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Ofokansi MN, Nwoye EC, Ugwah-Oguejiofor CJ, Okoye FBC, Akah PA. Evaluation of the antimalarial and CD4 + T-cell modulatory effects of leaf methanol extract of Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell (Phyllanthaceae) in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 326:117936. [PMID: 38382655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kunze) Exell, a member of the Phyllanthaceae family, is a medicinal plant widely distributed in Africa. Decoctions from the leaves are used in Nigeria to treat fevers, convulsions, some neurological disorders and malaria. AIM OF THE STUDY This study is to evaluate the anti-malarial properties of methanol extract of Phyllanthus muellerianus (MEPM) leaves and its ethyl acetate fraction using a murine malaria model infected with Plasmodium berghei. Additionally, we seek to investigate the potential modulatory effects of this extract and fraction on CD4+ T-cell populations in the context of malaria infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-malarial effects of the leaf methanol extract of Phyllanthus muellerianus (MEPM) were screened using three established in vivo models of anti-plasmodial screening namely the curative, suppressive and prophylactic models. The methanol extract (MEPM) was afterwards fractionated into hexane (HFPM), ethyl acetate (EAFPM), and methanol (MFPM) fractions. In the pilot anti-malarial screening of the fractions, EAFPM exhibited the best antiparasitic activity. Subsequently, EAFPM was screened for anti-malarial activity using the three models above. The effects of the MEPM and EAFPM on haematological indices (Hb and PCV) of the inoculated animals were further screened and the mean survival time (MST) of the animals was monitored. CD4+ T cells of various groups were counted before and after treatment using a flow cytometer. The EAFPM was further subjected to HPLC analysis for identification of its major compounds. RESULTS The EAFPM (100 and 200 mg/kg) elicited 88% and 93% cure respectively in the curative model, while artesunate (5 mg/kg,- the positive control) gave 87% protection. The MEPM and EAFPM also gave significant suppression of parasitemia in the suppressive model. The treated groups survived beyond 28 days as against 11 days by the control group (infected but not treated). The treated groups also prevented anaemia seen in the negative control. The EAFPM group significantly modulated the CD4+ T cell. Compounds identified were Gallocatechin, Quercetin -3-O-gallate, Ellagic acid, and Methylellagic acid rhamnoside). CONCLUSION The study established that the leaf of Phyllanthus muellerianus possesses antimalarial activity, thus lending support to its use in the folkloric treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha N Ofokansi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, PMB 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Eze C Nwoye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, PMB 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Chinenye J Ugwah-Oguejiofor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
| | - Festus B C Okoye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
| | - Peter A Akah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, PMB 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria.
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Zuberi UF, Aqeel S, Hashmi F, Khan W. Altered haematological parameters in children with malaria infection, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 108:116190. [PMID: 38309088 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to illustrate the effect of malaria infection on red blood cell parameters in children and evaluate the diagnostic relevance of haematological parameters in predicting malaria. METHODS The studies were identified through databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus to retrieve related articles. Fourteen studies were selected by literature search based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and a meta-analysis on different red blood cell parameters was performed. RESULTS Haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, and RBC count show statistically significant findings with p values of (<0.00001), (p<0.00001) and (p=0.0004), respectively. Other parameters like MCV, MCH, and MCHC show statistically non-significant results with p values of 0.21, 0.36, and 0.63, respectively. CONCLUSION Considering the above findings, the combination of haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, and RBC counts could be used as reliable parameters to predict the presence of infection and included in the diagnostic strategy for malaria in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umra Fatima Zuberi
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Sana Aqeel
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
| | - Faizeaab Hashmi
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Wajihullah Khan
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Kotepui KU, Mueangson O, Mala W, Mahittikorn A, Wangdi K, Kotepui M. Status of Blood Levels of Superoxide Dismutase in Patients with Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 40:222-235. [PMID: 37125449 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Aims: The evidence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the pathogenesis of malaria is inconsistent. This study aimed to synthesize the evidence of blood levels of SOD in patients with malaria and determine the association of blood levels of SOD with the severity of malaria. Results: A total of 1874 articles were retrieved from database searches and 28 studies were included in the review. The blood levels of SOD were lower in individuals with malaria compared with those without malaria infection (p < 0.01, Cohen's d: -2.06, 95% CI: -2.99 to -1.14), I2: 98.96%, 2181 malaria cases/1186 uninfected cases). There were no differences in blood levels of SOD between severe and nonsevere malaria patients (p = 0.09, Cohen's d: -1.57, 95% CI: -3.39 to 0.26), I2: 96.02%, 69 severe malaria cases/256 nonsevere malaria cases). Innovation and Conclusion: The blood levels of SOD were lower in malaria patients compared with those without malaria infection. Further studies will be required to determine the extent to which SOD might prevent Plasmodium infections during pregnancy. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 222-235.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Onchuma Mueangson
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Wanida Mala
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Aongart Mahittikorn
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kinley Wangdi
- Department of Global Health, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Manas Kotepui
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Pourfridoni M, Farhadi Rad H, Mirzaee F, Abbasnia SM, Nikvarz M, Sharifi E, Shafiei S, Baghcheghi Y, Amiri Domari A, Askarpour H. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and red blood cell indices association in pediatrics patients with fever and cough: A cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1843. [PMID: 38274138 PMCID: PMC10809022 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is an essential inflammatory marker in treating some patients, particularly children. The level of ESR can be affected by red blood cell (RBC) indices, and not considering this can complicate the interpretation of ESR and the treatment and follow-up of patients. The study aimed to assess the association between ESR and RBC indices in children hospitalized with fever and cough in the pediatric ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft, in 2023. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to measure the association between ESR and RBC indices in children hospitalized with fever and cough in the pediatric ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft, in 2023. A total of 156 patients participated in the study. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. Results The mean age of participants was 27.26 ± 3.14 months. The results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between ESR and RBC, r = -0.282 (p < 0.001), and ESR and hematocrit (HCT), r = -0.215 (p = 0.007). Also, the results demonstrated that there is a significant positive correlation between ESR and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), r = 0.159 (p = 0.048), ESR and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), r = 0.214 (p = 0.007), and ESR and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), r = 0.209 (p = 0.009). There was a negative correlation between ESR and hemoglobin (Hb), r = -0.98 (p = 0.225), but this correlation was insignificant. Conclusion This study showed an association between ESR and RBC indices in hospitalized children with complaints of fever and cough. So, it is necessary that physicians and treatment staff pay attention to the RBC indices while interpreting and following up the results of ESR to complete the treatment process of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Faezeh Mirzaee
- Student Research CommitteeJiroft University of Medical SciencesJiroftIran
| | | | - Mehran Nikvarz
- Department of PediatricsJiroft University of Medical SciencesJiroftIran
| | - Elham Sharifi
- Department of PediatricsJiroft University of Medical SciencesJiroftIran
| | | | - Yousef Baghcheghi
- Student Research CommitteeJiroft University of Medical SciencesJiroftIran
| | | | - Hedyeh Askarpour
- Clinical ResearchJiroft University of Medical SciencesJiroftIran
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Saleh AG, Shehab AY, Abdul-Ghani R, Allam AF, Osman MM, Ibrahim HS, El-Taweel HA, Moneer EA, Hagras NAE, Farag HF. Key cytokines and hematological parameters in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Hodeidah, Yemen. Cytokine 2023; 164:156156. [PMID: 36857851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Immunity to malaria has a major role in controlling disease and pathogenesis with cytokine production being involved in almost every phase of the immune response. The present study aimed to assess hematological variables and to measure plasma levels of TNFα, IFNγ and IL10, their ratios, and their relation to parasitemia among patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Hodeidah, Yemen. Forty patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum monoinfection and 40 healthy age and sex-matched controls were enrolled in the study. Parasitological diagnosis was confirmed, and parasite density was estimated. Plasma cytokine levels, hematologic parameters, and the presence of gametocytes were determined. Results revealed higher TNFα, IFNγ and IL10 in patients than in controls. A relatively higher IL10 production was demonstrated by the significantly lower TNFα/IL10 and IFNγ/IL10 ratios in patients than in controls. TNFα and IL10 correlated positively with parasite density. Lower Hb levels, RBC, lymphocyte and platelet counts, and higher neutrophil and reticulocyte counts were observed in patients compared to controls. Reticulocyte count was higher and IFNγ level was lower in the presence of gametocytes. Conclusively, uncomplicated falciparum malaria is associated with the ability to regulate the production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This mediates parasite clearance while simultaneously avoiding severe pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gamali Saleh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Yemen
| | - Amel Youssef Shehab
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rashad Abdul-Ghani
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen and Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Amal Farahat Allam
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mervat Mostafa Osman
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Heba Said Ibrahim
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hend Ali El-Taweel
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Esraa Abdelhamid Moneer
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nancy Abd-Elkader Hagras
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hoda Fahmy Farag
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Egypt
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Severe Malaria in an Adult Patient from Low-Endemic Area in Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara. Case Rep Med 2023; 2023:1239318. [PMID: 36865611 PMCID: PMC9974305 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1239318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infection caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of the disease and may progress to life-threatening manifestations. This case describes a 26-year-old man who suffered cerebral malaria with multiple organ dysfunction and successfully recovered despite poor initial prognosis. Negligent and late diagnosis of malaria leads to severe complications and a worse prognosis. This case emphasizes despite living in a low-endemic malaria area, physicians should remain meticulous and consider malaria as differential diagnosis even after initially presenting with nonspecific symptoms. Consequently, malarial screening should be performed to modify the risk of mortality. Furthermore, close monitoring and early administration of intravenous artesunate are also particularly critical.
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Pathogenesis of Anemia in Canine Babesiosis: Possible Contribution of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines-A Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020166. [PMID: 36839438 PMCID: PMC9962459 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine babesiosis is a tick-borne protozoan disease caused by intraerythrocytic parasites of the genus Babesia. The infection may lead to anemia in infected dogs. However, anemia is not directly caused by the pathogen. The parasite's developmental stages only have a marginal role in contributing to a decreased red blood cell (RBC) count. The main cause of anemia in affected dogs is the immune response to the infection. This response includes antibody production, erythrophagocytosis, oxidative damage of RBCs, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Moreover, both infected and uninfected erythrocytes are retained in the spleen and sequestered in micro-vessels. All these actions are driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8. Additionally, imbalance between the actions of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines plays a role in patho-mechanisms leading to anemia in canine babesiosis. This article is a review of the studies on the pathogenesis of anemia in canine babesiosis and related diseases, such as bovine or murine babesiosis and human or murine malaria, and the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the mechanisms leading to anemia in infected dogs.
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Ibezim A, Ofokansi MN, Ndukwe X, Chiama CS, Obi BC, Isiogugu ON, Ikechukwu PE, Onwuka AM, Ihim SA, Asegbeloyin JN, Nwodo NJ. Evaluation of anti-malarial potency of new pyrazole-hydrazine coupled to Schiff base derivatives. Malar J 2022; 21:243. [PMID: 35996135 PMCID: PMC9396901 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The search for pharmacologically effective agents among molecules bearing multiple functionalities is commonly practiced. In continuation of the search for new anti-malarial agents, new pyrazole-hydrazine coupled Schiff-base derivatives previously synthesized were screened for anti-malarial property. Methods Here, in vivo prophylactic and curative activities of the compounds were assessed while their binding affinity for falcipain-2, a crucial enzyme in Plasmodium survival, was done using computational techniques. Results The two derivatives (BepINH and BepBeH) respectively led to a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in parasitaemia count (0.76 ± 1.11 and 0.79 ± 1.19) at day 3 post-treatment relative to the negative control (16.37 ± 1.25). For the prophylactic study, it was observed that the highest parasitaemia suppression level of 95.35% and 95.17% for BepINH and BepBeH at 15 mg/kg was slightly comparable to that obtained for ACT-Lonart (99.38%). In addition, their haematological profiles indicate that they are potentially beneficial in suppressing haemolytic damage to RBC, thereby protecting the body against infection-induced anaemia. Docking calculations on the derivatives toward the Plasmodium falciparum falcipain-2 revealed that they favourably interacted with a binding affinity higher than that of a known cocrystallized inhibitor. Conclusion This study confirms the relevance of multi-functional molecules in the search for new and effective anti-plasmodial agent and lay the foundation for further development of these compound series to potent anti-plasmodial agent that interacts with falcipain-2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04266-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akachukwu Ibezim
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
| | - Martha N Ofokansi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
| | - Xavier Ndukwe
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Chidera S Chiama
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Bonaventure C Obi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ogechukwu N Isiogugu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Peter E Ikechukwu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Akachukwu M Onwuka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Stella A Ihim
- Department of Science Laboratory, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Jonnie N Asegbeloyin
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ngozi J Nwodo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Molecular mechanisms of hematological and biochemical alterations in malaria: A review. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 247:111446. [PMID: 34953384 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a dangerous disease that contributes to millions of hospital visits and hundreds of thousands of deaths, especially in children residing in sub-Saharan Africa. Although several interventions such as vector control, case detection, and treatment are already in place, there is no substantive reduction in the disease burden. Several studies in the past have reported the emergence of resistant strains of malaria parasites (MPs) and mosquitoes, and poor adherence and inaccessibility to effective antimalarial drugs as the major factors for this persistent menace of malaria infections. Moreover, victory against MP infections for many years has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of the complex nature of malaria pathogenesis. Very recent studies have identified different complex interactions and hematological alterations induced by malaria parasites. However, no studies have hybridized these alterations for a better understanding of Malaria pathogenesis. Hence, this review thoroughly discusses the molecular mechanisms of all reported hematological and biochemical alterations induced by MPs infections. Specifically, the mechanisms in which MP-infection induces anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, dyslipidemia, hypoglycemia, oxidative stress, and liver and kidney malfunctions were presented. The study also discussed how MPs evade the host's immune response and suggested strategies to limit evasion of the host's immune response to combat malaria and its complications.
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