 10× insecticide concentration, respectively) but rather of high intensity for permethrin (5% for 1×; 62% for 5× and 75% for 10×) and for alphacypermethrin (4.4% for 1×; 57% for 5× and 80% for 10×). Pre-exposure to the synergist PBO resulted in a full recovery of the susceptibility to delthametrin, but this was not observed for the other two pyrethroids tested. L1014S (kdr-East) and the N1575Y mutations were absent, whereas the L1014F (kdr-West) mutation was present at a high frequency (75%), showing a significant association with resistance to permethrin (OR = 3.8; 95%; CI [1.9−7.4]; p < 0.0001) and alphacypermethrin (OR = 3; 95%; CI [1.6−5.4]; p = 0.0002). Conclusion: The increased resistance of An. gambiae s.l. to pyrethroid insecticides as observed in Ebolowa poses a threat to the efficacy of LLINs used to protect populations from the bites of Anopheles mosquitoes that transmit malaria parasites. The present study further highlights the urgent need to implement resistance management strategies in order to maintain the effectiveness of insecticide-based vector control interventions and prevent a rebound in malaria-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomon Efa
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Elanga-Ndille
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Vector Borne Parasitic and Infectious Diseases Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Biology and Ecology (VBID-LABEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Yacouba Poumachu
- Vector Borne Parasitic and Infectious Diseases Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Biology and Ecology (VBID-LABEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Billy Tene
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
| | - Jacqueline Ze Mikande
- Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O Box 1364, Cameroon
| | - Njoumémi Zakariaou
- Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O Box 1364, Cameroon
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 2701, Cameroon
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Campos M, Phelan J, Spadar A, Collins E, Gonçalves A, Pelloquin B, Vaselli NM, Meiwald A, Clark E, Stica C, Orsborne J, Sylla M, Edi C, Camara D, Mohammed AR, Afrane YA, Kristan M, Walker T, Gomez LF, Messenger LA, Clark TG, Campino S. High-throughput barcoding method for the genetic surveillance of insecticide resistance and species identification in Anopheles gambiae complex malaria vectors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13893. [PMID: 35974073 PMCID: PMC9381500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of malaria vector species and the monitoring of insecticide resistance are essential to inform malaria control strategies and support the reduction of infections and disease. Genetic barcoding of mosquitoes is a useful tool to assist the high-throughput surveillance of insecticide resistance, discriminate between sibling species and to detect the presence of Plasmodium infections. In this study, we combined multiplex PCR, custom designed dual indexing, and Illumina next generation sequencing for high throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-profiling of four species from the Anopheles (An.) gambiae complex (An. gambiae sensu stricto, An. coluzzii, An. arabiensis and An. melas). By amplifying and sequencing only 14 genetic fragments (500 bp each), we were able to simultaneously detect Plasmodium infection; insecticide resistance-conferring SNPs in ace1, gste2, vgsc and rdl genes; the partial sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and intergenic spacers (IGS), Short INterspersed Elements (SINE), as well as mitochondrial genes (cox1 and nd4) for species identification and genetic diversity. Using this amplicon sequencing approach with the four selected An. gambiae complex species, we identified a total of 15 non-synonymous mutations in the insecticide target genes, including previously described mutations associated with resistance and two new mutations (F1525L in vgsc and D148E in gste2). Overall, we present a reliable and cost-effective high-throughput panel for surveillance of An. gambiae complex mosquitoes in malaria endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Campos
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jody Phelan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anton Spadar
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emma Collins
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Adéritow Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública, Praia, 719, Cabo Verde
| | - Bethanie Pelloquin
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Natasha Marcella Vaselli
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anne Meiwald
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emma Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Caleb Stica
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - James Orsborne
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Moussa Sylla
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Constant Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Cote d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Denka Camara
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé, BP. 595, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Abdul Rahim Mohammed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw Asare Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mojca Kristan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Thomas Walker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Louisa A Messenger
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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10
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Tepa A, Kengne-Ouafo JA, Djova VS, Tchouakui M, Mugenzi LMJ, Djouaka R, Pieme CA, Wondji CS. Molecular Drivers of Multiple and Elevated Resistance to Insecticides in a Population of the Malaria Vector Anopheles gambiae in Agriculture Hotspot of West Cameroon. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1206. [PMID: 35885989 PMCID: PMC9316901 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Malaria remains a global public health problem. Unfortunately, the resistance of malaria vectors to commonly used insecticides threatens disease control and elimination efforts. Field mosquitoes have been shown to survive upon exposure to high insecticide concentrations. The molecular mechanisms driving this pronounced resistance remain poorly understood. Here, we elucidated the pattern of resistance escalation in the main malaria vector Anopheles gambiae in a pesticide-driven agricultural hotspot in Cameroon and its impact on vector control tools; (2) Methods: Larval stages and indoor blood-fed female mosquitoes (F0) were collected in Mangoum in May and November and forced to lay eggs; the emerged mosquitoes were used for WHO tube, synergist and cone tests. Molecular identification was performed using SINE PCR, whereas TaqMan-based PCR was used for genotyping of L1014F/S and N1575Y kdr and the G119S-ACE1 resistance markers. The transcription profile of candidate resistance genes was performed using qRT-PCR methods. Characterization of the breeding water and soil from Mangoum was achieved using the HPLC technique; (3) Results: An. gambiae s.s. was the only species in Mangoum with 4.10% infection with Plasmodium. These mosquitoes were resistant to all the four classes of insecticides with mortality rates <7% for pyrethroids and DDT and <54% for carbamates and organophophates. This population also exhibited high resistance intensity to pyrethroids (permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin and deltamethrin) after exposure to 5× and 10× discriminating doses. Synergist assays with PBO revealed only a partial recovery of susceptibility to permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin and deltamethrin. Only PBO-based nets (Olyset plus and permaNet 3.0) and Royal Guard showed an optimal efficacy. A high amount of alpha-cypermethrin was detected in breeding sites (5.16-fold LOD) suggesting ongoing selection from agricultural pesticides. The 1014F-kdr allele was fixed (100%) whereas the 1575Y-kdr (37.5%) and the 119S Ace-1R (51.1%) were moderately present. Elevated expression of P450s, respectively, in permethrin and deltamethrin resistant mosquitoes [CYP6M2 (10 and 34-fold), CYP6Z1(17 and 29-fold), CYP6Z2 (13 and 65-fold), CYP9K1 (13 and 87-fold)] supports their role in the observed resistance besides other mechanisms including chemosensory genes as SAP1 (28 and 13-fold), SAP2 (5 and 5-fold), SAP3 (24 and 8-fold) and cuticular genes as CYP4G16 (6 and 8-fold) and CYP4G17 (5 and 27-fold). However, these candidate genes were not associated with resistance escalation as the expression levels did not differ significantly between 1×, 5× and 10× surviving mosquitoes; (4) Conclusions: Intensive and multiple resistance is being selected in malaria vectors from a pesticide-based agricultural hotspot of Cameroon leading to loss in the efficacy of pyrethroid-only nets. Further studies are needed to decipher the molecular basis underlying such resistance escalation to better assess its impact on control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Tepa
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon; (J.A.K.-O.); (V.S.D.); (M.T.); (L.M.J.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1364, Cameroon;
| | - Jonas A. Kengne-Ouafo
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon; (J.A.K.-O.); (V.S.D.); (M.T.); (L.M.J.M.)
| | - Valdi S. Djova
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon; (J.A.K.-O.); (V.S.D.); (M.T.); (L.M.J.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bamenda, Bambili P.O. Box 39, Cameroon
| | - Magellan Tchouakui
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon; (J.A.K.-O.); (V.S.D.); (M.T.); (L.M.J.M.)
| | - Leon M. J. Mugenzi
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon; (J.A.K.-O.); (V.S.D.); (M.T.); (L.M.J.M.)
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou P.O. Box 0932, Benin;
| | - Constant A. Pieme
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1364, Cameroon;
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon; (J.A.K.-O.); (V.S.D.); (M.T.); (L.M.J.M.)
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Yaoundé P.O. Box 2008, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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11
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Tchouakui M, Assatse T, Mugenzi LMJ, Menze BD, Nguiffo-Nguete D, Tchapga W, Kayondo J, Watsenga F, Manzambi EZ, Osae M, Wondji CS. Comparative study of the effect of solvents on the efficacy of neonicotinoid insecticides against malaria vector populations across Africa. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:35. [PMID: 35462556 PMCID: PMC9036736 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New insecticides with a novel mode of action such as neonicotinoids have recently been recommended for public health by WHO. Resistance monitoring of such novel insecticides requires a robust protocol to monitor the development of resistance in natural populations. In this study, we comparatively used three different solvents to assess the susceptibility of malaria vectors to neonicotinoids across Africa. Methods Mosquitoes were collected from May to July 2021 from three agricultural settings in Cameroon (Njombe-Penja, Nkolondom, and Mangoum), the Democratic Republic of Congo (Ndjili-Brasserie), Ghana (Obuasi), and Uganda (Mayuge). Using the CDC bottle test, we compared the effect of three different solvents (ethanol, acetone, MERO) on the efficacy of neonicotinoids against Anopheles gambiae s.l. In addition, TaqMan assays were used to genotype key pyrethroid-resistant markers in An. gambiae and odds ratio based on Fisher exact test were used to evaluate potential cross-resistance between pyrethroids and clothianidin. Results Lower mortality was observed when using absolute ethanol or acetone alone as solvent for clothianidin (11.4‒51.9% mortality in Nkolondom, 31.7‒48.2% in Mangoum, 34.6‒56.1% in Mayuge, 39.4‒45.6% in Obuasi, 83.7‒89.3% in Congo and 71.1‒95.9% in Njombe pendja) compared to acetone + MERO for which 100% mortality were observed for all the populations. Similar observations were done for imidacloprid and acetamiprid. Synergist assays (PBO, DEM and DEF) with clothianidin revealed a significant increase of mortality suggesting that metabolic resistance mechanisms are contributing to the reduced susceptibility. A negative association was observed between the L1014F-kdr mutation and clothianidin resistance with a greater frequency of homozygote resistant mosquitoes among the dead than among survivors (OR = 0.5; P = 0.02). However, the I114T-GSTe2 was in contrast significantly associated with a greater ability to survive clothianidin with a higher frequency of homozygote resistant among survivors than other genotypes (OR = 2.10; P = 0.013). Conclusions This study revealed a contrasted susceptibility pattern depending on the solvents with ethanol/acetone resulting to lower mortality, thus possibly overestimating resistance, whereas the MERO consistently showed a greater efficacy of neonicotinoids but it could prevent to detect early resistance development. Therefore, we recommend monitoring the susceptibility using both acetone alone and acetone + MERO (4 µg/ml for clothianidin) to capture the accurate resistance profile of the mosquito populations. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-022-00962-4.
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12
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Ojianwuna CC, Omotayo AI, Enwemiwe VN, Adetoro FA, Eyeboka DN, Adesalu K, Egedegbe A, Esiwo E, Oyeniyi TA. Pyrethroid Susceptibility in Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations from Delta State, Niger-Delta Region, Nigeria. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:758-763. [PMID: 35024861 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of insecticide resistance in different species of mosquitoes to Pyrethroids is a major challenge for vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. Failure of Pyrethroids in control of mosquitoes would impact negatively on the gains recorded in control of mosquito-borne diseases in previous years. In anticipation of a country-wide deployment of Pyrethroid-treated nets for control of mosquito-borne diseases in Nigeria, this study assessed susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (Diptera: Culicidae) to Pyrethroids in Owhelogbo, Ejeme and Oria-Abraka communities in Delta State, Niger-Delta, Nigeria. Three to five day old Cx. quinquefasciatus were exposed to Deltamethrin (0.05%), Permethrin (0.75%), and Alphacypermethrin (0.05%) using World Health Organization bioassay method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed in characterization of species and knockdown mutation. Results revealed that Cx. quinquefasciatus were generally susceptible (98-100%) to Deltamethrin, Permethrin, and Alphacypermethrin in the three communities with the exception of Owhelogbo where resistance to Deltamethrin (97%) was suspected. Knockdown time to Deltamethrin (11.51, 11.23, and 12.68 min), Permethrin (28.75, 13.26, and 14.49 min), and Alphacypermethrin (15.07, 12.50, and 13.03 min) were considerably low for Owhelogbo, Ejeme, and Oria-Abraka Cx. quinquefasciatus populations, respectively. Species identification result showed that all amplified samples were Cx. quinquefasciatus; however, no kdr allele was found in the three populations. Deployment of pyrethroid-treated nets for control of mosquito-borne diseases in Niger-Delta region of Nigeria is capable of reducing burden of diseases transmitted by Cx. quinquefasciatus as well as addressing nuisance value of the vector; however, caution must be entertained so as not to increase selection pressure thereby aiding resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma C Ojianwuna
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed I Omotayo
- Molecular Entomology and Vector Control Research Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Victor N Enwemiwe
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Fouad A Adetoro
- Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Destiny N Eyeboka
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Kemi Adesalu
- Molecular Entomology and Vector Control Research Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Allan Egedegbe
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Eric Esiwo
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope A Oyeniyi
- Molecular Entomology and Vector Control Research Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
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13
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Sadia CG, Kouadio FPA, Fodjo BK, Oyou SK, Beatrice AGA, Koudou BG, Mouhamadou CS. Short-term metabolic resistance inductive effect of different agrochemical groups on Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16876.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In order to assess the impact of the different groups of agricultural pesticides used in Côte d'Ivoire on the increase of mosquitoes resistance to insecticides, the expression profiles of 7 P450 cytochromes and one GSTE2 of Anopheles gambiae involved in mosquito resistance to insecticides were studied. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of short exposure of mosquito larvae to different groups of agricultural pesticides on mosquito resistance. Methods: Three groups of pesticides were selected: (i) agricultural insecticide solutions, (ii) non-insecticide pesticide solutions (a mixture of herbicides and fungicides), and (iii) a mixture of the first two. A fourth non-pesticide solution was used as a control. Four groups of each stage 2 larvae (strain Kisumu, male and female) were exposed to 20% concentrated solution for 24 hours. Susceptibility tests for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Deltamethrin were carried out on adults aged 2-5 days. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to quantify the expression of eight metabolic genes involved in mosquito resistance to insecticides. Results: Susceptibility to DDT showed a similar increase in the time required to knock down 50% of mosquitoes (kdt50) in l colonies exposed to insecticides and non-insecticides compared to the control colony. As for deltamethrin, kdt50 was higher in the colonies exposed to insecticides and the pesticide mixture compared to the colony exposed to non-insecticides. Of all the genes studied in all colonies, except for CYP6P1 induced only in the colony consisting of the pesticide mixture, no genes were induced. Conclusions: This study confirmed that induction is influenced by the duration, the concentration of the solution and the type of xenobiotic used as an inducer. The overexpression of CYP6P1 confirmed the inductive effect that a short exposure of mosquito larvae to agricultural pesticides could have.
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14
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Oxborough RM, Seyoum A, Yihdego Y, Chabi J, Wat'senga F, Agossa FR, Coleman S, Musa SL, Faye O, Okia M, Bayoh M, Alyko E, Rakotoson JD, Masendu H, Sovi A, Gadiaga L, Abong'o B, Opondo K, Baber I, Dabire R, Gnanguenon V, Yohannes G, Varela K, Fondjo E, Carlson J, Armistead JS, Dengela D. Determination of the discriminating concentration of chlorfenapyr (pyrrole) and Anopheles gambiae sensu lato susceptibility testing in preparation for distribution of Interceptor® G2 insecticide-treated nets. Malar J 2021; 20:316. [PMID: 34261475 PMCID: PMC8278723 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Following agricultural use and large-scale distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), malaria vector resistance to pyrethroids is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa. Interceptor® G2 is a new dual active ingredient (AI) ITN treated with alpha-cypermethrin and chlorfenapyr for the control of pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors. In anticipation of these new nets being more widely distributed, testing was conducted to develop a chlorfenapyr susceptibility bioassay protocol and gather susceptibility information. Methods Bottle bioassay tests were conducted using five concentrations of chlorfenapyr at 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg AI/bottle in 10 countries in sub-Saharan Africa using 13,639 wild-collected Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) (56 vector populations per dose) and 4,494 pyrethroid-susceptible insectary mosquitoes from 8 colonized strains. In parallel, susceptibility tests were conducted using a provisional discriminating concentration of 100 µg AI/bottle in 16 countries using 23,422 wild-collected, pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae s.l. (259 vector populations). Exposure time was 60 min, with mortality recorded at 24, 48 and 72 h after exposure. Results Median mortality rates (up to 72 h after exposure) of insectary colony mosquitoes was 100% at all five concentrations tested, but the lowest dose to kill all mosquitoes tested was 50 µg AI/bottle. The median 72-h mortality of wild An. gambiae s.l. in 10 countries was 71.5, 90.5, 96.5, 100, and 100% at concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg AI/bottle, respectively. Log-probit analysis of the five concentrations tested determined that the LC95 of wild An. gambiae s.l. was 67.9 µg AI/bottle (95% CI: 48.8–119.5). The discriminating concentration of 203.8 µg AI/bottle (95% CI: 146–359) was calculated by multiplying the LC95 by three. However, the difference in mortality between 100 and 200 µg AI/bottle was minimal and large-scale testing using 100 µg AI/bottle with wild An. gambiae s.l. in 16 countries showed that this concentration was generally suitable, with a median mortality rate of 100% at 72 h. Conclusions This study determined that 100 or 200 µg AI/bottle chlorfenapyr in bottle bioassays are suitable discriminating concentrations for monitoring susceptibility of wild An. gambiae s.l., using mortality recorded up to 72 h. Testing in 16 countries in sub-Saharan Africa demonstrated vector susceptibility to chlorfenapyr, including mosquitoes with multiple resistance mechanisms to pyrethroids. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03847-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Oxborough
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Aklilu Seyoum
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Yemane Yihdego
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Joseph Chabi
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Francis Wat'senga
- Entomology Department, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Avenue de la Démocratie, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Fiacre R Agossa
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sylvester Coleman
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Plot 11 Waterson Road, Fuo, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Samdi Lazarus Musa
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Gte No. 12 TOS Benson Crescent, Utako, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Département de Biologie Animale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Bp 5005 Dakar-Fann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Michael Okia
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Tororo, Uganda
| | - Mohamed Bayoh
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Njoka Road, Off Kwacha Road, Olympia, Box 39090, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Evelyne Alyko
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Njoka Road, Off Kwacha Road, Olympia, Box 39090, Lusaka, Zambia.,PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Jean-Desire Rakotoson
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Lot Ex La Sice, Ambalanaomby, Farafangana, Madagascar
| | - Hieronymo Masendu
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, 1 Pascoe Avenue, Belgravia, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Arthur Sovi
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Cite du Niger 1, Rue 30, Porte 612, Bamako, Mali.,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.,Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, BP 123, Parakou, Benin
| | - Libasse Gadiaga
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Cite du Niger 1, Rue 30, Porte 612, Bamako, Mali
| | - Bernard Abong'o
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Whitehouse, Milimani, Kisumu, Ojijo Oteko Road, P.O. Box 895-40123, Kisumu, Milimani, Kenya
| | - Kevin Opondo
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Whitehouse, Milimani, Kisumu, Ojijo Oteko Road, P.O. Box 895-40123, Kisumu, Milimani, Kenya
| | - Ibrahima Baber
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, 16th Street, Beach Side, Sinkor, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Roch Dabire
- Institute of Health Science Research, Malaria and Tropical Neglected Research Unit, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Virgile Gnanguenon
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Plot 28 Avenue Pierre Ngendandumwe, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Gedeon Yohannes
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Gerje Rood Sami Building, Floor 1, Office no 105, P.O. Box : 13646, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kenyssony Varela
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Rua Justino Chemane, No. 237 Sommerschield 2, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Etienne Fondjo
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, P.O. Box 14 025, Mballa II, Dragages, P.O. Box 14 025, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Jenny Carlson
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jennifer S Armistead
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dereje Dengela
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
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15
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Sadia CG, Kouadio FPA, Fodjo BK, Oyou SK, Beatrice AGA, Koudou BG, Mouhamadou CS. Short-term metabolic resistance inductive effect of different agrochemical groups on Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16876.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In order to assess the impact of the different groups of agricultural pesticides used in Côte d'Ivoire on the increase of mosquitoes resistance to insecticides, the expression profiles of 7 P450 cytochromes and one GSTE2 of Anopheles gambiae involved in mosquito resistance to insecticides were studied. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of short exposure of mosquito larvae to different groups of agricultural pesticides on mosquito resistance. Methods: Three groups of pesticides were selected: (i) agricultural insecticide solutions, (ii) none-insecticide pesticide solutions (a mixture of herbicides and fungicides), and (iii) a mixture of the first two. A fourth non-pesticide solution was used as a control. Four groups of each stage 2 larvae (strain Kisumu, male and female) were exposed to 20% concentrated solution for 24 hours. Susceptibility tests for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Deltamethrin were carried out on adults aged 2-5 days. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to quantify the expression of eight metabolic genes involved in mosquito resistance to insecticides. Results: Susceptibility to DDT showed a similar increase in the time required to knock down 50% of mosquitoes (kdt50) in l colonies exposed to insecticides and none-insecticides compared to the control colony. As for deltamethrin, kdt50 was higher in the colonies exposed to insecticides and the pesticide mixture compared to the colony exposed to none-insecticides. Of all the genes studied in all colonies, except for CYP6P1 induced only in the colony consisting of the pesticide mixture, no genes were induced. Conclusions: This study confirmed that induction is influenced by the duration, the concentration of the solution and the type of xenobiotic used as an inducer. The overexpression of CYP6P1 confirmed the inductive effect that a short exposure of mosquito larvae to agricultural pesticides could have.
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Wagah MG, Korlević P, Clarkson C, Miles A, Lawniczak MKN, Makunin A. Genetic variation at the Cyp6m2 putative insecticide resistance locus in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii. Malar J 2021; 20:234. [PMID: 34034756 PMCID: PMC8146665 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of insecticide resistance is a major threat to malaria control programmes in Africa, with many different factors contributing to insecticide resistance in its vectors, Anopheles mosquitoes. CYP6M2 has previously been recognized as an important candidate in cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification in Anopheles. As it has been implicated in resistance against pyrethroids, organochlorines and carbamates, its broad metabolic activity makes it a potential agent in insecticide cross-resistance. Currently, allelic variation within the Cyp6m2 gene remains unknown. Methods Here, Illumina whole-genome sequence data from Phase 2 of the Anopheles gambiae 1000 Genomes Project (Ag1000G) was used to examine genetic variation in the Cyp6m2 gene across 16 populations in 13 countries comprising Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes. To identify whether these alleles show evidence of selection either through potentially modified enzymatic function or by being linked to variants that change the transcriptional profile of the gene, hierarchical clustering of haplotypes, linkage disequilibrium, median joining networks and extended haplotype homozygosity analyses were performed. Results Fifteen missense biallelic substitutions at high frequency (defined as > 5% frequency in one or more populations) are found, which fall into five distinct haplotype groups that carry the main high frequency variants: A13T, D65A, E328Q, Y347F, I359V and A468S. Despite consistent reports of Cyp6m2 upregulation and metabolic activity in insecticide resistant Anophelines, no evidence of directional selection is found occurring on these variants or on the haplotype clusters in which they are found. Conclusion These results imply that emerging resistance associated with Cyp6m2 is potentially driven by distant regulatory loci such as transcriptional factors rather than by its missense variants, or that other genes are playing a more significant role in conferring metabolic resistance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03757-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Wagah
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK.
| | - Petra Korlević
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK
| | | | - Alistair Miles
- University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | | | - Alex Makunin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK
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17
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Jeffries CL, Cansado-Utrilla C, Beavogui AH, Stica C, Lama EK, Kristan M, Irish SR, Walker T. Evidence for natural hybridization and novel Wolbachia strain superinfections in the Anopheles gambiae complex from Guinea. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:202032. [PMID: 33868697 PMCID: PMC8025300 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia, a widespread bacterium which can influence mosquito-borne pathogen transmission, has recently been detected within Anopheles (An.) species that are malaria vectors in Sub-Saharan Africa. Although studies have reported Wolbachia strains in the An. gambiae complex, apparent low density and prevalence rates require confirmation. In this study, wild Anopheles mosquitoes collected from two regions of Guinea were investigated. In contrast with previous studies, RNA was extracted from adult females (n = 516) to increase the chances for the detection of actively expressed Wolbachia genes, determine Wolbachia prevalence rates and estimate relative strain densities. Molecular confirmation of mosquito species and Wolbachia multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were carried out to analyse phylogenetic relationships of mosquito hosts and newly discovered Wolbachia strains. Strains were detected in An. melas (prevalence rate of 11.6%-16/138) and hybrids between An. melas and An. gambiae sensu stricto (prevalence rate of 40.0%-6/15) from Senguelen in the Maferinyah region. Furthermore, a novel high-density strain, termed wAnsX, was found in an unclassified Anopheles species. The discovery of novel Wolbachia strains (particularly in members, and hybrids, of the An. gambiae complex) provides further candidate strains that could be used for future Wolbachia-based malaria biocontrol strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L. Jeffries
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Cintia Cansado-Utrilla
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Abdoul H. Beavogui
- Centre National de Formation et de Recherche en Santé Rurale de Mafèrinyah B.P. 2649, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Caleb Stica
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Eugene K. Lama
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Guinée, B.P. 6339 Conakry, Guinea
| | - Mojca Kristan
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Seth R. Irish
- The US President's Malaria Initiative and Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA
| | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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Yin J, Yamba F, Zheng C, Smith SJ, Wang L, Li H, Xia Z, Zhou S, Xiao N. First report of N1575Y mutation in Anopheles gambiae in Sierra Leone. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 92:104852. [PMID: 33831542 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of mosquito vectors to insecticides is one of the biological obstacles in the fight against malaria. Understanding of the status and mechanisms underlying the insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae species is necessary for success of vector control efforts. The study aimed to determine the molecular forms of An. gambiae from four districts in Sierra Leone during May and June 2018, and the level of N1575Y mutation. The molecular form identification of adult female An. gambiae mosquitoes reared from larvae were carried out using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. And the N1575Y mutations were detected using SNaPshot and sequencing. As a result, significant differences were found in the distribution of An. gambiae molecular forms among regions (P < 0.001). And a total of 638 An. gambiae sensu stricto, 106 An. coluzzi, and 4 hybrid individuals were identified. Moreover, the overall N1575Y mutation frequency was 10.2% with no statistical difference among regions (χ2 = 3.009, P = 0.390). In addition, no significant differences in N1575Y mutation frequency were found among different An. gambiae molecular forms (P = 0.383). In conclusion, the N1575Y mutation in An. gambiae populations in Sierra Leone was reported for the first time in the present study. It provides key evidence for the necessity of monitoring vector susceptibility levels to insecticides used in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai, China
| | - Frederick Yamba
- National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Canjun Zheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Samuel Juana Smith
- National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Lili Wang
- Center for Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai, China
| | - Shuisen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai, China.
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Black WC, Snell TK, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Kading RC, Campbell CL. From Global to Local-New Insights into Features of Pyrethroid Detoxification in Vector Mosquitoes. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040276. [PMID: 33804964 PMCID: PMC8063960 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The threat of mosquito-borne diseases continues to be a problem for public health in subtropical and tropical regions of the world; in response, there has been increased use of adulticidal insecticides, such as pyrethroids, in human habitation areas over the last thirty years. As a result, the prevalence of pyrethroid-resistant genetic markers in natural mosquito populations has increased at an alarming rate. This review details recent advances in the understanding of specific mechanisms associated with pyrethroid resistance, with emphasis on features of insecticide detoxification and the interdependence of multiple cellular pathways. Together, these advances add important context to the understanding of the processes that are selected in resistant mosquitoes. Specifically, before pyrethroids bind to their targets on motoneurons, they must first permeate the outer cuticle and diffuse to inner tissues. Resistant mosquitoes have evolved detoxification mechanisms that rely on cytochrome P450s (CYP), esterases, carboxyesterases, and other oxidation/reduction (redox) components to effectively detoxify pyrethroids to nontoxic breakdown products that are then excreted. Enhanced resistance mechanisms have evolved to include alteration of gene copy number, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, as well as changes to cellular signaling mechanisms. Here, we outline the variety of ways in which detoxification has been selected in various mosquito populations, as well as key gene categories involved. Pathways associated with potential new genes of interest are proposed. Consideration of multiple cellular pathways could provide opportunities for development of new insecticides.
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Li X, Hu S, Yin H, Zhang H, Zhou D, Sun Y, Ma L, Shen B, Zhu C. MiR-4448 is involved in deltamethrin resistance by targeting CYP4H31 in Culex pipiens pallens. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:159. [PMID: 33726813 PMCID: PMC7962327 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Culex pipiens (Cx. pipiens) complex, which acts as a vector of viruses and is widespread and abundant worldwide, including West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Sindbis virus, can cause serious vector-borne diseases affecting human health. Unfortunately, mosquitoes have developed deltamethrin resistance because of its long-term overuse, representing a major challenge to mosquito control. Understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms of resistance is vital to control mosquitoes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that have been demonstrated to be important regulators of gene expression across a wide variety of organisms, which might function in mosquito deltamethrin resistance. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the regulatory functions of miR-4448 and CYP4H31 in the formation of insecticidal resistance in mosquito Culex pipiens pallens. Methods We used quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR to measure miR-4448 and CYP4H31 (encoding a cytochrome P450) expression levels. The regulatory functions of miR-4448 and CYP4H31 were assessed using dual-luciferase reporter assays. Then, oral feeding, RNA interference, and the American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bottle bioassay were used to determine miR-4448’s association with deltamethrin resistance by targeting CYP4H31in vivo. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was also used to detect the viability of pIB/V5-His-CYP4H31-transfected C6/36 cells after deltamethrin treatment in vitro. Results MiR-4448 was downregulated in the deltamethrin-resistant strain (DR strain), whereas CYP4H31 was downregulated in deltamethrin-susceptible strain. CYP4H31 expression was downregulated by miR-4448 recognizing and binding to its 3′ untranslated region. Functional verification experiments showed that miR-4448 overexpression resulted in lower expression of CYP4H31. The mortality of miR-4448 mimic-injected DR strain mosquitoes was higher than that of the controls. CCK-8 assays showed that CYP4H31 decreased cellular resistance to deltamethrin in vitro and the mortality of the DR strain increased when CYP4H31 was knocked down in vivo. Conclusions In mosquitoes, miR-4448 participates in deltamethrin resistance by targeting CYP4H31. The results of the present study increase our understanding of deltamethrin resistance mechanisms.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengli Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Yin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
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21
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Medjigbodo AA, Djogbenou LS, Koumba AA, Djossou L, Badolo A, Adoha CJ, Ketoh GK, Mavoungou JF. Phenotypic Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae): Specific Characterization of Underlying Resistance Mechanisms Still Matters. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:730-738. [PMID: 33043968 PMCID: PMC7954100 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An effective control of malaria vectors requires an extensive knowledge of mechanisms underlying the resistance-phenotypes developed by these vectors against insecticides. We investigated Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes from Benin and Togo for their intensity of insecticide resistance and we discussed the involvement of genotyped mechanisms in the resistance-phenotypes observed. Three- to five-day-old adult mosquitoes emerged from field and laboratory An. gambiae larvae were assayed using WHO tube intensity tests against various doses of deltamethrin: 1× (0.05%); 2× (0.1%); 5× (0.25%); 7.5× (0.375%) and those of pirimiphos-methyl: 0.5× (0.125%); 1× (0.25%). Members of An. gambiae complex were screened in field populations using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The presence of kdrR(1014F/1014S) and ace-1R(119S) mutations was also investigated using TaqMan and PCR-RFLP techniques, respectively. Anopheles gambiae from field were very resistant to deltamethrin, whereas KisKdr and AcerKdrKis strains displayed 100% mortality rates at 2× the diagnostic dose. In contrast, the field mosquitoes displayed a low resistance-intensity against 1× the diagnostic dose of pirimiphos-methyl, whereas AcerKis and AcerKdrKis strains showed susceptibility at 0.5× the diagnostic dose. Anopheles gambiae s.s., Anopheles coluzzii, and Anopheles arabiensis were identified. Allelic frequencies of kdrR (1014F) and ace-1R (119S) mutations in the field populations varied from 0.65 to 1 and 0 to 0.84, respectively. The field An. gambiae displayed high-resistance levels against deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl when compared with those of the laboratory An. gambiae-resistant strains. These results exhibit the complexity of underlying insecticide resistance mechanisms in these field malaria vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adandé A Medjigbodo
- Laboratory of Infectious Vector-Borne Diseases, Regional Institute of Public Health/University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Entomology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, BP, Burkina Faso, West Africa
| | - Luc S Djogbenou
- Laboratory of Infectious Vector-Borne Diseases, Regional Institute of Public Health/University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aubin A Koumba
- Laboratory of Infectious Vector-Borne Diseases, Regional Institute of Public Health/University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
- University of Science and Technology of Masuku (USTM), BP, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Laurette Djossou
- Laboratory of Infectious Vector-Borne Diseases, Regional Institute of Public Health/University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Entomology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, BP, Burkina Faso, West Africa
| | - Constantin J Adoha
- Laboratory of Infectious Vector-Borne Diseases, Regional Institute of Public Health/University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | | | - Jacques F Mavoungou
- University of Science and Technology of Masuku (USTM), BP, Franceville, Gabon
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Meiwald A, Clark E, Kristan M, Edi C, Jeffries CL, Pelloquin B, Irish SR, Walker T, Messenger LA. Reduced long-lasting insecticidal net efficacy and pyrethroid insecticide resistance are associated with over-expression of CYP6P4, CYP6P3 and CYP6Z1 in populations of Anopheles coluzzii from South-East Côte d'Ivoire. J Infect Dis 2020; 225:1424-1434. [PMID: 33175129 PMCID: PMC9016462 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to major public health insecticides in Côte d’Ivoire has intensified and now threatens the long-term effectiveness of malaria vector control interventions. Methods This study evaluated the bioefficacy of conventional and next-generation long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), determined resistance profiles, and characterized molecular and metabolic mechanisms in wild Anopheles coluzzii from Southeast Côte d’Ivoire in 2019. Results Phenotypic resistance was intense: >25% of mosquitoes survived exposure to 10 times the doses of pyrethroids required to kill susceptible populations. Similarly, the 24-hour mortality rate with deltamethrin-only LLINs was very low and not significantly different from that with an untreated net. Sublethal pyrethroid exposure did not induce significant delayed vector mortality effects 72 hours later. In contrast, LLINs containing the synergist piperonyl butoxide, or new insecticides clothianidin and chlorfenapyr, were highly toxic to A. coluzzii. Pyrethroid-susceptible A. coluzzii were significantly more likely to be infected with malaria, compared with those that survived insecticidal exposure. Pyrethroid resistance was associated with significant overexpression of CYP6P4, CYP6P3, and CYP6Z1. Conclusions Study findings raise concerns regarding the operational failure of standard LLINs and support the urgent deployment of vector control interventions incorporating piperonyl butoxide, chlorfenapyr, or clothianidin in areas of high resistance intensity in Côte d’Ivoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Meiwald
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Clark
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mojca Kristan
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Constant Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan 01, BP 1303, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Claire L Jeffries
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bethanie Pelloquin
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seth R Irish
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative and Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Monitoring and molecular profiling of contemporary insecticide resistance status of malaria vectors in Guinea-Bissau. Acta Trop 2020; 206:105440. [PMID: 32156617 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite reduction in the prevalence of malaria, Guinea-Bissau (GB) is still widely affected by the disease that is primarily vectored by Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes. Monitoring mosquito susceptibility and investigating the insecticide resistance status is an integral part of malaria control actions. Here, mosquito populations from five regions of GB: Bafatá, Bissau, Buba, Cacheu and Gabu were monitored for species ID and insecticide resistance, using diagnostic and intensity WHO bioassays, as well as molecular assays. Phenotypic and molecular identification of species showed the presence of An. gambiae s.s. (S form), An. coluzzii (M form) and An. arabiensis, as well as rare An. arabiensis/ An. gambiae hybrids. Resistance to permethrin and deltamethrin was found in all Anopheles populations assayed, with the intensity of resistance for permethrin being moderate to high, as confirmed by bioassays performed at concentration intensities of 5X and 10X. Consistent to these findings, molecular analysis showed a higher frequency of knock-down resistance (kdr) mutations (L1014F, L1014S, reaching > 90% in some areas) compared to previous studies in the same region, as well as detected for the first time the presence of the super kdr mutation (N1575Y) in GB. The "iAche" (G119S) resistance mutation was also found in GB in low frequencies (up to 12.41%). Additionally, the synergistic PBO-permethrin bioassays suggested partial involvement of non target (metabolic and/or reduced penetration) resistance mechanism. Expression analysis of known pyrethroid metabolisers indicated the slight overexpression and possible association of the cytochrome P450s CYP6Z1, CYP4G16 with the pyrethroid resistance phenotype. The findings should guide future evidence-based resistance management strategies in GB.
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