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Li LH, Hsu DZ, Chandrasekaran VRM, Liu MY. Inhibiting CD44-ICD Attenuates LPS-Induced Initiation of Hepatic Inflammation in Septic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8907. [PMID: 39201593 PMCID: PMC11354311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a severe condition induced by microbial infection. It elicits a systemic inflammatory response, leading to multi-organ failure, and the liver, as a scavenger, plays a significant role in this process. Controlling hepatic inflammation and maintaining liver function is crucial in managing sepsis. CD44-ICD, as a CD44 signal transductor, is involved in multiple inflammatory responses. However, the role of CD44-ICD in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatic inflammation has not been investigated. Therefore, we aimed to examine whether CD44-ICD initiates hepatic inflammation in septic mice. We induced hepatic inflammation in mice by administering LPS. DAPT, a CD44-ICD inhibitor, was given to mice or Chang cells 30 min or 1 h before LPS administration (10 mg/kg, i.p., or 100 ng/mL, respectively). Inhibition of CD44-ICD decreased the level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), hepatic necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, interleukin (IL)-1β, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO) production, nuclear factor (NF)κB signaling pathway proteins, and CD44 expression in mice. CD44-ICD inhibition also decreased IL-1β and CD44 expression levels in Chang cells. CD44-ICD may be a primary regulatory function in CD44-associated LPS-induced initiation of hepatic inflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Victor Raj Mohan Chandrasekaran
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yie Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan
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2
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Chen Y, Liu L, Yu L, Li S, Zhu N, You J. Curcumin Supplementation Improves Growth Performance and Anticoccidial Index by Improving the Antioxidant Capacity, Inhibiting Inflammatory Responses, and Maintaining Intestinal Barrier Function in Eimeria tenella-Infected Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1223. [PMID: 38672370 PMCID: PMC11047685 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary curcumin supplementation on growth performance, anticoccidial index, antioxidant capacity, intestinal inflammation, and cecum microbiota in broilers infected with Eimeria tenella. A total of 234 one-day-old broilers were categorized into three treatments, with six replicates per treatment containing 13 broilers each. The three treatments included the control group, Eimeria tenella group, and Eimeria tenella + curcumin (200 mg/kg) group. The feeding trial lasted for 42 days, during which the broilers were orally administered with 0.9% saline or 5 × 104Eimeria tenella oocysts on day 14 of the study. On day 17 and day 21, one bird per replicate was selected for slaughtering. Results indicated an increased survival rate and anticoccidial index and improved productive performance in coccidia-infected broilers with curcumin supplementation. Furthermore, curcumin enhanced the serum antioxidant capacity in Eimeria tenella-infected broilers, evidenced by increased serum catalase activity (3d, 7d), as well as decreased malondialdehyde level (3d, 7d) and nitric oxide synthase activity (7d) (p < 0.05). Curcumin also improved intestinal inflammation and barrier function, evidenced by the downregulation of interleukin (IL)-1β (3d, 7d), TNF-alpha (TNF-α) (3d, 7d), and IL-2 (7d) and the up-regulated mRNA levels of claudin-1 (7d), zonula occludens (ZO-1; 3d, 7d), and occludin (3d, 7d) in the ceca of infected broilers (p < 0.05). Eimeria tenella infection significantly disrupted cecum microbial balance, but curcumin did not alleviate cecum microbial disorder in broilers infected with Eimeria tenella. Collectively, curcumin supplementation enhanced growth performance and anticoccidial index in Eimeria tenella-infected broilers via improving antioxidant ability and cecum inflammation without affecting cecum microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (Y.C.); (L.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Liheng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
| | - Longfei Yu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (Y.C.); (L.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Shuo Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (Y.C.); (L.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Nianhua Zhu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (Y.C.); (L.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (Y.C.); (L.Y.); (S.L.)
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3
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Barrientos-Bonilla AA, Pensado-Guevara PB, Puga-Olguín A, Nadella R, Sánchez-García ADC, Zavala-Flores LM, Villanueva-Olivo A, Cibrián-Llanderal IT, Rovirosa-Hernández MDJ, Hernandez-Baltazar D. BrdU does not induce hepatocellular damage in experimental Wistar rats. Acta Histochem 2024; 126:152117. [PMID: 38016413 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2023.152117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) is used in studies related to cell proliferation and neurogenesis. The multiple intraperitoneal injections of this molecule could favor liver function profile changes. In this study, we evaluate the systemic and hepatocellular impact of BrdU in male adult Wistar rats in 30 %-partial hepatectomy (PHx) model. The rats received BrdU 50 mg/Kg by intraperitoneal injection at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 16 days after 30 %-PH. The rats were distributed into four groups as follows, control, sham, PHx/BrdU(-) and PHx/BrdU(+). On day 16, we evaluated hepatocellular nuclei and analyzed histopathological features by haematoxylin-eosin stain and apoptotic profile was qualified by caspase-3 presence. The systemic effect was evaluated by liver markers such as alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (AP), bilirubin, total proteins and serum albumin content. The statistical analysis consisted of a student t-test and one-way ANOVA. BrdU did not induce apoptosis or hepatocellular damage in male rats. Multiple administrations of BrdU in male rats did not induce significant decrease body weight, but increased serum ALT and LDH levels were found. Our results show that the BrdU does not produce hepatocellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abraham Puga-Olguín
- Unidad de Salud Integrativa, Centro de EcoAlfabetización y Diálogo de Saberes, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Arnulfo Villanueva-Olivo
- Departamento de Histología. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | | | | | - Daniel Hernandez-Baltazar
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico; Investigadoras e investigadores por México CONAHCyT-Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico.
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4
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Eom JA, Jeong JJ, Han SH, Kwon GH, Lee KJ, Gupta H, Sharma SP, Won SM, Oh KK, Yoon SJ, Joung HC, Kim KH, Kim DJ, Suk KT. Gut-microbiota prompt activation of natural killer cell on alcoholic liver disease. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2281014. [PMID: 37988132 PMCID: PMC10730232 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2281014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is rich in innate immune cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T cells, and Kupffer cells associated with the gut microbiome. These immune cells are dysfunctional owing to alcohol consumption. However, there is insufficient data on the association between immune cells and gut microbiome in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotic strains on NK cells in ALD patients. In total, 125 human blood samples [control (n = 22), alcoholic hepatitis (n = 43), and alcoholic cirrhosis (n = 60]) were collected for flow cytometric analysis. C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups (normal, EtOH-fed, and 2 EtOH+strain groups [Phocaeicola dorei and Lactobacillus helveticus]). Lymphocytes isolated from mouse livers were analyzed using flow cytometry. The frequency of NK cells increased in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and decreased in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. The expression of NKp46, an NK cell-activating receptor, was decreased in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and increased in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis compared to that in the control group. The number of cytotoxic CD56dimCD16+ NK cells was significantly reduced in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. We tested the effect of oral administration P. dorei and L. helveticus in EtOH-fed mice. P. dorei and L. helveticus improved liver inflammation and intestinal barrier damage caused by EtOH supply and increased NK cell activity. Therefore, these observations suggest that the gut microbiome may ameliorate ALD by regulating immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung A Eom
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Jeong
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hak Han
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Hyun Kwon
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Jin Lee
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haripriya Gupta
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Satya Priya Sharma
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Won
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Kwang Oh
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Yoon
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Chae Joung
- Chong Kun Dang Bio Research Institute, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Chong Kun Dang Bio Research Institute, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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5
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Li Y, Chai Y. Circ_0040994 depletion alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced HK2 cell injury through miR-17-5p/TRPM7 axis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:2585-2594. [PMID: 37483096 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a fatal systemic inflammatory disease that causes septic acute kidney injury (AKI). In this work, we explored the roles of circ_0040994 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human kidney-2 (HK2) cell injury. METHODS Circ_0040994, miR-17-5p and transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) expression were detected by qRT-PCR. Cell functions were examined by MTT assay, flow cytometry assay, western blot, ELISA assay, and oxidative stress assay. The molecular association was detected by dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS Circ_0040994 was upregulated in the serum of septic AKI patients in comparison with the serum of healthy controls. Silencing circ_0040994 enhanced cell viability but inhibited cell apoptosis, cell inflammation and oxidative stress in LPS-triggered HK2 cells. Circ_0040994 acted as a miR-17-5p sponge to regulate the level of TRPM7. Moreover, miR-17-5p could alleviate LPS-induced HK2 cell injury by suppressing TRPM7. CONCLUSION Circ_0040994 downregulation alleviated LPS-induced HK2 cell injury through the miR-17-5p/TRPM7 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanfen Chai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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6
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Nabil-Adam A, Ashour ML, Shreadah MA. Modulation of MAPK/NF-κB Pathway and NLRP3 Inflammasome by Secondary Metabolites from Red Algae: A Mechanistic Study. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:37971-37990. [PMID: 37867644 PMCID: PMC10586274 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacological properties of seaweeds are diverse. No studies have been conducted on the protective effect of Galaxaura oblongata (GOE) against lippopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in the brain. This study is divided into three phases, the first of which is the initial phase. In vitro study includes antioxidant, radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory activities, including cyclooxygenase-1 (COX1), COX2, NO, acetylcholine inhibition, sphingosine kinase 1, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6, as well as antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid. Using LPS-induced acute inflammation, the second phase was conducted in vivo. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays were performed to investigate the protective role of GOE. In addition to the phytochemical analysis, the bioactive content of GOE was also investigated. In vitro results demonstrated the potential of GOE as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective agent. A study using LPS as an induced lung injury and neuroinflammation model confirmed the in vitro results. The GOE significantly reduced inflammatory, oxidative, and neurodegenerative biomarkers based on histopathological and immuno-histochemistry results. Based on computational drug design, four target proteins were approved: nuclear factor κB, mitogen-activated protein kinases, TNF-α, and NLRP3. Using polyphenolic compounds in GOE as ligands demonstrated good alignment and affinity against the three proteins. Finally, the current study offers a new approach to developing drug leads considering GOE's protective and curative roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Nabil-Adam
- Marine
Biotechnology and Natural Products Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Alexandria 21556, Egypt
| | - Mohamed L. Ashour
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams
University, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P. O. Box
6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Attia Shreadah
- Marine
Biotechnology and Natural Products Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Alexandria 21556, Egypt
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7
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Lai X, Wu A, Bing Y, Liu Y, Luo J, Yan H, Zheng P, Yu J, Chen D. Retinoic acid protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced ferroptotic liver injury and iron disorders by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 and RARβ signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 205:202-213. [PMID: 37302616 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Acute liver injury (ALI) can progress to severe liver diseases, making its prevention and treatment a focus of research. Retinoic acid (RA) has been shown to have anti-oxidative and iron-regulatory effects on organs. In this study, we investigated the effect of RA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. We found that RA significantly reduced LPS-induced serum iron and red blood cell-associated disorders, as well as decreased serum ALT and AST levels. RA also reversed the accumulation of non-heme iron and labile iron in LPS-induced mice and hepatocytes by increasing the expression of FTL/H and Fpn. Furthermore, RA inhibited tissue reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production and improved the expression of Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 in mice and Nrf2 signaling in hepatocytes. In vitro experiments employing RAR agonists and antagonists have revealed that retinoic acid (RA) can effectively inhibit cell ferroptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), erastin, and RSL3. The mechanism underlying this inhibition may involve the activation of retinoic acid receptors beta (RARβ) and gamma (RARγ). Knocking down the RARβ gene in Hepatocytes cells significantly diminished the RA's protective effect, indicating that the anti-ferroptotic role of RA was partially mediated by RARβ signaling. Overall, our study demonstrated that RA inhibited ferroptosis-induced liver damage by regulating Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 and RARβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Bing
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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8
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Pezzini MF, Rampelotto PH, Dall'Agnol J, Guerreiro GTS, Longo L, Suarez Uribe ND, Lange EC, Álvares-da-Silva MR, Joveleviths D. Changes in the gut microbiota of rats after exposure to the fungicide Mancozeb. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 466:116480. [PMID: 36963522 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Mancozeb is a fungicide commonly used in pest control programs, especially to protect vineyards. Its toxicity has already been evidenced in several studies. However, its influence on the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota remains unknown. In this work, the adverse impact of Mancozeb on the intestinal microbiota was investigated using a rodent model. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: Control (standard diet), MZ1 (Mancozeb dose: 250 mg/kg bw/day), and MZ2 (Mancozeb dose: 500 mg/kg bw/day). After 12 weeks of experiment, animals were euthanized, and feces present in the intestine were collected. After fecal DNA extraction, the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified followed by sequencing in an Ion S5™ System. Alpha and beta diversity analysis showed significant differences between Control and Mancozeb groups (MZ1 e MZ2), but no difference between MZ1 and MZ2 was observed. Seven genera significantly increased in abundance following Mancozeb exposure, while five genera decreased. Co-occurrence analyses revealed that the topological properties of the microbial networks, which can be used to infer co-occurrence interaction patterns among microorganisms, were significantly lower in both groups exposed to Mancozeb when compared to Control. In addition, 23 differentially abundant microbial metabolic pathways were identified in Mancozeb-treated groups mainly related to a change in energy metabolism, LPS biosynthesis, and nucleotide biosynthesis. In conclusion, the exposure to Mancozeb presented side effects by changing the composition of the microbiota in rats, increasing bacterial diversity regardless of the dose used, reducing the interaction patterns of the microbial communities, and changing microbial metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ferri Pezzini
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pabulo Henrique Rampelotto
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Dall'Agnol
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Tayguara Silveira Guerreiro
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Larisse Longo
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Nelson D Suarez Uribe
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Elisa Carolina Lange
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mário Reis Álvares-da-Silva
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Dvora Joveleviths
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-007, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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9
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Jin SJ, Song Y, Park HS, Park KW, Lee S, Kang H. Harmine Inhibits Multiple TLR-Induced Inflammatory Expression through Modulation of NF-κB p65, JNK, and STAT1. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:2022. [PMID: 36556387 PMCID: PMC9787735 DOI: 10.3390/life12122022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmine is a beta-carboline alkaloid present in various plants, including in the seeds of Peganum harmala L. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of harmine using macrophages stimulated with various toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists and a model of endotoxemia. The expression of inflammatory mediators induced by ligands of TLRs 2, 3, 4, and 9 were examined in thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages isolated from BALB/c and C57BL/6 mouse strains. Further, the activation of NF-κB, MAPK, AP-1, and STAT1 was explored using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)). Finally, the liver inflammatory response during endotoxemia was examined. Harmine inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12, and other markers induced by various TLR agonists. The inhibition of NF-κB activity by harmine occurred via the modulation of p65 phosphorylation, independent of IκBα degradation. The inhibition of AP-1 activity by harmine was associated with the modulation of JNK. Harmine inhibited the LPS-induced serine and tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1, but only affected serine phosphorylation by poly(I:C) treatment. In vivo, harmine inhibited iNOS and COX-2 expression during endotoxemia. Collectively, the results show that harmine can be effective against infectious inflammation through modulation of NF-κB, JNK, and STAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Jung Jin
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngju Song
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Shik Park
- Department of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Won Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - SeungGwan Lee
- Humanitas College, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kang
- Humanitas College, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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10
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Li Y, Zhang H, Tu F, Cao J, Hou X, Chen Y, Yan J. Effects of resveratrol and its derivative pterostilbene on hepatic injury and immunological stress of weaned piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac339. [PMID: 36242589 PMCID: PMC9733527 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was to investigate the protective effects of resveratrol (RSV) and its 3,5-dimethylether derivative pterostilbene (PT) against liver injury and immunological stress of weaned piglets upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Seventy-two weaned piglets were divided into the following groups: control group, LPS-challenged group, and LPS-challenged groups pretreated with either RSV or PT for 14 d (n = 6 pens, three pigs per pen). At the end of the feeding trial, piglets were intraperitoneally injected with either LPS or an equivalent amount of sterile saline. After 6 h of sterile saline or LPS injection, plasma and liver samples were collected. LPS stimulation caused massive apoptosis, activated inflammatory responses, and incited severe oxidative stress in the piglet livers while also promoting the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 (P < 0.001) and the protein expression of Nod-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3; P = 0.001) and cleaved caspase 1 (P < 0.001). PT was more effective than RSV in alleviating LPS-induced hepatic damage by decreasing the apoptotic rate of liver cells (P = 0.045), inhibiting the transcriptional expression of interleukin 1 beta (P < 0.001) and interleukin 6 (P = 0.008), and reducing myeloperoxidase activity (P = 0.010). The LPS-induced increase in hepatic lipid peroxidation accumulation was also reversed by PT (P = 0.024). Importantly, inhibiting protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity in a hepatocellular model largely blocked the ability of PT to prevent tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced increases in NF-κB p65 protein phosphorylation (P = 0.043) and its nuclear translocation (P = 0.029). In summary, PT is a promising agent that may alleviate liver injury and immunological stress of weaned piglets via the PP2A/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Feng Tu
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Xiang Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety—State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Yanan Chen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Junshu Yan
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
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11
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Sun Q, Xia Y, Qin H, Zhang W, Wang J, Ning Y, Dong Y. MEF2 intervened LPS-induced acute lung injury by binding to KLF2 promoter and modulating macrophage phenotype. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Lapuente JP, Gómez G, Marco-Brualla J, Fernández P, Desportes P, Sanz J, García-Gil M, Bermejo F, San Martín JV, Algaba A, De Gregorio JC, Lapuente D, De Gregorio A, Lapuente B, Gómez S, Andrés MDLV, Anel A. Evaluation in a Cytokine Storm Model in Vivo of the Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Administration of PRS CK STORM (Standardized Conditioned Medium Obtained by Coculture of Monocytes and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells). Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051094. [PMID: 35625831 PMCID: PMC9138962 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our research group has been developing a series of biological drugs produced by coculture techniques with M2-polarized macrophages with different primary tissue cells and/or mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), generally from fat, to produce anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects, avoiding the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by the innate immune system at a given time. One of these products is the drug PRS CK STORM, a medium conditioned by allogenic M2-polarized macrophages, from coculture, with those macrophages M2 with MSC from fat, whose composition, in vitro safety, and efficacy we studied. In the present work, we publish the results obtained in terms of safety (pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics) and efficacy of the intravenous application of this biological drug in a murine model of cytokine storm associated with severe infectious processes, including those associated with COVID-19. The results demonstrate the safety and high efficacy of PRS CK STORM as an intravenous drug to prevent and treat the cytokine storm associated with infectious processes, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pedro Lapuente
- R4T Molecular and Cell Biology Research Laboratories, Fuenlabrada Hospital, 28942 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.); (P.F.); (J.C.D.G.); (D.L.); (A.D.G.); (B.L.); (S.G.); (M.d.l.V.A.)
- Correspondence: (J.P.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Gonzalo Gómez
- R4T Molecular and Cell Biology Research Laboratories, Fuenlabrada Hospital, 28942 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.); (P.F.); (J.C.D.G.); (D.L.); (A.D.G.); (B.L.); (S.G.); (M.d.l.V.A.)
| | - Joaquín Marco-Brualla
- Group Immunity, Cancer and Stem Cells, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Pablo Fernández
- R4T Molecular and Cell Biology Research Laboratories, Fuenlabrada Hospital, 28942 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.); (P.F.); (J.C.D.G.); (D.L.); (A.D.G.); (B.L.); (S.G.); (M.d.l.V.A.)
| | - Paula Desportes
- GMP Facility, Peaches Biotech, 28050 Madrid, Spain; (P.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Jara Sanz
- GMP Facility, Peaches Biotech, 28050 Madrid, Spain; (P.D.); (J.S.)
| | | | - Fernando Bermejo
- Digestive Department, Fuenlabrada Hospital, 28942 Madrid, Spain;
- Medicine Department, University Rey Juan Carlos, 28942 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alicia Algaba
- Clinical Assay Department, Fuelabrada Hospital, 28942 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan Carlos De Gregorio
- R4T Molecular and Cell Biology Research Laboratories, Fuenlabrada Hospital, 28942 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.); (P.F.); (J.C.D.G.); (D.L.); (A.D.G.); (B.L.); (S.G.); (M.d.l.V.A.)
| | - Daniel Lapuente
- R4T Molecular and Cell Biology Research Laboratories, Fuenlabrada Hospital, 28942 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.); (P.F.); (J.C.D.G.); (D.L.); (A.D.G.); (B.L.); (S.G.); (M.d.l.V.A.)
| | - Almudena De Gregorio
- R4T Molecular and Cell Biology Research Laboratories, Fuenlabrada Hospital, 28942 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.); (P.F.); (J.C.D.G.); (D.L.); (A.D.G.); (B.L.); (S.G.); (M.d.l.V.A.)
| | - Belén Lapuente
- R4T Molecular and Cell Biology Research Laboratories, Fuenlabrada Hospital, 28942 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.); (P.F.); (J.C.D.G.); (D.L.); (A.D.G.); (B.L.); (S.G.); (M.d.l.V.A.)
| | - Sergio Gómez
- R4T Molecular and Cell Biology Research Laboratories, Fuenlabrada Hospital, 28942 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.); (P.F.); (J.C.D.G.); (D.L.); (A.D.G.); (B.L.); (S.G.); (M.d.l.V.A.)
| | - María de las Viñas Andrés
- R4T Molecular and Cell Biology Research Laboratories, Fuenlabrada Hospital, 28942 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.); (P.F.); (J.C.D.G.); (D.L.); (A.D.G.); (B.L.); (S.G.); (M.d.l.V.A.)
| | - Alberto Anel
- Group Immunity, Cancer and Stem Cells, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.P.L.); (A.A.)
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Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Transcriptional Changes in LBP-Deficient Rat and Its Possible Implications for Liver Dysregulation during Sepsis. J Immunol Res 2022; 2021:8356645. [PMID: 35005033 PMCID: PMC8739918 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8356645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is an organ dysfunction caused by the dysregulated inflammatory response to infection. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) binds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and modulates the inflammatory response. A rare systematic study has been reported to detect the effect of LBP gene during LPS-induced sepsis. Herein, we explored the RNA sequencing technology to profile the transcriptomic changes in liver tissue between LBP-deficient rats and WT rats at multiple time points after LPS administration. We proceeded RNA sequencing of liver tissue to search differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enriched biological processes and pathways between WT and LBP-deficient groups at 0 h, 6 h, and 24 h. In total, 168, 284, and 307 DEGs were identified at 0 h, 6 h, and 24 h, respectively, including Lrp5, Cyp7a1, Nfkbiz, Sigmar1, Fabp7, and Hao1, which are related to the inflammatory or lipid-related process. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that inflammatory response to LPS mediated by Ifng, Cxcl10, Serpine1, and Lbp was enhanced at 6 h, while lipid-related metabolism associated with C5, Cyp4a1, and Eci1 was enriched at 24 h after LPS administration in the WT samples. The inflammatory process was not found when the LBP gene was knocked out; lipid-related metabolic process and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway mediated by Dhrs7b and Tysnd1 were significantly activated in LBP-deficient samples. Our study suggested that the invading LPS may interplay with LBP to activate the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and trigger uncontrolled inflammatory response. However, when inhibiting the activity of NF-κB, lipid-related metabolism would make bacteria removal via the effect on the PPAR signaling pathway in the absence of LBP gene. We also compared the serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels using the biochemistry analyzer and analyzed the expression of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and cleaved-caspase 3 with immunohistochemistry, which further validated our conclusion.
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Mathew AP, Rajendrakumar SK, Mohapatra A, Vasukutty A, Revuri V, Mondal J, Lee YK, Lee JY, Park IK. Hyaluronan-coated Prussian blue nanoparticles relieve LPS-induced peritonitis by suppressing oxidative species generation in tissue-resident macrophages. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1248-1256. [DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01796a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Excessive inflammatory response during sepsis causes irreversible damage to healthy tissues and results in multi-organ failure. During infection, bacterial endotoxin-triggered inflammatory responses in macrophages facilitate the recruitment of circulating leukocytes,...
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15
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Zhang ZH, Yang HX, Jin Q, Wu YL, Cui ZY, Shang Y, Liu J, Zhan ZY, Lian LH, Nan JX. Luteolin attenuates hepatic injury in septic mice by regulating P2X7R-based HMGB1 release. Food Funct 2021; 12:10714-10727. [PMID: 34607339 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01746b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) and NLRP3 cooperatively participate in inflammation and hepatocyte damage during hepatic injury induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) released from immune cells in response to such stimuli plays a vital role in mediating inflammation via TLR4 and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), a receptor for HMGB1. However, the correlation among P2X7R, RAGE and TLR4 in regulating the release of HMGB1 has not been elucidated. Increasing the number of daily foods is found to be beneficial for hepatocyte damage in septic hepatic injury. Hence, we investigated the effects of luteolin, a natural flavonoid mainly existing in vegetables and fruits, on liver injury, focusing on how luteolin participates in hepatitis based on the P2X7R-RAGE-TLR4 axis by regulating the release of HMGB1. The results demonstrated that the indicators of hepatic injury such as increased ALT, AST in the serum and infiltration of immune cells were attenuated after luteolin treatment in LPS-induced mice. Luteolin could also suppress the production and release of HMGB1 and the activation of caspase 1 both in LPS-induced mice and LPS/ATP-stimulated HepG2 cells. Collectively, luteolin reversed LPS-induced hepatic injury, especially inflammation, likely by regulating the release of HMGB1 through the P2X7R-RAGE-TLR4 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.,Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Hong-Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.,Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Quan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.,Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Yan-Ling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.,Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.,Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Yue Shang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.,Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.,Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Zi-Ying Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.,Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Li-Hua Lian
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.,Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Ji-Xing Nan
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.,Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
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16
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Zarate MA, De Dios RK, Balasubramaniyan D, Zheng L, Sherlock LG, Rozance PJ, Wright CJ. The Acute Hepatic NF-κB-Mediated Proinflammatory Response to Endotoxemia Is Attenuated in Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Newborn Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:706774. [PMID: 34539638 PMCID: PMC8440955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.706774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a relevant predictor for higher rates of neonatal sepsis worldwide and is associated with an impaired neonatal immunity and lower immune cell counts. During the perinatal period, the liver is a key immunological organ responsible for the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated innate immune response to inflammatory stimuli, but whether this role is affected by IUGR is unknown. Herein, we hypothesized that the newborn liver adapts to calorie-restriction IUGR by inducing changes in the NF-κB signaling transcriptome, leading to an attenuated acute proinflammatory response to intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We first assessed the hepatic gene expression of key NF-κB factors in the IUGR and normally grown (NG) newborn mice. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed an upregulation of both IκB proteins genes (Nfkbia and Nfkbib) and the NF-κB subunit Nfkb1 in IUGR vs. NG. We next measured the LPS-induced hepatic expression of acute proinflammatory genes (Ccl3, Cxcl1, Il1b, Il6, and Tnf) and observed that the IUGR liver produced an attenuated acute proinflammatory cytokine gene response (Il1b and Tnf) to LPS in IUGR vs. unexposed (CTR). Consistent with these results, LPS-exposed hepatic tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) protein concentrations were lower in IUGR vs. LPS-exposed NG and did not differ from IUGR CTR. Sex differences at the transcriptome level were observed in the IUGR male vs. female. Our results demonstrate that IUGR induces key modifications in the NF-κB transcriptomic machinery in the newborn that compromised the acute proinflammatory cytokine gene and protein response to LPS. Our results bring novel insights in understanding how the IUGR newborn is immunocompromised due to fundamental changes in NF-κB key factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Zarate
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Robyn K De Dios
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Durganili Balasubramaniyan
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Lijun Zheng
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Laura G Sherlock
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Paul J Rozance
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Clyde J Wright
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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17
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Melatonin Ameliorates LPS-Induced Testicular Nitro-oxidative Stress (iNOS/TNFα) and Inflammation (NF-kB/COX-2) via Modulation of SIRT-1. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:3417-3430. [PMID: 33929710 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - an endotoxin that is being extensively used in laboratory to mimic microbial infection that adversely affects male fertility. This study investigated the protective effects of melatonin on LPS-induced testicular nitro-oxidative stress, inflammation, and associated damages in the testes of male golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus. Hamsters were administered with melatonin and LPS for 7 days. Testes of LPS treated hamsters showed degenerative changes (appearance of vacuoles, exfoliation, and depletion of germ cells in the seminiferous tubules), adverse effects on spermatogenesis (sperm count and viability), and steroidogenesis (declined serum and testicular testosterone). Furthermore, LPS treatment decreased melatonin content, melatonin receptor (MT1), and antioxidant potential (catalase and SOD), and simultaneously increased nitro-oxidative stress (CRP, nitrate, TNFα). LPS upregulated NF-kB, COX-2, and iNOS expressions to increase testicular inflammatory load that resulted in the decrease of germ cell proliferation and survival, thus culminating into germ cell apoptosis as indicated by AO-EB staining and caspase-3 expression. Administration of melatonin with LPS showed improved testicular histoarchitecture, sperm parameters, and testosterone level. Melatonin increased testicular antioxidant status (SOD, catalase) to counteract the LPS-induced testicular ROS and thus reduced testicular nitro-oxidative stress. Furthermore, melatonin treatment upregulated testicular SIRT-1 expression to inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory proteins, i.e., NF-kB/COX-2/iNOS expression. The rescue effect of melatonin was further supported by increased germ cell survival (Bcl-2), proliferation (PCNA), and declined apoptosis (caspase-3). In conclusion, our result demonstrated that melatonin rescued testes from LPS-induced testicular nitro-oxidative stress, inflammation, and associated damages by upregulation of SIRT-1.
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Fonseca MT, Moretti EH, Marques LMM, Machado BF, Brito CF, Guedes JT, Komegae EN, Vieira TS, Festuccia WT, Lopes NP, Steiner AA. A leukotriene-dependent spleen-liver axis drives TNF production in systemic inflammation. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/679/eabb0969. [PMID: 33879603 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abb0969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Production of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) must be precisely regulated for effective host immunity without the induction of collateral tissue damage. Here, we showed that TNF production was driven by a spleen-liver axis in a rat model of systemic inflammation induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Analysis of cytokine expression and secretion in combination with splenectomy and hepatectomy revealed that the spleen generated not only TNF but also factors that enhanced TNF production by the liver, the latter of which accounted for nearly half of the TNF secreted into the circulation. Using mass spectrometry-based lipidomics, we identified leukotriene B4 (LTB4) as a candidate blood-borne messenger in this spleen-liver axis. LTB4 was essential for spleen-liver communication in vivo, as well as for humoral signaling between splenic macrophages and Kupffer cells in vitro. LPS stimulated the splenic macrophages to secrete LTB4, which primed Kupffer cells to secrete more TNF in response to LPS in a manner dependent on LTB4 receptors. These findings provide a framework to understand how systemic inflammation can be regulated at the level of interorgan communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique T Fonseca
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - Eduardo H Moretti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - Lucas M M Marques
- NPPNS, Departamento de Fisica e Quimica, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040, Brazil
| | - Bianca F Machado
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - Camila F Brito
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - Jady T Guedes
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - Evilin N Komegae
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - Thayna S Vieira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - William T Festuccia
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - Norberto P Lopes
- NPPNS, Departamento de Fisica e Quimica, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil.
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Mirzaaghasi A, Han Y, Ahn SH, Choi C, Park JH. Biodistribution and Pharmacokinectics of Liposomes and Exosomes in a Mouse Model of Sepsis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:427. [PMID: 33809966 PMCID: PMC8004782 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have attracted considerable attention as drug delivery vehicles because their biological properties can be utilized for selective delivery of therapeutic cargoes to disease sites. In this context, analysis of the in vivo behaviors of exosomes in a diseased state is required to maximize their therapeutic potential as drug delivery vehicles. In this study, we investigated biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of HEK293T cell-derived exosomes and PEGylated liposomes, their synthetic counterparts, into healthy and sepsis mice. We found that biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of exosomes were significantly affected by pathophysiological conditions of sepsis compared to those of liposomes. In the sepsis mice, a substantial number of exosomes were found in the lung after intravenous injection, and their prolonged blood residence was observed due to the liver dysfunction. However, liposomes did not show such sepsis-specific effects significantly. These results demonstrate that exosome-based therapeutics can be developed to manage sepsis and septic shock by virtue of their sepsis-specific in vivo behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mirzaaghasi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (A.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yunho Han
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (A.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - So-Hee Ahn
- Analytic Development Team, ILIAS Biologics Incorporated, Daejeon 34014, Korea;
| | - Chulhee Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (A.M.); (Y.H.)
- Analytic Development Team, ILIAS Biologics Incorporated, Daejeon 34014, Korea;
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (A.M.); (Y.H.)
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LPS promotes the progression of sepsis by activation of lncRNA HULC/miR-204-5p/TRPM7 network in HUVECs. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225116. [PMID: 32484206 PMCID: PMC7295636 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by infection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been reported to induce inflammatory responses, and long non-coding RNA highly up-regulated in liver cancer (HULC) expression was associated with the progression of sepsis. But the role and underlying mechanism of HULC in LPS-induced sepsis remain unclear. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and flow cytometry assays, respectively. The levels of apoptosis-related proteins, inflammatory cytokines and transient receptor potential melastatin7 (TRPM7) were detected by western blot. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were detected by dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) method using commercial kit. HULC, microRNA-204-5p (miR-204-5p) and TRPM7 expressions in serum of sepsis patients and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays were used to confirm the interaction between HULC and miR-204-5p, miR-204-5p and TRPM7. LPS stimulation restrained cell viability and facilitated apoptosis, inflammatory injury and oxidative stress in HUVECs. HULC and TRPM7 were increased and accompanied with decreased miR-204-5p expression in serum of sepsis patients. A significant negative correlation between miR-204-5p and HULC or TRPM7 was observed, and there was a positive relationship between expressions of HULC and TRPM7. Importantly, LPS inhibited the cell viability and induced apoptosis, inflammatory injury and oxidative stress of HUVECs by up-regulating the expressions of HULC and TRPM7, and down-modulating miR-204-5p expression. Mechanically, HULC positively regulated TRPM7 expression by sponging miR-204-5p in HUVECs. LPS impaired cell viability, and promoted cell apoptosis, inflammatory response and oxidative stress in HUVECs by regulating HULC/miR-204-5p/TRPM7 axis.
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Chouhan MD, Ramasawmy R, Bainbridge A, Campbell‐Washburn A, Halligan S, Davies N, Walker‐Samuel S, Lythgoe MF, Mookerjee RP, Taylor SA. Liver perfusion MRI in a rodent model of cirrhosis: Agreement with bulk-flow phase-contrast MRI and noninvasive evaluation of inflammation in chronic liver disease using flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery arterial spin labelling and tissue T1. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4423. [PMID: 33029872 PMCID: PMC8427466 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive measurements of liver perfusion and fibrosis in cirrhotic small animals can help develop treatments for haemodynamic complications of liver disease. Here, we measure liver perfusion in cirrhotic rodents using flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery arterial spin labelling (FAIR ASL), evaluating agreement with previously validated caval subtraction phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PCMRI) total liver blood flow (TLBF). Baseline differences in cirrhotic rodents and the haemodynamic effects of acute inflammation were investigated using FAIR ASL and tissue T1. Sprague-Dawley rats (nine bile duct ligated [BDL] and ten sham surgery controls) underwent baseline hepatic FAIR ASL with T1 measurement and caval subtraction PCMRI (with two-dimensional infra-/supra-hepatic inferior vena caval studies), induction of inflammation with intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and repeat liver FAIR ASL with T1 measurement after ~90 minutes. The mean difference between FAIR ASL hepatic perfusion and caval subtraction PCMRI TLBF was -51 ± 30 ml/min/100 g (Bland-Altman 95% limits-of-agreement ±258 ml/min/100 g). The FAIR ASL coefficient of variation was smaller than for caval subtraction PCMRI (29.3% vs 50.1%; P = .03). At baseline, FAIR ASL liver perfusion was lower in BDL rats (199 ± 32 ml/min/100 g vs sham 316 ± 24 ml/min/100 g; P = .01) but liver T1 was higher (BDL 1533 ± 50 vs sham 1256 ± 18 ms; P = .0004). Post-LPS FAIR ASL liver perfusion response differences were observed between sham/BDL rats (P = .02), approaching significance in sham (+78 ± 33 ml/min/100 g; P = .06) but not BDL rats (-49 ± 40 ml/min/100 g; P = .47). Post-LPS differences in liver tissue T1 were nonsignificant (P = .35). FAIR ASL hepatic perfusion and caval subtraction PCMRI TLBF agreement was modest, with significant baseline FAIR ASL liver perfusion and tissue T1 differences in rodents with advanced cirrhosis compared with controls. Following inflammatory stress, differences in hepatic perfusion response were detected between cirrhotic/control animals, but liver T1 was unaffected. Findings underline the potential of FAIR ASL in the assessment of vasoactive treatments for patients with chronic liver disease and inflammation.
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Huang TY, Huang CY, Chao CH, Lin CC, Dai CF, Su JH, Sung PJ, Wu SH, Sheu JH. New Biscembranoids Sardigitolides A-D and Known Cembranoid-Related Compounds from Sarcophyton digitatum: Isolation, Structure Elucidation, and Bioactivities. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E452. [PMID: 32872418 PMCID: PMC7551163 DOI: 10.3390/md18090452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical examination from the cultured soft coral Sarcophyton digitatum resulted in the isolation and structural identification of four new biscembranoidal metabolites, sardigitolides A-D (1-4), along with three previously isolated biscembranoids, sarcophytolide L (5), glaucumolide A (6), glaucumolide B (7), and two known cembranoids (8 and 9). The chemical structures of all isolates were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses. Additionally, in order to discover bioactivity of marine natural products, 1-8 were examined in terms of their inhibitory potential against the upregulation of inflammatory factor production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophage J774A.1 cells and their cytotoxicities against a limited panel of cancer cells. The anti-inflammatory results showed that at a concentration of 10 µg/mL, 6 and 8 inhibited the production of IL-1β to 68 ± 1 and 56 ± 1%, respectively, in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages J774A.1. Furthermore, sardigitolide B (2) displayed cytotoxicities toward MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines with the IC50 values of 9.6 ± 3.0 and 14.8 ± 4.0 µg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yin Huang
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
| | - Chiung-Yao Huang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Hua Chao
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Feng Dai
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; (J.-H.S.); (P.-J.S.)
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; (J.-H.S.); (P.-J.S.)
| | - Shih-Hsiung Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Cai Z, Ye T, Xu X, Gao M, Zhang Y, Wang D, Gu Y, Zhu H, Tong L, Lu J, Chen Z, Huang C. Antidepressive properties of microglial stimulation in a mouse model of depression induced by chronic unpredictable stress. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 101:109931. [PMID: 32201112 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The decrease of microglia in the hippocampus is a novel mechanism for depression onset. Reversal of this decrease can ameliorate stress-induced depression-like behaviors in rodents. However, the property of this therapeutic strategy remains unclear. We addressed this issue by designing a series of behavioral experiments. Results showed that a single lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection at the dose of 75 and 100 μg/kg, but not at 30 or 50 μg/kg, produced obvious antidepressant effects in chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) mice at 5 h after the drug administration. In the time-dependent experiment, a single LPS injection (100 μg/kg) ameliorated the CUS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice at 5 and 8 h, but not at 3 h, after the drug administration. The antidepressant effect of a single LPS injection persisted at least 10 days and disappeared at 14 days after the drug administration. 14 days after the first injection, a second LPS injection (100 μg/kg) still produced antidepressant effects in chronically-stressed mice who re-displayed depression-like behaviors at 5 h after the drug administration. The antidepressant effect of LPS appears to be dependent on microglia, as at 5 h after LPS administration (100 μg/kg), the CUS-induced decrease in microglial numbers and Iba-1 mRNA levels in the hippocampus was reversed markedly, and inhibition of microglia by minocycline (40 mg/kg) or PLX33297 (290 mg/kg) prevented the antidepressant effect of LPS in CUS mice. These results indicate that a single LPS injection displays rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in chronically stressed mice likely through stimulating hippocampal microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Minhui Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong Health College of Jiangsu Province, #288 Zhenxing East Road, Nantong 226010, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiming Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lijuan Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiashu Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Taizhou, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #210 Yingchun Road, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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