1
|
Mao B, Liu S, Zhu S, Wu F, Yuan W, Yan Y, Wang B. The janus face of serotonin: Regenerative promoter and chronic liver disease aggravator. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30703. [PMID: 38756588 PMCID: PMC11096747 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The progression of liver diseases, from viral hepatitis and fatty liver disease to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the most representative series of pathological events in liver diseases. While serotonin (5-HT) primarily regulates brain functions such as psychology, mood, and appetite in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral 5-HT plays a crucial role in regulating tumor development, glucose and lipid metabolism, immune function and inflammatory response related to liver diseases. These peripheral physiological processes involving 5-HT are the key mechanisms driving the development of these liver diseases. This study presents an overview of the existing literature, focusing on the role of 5-HT in HCC, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, and liver injury. In summary, while 5-HT promotes liver regeneration, it can also contribute to the progression of chronic liver disease. These findings indicate the potential for the development and use of 5-HT-related drugs for the treatment of liver diseases, including HCC and cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benliang Mao
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shoupei Liu
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanfei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bailin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dashti Z, Yousefi Z, Kiani P, Taghizadeh M, Maleki MH, Borji M, Vakili O, Shafiee SM. Autophagy and the unfolded protein response shape the non-alcoholic fatty liver landscape: decoding the labyrinth. Metabolism 2024; 154:155811. [PMID: 38309690 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is on the rise, mirroring a global surge in diabetes and metabolic syndrome, as its major leading causes. NAFLD represents a spectrum of liver disorders, ranging from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can potentially progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Mechanistically, we know the unfolded protein response (UPR) as a protective cellular mechanism, being triggered under circumstances of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The hepatic UPR is turned on in a broad spectrum of liver diseases, including NAFLD. Recent data also defines molecular mechanisms that may underlie the existing correlation between UPR activation and NAFLD. More interestingly, subsequent studies have demonstrated an additional mechanism, i.e. autophagy, to be involved in hepatic steatosis, and thus NAFLD pathogenesis, principally by regulating the insulin sensitivity, hepatocellular injury, innate immunity, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. All these findings suggest possible mechanistic roles for autophagy in the progression of NAFLD and its complications. Both UPR and autophagy are dynamic and interconnected fluxes that act as protective responses to minimize the harmful effects of hepatic lipid accumulation, as well as the ER stress during NAFLD. The functions of UPR and autophagy in the liver, together with findings of decreased hepatic autophagy in correlation with conditions that predispose to NAFLD, such as obesity and aging, suggest that autophagy and UPR, alone or combined, may be novel therapeutic targets against the disease. In this review, we discuss the current evidence on the interplay between autophagy and the UPR in connection to the NAFLD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Dashti
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zeynab Yousefi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouria Kiani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Motahareh Taghizadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Maleki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Borji
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Omid Vakili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Autophagy Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sayed Mohammad Shafiee
- Autophagy Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Onyekweli CC, Ben-Azu B, Oyovwi OM, Nwangwa EK, Ovuakporaye IS, Moke GE, Agbonifo-Chijiokwu E, Onome BO, Emojevwe V, Rotu AR. Epigallocatechin-gallate attenuates rapamycin exacerbated high fat diet-induced autophagy, hormonal dysregulation, testicular and brain oxidative stress, and neurochemical changes in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 184:114340. [PMID: 38097001 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) could counteract the detrimental effects of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in rats exposed to rapamycin-induced reproductive and neuronal changes. Six rats per treatment group (n = 6) were utilized, in which groups 1 and 2 had dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (0.1%) and EGCG (80 mg/kg) respectively. Group 3 received HFD + 0.1% DMSO daily for 56 days. Group 4 received HFD + rapamycin (1 mg/kg) orally for 56 days. Rats in group 5 received HFD for 56 days and EGCG (80 mg/kg, p.o.) from days 29-56. Group 6 received the combination of HFD + rapamycin (56 days) with EGCG (80 mg/kg) from days 29-56. Cognitive loss was assessed using Y-maze-test (YMT). Afterwards, serum sex hormones, insulin-glucose balance, serotonin concentration, acetylcholinesterase activity, sperm features, antioxidants, and the markers of oxido-nitrergic, autophagy and apoptotic mediators were assessed. EGCG reversed rapamycin exacerbated HFD-induced alterations in spermatogenesis, insulin-glucose balance, reproductive hormones, oxido-nitrergic stress, and altered serotonin, acetylcholinesterase levels, and autophagic and apoptotic activities in rats' testes and brains respectively. EGCG significantly attenuated HFD-induced cognitive loss. The study showed that EGCG attenuated rapamycin-mediated HFD-induced spermatogenesis deficiency and cognitive impairment via normalization of reproductive hormones, testicular and brain oxidative stress, apoptotic, autophagic activities, with serotonin and cholinergic levels in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu Charles Onyekweli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Benneth Ben-Azu
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.
| | - O Mega Oyovwi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - E Kingsley Nwangwa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.
| | - I Simon Ovuakporaye
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Goodies Emuesiri Moke
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Ejime Agbonifo-Chijiokwu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - B Oghenetega Onome
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Victor Emojevwe
- Department of Physiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - A Rume Rotu
- Department of Physiology, University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Niture S, Gadi S, Qi Q, Rios-Colon L, Khatiwada S, Vandana, Fernando RA, Levine KE, Kumar D. Cyanotoxins Increase Cytotoxicity and Promote Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Progression by Enhancing Cell Steatosis. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:411. [PMID: 37505679 PMCID: PMC10467139 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater prokaryotic cyanobacteria within harmful algal blooms produce cyanotoxins which are considered major pollutants in the aquatic system. Direct exposure to cyanotoxins through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion of contaminated drinking water can target the liver and may cause hepatotoxicity. In the current study, we investigated the effect of low concentrations of cyanotoxins on cytotoxicity, inflammation, modulation of unfolded protein response (UPR), steatosis, and fibrosis signaling in human hepatocytes and liver cell models. Exposure to low concentrations of microcystin-LR (MC-LR), microcystin-RR (MC-RR), nodularin (NOD), and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in human bipotent progenitor cell line HepaRG and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines HepG2 and SK-Hep1 resulted in increased cell toxicity. MC-LR, NOD, and CYN differentially regulated inflammatory signaling, activated UPR signaling and lipogenic gene expression, and induced cellular steatosis and fibrotic signaling in HCC cells. MC-LR, NOD, and CYN also regulated AKT/mTOR signaling and inhibited autophagy. Chronic exposure to MC-LR, NOD, and CYN upregulated the expression of lipogenic and fibrosis biomarkers. Moreover, RNA sequencing (RNA seq) data suggested that exposure of human hepatocytes, HepaRG, and HCC HepG2 cells to MC-LR and CYN modulated expression levels of several genes that regulate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Our data suggest that low concentrations of cyanotoxins can cause hepatotoxicity and cell steatosis and promote NAFLD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suryakant Niture
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Sashi Gadi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Qi Qi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Leslimar Rios-Colon
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Sabin Khatiwada
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Vandana
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Reshan A. Fernando
- NCCU-RTI Center for Applied Research in Environmental Sciences (CARES), RTI International, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Keith E. Levine
- NCCU-RTI Center for Applied Research in Environmental Sciences (CARES), RTI International, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Skubisz K, Dąbkowski K, Samborowska E, Starzyńska T, Deskur A, Ambrozkiewicz F, Karczmarski J, Radkiewicz M, Kusnierz K, Kos-Kudła B, Sulikowski T, Cybula P, Paziewska A. Serum Metabolite Biomarkers for Pancreatic Tumors: Neuroendocrine and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas-A Preliminary Study. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3242. [PMID: 37370852 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is the most common pancreatic solid malignancy with an aggressive clinical course and low survival rate. There are a limited number of reliable prognostic biomarkers and a need to understand the pathogenesis of pancreatic tumors; neuroendocrine (PNET) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) encouraged us to analyze the serum metabolome of pancreatic tumors and disturbances in the metabolism of PDAC and PNET. METHODS Using the AbsoluteIDQ® p180 kit (Biocrates Life Sciences AG, Innsbruck, Austria) with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we identified changes in metabolite profiles and disrupted metabolic pathways serum of NET and PDAC patients. RESULTS The concentration of six metabolites showed statistically significant differences between the control group and PDAC patients (p.adj < 0.05). Glutamine (Gln), acetylcarnitine (C2), and citrulline (Cit) presented a lower concentration in the serum of PDAC patients, while phosphatidylcholine aa C32:0 (PC aa C32:0), sphingomyelin C26:1 (SM C26:1), and glutamic acid (Glu) achieved higher concentrations compared to serum samples from healthy individuals. Five of the tested metabolites: C2 (FC = 8.67), and serotonin (FC = 2.68) reached higher concentration values in the PNET serum samples compared to PDAC, while phosphatidylcholine aa C34:1 (PC aa C34:1) (FC = -1.46 (0.68)) had a higher concentration in the PDAC samples. The area under the curves (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves presented diagnostic power to discriminate pancreatic tumor patients, which were highest for acylcarnitines: C2 with AUC = 0.93, serotonin with AUC = 0.85, and PC aa C34:1 with AUC = 0.86. CONCLUSIONS The observations presented provide better insight into the metabolism of pancreatic tumors, and improve the diagnosis and classification of tumors. Serum-circulating metabolites can be easily monitored without invasive procedures and show the present clinical patients' condition, helping with pharmacological treatment or dietary strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Skubisz
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Pediatric Hospital of Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dąbkowski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Emilia Samborowska
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Starzyńska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Deskur
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Filip Ambrozkiewicz
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Genomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1665/76, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Karczmarski
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Radkiewicz
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kusnierz
- The Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Beata Kos-Kudła
- Department of Endocrinology and Neuroendocrine Tumours, Department of Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sulikowski
- Department of General, Minimally Invasive and Gastroenterological Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Cybula
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Paziewska
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li K, Lu M, Cui M, Wang X, Zheng Y. The Notch pathway regulates autophagy after hypoxic-ischemic injury and affects synaptic plasticity. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:985-996. [PMID: 37083721 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Following neonatal hypoxic-ischemia (HI) injury, it is crucial factor to reconstruct neural circuit and maintain neural network homeostasis for neurological recovery. A dynamic balance between the synthesis and degradation of synaptic protein is required for maintaining synaptic plasticity. Protein degradation is facilitated by autophagy. This study aimed to investigate the regulation of synaptic structural plasticity by the Notch pathway, by assessing changes in Notch pathway activation and their effects on synaptic proteins and autophagy after HI injury. The study involved 48 male newborn Yorkshire piglets, each weighing 1.0-1.5 kg and 3 days old. They were randomly assigned to two groups: the HI group and the Notch pathway inhibitor + HI group (n = 24 per group). Each group was further divided into six subgroups according to HI duration (n = 4 per group): a control subgroup, and 0-6, 6-12, 12-24, 24-48, and 48-72 h subgroups. The expression of Notch pathway-related proteins, including Notch1, Hes1, and Notch intracellular domains, increased following HI injury. The expression of autophagy proteins increased at 0-6 h and 6-12 h post-HI. The expression of synaptic proteins, such as postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and synaptophysin, increased 6-12 h and 12-24 h after HI, respectively. Notably, the increased expression of these proteins was reversed by a Notch pathway inhibitor. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of autophagosome structures in synapses. These findings shed light on the underlying mechanisms of neurological recovery after HI injury and may provide insights into potential therapeutic targets for promoting neural circuit reconstruction and maintaining neural network homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Li
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxu Cui
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao T, Li X, Qian H, Miao X, Zhu Y, Wang J, Hui J, Zhou L, Ye L. PM 2.5 induces the abnormal lipid metabolism and leads to atherosclerosis via Notch signaling pathway in rats. Toxicology 2023; 485:153415. [PMID: 36603807 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 can affect the lipid metabolism and cause atherosclerosis. Abnormal lipid metabolism is a sever risk factor of atherosclerosis and the underlying molecular mechanism still remains unclear. In this study, GPL16956 Agilent-045997 Arraystar human lncRNA microarray V3 (Probe Name Version) platform was used to detect the different genes of lipid metabolism between the normal arterial intima and advanced atherosclerotic plaque, which were downloaded from GEO database. A high-fat diet and vitamin D3 were administered to Wistar rats to establish the atherosclerotic model and another normal healthy 56 rats were used as the non-atherosclerotic exposure groups. The atherosclerotic rats and non-atherosclerotic rats were randomly divided into 4 PM2.5 groups (0, 1.5, 7.5, 37.5 mg/kg), respectively. The results of bioinformatics showed changes in the Notch1, Dll1, Hes1, LDLR and ABCG1 levels. PM2.5 exposure could produce damage to the physiological structure of the aorta, and aggravate atherosclerosis in rats from both non-atherosclerotic and atherosclerotic groups. With the increase of the exposure dose, the levels of TC and TG significantly increased. PM2.5 exposure significantly affected the expression levels of PPARγ, ABCA1, LDLR, CD36, SR-BI and SREBP2. PM2.5 exposure could also affect the expression levels of the Notch signaling pathways which was significantly correlated with the levels of TC and TG. The results proved that PM2.5 exposure could induce and aggravate the atherosclerosis in rats by disrupting lipid metabolism in which Notch signaling pathway may play a significant role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Honghao Qian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaohan Miao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ju Hui
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qi Q, Niture S, Gadi S, Arthur E, Moore J, Levine KE, Kumar D. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances activate UPR pathway, induce steatosis and fibrosis in liver cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:225-242. [PMID: 36251517 PMCID: PMC10092267 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which include perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA), and perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTA), are commonly occurring organic pollutants. Exposure to PFAS affects the immune system, thyroid and kidney function, lipid metabolism, and insulin signaling and is also involved in the development of fatty liver disease and cancer. The molecular mechanisms by which PFAS cause fatty liver disease are not understood in detail. In the current study, we investigated the effect of low physiologically relevant concentrations of PFOA, HFBA, and PFTA on cell survival, steatosis, and fibrogenic signaling in liver cell models. Exposure of PFOA and HFBA (10 to 1000 nM) specifically promoted cell survival in HepaRG and HepG2 cells. PFAS increased the expression of TNFα and IL6 inflammatory markers, increased endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and activated unfolded protein response (UPR). Furthermore, PFAS enhanced cell steatosis and fibrosis in HepaRG and HepG2 cells which were accompanied by upregulation of steatosis (SCD1, ACC, SRBP1, and FASN), and fibrosis (TIMP2, p21, TGFβ) biomarkers expression, respectively. RNA-seq data suggested that chronic exposures to PFOA modulated the expression of fatty acid/lipid metabolic genes that are involved in the development of NFALD and fatty liver disease. Collectively our data suggest that acute/chronic physiologically relevant concentrations of PFAS enhance liver cell steatosis and fibrosis by the activation of the UPR pathway and by modulation of NFALD-related gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research InstituteNorth Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Suryakant Niture
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research InstituteNorth Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- NCCU‐RTI Center for Applied Research in Environmental Sciences (CARES)RTI International, Research Triangle ParkDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sashi Gadi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research InstituteNorth Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Elena Arthur
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research InstituteNorth Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - John Moore
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research InstituteNorth Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Keith E. Levine
- NCCU‐RTI Center for Applied Research in Environmental Sciences (CARES)RTI International, Research Triangle ParkDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research InstituteNorth Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- NCCU‐RTI Center for Applied Research in Environmental Sciences (CARES)RTI International, Research Triangle ParkDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesNorth Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gangopadhyay A, Ibrahim R, Theberge K, May M, Houseknecht KL. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and mental illness: Mechanisms linking mood, metabolism and medicines. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1042442. [PMID: 36458039 PMCID: PMC9707801 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1042442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the world and one of the leading indications for liver transplantation. It is one of the many manifestations of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome as well as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. There is growing evidence linking the incidence of NAFLD with psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression mechanistically via genetic, metabolic, inflammatory and environmental factors including smoking and psychiatric medications. Indeed, patients prescribed antipsychotic medications, regardless of diagnosis, have higher incidence of NAFLD than population norms. The mechanistic pharmacology of antipsychotic-associated NAFLD is beginning to emerge. In this review, we aim to discuss the pathophysiology of NAFLD including its risk factors, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation as well as its intersection with psychiatric illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Karen L. Houseknecht
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The development of the Metabolic-associated Fatty Liver Disease during pharmacotherapy of mental disorders - a review. CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/cpp-2022-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Metabolic-associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) is a term for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) that highlights its association with components of the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). MAFLD is becoming a clinically significant problem due to its increasing role in the pathogenesis of cryptogenic cirrhosis of the liver.
Material and methods: The resulting work is a review of the most important information on the risk of MAFLD development in the context of the use of particular groups of psychotropic drugs. The study presents the epidemiology, with particular emphasis on the population of psychiatric patients, pathophysiology and scientific reports analyzing the effect of the psychotropic medications on MAFLD development.
Results: The drugs that can have the greatest impact on the development of MAFLD are atypical antipsychotics, especially olanzapine, and mood stabilizers (MS) - valproic acid (VPA). Their effect is indirect, mainly through dysregulation of organism’s carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
Conclusions: The population of psychiatric patients is particularly vulnerable to the development of MAFLD. At the root of this disorder lies the specificity of mental disorders, improper dietary habits, low level of physical activity and tendency to addictions. Also, the negative impact of the psychotropic drugs on the systemic metabolism indirectly contributes to the development of MAFLD. In order to prevent fatty liver disease, it is necessary to monitor metabolic and liver parameters regularly, and patients should be screened by ultrasound examination of the liver. There are also important preventive actions from the medical professionals, including education of patients and sensitizing to healthy lifestyle.
Collapse
|
11
|
Jiang M, Tian L, Su M, Cao X, Jiang Q, Huo X, Yu C. Real-time monitoring of 5-HT release from cells based on MXene hybrid single-walled carbon nanotubes modified electrode. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7967-7976. [PMID: 36129526 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is an essential inhibitory neurotransmitter in vivo that is critical for interneuronal communication of the nervous system. Herein, we constructed an electrochemical cell-sensing platform for 5-HT detection based on MXene/single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) nanocomposite. The one-dimensional SWCNTs with good electrical conductivity are uniformly dispersed on the surface and intermediate layers of the two-dimensional MXene to form a tightly heterogeneous heterostructure. The synthesized MXene-SWCNTs could improve the stacking problem of MXene nanosheets and expose more active sites, effectively promoting the conductive properties and electrochemical activity of the composite. The fabricated MXene-SWCNTs/GCE possessed outstanding detection capability for 5-HT with a wide linear range of 4 nM-103.2 μM and a low detection limit of 1.5 nM. Moreover, the sensor was further applied for the real-time monitoring trace amount of 5-HT releasing from different cell lines, which confirmed its promising applications in 5-HT related physiological and pathological fields. MXene-SWCNTs/GCE was developed and applied for the real-time monitoring of trace amounts of 5-HT secreted from living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Tian
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjie Su
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Cao
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyu Jiang
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Huo
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Yu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Protective Effect of Escitalopram on Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inducing Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169247. [PMID: 36012510 PMCID: PMC9408912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis. Although recent research has indicated that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), including escitalopram, have anticancer effects, little is known about the effects of escitalopram on HCC. Methods: Both in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to verify the potentials of escitalopram on HCC treatment. To explore whether the effects of escitalopram are clinically consistent with laboratory findings, a nationwide population-based cohort study was also adopted to examine the association between escitalopram and HCC risk. Results: As compared with THLE-3 cells, escitalopram significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 and Huh-7 cells. Specifically, escitalopram significantly induced autophagy in HepG2 and Huh-7 cells by increasing the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and the expression of ATG-3, ATG-5, ATG-7, and Beclin-1 proteins. Moreover, escitalopram significantly inhibited the growth of xenografted Huh-7 cells in SCID mice that were treated with 12.5 mg/kg escitalopram. Accordingly, the risk of HCC was negatively correlated with escitalopram use. Conclusions: These findings provided evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of escitalopram for HCC. Both laboratory and nationwide population-based cohort evidence demonstrated the attenuated effects of escitalopram on HCC.
Collapse
|
13
|
Protein Profiling of a Cellular Model of NAFLD by Advanced Bioanalytical Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169025. [PMID: 36012291 PMCID: PMC9408868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced quantitative bioanalytical approaches in combination with network analyses allow us to answer complex biological questions, such as the description of changes in protein profiles under disease conditions or upon treatment with drugs. In the present work, three quantitative proteomic approaches-either based on labelling or not-in combination with network analyses were applied to a new in vitro cellular model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) for the first time. This disease is characterized by the accumulation of lipids, inflammation, fibrosis, and insulin resistance. Hepatic G2 cells were used as model, and NAFLD was induced by a complex of oleic acid and bovine albumin. The development of the disease was verified by lipid vesicle staining and by the increase in the expression of perilipin-2-a protein constitutively present in the vesicles during NAFLD. The nLC-MS/MS analyses of peptide samples obtained from three different proteomic approaches resulted in accurate and reproducible quantitative data of protein fold-change expressed in NAFLD versus control cells. The differentially regulated proteins were used to evaluate the involved and statistically enriched pathways. Network analyses highlighted several functional and disease modules affected by NAFLD, such as inflammation, oxidative stress defense, cell proliferation, and ferroptosis. Each quantitative approach allowed the identification of similar modulated pathways. The combination of the three approaches improved the power of statistical network analyses by increasing the number of involved proteins and their fold-change. In conclusion, the application of advanced bioanalytical approaches in combination with pathway analyses allows the in-depth and accurate description of the protein profile of an in vitro cellular model of NAFLD by using high-resolution quantitative mass spectrometry data. This model could be extremely useful in the discovery of new drugs to modulate the equilibrium NAFLD health state.
Collapse
|
14
|
New insight of obesity-associated NAFLD: Dysregulated “crosstalk” between multi-organ and the liver? Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
15
|
Park SH, Lee YS, Yang HJ, Song GJ. Fluoxetine Potentiates Phagocytosis and Autophagy in Microglia. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:770610. [PMID: 34899324 PMCID: PMC8662994 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.770610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoxetine is a classic antidepressant drug, and its immunomodulatory effects have recently been reported in many disease models. In addition, it has strong antineuroinflammatory effects in stroke and neurodegenerative animal models. However, the effect of fluoxetine on microglia phagocytosis and its molecular mechanisms have not yet been studied. In this study, we investigated whether fluoxetine has a regulatory effect on microglial function. Microglia cell lines and primary mouse microglia were treated with fluoxetine, and the production of inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors and the phagocytosis of amyloid β were measured. Fluoxetine significantly attenuated the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in microglia. Fluoxetine also significantly potentiated microglia phagocytosis and autophagy. In addition, autophagy flux inhibitors attenuated fluoxetine-induced phagocytosis. In conclusion, fluoxetine induces autophagy and potentiates phagocytosis in microglia, which can be a novel molecular mechanism of the neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of fluoxetine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Park
- Department of Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea.,The Convergence Institute of Healthcare and Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Yang
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea.,The Convergence Institute of Healthcare and Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xu H, Wang L. The Role of Notch Signaling Pathway in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:792667. [PMID: 34901163 PMCID: PMC8652134 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.792667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, and progressive NAFLD can develop into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD is a kind of metabolic disordered disease, which is commonly associated with lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrogenesis, as well as autophagy. Growing studies have shown Notch signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the regulation of NAFLD progression. Here, we review the profile of the Notch signaling pathway, new evidence of Notch signaling involvement in NAFLD, and describe the potential of Notch as a biomarker and therapeutic target for NAFLD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi-Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang X, Lou J, Shan W, Ding J, Jin Z, Hu Y, Du Q, Liao Q, Xie R, Xu J. Pathophysiologic Role of Neurotransmitters in Digestive Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:567650. [PMID: 34194334 PMCID: PMC8236819 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.567650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are special molecules that serve as messengers in chemical synapses between neurons, cells, or receptors, including catecholamines, serotonin, dopamine, and other neurotransmitters, which play an important role in both human physiology and pathology. Compelling evidence has indicated that neurotransmitters have an important physiological role in various digestive diseases. They act as ligands in combination with central or peripheral receptors, and transmits signals through chemical synapses, which are involved in regulating the physiological and pathological processes of the digestive tract organs. For instance, neurotransmitters regulate blood circulation and affect intestinal movement, nutrient absorption, the gastrointestinal innate immune system, and the microbiome. In this review, we will focus on the role of neurotransmitters in the pathogenesis of digestive tract diseases to provide novel therapeutic targets for new drug development in digestive diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Frohlich J, Mazza T, Sobolewski C, Foti M, Vinciguerra M. GDF11 rapidly increases lipid accumulation in liver cancer cells through ALK5-dependent signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158920. [PMID: 33684566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the fastest-growing causes of cancer-related mortalities worldwide and this trend is mimicked by the surge of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Altered hepatic lipid metabolism promotes HCC development through inflammation and activation of oncogenes. GDF11 is a member of the TGF-β superfamily and recent data have implicated GDF11 as an anti-aging factor that can alleviate high-fat diet induced obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and NAFLD. However, its role in hepatic lipid metabolism is still not fully delineated. The aim of the present study was to characterize the role of GDF11 in hepatic and HCC cells lipid accumulation. To achieve this, we performed imaging, biochemical, lipidomic, and transcriptomic analyses in primary hepatocytes and in HCC cells treated with GDF11 to study the GDF11-activated signaling pathways. GDF11 treatment rapidly triggered ALK5-dependent SMAD2/3 nuclear translocation and elevated lipid droplets in HCC cells, but not in primary hepatocytes. In HCC cells, ALK5 inhibition hampered GDF11-mediated SMAD2/3 signaling and attenuated lipid accumulation. Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, we detected increased accumulation of longer acyl-chain di/tri-acylglycerols and glycerophospholipids. Unbiased transcriptomic analysis identified TGF-β and PI3K-AKT signaling among the top pathways/cellular processes activated in GDF11 treated HCC cells. In summary, GDF11 supplementation promotes pro-lipogenic gene expression and lipid accumulation in HCC cells. Integration of our "omics" data pointed to a GDF11-induced upregulation of de novo lipogenesis through activation of ALK5/SMAD2/3/PI3K-AKT pathways. Thus, GDF11 could contribute to metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation of lipid metabolism in HCC cells, without effects on healthy hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frohlich
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- Bioinformatics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Cyril Sobolewski
- Department of Cell Physiology & Metabolism and Translational Research Centre in Onco-haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michelangelo Foti
- Department of Cell Physiology & Metabolism and Translational Research Centre in Onco-haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Translational Stem Cell Biology, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria; Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Karmakar S, Lal G. Role of serotonin receptor signaling in cancer cells and anti-tumor immunity. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5296-5312. [PMID: 33859748 PMCID: PMC8039959 DOI: 10.7150/thno.55986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter known to affect emotion, behavior, and cognition, and its effects are mostly studied in neurological diseases. The crosstalk between the immune cells and the nervous system through serotonin and its receptors (5-HTRs) in the tumor microenvironment and the secondary lymphoid organs are known to affect cancer pathogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism of - alteration in the phenotype and function of - innate and adaptive immune cells by serotonin is not well explored. In this review, we discuss how serotonin and serotonin receptors modulate the phenotype and function of various immune cells, and how the 5-HT-5-HTR axis modulates antitumor immunity. Understanding how 5-HT and immune signaling are involved in tumor immunity could help improve therapeutic strategies to control cancer progression and metastasis.
Collapse
|
20
|
Inhibition of Notch1 signaling reduces hepatocyte injury in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 547:131-138. [PMID: 33610041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and an urgent target for clinical intervention. Notch1 signaling pathway activity was found to be related to the severity of NAFLD, but the specific mechanism is not precise. Here, we investigated the potential mechanisms of Notch1 signaling in the development of NAFLD. Firstly, we found that Notch1 signaling is activated in free fatty acids-treated HepG2 cells accompanied by lipid accumulation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage, which could be alleviated by Notch1 inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT). In the meantime, we found that administration of DAPT activated the autophagy pathway in NAFLD. Furthermore, the use of autophagy inhibitor chloroquine reversed the DAPT-mediated protective effect in NAFLD. All our results uncover a vital role of Notch1 in hepatocyte injury and metabolism of NAFLD, giving rise to a new sight for NAFLD treatment by regulation of Notch signaling and autophagy pathway.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ayyash A, Holloway AC. Fluoxetine-induced hepatic lipid accumulation is linked to elevated serotonin production. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:983-988. [PMID: 33517848 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fluoxetine, a commonly prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant, has been shown to increase hepatic lipid accumulation, a key factor in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Interestingly, fluoxetine has also been reported to increase peripheral serotonin synthesis. As emerging evidence suggests that serotonin may be involved in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, we sought to determine if fluoxetine-induced hepatic lipid accumulation is mediated via altered serotonin production. Fluoxetine treatment increased lipid accumulation in association with increased mRNA expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1, serotonin biosynthetic enzyme) and intracellular serotonin content. Serotonin alone had a similar effect to increase lipid accumulation. Moreover, blocking serotonin synthesis reversed the fluoxetine-induced increases in lipid accumulation. Collectively, these data suggest that fluoxetine-induced lipid accumulation can be mediated, in part, by elevated serotonin production. These results suggest a potential therapeutic target to ameliorate the adverse metabolic effects of fluoxetine exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ayyash
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alison C Holloway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Deregulated Serotonin Pathway in Women with Morbid Obesity and NAFLD. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10100245. [PMID: 33081272 PMCID: PMC7603041 DOI: 10.3390/life10100245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) extends from simple steatosis (SS) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Peripheral serotonin (5-HT) has become as an important regulator of different metabolic pathways. 5-HT has been related to obesity and lipid accumulation in the liver. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between the 5-HT signaling pathway and the degree of NAFLD, as well as to investigate whether peripheral 5-HT levels are related to the hepatic and jejunal mRNA abundance of serotonin receptors (HTR) in a cohort of women with morbid obesity (MO) and NAFLD. ELISA was used to quantify the serum 5-HT from normal-weight subjects (n = 26) and patients with MO (n = 58). We used RTq-PCR analysis to evaluate the relative expression of HTR in women with MO with normal liver (n = 22), SS (n = 21), and NASH (n = 15). The 5-HT was diminished in women with MO under a hypocaloric diet, regardless of the presence of NAFLD. Additionally, we report a negative correlation of 5-HT levels with metabolic syndrome criteria, suggesting that serotonin may have a protective role in obesity. Additionally, the hepatic expression of HTR2A and HTR2B were decreased in women with MO and NAFLD, but no significant differences in the HTR jejunal expression according to the presence of NAFLD were found.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ding WJ, Wu WJ, Chen YW, Chen HB, Fan JG, Qiao L. Expression of Notch family is altered in non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1702-1708. [PMID: 32705262 PMCID: PMC7411296 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the dynamic relationship between Notch and non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), both in vitro and in vivo. The LX2, Huh7 and MIHA hepatic cell lines were used to establish a cell steatosis model induced by palmitic acid (PA) at different concentrations (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 mM). Cell proliferation and migration were assessed using a 5‑bromo‑2'‑deoxyuridine kit and a wound healing assay. The dosage of 0.25 mM PA for 36‑48 h treatment was chosen for subsequent experiments. Steatotic cells were identified by Oil Red O staining. Feeding mice a methionine‑choline‑deficient (MCD) diet is known induce a model of NAFLD, compared with a methionine‑choline‑sufficient (MCS) diet. Therefore, Notch family mRNA expression was evaluated in the liver of MCD‑fed mice at varying time points (days 5, 10, 21 and 70) using reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. Notch expression levels were also assessed in cell lines at 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after PA treatment. Notch signaling molecules changed in the PA or MCD model over time. In vitro, the mRNA levels of Notch1, ‑2 and ‑4 increased in all cell lines after 12‑h PA treatment. At 24 h, these genes were upregulated only in LX2 cells, while showing a 'down‑up' pattern in MIHA cells (i.e. these genes were downregulated at 24 h but upregulated at 36 h). However, expression of Notch1, ‑2, ‑3 and ‑4 mRNA rose significantly in the early stage (day 10) of NAFLD. At week 3, the levels of Notch1 and ‑2 were higher in the MCD group than in the MCS group, while the reverse was observed for Notch3 and ‑4. Expression of these four genes increased again in the late stage (day 70) of NAFLD. Therefore, these results indicated that Notch family members Notch1‑4 were involved in the development of NAFLD and played an important role in steatosis in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jin Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Jie Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Wen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Han-Bei Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The Westmead Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shi Q, Pei F, Silverman GA, Pak SC, Perlmutter DH, Liu B, Bahar I. Mechanisms of Action of Autophagy Modulators Dissected by Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082855. [PMID: 32325894 PMCID: PMC7215584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an essential role in cell survival/death and functioning. Modulation of autophagy has been recognized as a promising therapeutic strategy against diseases/disorders associated with uncontrolled growth or accumulation of biomolecular aggregates, organelles, or cells including those caused by cancer, aging, neurodegeneration, and liver diseases such as α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Numerous pharmacological agents that enhance or suppress autophagy have been discovered. However, their molecular mechanisms of action are far from clear. Here, we collected a set of 225 autophagy modulators and carried out a comprehensive quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) analysis of their targets using both existing databases and predictions made by our machine learning algorithm. Autophagy modulators include several highly promiscuous drugs (e.g., artenimol and olanzapine acting as activators, fostamatinib as an inhibitor, or melatonin as a dual-modulator) as well as selected drugs that uniquely target specific proteins (~30% of modulators). They are mediated by three layers of regulation: (i) pathways involving core autophagy-related (ATG) proteins such as mTOR, AKT, and AMPK; (ii) upstream signaling events that regulate the activity of ATG pathways such as calcium-, cAMP-, and MAPK-signaling pathways; and (iii) transcription factors regulating the expression of ATG proteins such as TFEB, TFE3, HIF-1, FoxO, and NF-κB. Our results suggest that PKA serves as a linker, bridging various signal transduction events and autophagy. These new insights contribute to a better assessment of the mechanism of action of autophagy modulators as well as their side effects, development of novel polypharmacological strategies, and identification of drug repurposing opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingya Shi
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (Q.S.); (F.P.)
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fen Pei
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (Q.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Gary A. Silverman
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (G.A.S.); (S.C.P.); (D.H.P.)
| | - Stephen C. Pak
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (G.A.S.); (S.C.P.); (D.H.P.)
| | - David H. Perlmutter
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (G.A.S.); (S.C.P.); (D.H.P.)
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (Q.S.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (I.B.)
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (Q.S.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (I.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Niture S, Gyamfi MA, Lin M, Chimeh U, Dong X, Zheng W, Moore J, Kumar D. TNFAIP8 regulates autophagy, cell steatosis, and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:178. [PMID: 32152268 PMCID: PMC7062894 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8) expression has been linked to tumor progression in various cancer types, but the detailed mechanisms of TNFAIP8 are not fully elucidated. Here we define the role of TNFAIP8 in early events associated with development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Increased TNFAIP8 levels in HCC cells enhanced cell survival by blocking apoptosis, rendering HCC cells more resistant to the anticancer drugs, sorafenib and regorafenib. TNFAIP8 also induced autophagy and steatosis in liver cancer cells. Consistent with these observations, TNFAIP8 blocked AKT/mTOR signaling and showed direct interaction with ATG3-ATG7 proteins. TNFAIP8 also exhibited binding with fatty acids and modulated expression of lipid/fatty-acid metabolizing enzymes. Chronic feeding of mice with alcohol increased hepatic levels of TNFAIP8, autophagy, and steatosis but not in high-fat-fed obese mice. Similarly, higher TNFAIP8 expression was associated with steatotic livers of human patients with a history of alcohol use but not in steatotic patients with no history of alcohol use. Our data indicate a novel role of TNFAIP8 in modulation of drug resistance, autophagy, and hepatic steatosis, all key early events in HCC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suryakant Niture
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University Durham, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Maxwell A Gyamfi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University Durham, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Minghui Lin
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University Durham, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
- Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Uchechukwu Chimeh
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University Durham, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Xialan Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bio-manufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University Durham, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Weifan Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bio-manufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University Durham, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - John Moore
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University Durham, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University Durham, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University Durham, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
The Role of Serotonin in Concanavalin A-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020. [PMID: 31998441 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7504521.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is involved in the pathological processes of several liver diseases via the regulation of inflammatory response and oxidative stress. We aimed to investigate the role of serotonin in Concanavalin A- (Con A-) induced acute liver injury (ALI). ALI was induced in C57B/6 wild-type (WT) mice and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) knockout mice through tail vein injection of Con A (15 mg/kg body weight). Another group of TPH1 knockout ALI mice was supplied with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in advance to recover serotonin. The blood and liver tissues of mice were collected in all groups. Markedly increased serum levels of serotonin were identified after the injection of Con A. Increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and stronger hepatic tissue pathology were detected, suggesting that serotonin could mediate Con A-induced liver damage. Serotonin significantly facilitated the release of serum and intrahepatic inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-17A (IL-17A), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis-alpha (TNF-α), after the administration of Con A. In addition, serotonin significantly increased the intrahepatic levels of oxidative stress markers malonaldehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and nitric oxide (NO) and decreased antioxidant stress indicator glutathione (GSH) in Con A-treated mice. Additionally, serotonin promoted hepatocyte apoptosis and autophagy based on B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-asociated X protein (Bax), and Beclin-1 levels and TUNEL staining. More importantly, serotonin activated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and upregulated the hepatic expressions of high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), and downstream molecules in Con A-mediated liver injury. Serotonin 2A receptor was upregulated in liver tissue after Con A injection, and serotonin 2A receptor antagonist Ketanserin protected against Con A-induced hepatitis. These results indicated that serotonin has the potential to aggravate Con A-induced ALI via the promotion of inflammatory response, oxidative stress injury, and hepatocyte apoptosis and the activation of hepatic HMGB1-TLR signaling pathway and serotonin 2A receptor.
Collapse
|
27
|
The Role of Serotonin in Concanavalin A-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7504521. [PMID: 31998441 PMCID: PMC6969644 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7504521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is involved in the pathological processes of several liver diseases via the regulation of inflammatory response and oxidative stress. We aimed to investigate the role of serotonin in Concanavalin A- (Con A-) induced acute liver injury (ALI). ALI was induced in C57B/6 wild-type (WT) mice and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) knockout mice through tail vein injection of Con A (15 mg/kg body weight). Another group of TPH1 knockout ALI mice was supplied with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in advance to recover serotonin. The blood and liver tissues of mice were collected in all groups. Markedly increased serum levels of serotonin were identified after the injection of Con A. Increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and stronger hepatic tissue pathology were detected, suggesting that serotonin could mediate Con A-induced liver damage. Serotonin significantly facilitated the release of serum and intrahepatic inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-17A (IL-17A), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis-alpha (TNF-α), after the administration of Con A. In addition, serotonin significantly increased the intrahepatic levels of oxidative stress markers malonaldehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and nitric oxide (NO) and decreased antioxidant stress indicator glutathione (GSH) in Con A-treated mice. Additionally, serotonin promoted hepatocyte apoptosis and autophagy based on B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-asociated X protein (Bax), and Beclin-1 levels and TUNEL staining. More importantly, serotonin activated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and upregulated the hepatic expressions of high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), and downstream molecules in Con A-mediated liver injury. Serotonin 2A receptor was upregulated in liver tissue after Con A injection, and serotonin 2A receptor antagonist Ketanserin protected against Con A-induced hepatitis. These results indicated that serotonin has the potential to aggravate Con A-induced ALI via the promotion of inflammatory response, oxidative stress injury, and hepatocyte apoptosis and the activation of hepatic HMGB1-TLR signaling pathway and serotonin 2A receptor.
Collapse
|
28
|
Yu Y, Raka F, Adeli K. The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122227. [PMID: 31861086 PMCID: PMC6947520 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both environmental and genetic factors contribute to relative species abundance and metabolic characteristics of the intestinal microbiota. The intestinal microbiota and accompanying microbial metabolites differ substantially in those who are obese or have other metabolic disorders. Accumulating evidence from germ-free mice and antibiotic-treated animal models suggests that altered intestinal gut microbiota contributes significantly to metabolic disorders involving impaired glucose and lipid metabolism. This review will summarize recent findings on potential mechanisms by which the microbiota affects intestinal lipid and lipoprotein metabolism including microbiota dependent changes in bile acid metabolism which affects bile acid signaling by bile acid receptors FXR and TGR5. Microbiota changes also involve altered short chain fatty acid signaling and influence enteroendocrine cell function including GLP-1/GLP-2-producing L-cells which regulate postprandial lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Yu
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; (Y.Y.); (F.R.)
| | - Fitore Raka
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; (Y.Y.); (F.R.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; (Y.Y.); (F.R.)
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +416-813-8682
| |
Collapse
|