1
|
Kitchin PJ, McEvoy E, Kerr A, O'Brennan J. Understanding mediated sports consumption by Irish children: a qualitative study exploring their exposure and understanding of gambling marketing, risks and harms. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2478. [PMID: 39261804 PMCID: PMC11391748 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling marketing communications create a public health risk by increasing the normalisation of gambling in sports. In a context where broad level studies report significant underage gambling, currently no evidence exists on how these communications are received by children in the Republic of Ireland (hereafter Ireland) and Northern Ireland. To build this evidence base and provide granular detail below broad level data, this study explored the sport consumption habits and views of Irish children (aged 14-17 years) on their exposure, awareness and perceptions of the relationship between sport and gambling. METHODS Drawing on a constructivist approach to data collection, 6 face-to-face focus groups were staged with a total of 51 youth sport consumers from both sides of the border region on the island of Ireland. RESULTS Four main themes were established. First, mediated sport consumption was predominantly via mobile social media. Second, we found that their exposure to gambling marketing was high and while frequently seen through social media channels it was also prevalent in peer-to-peer conversations and on the main street. Third, we found mixed responses on their perceptions about gambling and sport. While many felt that sport and gambling were a good fit, they were aware of the financial risks involved. Few children understood the wider social risks with gambling harm. Fourth, children were sceptical of claims made in gambling communications. These findings highlight concerns about how exposure to gambling marketing is impacting children's views on sport and on gambling. These views need to be taken into consideration when broadcasters and sport organizations are entering into commercial associations. CONCLUSIONS Gambling marketing is noticed by children watching mass and social media, and in the towns in the border regions of the island of Ireland. Our study provides children's viewpoints on this topic which complements the larger quantitative studies in Ireland and Northern Ireland that highlight the growing prevalence of children and gambling. This study not only extends the literature on the exposure, awareness and perceptions of children on the island of Ireland but provides crucial evidence to public health advocates in this region demonstrating the pervasiveness of gambling communications in and around children's spaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin McEvoy
- Department of Management, Leadership and Marketing, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Aphra Kerr
- School of Information and Communication Studies, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John O'Brennan
- Centre for the Study of Politics, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Garzola GCQ. The Relevance of Marketing in Sports Betting Perceptions and Behaviors Across Different age Groups. J Gambl Stud 2024; 40:1171-1188. [PMID: 38592614 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Sports betting and its associated problems are increasing rapidly. Moreover, it has been widely advertised and marketed, successfully reaching young adult males. This work aims to review recent publications regarding the relationship between marketing and sports betting perceptions and behaviors across different ages. For this purpose, a search in the PubMed database was set for 5 years (November 2014 - November 2019). The search terms included: "Sports betting AND children", "Sports betting AND young adult", "Sports betting AND adult". The search generated 131 articles, including some duplications. Once duplicates were eliminated, the titles and abstract analysis led to 21 references. To this, four more recent references were added to complement the introduction and discussion sections. The total number of references is 25. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) human study, (b) quantitative, experimental, clinical study, or review, (c) emphasis on the relationship between marketing and sports betting perceptions and behaviors, (d) specified number of subjects, (e) male or female gender, and (f) written in English (title and abstract). The findings indicated that: (1) marketing plays a significant role in normalizing gambling in sports, (2) policymakers should consider comprehensive approaches to reduce the exposure of sports betting advertising to young individuals, and (3) future studies should explore potential differences in results based on gender and developmental stage. For instance, sports betting is more prevalent among males than females, and younger children tend to be more impulsive than older children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Quintero Garzola
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University - Republic of Panama, City of Knowledge, #227 Jacinto Palacios Cobos Street, Clayton, Panama City, Republic of Panama.
- Sistema Nacional de Investigacion (SNI), SENACYT, Panama, Republic of Panama.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Di Censo G, Delfabbro P, King DL. Mapping Youth Awareness of Sports Betting Advertising During the 2022 FIFA World Cup. J Gambl Stud 2024; 40:1539-1558. [PMID: 38568338 PMCID: PMC11390824 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Young people are known to be highly engaged in sports betting and therefore may be particularly susceptible to the effects of gambling-related advertising. The purpose of the present study was to examine young people's recall of sports betting advertising during the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The sample consisted of 190 UK residents aged 18-24 who had watched at least one 2022 World Cup match. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect data on participants' recall of sports betting advertisements across several media types and for different bets and betting offers, as well as their problem gambling scores. The findings indicated that young people were able to recall a high amount of advertising for various types of bets (95.6%) and betting inducements (89.5%). A high proportion of young people recalled advertising for risky bet types and promotions, such as 64.2% for in-play betting and 68.1% for sign-up offers. Overall, higher-risk gamblers recalled encountering more advertising than lower-risk gamblers. Participants recalled encountering sports betting advertisements on social media the most (10-14 ads per week), then on internet banners and television (5-9 ads per week, respectively). Less than half (46.3%) of respondents were aware of advertising for responsible gambling tools. This study underscores the need for policy measures that limit young people's exposure to gambling advertising, particularly for products that may contribute to gambling-related harm, and that increase the promotion of responsible gambling tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Di Censo
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Paul Delfabbro
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Daniel L King
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- College of Education, Psychology & Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
González-Cabrera J, Caba-Machado V, Feijóo B, Díaz-López A, Escortell R, Machimbarrena JM. The moderating effect of understanding advertising intent on the relation between advertising recognition and problematic use of loot boxes among minors: An exploratory study. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 249:104476. [PMID: 39241535 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of loot boxes has been compared to gambling due to its random nature, with the consequent risk of being conceived as an ordinary activity implemented in the daily routine. One of the factors contributing to these gambling behaviors is exposure to gambling advertisements. It is essential to protect children and adolescents from prejudicial advertising, since due to their psycho-evolutionary development, advertising makes them impressionable and suggestible. Currently, there is scarcely any research on the influence of advertising on underage buyers of loot boxes. Knowledge in this regard is important to adequately address efforts to protect minors from the potential impact of gambling and its advertising. Thus, this study aims to examine how understanding advertising intent in loot box advertising moderates the relationship between the recognition of loot box advertising and the problematic usage of loot boxes in a sample of adolescents. The present study used a cross-sectional design, and the sample is composed by 451 adolescents (85.8 % male) that played videogames and purchased loot boxes in the last 12 months. Results indicated that understanding advertising intent played a moderating role in the relationship between advertising recognition and Problematic Use of Loot Boxes, strengthening it positively. The findings showed that when there was a low degree of understanding advertising intent, the former relationship was not significant. However, with a high level of understanding advertising intent the relationship between advertising recognition and Problematic Use of Loot Boxes was significant and strengthened. This means that knowing how ads try persuading the player affects how adverts are linked to PULB. Specifically, if adolescents understand that ads are trying to sell them loot boxes, this knowledge makes the relationship between seeing ads and having PULB stronger. These results are of interest for advertising literacy strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín González-Cabrera
- Instituto de Investigación y Transferencia (ITEI), Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Vanessa Caba-Machado
- Faculty of Education, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Beatriz Feijóo
- Faculty of Business and Communication Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Adoración Díaz-López
- Faculty of Education, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Raquel Escortell
- Instituto de Investigación y Transferencia (ITEI), Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Machimbarrena
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Avenida de Tolosa, 70, 20018 Donostia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pitt H, McCarthy S, Randle M, Arnot G, Daube M, Thomas S. "It's changing our lives, not for the better. It's important that we have a say". The role of young people in informing public health and policy decisions about gambling marketing. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2004. [PMID: 39060997 PMCID: PMC11282717 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marketing has a significant impact on the normalisation of gambling for youth across the globe. This has included shaping positive attitudes towards gambling, as well as increasing the social and cultural acceptance of gambling - particularly aligned with valued activities such as sport. Because of this, public health experts argue that gambling marketing poses a significant risk to the health and wellbeing of youth. While young people are increasingly exposed to, and impacted by marketing for gambling products, they are rarely consulted about policy issues and options. This study aimed to explore young Australians' perceptions of current policy responses to gambling advertising, whether they thought young people should be involved in discussions and decisions about gambling marketing regulations, and their perceptions of the duty of governments to protect young people from gambling industry marketing strategies. METHODS Qualitative focus groups (n = 22) were held with n = 64, 12-17 year olds in the Australian states of Victoria and New South Wales. Participants were asked to reflect on current gambling policies, particularly relating to marketing, what they thought should be done about gambling marketing, and if and how young people should be included in public health responses to gambling. An interpretivist 'Big Q' approach to reflexive thematic analysis was used. RESULTS Young people highlighted the need for more effective regulations around the content and frequency of gambling marketing. They also wanted to see more realistic representations of the negative impacts of gambling to counter persistent positive commercial marketing messages. Most thought that young people should be given an opportunity to have a say about responses to gambling due to their unique experiences. Participants identified mechanisms to increase young people's engagement in decision making, such as direct lines of communication to different levels of government, involvement in research, and diversifying ways of engagement. Specific recommendations included more regulatory action such as bans on gambling advertising. CONCLUSIONS Creating formal structures that facilitate the inclusion of young people's perspectives in decisions made about gambling can result in more innovative and effective strategies to prevent the harms from gambling industry products, promotions, and practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pitt
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Simone McCarthy
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Melanie Randle
- Faculty of Business and Law, School of Business, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Grace Arnot
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Mike Daube
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Samantha Thomas
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thomas S, van Schalkwyk MCI, Daube M, Pitt H, McGee D, McKee M. Protecting children and young people from contemporary marketing for gambling. Health Promot Int 2023; 38:7080461. [PMID: 36932993 PMCID: PMC10024482 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daac194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Around the world, children are being exposed to intensive marketing for gambling products. This normalizes perceptions that gambling is essentially a harmless form of entertainment, despite mounting evidence of the harms it causes. Young people and their parents are supportive of strategies to protect children from being exposed to gambling marketing. Yet existing regulatory efforts are inconsistent and inadequate, and have not protected children from exposure to the many forms of marketing now being developed and exploited by the gambling industry. We outline existing knowledge about strategies used by the gambling industry to market its products, with a specific focus on the potential impact of gambling marketing on young people. We provide a definition of gambling marketing and outline the different forms of promotion that are currently used to market gambling, current regulatory responses, and the impact of marketing on children and young people. We then argue that a comprehensive public health approach to gambling is urgently required, which must include effective action to limit the influence of marketing for gambling products, while recognizing that it is never possible to insulate children entirely from their reach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - May C I van Schalkwyk
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mike Daube
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Hannah Pitt
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Martin McKee
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dehghani M, Ebrahimi F. ParsBERT topic modeling of Persian scientific articles about COVID-19. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022; 36:101144. [PMID: 36573134 PMCID: PMC9771580 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic has indisputably impacted every aspect of human life, and a host of studies have investigated its different aspects. This paper models the contents of Persian literature on COVID-19. Method This is a descriptive-exploratory study in which 815 articles were collected from the Magiran database. The articles were published before March 2022. The abstracts and titles were used in the modeling. The modeling was performed by combining the latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) algorithm with ParsBERT. Findings Topic modeling indicated ten major topics, including medicine, psychology, humanities, politics, management, biology, economics, culture, engineering, and religion. The articles under the category of medicine had the largest cluster (42.3%), while engineering and religion had the smallest clusters (1.1% each). Conclusion The found topics in the created clusters have structural relationships. The COVID-19 effect on physical and mental health (medical and psychological topics) is the most crucial factor. These clusters provide evidence that COVID-19 affects all facets of human society at three levels: the individual, family, and society. Aside from the ten critical clusters in the humanities field, the utmost disorder is related to teaching and learning. For the first time, this research has presented a model of scientific communication in the field of COVID-19 based on the data collected from a Persian database - Magiran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Dehghani
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fezzeh Ebrahimi
- Department of Knowledge and Information Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Freund M, Noble N, Hill D, White V, Evans T, Oldmeadow C, Guerin N, Sanson-Fisher R. The Prevalence and Correlates of Gambling in Australian Secondary School Students. J Gambl Stud 2022; 38:1173-1194. [PMID: 35059933 PMCID: PMC9653348 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Youth gambling is associated with a range of harms. This study aimed to examine, among Australian adolescents, the prevalence of gambling (ever, in the last month, at-risk and problem), the most frequent gambling types and modalities, and to explore the student characteristics associated with gambling in the last month and with at-risk or problem gambling. Students aged 12-17 years from Victoria and Queensland answered gambling questions as part of the Australian Secondary School Alcohol and Drug (ASSAD) Survey in 2017. The ASSAD also included a series of questions about smoking, alcohol and other drug use, and mental health. A total of 6377 students from 93 schools were included in analysis. The prevalence of ever gambling and gambling in the last month was 31% and 6% respectively. Of students who had gambled in the last month, 34% were classified as at-risk and 15% were classified as problem gamblers. The most frequent types of gambling in the last month were horse or dog race and sports betting. Students who gambled in the last month did so most frequently via a parent or guardian purchasing or playing for them, at home or at a friends' house, and online or using an app. Regression analysis indicated that male gender, having money available to spend on self, alcohol consumption in the last seven days, the number of types of advertisements seen in the last month, and the number of peer or family members who gambled in the last month, were significantly associated with the likelihood of students gambling in the last month. Male gender, some age categories, and exposure to more types of gambling advertising were also significant predictors of being classified as an at-risk or problem gambler. This large study of youth gambling provides data on gambling behaviours and related variables from a large sample of Australian secondary school students. Student characteristics, including male gender and exposure to more types of gambling advertising, were associated with an increased likelihood of gambling in the last month and of being classified as an at-risk or problem gambler. Further implications of the study findings are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Freund
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.
| | - Natasha Noble
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - David Hill
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences and School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Victoria White
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Tiffany Evans
- Clinical Research Design, Information and Statistical Support, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- Clinical Research Design, Information and Statistical Support, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Nicola Guerin
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Robert Sanson-Fisher
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
New Developments in Gambling Marketing: the Rise of Social Media Ads and Its Effect on Youth. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Propelled by the rise of online and social media, gambling marketing has developed extremely fast, moving far beyond traditional techniques. Policy makers need to ensure that children and young people are protected in this space but it is hard for empirical research to keep pace with industry developments. This article aims to provide some direction to policymakers and the scientific community, by reviewing what literature there is on social media gambling marketing and its effects on children.
Recent Findings
Research suggests that exposure to social media gambling advertising is high in volume and reach; that gambling ads are more appealing to young people than to adults; and that advertising portrays gambling as a harmless and fun activity with few warnings of potential health dangers. Most gambling brands’ followers on social media are under 25 years old and current regulations are not entirely fit for purpose.
Summary
Social media gambling ads are booming with high rates of exposure to children and young persons. Paid-for ads target specific young people (with tempting but complex financial incentives), whilst organic ads thrive by being shared across youth user networks. The effects on children and young people are worrisome. Gambling accounts are using content marketing, in particular, to create humorous and seemingly harmless posts to target young people who have not fully developed advertising recognition skills. As regulators struggle to keep up, there are concerns that young people are particularly influenced by these ads, and may be lured into gambling.
Collapse
|
10
|
Pitt H, Thomas SL, Randle M, Cowlishaw S, Arnot G, Kairouz S, Daube M. Young people in Australia discuss strategies for preventing the normalisation of gambling and reducing gambling harm. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:956. [PMID: 35549692 PMCID: PMC9098214 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The normalisation of gambling for young people has received considerable recent attention in the public health literature, particularly given the proliferation of gambling marketing aligned with sport. A range of studies and reports into the health and wellbeing of young people have recommended that they should be consulted and engaged in developing public health policy and prevention strategies. There are, however, very few opportunities for young people to have a say about gambling issues, with little consideration of their voices in public health recommendations related to gambling. This study aimed to address this gap by documenting young people’s perceptions about strategies that could be used to counter the normalisation of gambling and prevent gambling related harm. Methods This study took a critical qualitative inquiry approach, which acknowledges the role of power and social injustice in health issues. Qualitative interviews, using a constructivist approach, were conducted with 54 young people (11–17 years) in Australia. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to interpret the data. Results Five overall strategies were constructed from the data. 1) Reducing the accessibility and availability of gambling products; 2) Changing gambling infrastructure to help reduce the risks associated with gambling engagement; 3) Untangling the relationship between gambling and sport; 4) Restrictions on advertising; and 5) Counter-framing in commercial messages about gambling. Conclusions This study demonstrates that young people have important insights and provide recommendations for addressing factors that may contribute to the normalisation of gambling, including strategies to prevent gambling related harm. Young people hold similar views to public health experts about strategies aimed at de-normalising gambling in their local communities and have strong opinions about the need for gambling to be removed from sport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pitt
- Faculty of Health, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Samantha L Thomas
- Faculty of Health, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Melanie Randle
- Faculty of Business and Law, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Sean Cowlishaw
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Grace Arnot
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sylvia Kairouz
- Gambling Studies, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mike Daube
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Akçayır M, Nicoll F, Baxter DG. Emerging Gambling Problems and Suggested Interventions: A Systematic Review of Empirical Research. J Gambl Stud 2022; 39:857-882. [PMID: 35460439 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10122-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present systematic review is to identify emerging gambling problems and the harm minimization strategies proposed to address them. Our interdisciplinary research team conducted this systematic literature review in 5 nations between which there is significant gambling research exchange. A keyword search of the Scopus and Web of Science databases followed by filtering using inclusion criteria identified 1292 empirical gambling studies from peer-reviewed journals. The data obtained from the articles were analyzed using the content analysis technique. We then used a unique approach to identify relationships between harm minimization strategies and gambling problems. The findings reveal that the most frequently reported gambling problems are related to young gamblers, online gambling, electronic gaming machines, and children and adolescents (underage gamblers). Harm minimization strategies to address these included creating educational and awareness programs, further restrictions on gambling advertising, developing an intervention mechanism for online gambling, and remote gambling-related help (i.e., online counseling, online treatment).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Akçayır
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Political Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Fiona Nicoll
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Political Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David G Baxter
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Political Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Seal E, Cardak BA, Nicholson M, Donaldson A, O'Halloran P, Randle E, Staley K. The Gambling Behaviour and Attitudes to Sports Betting of Sports Fans. J Gambl Stud 2022; 38:1371-1403. [PMID: 35106695 PMCID: PMC8806135 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Survey responses from a sample of nearly 15,000 Australian sports fans were used to study the determinants of: (i) gambling behaviour, including if a person does gamble and the type of gambling engaged with; (ii) the number of sports and non-sports bets made over a 12-month period; and (iii) attitudes towards betting on sports. The probability of betting on sports decreased with increasing age and was lower for women and people with a university education. This gender difference varied with age, with the greatest difference found among the young. Similar effects were observed for the number of sports bets made, which declined with age. The gender difference in the number of sports bets also varied with age with the greatest difference found among the young arising from the high propensity of young men to bet on sports. Attitudes to sports betting were also analysed, with a key finding that, within friendship circles, the views that sports betting is perceived as harmless, common and very much a part of enjoying sports were stronger among young men. These permissive attitudes were stronger among people who bet on sports and those who bet on sports more frequently. The analysis of sports fans provides insights into the characteristics of the target market most likely to bet on sports, which can be used to inform public health initiatives and harm reduction campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Seal
- Social and Global Studies Centre, RMIT University, 360 Swanston Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Buly A Cardak
- School of Business, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Nicholson
- Monash University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Centre for Sport and Social Impact, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Donaldson
- Centre for Sport and Social Impact, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul O'Halloran
- Centre for Sport and Social Impact, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Erica Randle
- Centre for Sport and Social Impact, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kiera Staley
- Centre for Sport and Social Impact, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Reviewing the Consequences of Electronic Gaming Machine Misuse in Australian Older Adults: Implications for Addiction Nurses. J Addict Nurs 2022; 33:13-19. [PMID: 35230056 DOI: 10.1097/jan.0000000000000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This review explores contemporary literature exploring electronic gaming machine (EGM) use in the Australian context. EGMs, colloquially known in Australia as pokies (poker machines), lead statistics on gambling losses in Australia and are a substantially different form of gambling when compared with other means, such as sports or casino wagering. This article focuses on Australian literature on EGMs, with comparisons made with international trends. Searches of the Scopus, CINAHL, and Medline electronic journal databases were performed to find literature examining problem gambling through EGM use in older adults. The results of the search found that little literature exists regarding problematic EGM use in older adults; however of the studies that do exist, problem EGM use in the older adult cohort is frequently related to mental ill health as well as alcohol, tobacco, and other substance use. Addiction nurses are in a unique position to assess and detect problematic EGM gambling in older adults; however, few screening tools are used in clinical practice. Given the ease of access and increasing sophistication of EGMs, it is foreseeable that problematic EGM use will be an issue addiction nurses encounter in their future practice and one they should be aware of.
Collapse
|
14
|
Delfabbro P, Hundric DD, Ricijas N, Derevensky JL, Gavriel-Fried B. What Contributes to Public Stigma Towards Problem Gambling?: A Comparative Analysis of University Students in Australia, Canada, Croatia and Israel. J Gambl Stud 2021; 38:1127-1141. [PMID: 34800241 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Stigma refers to the attribution of negative sentiments towards a particular entity, object or individual. Stigma can be public, perceived, or self-referential and can have negative consequences for individuals, including losses of self-esteem, self-efficacy, social isolation and a reluctance to seek help. Problem gambling is known to be a stigmatized activity, but less is known about what factors are associated with this perception and how it might vary in different countries. The current study examines the relationship between perceived stigma towards problem gamblers and gambling attitudes. perceptions of gambling regulations, gambling involvement, perceived accessibility to gambling, and exposure to people with gambling problems. The sample comprised 1787 university students aged 18-30 years from four countries: Australia, Canada, Croatia and Israel. The results indicated that greater perceived stigma was associated with more negative gambling attitudes, less engagement with gambling, and lower perceived social accessibility (the perception that others approve of the activity). Respondents from Croatia, the country with a newer gambling market, reported the most stigma towards problem gamblers as compared with Australia and Canada where gambling is longer established. The findings appear consistent with exposure-adaptation theory, in which tolerance towards people with problem gambling can develop over time in line with greater social acceptance or familiarity with the activity and its consequences. It is suggested that community campaigns and educational programs draw a distinction between attitudes towards gambling in general and those who are negatively affected by the activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Delfabbro
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Contentious Issues and Future Directions in Adolescent Gambling Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111482. [PMID: 34769997 PMCID: PMC8583412 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. There is currently considerable public policy and regulatory interest in the nature and prevalence of underage gambling. Research in this area has purported to show that adolescents are at elevated risk of problem gambling and that early exposure to gambling or gambling-like activities could be a potential precursor to future harm. Method. In this commentary, we provide a critical appraisal of these arguments with reference to major studies in the field of gambling studies. It is argued that adolescent gambling research is a contentious area. Some questions remain concerning the validity of adolescent problem gambling measures, the strength of the association between adolescent and adult gambling and the impact of simulated gambling activities. Results. The paper summarises the conceptual and methodological issues that should be considered and addressed in future studies to strengthen the validity of research in this area. Conclusion. The paper encourages the greater use of harm-based measures, longitudinal and individual-level transition analyses and questions that capture the influence of activities rather than just their temporal sequencing.
Collapse
|
16
|
Torrance J, Roderique-Davies G, Thomas SL, Davies N, John B. 'It's basically everywhere': young adults' perceptions of gambling advertising in the UK. Health Promot Int 2021; 36:976-988. [PMID: 33270845 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daaa126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In comparison to jurisdictions, such as Australia, limited research has focused upon the perceptions and reported effects of gambling advertising within the unique gambling environment of the UK. An online qualitative survey was conducted with 62 young adult gamblers in the UK. The survey investigated the place, meaning and influence of gambling advertising within the lives of the participants. Demographic data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, with qualitative data interpreted using inductive thematic analysis techniques. Three themes were identified. Firstly, young adults were highly cognizant of UK gambling advertising strategies. Second, young adults were able to describe the influence of gambling advertising including its normalizing effect and proliferation of misleading messages. Finally, young adults perceived that current harm minimization strategies, including responsible gambling messages, were ineffective. Many were supportive of increased regulation of gambling advertising. The findings indicate that young adults are aware of the potential risks associated with gambling advertising and are supportive of regulatory reform. It is important that the views and perspectives of young adults are fully considered by regulators and policy makers in the UK, particularly as they are a potential target demographic for the industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Torrance
- Addictions Research Group, School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Gareth Roderique-Davies
- Addictions Research Group, School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Samantha L Thomas
- Addictions Research Group, School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK.,Faculty of Health, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nyle Davies
- Addictions Research Group, School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Bev John
- Addictions Research Group, School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Brevers D, Baeken C, Bechara A, He Q, Maurage P, Petieau M, Sescousse G, Vögele C, Billieux J. Increased brain reactivity to gambling unavailability as a marker of problem gambling. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12996. [PMID: 35394691 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented development and ubiquity of sports betting constitute an emerging public health concern. It is crucial to provide markers that could help to better identify people experiencing sports betting-related harms. The current study investigated whether problem gambling status, sports betting passion, and trait-self-control modulate brain reactivity to sports betting cues. Sixty-five frequent sports bettors (35 "nonproblem bettors" and 30 "problem bettors") were exposed to cues representing real upcoming sport events (with varying levels of winning confidence) that were made available or blocked for betting, during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recording. Sports betting passion and trait-self-control were assessed using self-report scales. Sport events nonavailable for betting elicited higher insular and striatal activation in problem bettors, as compared with nonproblem bettors. Within a large cluster encompassing the ventral striatum, hippocampus, and amygdala, lower trait-self-control was associated with increased brain reactivity to sport events with high levels of winning confidence that were nonavailable for betting. No significant effect of sports betting passion was observed. These findings suggest that sports bettors' brain reactivity to gambling unavailability might be a relevant marker of sports betting-related harms, as well as of blunted trait-self-control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Brevers
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Chris Baeken
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital UZ Brussel Brussels Belgium
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University Hospital Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Antoine Bechara
- Department of Psychology University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of Psychology Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Louvain for Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Sciences Research Institute UCLouvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Mathieu Petieau
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Erasme Campus Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
| | - Guillaume Sescousse
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center—INSERM U1028—CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team University of Lyon Lyon France
| | - Claus Vögele
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Joël Billieux
- Institute of Psychology University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Centre for Excessive Gambling Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV) Lausanne Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Torrance J, John B, Greville J, O'Hanrahan M, Davies N, Roderique-Davies G. Emergent gambling advertising; a rapid review of marketing content, delivery and structural features. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:718. [PMID: 33849493 PMCID: PMC8043759 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10805-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling advertising is well-funded and has become increasingly sophisticated in recent years. As the presence and pervasiveness of gambling advertising increases, there is a corresponding need for empirical understanding of the characteristics and trends associated with emergent gambling advertisements and marketing. However, there is limited data on this rapidly evolving phenomenon. METHODS A rapid review was undertaken of the empirical research (2015-2020) that focused upon the content, delivery and structural features incorporated within emerging gambling advertising. RESULTS Twenty-five studies were included in the review. The majority of these studies were conducted in either the UK or Australia; two jurisdictions that have unique and particularly liberal gambling environments. The literature suggests that emergent gambling advertising content is targeted, positively framed and in some instances, may overrepresent riskier bets. The sporting and social media spheres are densely populated with such advertisements that involve both direct and indirect marketing strategies. In relation to the online environment, there is evidence to suggest the emergence of more interactive advertisements that prompt user engagement. In addition, financial incentivisation has diversified and is often subject to strict and esoteric conditions. Despite these emergent trends, little provision is devoted to adequately displaying harm reductive or responsible gambling content within gambling advertising. CONCLUSIONS Overall, there is a paucity of research and lack of methodological diversity concerning the characteristics of advertising within the literature. The barriers to investigating emerging gambling advertising are discussed alongside future research priorities. It is important for this research area to expand in order to appropriately inform ethical industry marketing and effective harm-reduction strategies. [Pre-registered online via Prospero: CRD42020184349].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Torrance
- Addictions Research Group, School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK.
| | - Bev John
- Addictions Research Group, School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK
| | - James Greville
- Addictions Research Group, School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Marie O'Hanrahan
- Addictions Research Group, School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Nyle Davies
- Addictions Research Group, School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Gareth Roderique-Davies
- Addictions Research Group, School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nyemcsok C, Thomas SL, Pitt H, Pettigrew S, Cassidy R, Daube M. Young people's reflections on the factors contributing to the normalisation of gambling in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 2021; 45:165-170. [PMID: 33749939 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore young people's perceptions of the factors that may normalise gambling, and their opinions about the messages they see about gambling in their environments. METHODS An analysis of qualitative data from a mixed methods study of n=111 young people aged 11-16 years in Victoria, Australia. Questions investigated: i) the normalisation of gambling in sport; ii) the impact of advertising on young people; and iii) potential strategies to alert young people about the risks associated with gambling. An inductive approach was used to analyse the data. RESULTS Participants perceived that gambling was a regular and everyday activity and that gambling was becoming normalised in sport. However, some directly challenged this alignment. They were particularly critical that gambling advertising may influence young people's current and future gambling-related attitudes and intentions. Most participants supported public health interventions, including more advertising restrictions. CONCLUSION Young people's awareness of gambling and gambling marketing may be increasing their perceptions of the alignment between gambling and sport. Implications for public health: Strategies should be developed to increase young people's awareness of the risks associated with gambling. Young people's voices and views should be considered by policy makers in responding to this new public health issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Nyemcsok
- Institute for Health Transformation, School for Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria
| | - Samantha L Thomas
- Institute for Health Transformation, School for Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria
| | - Hannah Pitt
- Institute for Health Transformation, School for Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- The George Institute for Global Health, New South Wales.,School of Population Health, The University of New South Wales
| | - Rebecca Cassidy
- Department of Anthropology, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK
| | - Mike Daube
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Delfabbro P, Gavriel-Fried B, Ricijas N, Dodig Hundric D, Derevensky J. Attitudes toward gambling in young people: a cross-national study of Australia, Canada, Croatia and Israel. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2021.1883708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Delfabbro
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Neven Ricijas
- Department of Behavioral Disorders, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Jeff Derevensky
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pitt H, Thomas SL, Watson J, Shuttleworth R, Murfitt K, Balandin S. How Do People With Intellectual Disability Engage With and Understand Gambling? A Qualitative Study of Adults in Victoria, Australia. Front Public Health 2021; 8:536520. [PMID: 33511094 PMCID: PMC7835725 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.536520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to understand the factors that may influence how and why people with intellectual disability may engage in gambling. Method: Nineteen people with intellectual disability were recruited from a disability advocacy organization and participated in face to face, semi-structured qualitative interviews. Open ended questions were used to explore participants' gambling participation, recall of, and attitudes toward, different gambling products, understanding of gambling harm, and awareness of responsible gambling messages. Results: All participants could remember gambling in their lifetime and some participants had recently engaged in gambling. Many participants were aware of different gambling products, and a few participants could describe in detail the technical aspects of electronic gambling machines. Most participants did not specifically recall seeing gambling harm minimization messages, however some described engaging in individual responsibility measures, such as limits and control, as they perceived this reduced the risks of experiencing harm. Conclusions: People with intellectual disability are engaging with gambling products in a similar way to the general community. Therefore, it is important to understand the different pathways that may lead people with intellectual disability to initiate and continue gambling and to ensure that they are aware of and protected from the potential risk. Implications for Public Health: Policy makers and practitioners should seek to understand and implement a range of strategies to reduce and prevent the harms associated with particular gambling products and environments for this population sub-group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pitt
- Faculty of Health, School of Health and Social Development, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Samantha L Thomas
- Faculty of Health, School of Health and Social Development, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Anthropology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Watson
- Faculty of Health, School of Health and Social Development, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Russell Shuttleworth
- Faculty of Health, School of Health and Social Development, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin Murfitt
- Faculty of Health, School of Health and Social Development, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan Balandin
- Faculty of Health, School of Health and Social Development, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Guillou-Landreat M, Gallopel-Morvan K, Lever D, Le Goff D, Le Reste JY. Gambling Marketing Strategies and the Internet: What Do We Know? A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:583817. [PMID: 33716809 PMCID: PMC7952992 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.583817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The gambling industry has developed many types of gambling on Internet in recent years. Gambling is a social activity for a majority of the world population, but problem gambling (PG) can emerge. The trajectories of gamblers from initiation to PG development are influenced by many variables, including individual and environmental variables and also variables linked to the gambling characteristics. Marketing has been reported to influence gamblers' perceptions and behaviors, but this is not as clear for digital marketing. Digital gambling marketing is broad, ranging from the marketing of gambling websites to communication and advertising on the social media and networks. The objective of this article was to fill this gap by conducting a systematic literature review in order to answer the following questions: (1) What are the strategies of digital gambling marketing? (2) What is the effect of this exposure on gambling representations, intentions and practices? Method: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines on Pubmed database (Medline) from February 2020 to March 2020 and Scopus. Existing papers published between January 2000 and February 2020 were identified by searching with this algorithm: ((("internet"[MeSH Major Topic] OR (communications[All Fields] AND media[All Fields])) OR ("social media"[MeSH Terms] OR ("social"[All Fields] AND "media"[All Fields]) OR "social media"[All Fields])) AND "gambling"[MeSH Major Topic]) AND ("marketing"[MeSH Terms] OR "marketing"[All Fields]), in title, keywords or abstract. Results: Ninety-one candidate studies were selected, 21 studies were selected for the systematic review. Sport appeared as a specific target of online gambling marketing. A growing range of platforms for online sport betting and the development of strategies on the social media were identified. Regarding content, a systematic association between sport and gambling was highlighted. Vulnerable populations, such as young people, appeared to be at high risk of exposure to gambling marketing. Conclusion: Little data is available on the strategies of digital gambling marketing or on exposure to it. Sport could be the first target for future research to understand how the industry is targeting specific populations, and what influence these strategies could have on PG development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Guillou-Landreat
- EA 7479 SPURBO, University Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.,UMR SPHERE 1246, University Nantes/Tours, Nantes, France.,HUGOPSY Network, Rennes, France.,Addictive Disorders Center, Brest, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Perelló-Oliver S, Muela-Molina C, Romero-Rodríguez LM. Alcohol and Betting Radio Advertising in Spain. A Comparative Analysis of the Minor's Protection Time Slot from a Media Responsibility Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8873. [PMID: 33260322 PMCID: PMC7730536 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This research analyzes the presence of advertising and radio mentions of alcoholic beverages and sports betting, two products that represent harmful behaviors for the audiences' health. To do this, a quantitative content analysis was undertaken for all of the programming of the three most listened radio stations in Spain (Cadena Ser, COPE, and Onda Cero) throughout 2017, obtaining a total corpus of 2848 radio messages distributed as follows: 266 radio spots and 2582 radio mentions. The messages were also analyzed according to the broadcasting schedules (protected time-slot or non-protected time-slot). The results showed that advertising and sports betting mentions were more present in the regular programming of the three stations (n = 2304), with mentions (n = 2582) being more numerous than advertising spots (n = 544). Moreover, it is evident that in practice, none of the radio stations respected the protected time slots since the majority of the mentions and spots of high alcoholic beverages and sports bets were verified between 6:00-21:59 (n = 2522). These results show the prevailing need for greater control over this type of content by public entities, demonstrating a significant lack of regulation by the media's self-control mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Perelló-Oliver
- Department of Communication Sciences and Sociology, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28492 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-O.); (C.M.-M.)
| | - Clara Muela-Molina
- Department of Communication Sciences and Sociology, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28492 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-O.); (C.M.-M.)
| | - Luis M. Romero-Rodríguez
- Department of Communication Sciences and Sociology, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28492 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-O.); (C.M.-M.)
- ESAI Business School, Universidad de Especialidades Espítiru Santo, Guayaquil 092301, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
A Thematic Analysis of Sports Bettors’ Perceptions of Sports Betting Marketing Strategies in the UK. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn the UK and other countries in the world, the volume of gambling advertisements is increasing, as is the popularity of online sports betting. While there is increasing research examining the content of such advertising, there is little research examining what gamblers themselves think about such advertising. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to firstly, explore the attitudes and opinions of sports bettors in response to marketing techniques used by the gambling industry and secondly, explore the perceived impact advertising has on their sports betting behavior. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 19 UK sports bettors aged between 21 and 32 years old. Thematic analysis (TA) was used to analyze the transcripts. The analysis identified three main themes: (i) “temptation to gamble,” (ii) “promotion characteristics of gambling,” and (iii) “regulating gambling advertising.” Each theme consisted of two or three subthemes that illustrated the underlying factors that were perceived to be important aspects that contributed to the opinions and attitudes towards the advertising. Findings indicate that specific inducements including enhanced odds and “request-a-bet” promotions were perceived to increase feelings of control and reduce feelings of risk, in some cases resulting in the placing of impulsive bets. According to the participants, social media marketing was found to be intrusive and the frequency of gambling advertising contributed to the normalization of betting. The present study highlights the need for further research into the efficacy of current advertising regulations in the UK, with the end goal of minimizing gambling-related harm.
Collapse
|
25
|
Booth L, Thomas S, Moodie R, Peeters A, White V, Pierce H, Anderson AS, Pettigrew S. Gambling-related harms attributable to lotteries products. Addict Behav 2020; 109:106472. [PMID: 32485546 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lotteries products (lottery tickets and scratch tickets) are the most popular forms of gambling worldwide, however little research has investigated whether these products are associated with gambling-related harm. The limited available research suggests these products are linked to problematic gambling behaviors and a range of resulting negative outcomes, with certain sub-groups appearing to be more vulnerable to experiencing harms. The present study examined risk of gambling-related harm (measured by the Problem Gambling Severity Index) from lotteries products use in an Australian sample of lotteries-only gamblers (n = 540). Additionally, the study investigated whether risk varied according to a range of sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics (age, gender, household income, location (rural vs. metropolitan), employment status, alcohol consumption, smoking status, frequency of e-cigarette use, frequency of scratch ticket use, frequency of lottery ticket use, expenditure on scratch tickets, and expenditure on lottery tickets). Almost one-third of the sample was found to be at some level of gambling-related risk due to their use of lotteries products. Younger respondents, males, current smokers, e-cigarette users, and those who purchase scratch tickets more frequently were more likely to report problematic use of lotteries products. Policy makers should enact strategies to prevent and reduce harms resulting from lotteries products, especially among the identified at-risk groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leon Booth
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Samantha Thomas
- Deakin University, Geelong, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Rob Moodie
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Bouverie St Carlton 3053, Australia.
| | - Anna Peeters
- Deakin University, Geelong, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Victoria White
- Deakin University, Geelong, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Hannah Pierce
- The Public Health Association of Australia (WA Branch), PO Box 319, Curtin, ACT 2605, Australia.
| | - Annie S Anderson
- Division of Population Health & Genomics, University of Dundee Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- The George Institute for Global Health, 1 King St, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Delfabbro P, King DL. ‘It’s concerning’, but is it your concern? Objectivity, advocacy and activism in gambling research. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2020.1791221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Delfabbro
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Daniel L. King
- College of Education, Psychology, & Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
McGee D. On the normalisation of online sports gambling among young adult men in the UK: a public health perspective. Public Health 2020; 184:89-94. [PMID: 32546295 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Online sports gambling has become an increasingly popular feature of male youth culture and fandom in recent decades. Fuelled by advances in mobile app technologies and the liberalisation of state regulations on advertising, this 'gamblification' of sport has given rise to a global industry promoting gambling as a knowledge-based, risk-free leisure activity. This study examined how the growth of online sports gambling has impacted on gambling behaviours among young adult men in the UK and how it may pose new risks concerning the normalisation of gambling behaviours. STUDY DESIGN The study used a multiphased qualitative research design. METHODS The study was conducted with 32 adult men (aged 18-35 years) across two sites, Derry, Northern Ireland, and Bristol, England. It comprised three phases of data collection: participatory focus groups, a 30-day gambling diary and semistructured interviews. RESULTS Four main themes emerged. First, data suggest that gambling has become a normalised aspect of sports fandom for male youth demographics, many of whom view the casual wagering of money as vital to their enjoyment of sport. Second, the perceived 'facelessness' of sports gambling platforms via mobile app technologies was reported to increase inclination to engage in sports betting. Third, 'free bet' incentives and in-play promotions play a significant role as a mechanism of inducement towards sports gambling practices. Fourth was the potential role of online sports gambling as a gateway to gambling-related harms, including financial precarity, indebtedness, mortgage defaults, family breakdown, loss of employment and mental health struggles. CONCLUSION Online sports gambling has significant public health implications, particularly for male youth demographics. Policymakers in the UK should consider stronger regulation of gambling-related advertising and sponsorship in sport, independent risk assessments of sports gambling products and a commitment to safeguarding youth demographics from gambling-related harm in a digital age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D McGee
- Department for Health, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Brevers D. Commentary on Murch et al. (2020): 'When viewing is already gambling'-the need for eye-tracking research to examine sports betting cue-reactivity. Addiction 2020; 115:1139-1140. [PMID: 31989685 DOI: 10.1111/add.14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Brevers
- Addictive and Compulsive Behaviour Laboratory, Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
David JL, Thomas SL, Randle M, Pitt H, Daube M. Parent and child perceptions of gambling promotions in Australian sport. Health Promot Int 2020; 35:362-372. [PMID: 30982902 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambling is recognized as a significant public health problem. However, there is little research exploring community attitudes towards gambling and the development of advocacy initiatives. Engaging adults and young people in advocacy efforts is recognized as being beneficial to the successful implementation of harm prevention and reduction strategies. This study explored the attitudes of young people and their parents towards the alignment of gambling with sport, and the strategies they perceive could be used to prevent and reduce gambling related harm. Using a Constructivist Grounded Theory approach, 30 family groups from Melbourne, Australia participated in semi-structured interviews. Parents and young people were asked about gambling and its promotion, alignment with sporting codes, the potential impact on young people and strategies that may prevent or reduce gambling harm. Thematic analysis was undertaken to interpret the data. The sample comprised 29 parents, one grandparent and 48 young people. Themes emerging from the data related to the use of imagery and appeal strategies in advertisements, the normalization of betting in advertisements and the alignment of betting with sport. Parents and young people also identified a number of potential gambling harm prevention and reduction initiatives. Parents and young people were able to describe a range of strategies used by gambling companies to promote their products, understand the potential impact of these strategies, and recommend strategies to reduce harm. Given this level of understanding there is clearly an opportunity to engage young people and stakeholders in advocacy initiatives aimed at reducing and preventing gambling harm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L David
- Centre for Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Samantha L Thomas
- Centre for Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie Randle
- School of Management, Operations and Marketing, Faculty of Business, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Hannah Pitt
- Centre for Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mike Daube
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
A. Killick E, D. Griffiths M. A Content Analysis of Gambling Operators' Twitter Accounts at the Start of the English Premier League Football Season. J Gambl Stud 2020; 36:319-341. [PMID: 31377917 PMCID: PMC7026221 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-019-09879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of social media is now an established strategy to engage and maintain customer loyalty. The purpose of the present study was to examine the Twitter accounts of ten of the largest online sports betting operators in the UK to determine what marketing strategies were employed. More specifically, this study analyzed 3375 tweets posted by the operators during the opening weekend of the 2018-2019 English Premier League football season using a content analysis methodology. The results demonstrated that multiple strategies, including hashtags, were used to link gambling operator tweets with major sporting events, and the use of numerous promotional campaigns. Notably, over 90% of the tweets contained no responsible gambling information. The quantity and content of social media posts underline the need for a review of the current advertising regulations in the UK. Further research should examine how exposure to sports betting social media marketing influences gambling behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Killick
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Purpose of Review The goal of this review is to provide new insights as to how and why functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research on gambling cue reactivity can contribute to significant progress towards the understanding of gambling disorder. After having offered a detailed description of experimental paradigms and a comprehensive summary of findings related to gambling cue reactivity, the present review suggests methodological avenues for future research. Recent Findings The fMRI literature on problem gambling has identified the main neural pathways associated with reactivity to gambling cues. Yet, the current knowledge on the key factors underlying cue reactivity in gambling is still very incomplete. Here, we suggest that the recent expansion of online sports betting calls for a new line of research offering a fine-grained and up-to-date approach of neural cue reactivity in gambling disorder. Summary Experimental designs that investigate individual-specific and study-specific factors related to sports betting have the potential to foster progress towards efficient treatment and prevention of gambling disorder.
Collapse
|
32
|
High Stakes: Children’s Exposure to Gambling and Gambling Marketing Using Wearable Cameras. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
33
|
Håkansson A, Widinghoff C. Television gambling advertisements: Extent and content of gambling advertisements with a focus on potential high-risk commercial messages. Addict Behav Rep 2019; 9:100182. [PMID: 31193826 PMCID: PMC6542735 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In problem gambling, recent years have seen an expansion of online gambling in treatment-seeking patients. Television advertising may promote risky gambling, and this study aimed to assess gambling-related advertisements, with respect to potentially risky messages, in a country with high rates of online gambling among treatment seekers, for online casino particularly in treatment-seeking women. Methods A total of 144 h in six commercial television channels were studied with respect to frequency, extent and content of gambling-related advertisements, which were analyzed with respect to potentially risky messages and specific target groups, and compared with respect to legal status of gambling companies and for online casino gambling vs other gambling types. Aspects to analyze were elected theoretically and based on acceptable inter-rater agreement between the authors. Results Nineteen percent (11–28% across different channels) of advertisements promoted gambling, with online casino being by far the most common type of gambling exposed. Messages promoting ease to gamble (including bonuses and rapid cash-out messages) and a female focus were significantly more common in online casino gambling and in non-licensed companies, whereas sports-related messages were more common in licensed companies. Gambling-related advertisements were also common in relation to family movies, and appeared even during children's programs. Conclusions Online casino was by far the most common type of televised gambling advertisements. Several risky messages were identified, and female gender, as well as messages promoting the rapidity and facility of gambling, were more commonly addressed by online casino companies. Public health aspects are discussed. Gambling advertisements are common in television in a country where online games are predominating in treatment settings. Several potentially hazardous gambling messages are common, and more common in online casino-related advertisements. Online casino-related advertisements more commonly addressed women, with potential implications for the health of female gamblers. Findings call for increased attention to gambling advertisements as a public health issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Håkansson
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden.,Malmö Addiction Center, Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - C Widinghoff
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden.,Malmö Addiction Center, Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Djohari N, Weston G, Cassidy R, Wemyss M, Thomas S. Recall and awareness of gambling advertising and sponsorship in sport in the UK: a study of young people and adults. Harm Reduct J 2019; 16:24. [PMID: 30940148 PMCID: PMC6446266 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-019-0291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of gambling advertisements shown during sporting events on young people is an important public health issue. While extensive research has taken place in Australia, there is still only a limited understanding of this issue in the United Kingdom (UK). METHOD A mixed methods study was conducted with 71 family groups comprised of 99 young people (8-16 years) and 71 adults recruited at six sites across South London, England (May-July 2018). Interviewer-assisted surveys investigated recall and awareness of sports betting brands using interviews and a magnet placement board activity developed in Australia. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, with qualitative data interpreted using thematic analysis techniques. RESULTS Just under half of young people (n = 46, 46%) and more than two thirds of adults (n = 49, 71%) were able, unprompted, to name at least one gambling brand. Boys had a significantly higher recall of brands than girls, as did young people who watched a lot of football on television. Almost two thirds of young people (n = 63, 63%) correctly placed one or more shirt sponsor magnets next to the corresponding football team, and 30% (n = 30) correctly placed three or more sponsors magnets next to the corresponding football team. Just under two thirds of adults (n = 44, 62%) correctly placed one or more shirt sponsors magnets next to the corresponding football team. Young people recalled seeing gambling advertising on television (n = 78), technology/screens (n = 49), and in association with sports teams (n = 43). Adults recalled seeing advertising on television (n = 56), on technology/screens (n = 37), in sports stadiums (n = 34), and in betting venues (n = 34). Over three quarters of young people (n = 74 out of 95 responses, 78%) and 86% of adults (n = 59 out of 69 responses) thought that betting had become a normal part of sport. CONCLUSION In order to reduce the exposure of young people to gambling advertising, policymakers in the UK should consider comprehensive approaches, similar to those applied in tobacco control, which cover all forms of advertising, including promotion and sponsorship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Djohari
- Department of Anthropology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK
| | - Gavin Weston
- Department of Anthropology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK
| | - Rebecca Cassidy
- Department of Anthropology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK.
| | - Martyn Wemyss
- Department of Anthropology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK
| | - Samantha Thomas
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Newall PWS, Moodie C, Reith G, Stead M, Critchlow N, Morgan A, Dobbie F. Gambling Marketing from 2014 to 2018: a Literature Review. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
36
|
Nyemcsok C, Thomas SL, Bestman A, Pitt H, Daube M, Cassidy R. Young people's recall and perceptions of gambling advertising and intentions to gamble on sport. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:1068-1078. [PMID: 30580544 PMCID: PMC6376397 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been an increased international policy focus on the factors that may contribute to, and prevent, the normalization of gambling for young people. However, there is still limited research, which investigates the role of advertising in shaping young people's gambling attitudes and consumption intentions. METHODS Mixed methods study of 111 young people aged 11-16 years recruited from community basketball stadiums in Victoria, Australia, between May and July 2018. Interviewer-assisted surveys investigated recall and awareness of sports betting brands, perceptions of promotional strategies, intention to gamble, and reasons for betting on particular sports. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and χ2 tests. Thematic analyses were used to interpret qualitative responses. RESULTS Young people had high recall and awareness of advertising, with most able to name at least one betting brand (n = 90, 81.1%), and many demonstrating a high awareness of the distinct characteristics (such as colors and appeal strategies) of different brands. A fifth of young people (n = 25, 22.5%) expressed intentions to gamble at 18 years, with boys significantly more likely than girls to state they would gamble (χ2 = 10.90, p = .001). Young people perceived that advertising strategies associated with inducement promotions would be the most influential in encouraging individuals to gamble. While many young people took promotions at face value, there was evidence that some were able to critically engage with and challenge the messages within marketing. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Current regulatory structures appear to be ineffective in limiting young people's recall and awareness of gambling advertising. Lessons from tobacco control support the application of precautionary approaches as a more effective way to limit young people's development of positive gambling attitudes and behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Nyemcsok
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Samantha L. Thomas
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia,Corresponding author: Samantha L. Thomas; Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; Phone: +61 3 924 45453; E-mail:
| | - Amy Bestman
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Hannah Pitt
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Mike Daube
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Rebecca Cassidy
- Department of Anthropology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|