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Liu Y, Guo J, Matoga M, Korotkova M, Jakobsson PJ, Aguzzi A. NG2 glia protect against prion neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglia-to-neuron prostaglandin E2 signaling. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:1534-1544. [PMID: 38802591 PMCID: PMC11303249 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01663-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte-lineage cells, including NG2 glia, undergo prominent changes in various neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we identify a neuroprotective role for NG2 glia against prion toxicity. NG2 glia were activated after prion infection in cerebellar organotypic cultured slices (COCS) and in brains of prion-inoculated mice. In both model systems, depletion of NG2 glia exacerbated prion-induced neurodegeneration and accelerated prion pathology. Loss of NG2 glia enhanced the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by microglia, which augmented prion neurotoxicity through binding to the EP4 receptor. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of PGE2 biosynthesis attenuated prion-induced neurodegeneration in COCS and mice, reduced the enhanced neurodegeneration in NG2-glia-depleted COCS after prion infection, and dampened the acceleration of prion disease in NG2-glia-depleted mice. These data unveil a non-cell-autonomous interaction between NG2 glia and microglia in prion disease and suggest that PGE2 signaling may represent an actionable target against prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Liu
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maja Matoga
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Korotkova
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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2
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Planas AM. Role of microglia in stroke. Glia 2024; 72:1016-1053. [PMID: 38173414 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play key roles in the post-ischemic inflammatory response and damaged tissue removal reacting rapidly to the disturbances caused by ischemia and working to restore the lost homeostasis. However, the modified environment, encompassing ionic imbalances, disruption of crucial neuron-microglia interactions, spreading depolarization, and generation of danger signals from necrotic neurons, induce morphological and phenotypic shifts in microglia. This leads them to adopt a proinflammatory profile and heighten their phagocytic activity. From day three post-ischemia, macrophages infiltrate the necrotic core while microglia amass at the periphery. Further, inflammation prompts a metabolic shift favoring glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate shunt, and lipid synthesis. These shifts, combined with phagocytic lipid intake, drive lipid droplet biogenesis, fuel anabolism, and enable microglia proliferation. Proliferating microglia release trophic factors contributing to protection and repair. However, some microglia accumulate lipids persistently and transform into dysfunctional and potentially harmful foam cells. Studies also showed microglia that either display impaired apoptotic cell clearance, or eliminate synapses, viable neurons, or endothelial cells. Yet, it will be essential to elucidate the viability of engulfed cells, the features of the local environment, the extent of tissue damage, and the temporal sequence. Ischemia provides a rich variety of region- and injury-dependent stimuli for microglia, evolving with time and generating distinct microglia phenotypes including those exhibiting proinflammatory or dysfunctional traits and others showing pro-repair features. Accurate profiling of microglia phenotypes, alongside with a more precise understanding of the associated post-ischemic tissue conditions, is a necessary step to serve as the potential foundation for focused interventions in human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Planas
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Cerebrovascular Diseases, Area of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Broos JY, van der Burgt RTM, Konings J, Rijnsburger M, Werz O, de Vries HE, Giera M, Kooij G. Arachidonic acid-derived lipid mediators in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: fueling or dampening disease progression? J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:21. [PMID: 38233951 PMCID: PMC10792915 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02981-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by neuroinflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Considering the increasing prevalence among young adults worldwide and the disabling phenotype of the disease, a deeper understanding of the complexity of the disease pathogenesis is needed to ultimately improve diagnosis and personalize treatment opportunities. Recent findings suggest that bioactive lipid mediators (LM) derived from ω-3/-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), also termed eicosanoids, may contribute to MS pathogenesis. For example, disturbances in LM profiles and especially those derived from the ω-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) have been reported in people with MS (PwMS), where they may contribute to the chronicity of neuroinflammatory processes. Moreover, we have previously shown that certain AA-derived LMs also associated with neurodegenerative processes in PwMS, suggesting that AA-derived LMs are involved in more pathological events than solely neuroinflammation. Yet, to date, a comprehensive overview of the contribution of these LMs to MS-associated pathological processes remains elusive. MAIN BODY This review summarizes and critically evaluates the current body of literature on the eicosanoid biosynthetic pathway and its contribution to key pathological hallmarks of MS during different disease stages. Various parts of the eicosanoid pathway are highlighted, namely, the prostanoid, leukotriene, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) biochemical routes that include specific enzymes of the cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOX) families. In addition, cellular sources of LMs and their potential target cells based on receptor expression profiles will be discussed in the context of MS. Finally, we propose novel therapeutic approaches based on eicosanoid pathway and/or receptor modulation to ultimately target chronic neuroinflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration in MS. SHORT CONCLUSION The eicosanoid pathway is intrinsically linked to specific aspects of MS pathogenesis. Therefore, we propose that novel intervention strategies, with the aim of accurately modulating the eicosanoid pathway towards the biosynthesis of beneficial LMs, can potentially contribute to more patient- and MS subtype-specific treatment opportunities to combat MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Y Broos
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne T M van der Burgt
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Konings
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merel Rijnsburger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Kooij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Augusto-Oliveira M, Tremblay MÈ, Verkhratsky A. Receptors on Microglia. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 37:83-121. [PMID: 39207688 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Microglial cells are the most receptive cells in the central nervous system (CNS), expressing several classes of receptors reflecting their immune heritage and newly acquired neural specialisation. Microglia possess, depending on the particular context, receptors to neurotransmitters and neuromodulators as well as immunocompetent receptors. This rich complement allows microglial cells to monitor the functional status of the nervous system, contribute actively to the regulation of neural activity and plasticity and homeostasis, and guard against pathogens as well as other challenges to the CNS's integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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5
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Gao S, Jiang Y, Chen Z, Zhao X, Gu J, Wu H, Liao Y, Sun H, Wang J, Chen W. Metabolic Reprogramming of Microglia in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy: Insights from Neuroinflammation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1992-2005. [PMID: 36529923 PMCID: PMC10514522 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221216162606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a diffuse brain dysfunction caused by sepsis that manifests as a range of brain dysfunctions from delirium to coma. It is a relatively common complication of sepsis associated with poor patient prognosis and mortality. The pathogenesis of SAE involves neuroinflammatory responses, neurotransmitter dysfunction, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, abnormal blood flow regulation, etc. Neuroinflammation caused by hyperactivation of microglia is considered to be a key factor in disease development, which can cause a series of chain reactions, including BBB disruption and oxidative stress. Metabolic reprogramming has been found to play a central role in microglial activation and executive functions. In this review, we describe the pivotal role of energy metabolism in microglial activation and functional execution and demonstrate that the regulation of microglial metabolic reprogramming might be crucial in the development of clinical therapeutics for neuroinflammatory diseases like SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenjia Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180# Feng-Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180# Feng-Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180# Feng-Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zhao
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiahui Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180# Feng-Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180# Feng-Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180# Feng-Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Wankun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180# Feng-Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
- Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, 201203, China
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6
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Resolution Potential of Necrotic Cell Death Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010016. [PMID: 36613458 PMCID: PMC9819908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During tissue damage caused by infection or sterile inflammation, not only damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), but also resolution-associated molecular patterns (RAMPs) can be activated. These dying cell-associated factors stimulate immune cells localized in the tissue environment and induce the production of inflammatory mediators or specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs). Within the current prospect of science, apoptotic cell death is considered the main initiator of resolution. However, more RAMPs are likely to be released during necrotic cell death than during apoptosis, similar to what has been observed for DAMPs. The inflammatory potential of many regulated forms of necrotic cell death modalities, such as pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, netosis, and parthanatos, have been widely studied in necroinflammation, but their possible role in resolution is less considered. In this review, we aim to summarize the relationship between necrotic cell death and resolution, as well as present the current available data regarding the involvement of certain forms of regulated necrotic cell death in necroresolution.
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7
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Fujisawa M, Takeshita Y, Fujikawa S, Matsuo K, Okamoto M, Tamada M, Shimizu F, Sano Y, Koga M, Kanda T. Exploring lipophilic compounds that induce BDNF secretion in astrocytes beyond the BBB using a new multi-cultured human in vitro BBB model. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 362:577783. [PMID: 34902709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) when administered peripherally, which hinders its therapeutic potential. We utilized an in vitro BBB model-a tri-culture of a human endothelial cell line, a pericyte cell line, and an astrocyte cell line-to study the effect of twenty candidate lipophilic compounds on stimulating BDNF secretion in pericytes and astrocytes. The prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 agonist and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 5 agonist facilitated secretion of BDNF in the astrocyte, but did not decrease the transendothelial electrical resistance. These compounds may be promising agents for neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwako Fujisawa
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Yukio Takeshita
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Susumu Fujikawa
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Kinya Matsuo
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Masashi Okamoto
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Masaya Tamada
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Fumitaka Shimizu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Yasuteru Sano
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Michiaki Koga
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kanda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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8
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and Ischemic Stroke: a Focus on Molecular Function and Therapeutic Potential. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4588-4614. [PMID: 34120294 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In ischemic stroke, there is only one approved drug, tissue plasminogen activator, to be used in clinical conditions for thrombolysis. New neuroprotective therapies for ischemic stroke are desperately needed. Several targets and pathways have been shown to confer neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most frequently targeted receptors for developing novel therapeutics for central nervous system disorders. GPCRs are a large family of cell surface receptors that response to a wide variety of extracellular stimuli. GPCRs are involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. More than 90% of the identified non-sensory GPCRs are expressed in the brain, where they play important roles in regulating mood, pain, vision, immune responses, cognition, and synaptic transmission. There is also good evidence that GPCRs are implicated in the pathogenesis of stroke. This review narrates the pathophysiological role and possible targeted therapy of GPCRs in ischemic stroke.
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9
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Mehrabian Z, Guo Y, Miller NR, Henderson AD, Roth S, Bernstein SL. Approaches to Potentiated Neuroprotective Treatment in the Rodent Model of Ischemic Optic Neuropathy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061440. [PMID: 34207618 PMCID: PMC8228425 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) commonly causes sudden optic nerve (ON)-related vision loss. The rodent NAION model (rAION) closely resembles NAION in presentation and physiological responses. We identified early rAION-associated optic nerve head (ONH) inflammatory gene expression responses and the anti-inflammatory prostaglandin PGJ2’s effects on those responses. We hypothesized that blocking pro-inflammatory prostaglandin (PGE2) production by inhibiting monoacylglycerol lipase or cyclooxygenase activity and co-administering PGJ2 would potentiate RGC survival following ischemic neuropathy. Deep sequencing was performed on vehicle- and PGJ2-treated ONHs 3d post-rAION induction. Results were compared against responses from a retinal ischemia model. Animals were treated with PGJ2 and MAGL inhibitor KML29, or PGJ2 + COX inhibitor meloxicam. RGC survival was quantified by stereology. Tissue PG levels were quantified by ELISA. Gene expression was confirmed by qPCR. PGJ2 treatment nonselectively reduced inflammatory gene expression post-rAION. KML29 did not reduce PGE2 1d post-induction and KML29 alone increased RGC loss after rAION. Combined treatments did not improve ONH edema and RGC survival better than reported with PGJ2 alone. KML29′s failure to suppress PGE2 ocular synthesis, despite its purported effects in other CNS tissues may result from alternative PG synthesis pathways. Neither KML29 nor meloxicam treatment significantly improved RGC survival compared with vehicle. While exogenous PGJ2 has been shown to be neuroprotective, treatments combining PGJ2 with these PG synthesis inhibitors do not enhance PGJ2’s neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Mehrabian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore (UMB), 10 S. Pine St., MSTF Room 5-77B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Z.M.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore (UMB), 10 S. Pine St., MSTF Room 5-77B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Z.M.); (Y.G.)
| | - Neil R. Miller
- Division of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe St., Wilmer 233, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (N.R.M.); (A.D.H.)
| | - Amanda D. Henderson
- Division of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe St., Wilmer 233, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (N.R.M.); (A.D.H.)
| | - Steven Roth
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 20212, USA;
| | - Steven L. Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore (UMB), 10 S. Pine St., MSTF Room 5-77B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Z.M.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +410-706-3712
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10
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Rojas A, Amaradhi R, Banik A, Jiang C, Abreu-Melon J, Wang S, Dingledine R, Ganesh T. A Novel Second-Generation EP2 Receptor Antagonist Reduces Neuroinflammation and Gliosis After Status Epilepticus in Rats. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1207-1225. [PMID: 33410110 PMCID: PMC8423966 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00969-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), an important mediator of inflammation, achieves its functions via four different G protein-coupled receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4). We previously demonstrated that the EP2 receptor plays a proinflammatory and neurodegenerative role after status epilepticus (SE). We recently developed TG8-260 as a second-generation highly potent and selective EP2 antagonist. Here, we investigate whether TG8-260 is anti-inflammatory and combats neuropathology caused by pilocarpine-induced SE in rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected subcutaneously with pilocarpine (380-400 mg/kg) to induce SE. Following 60 min of SE, the rats were administered three doses of TG8-260 or vehicle and were allowed to recover. Neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, gliosis, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity were examined 4 days after SE. The results confirmed that pilocarpine-induced SE results in hippocampal neurodegeneration and a robust inflammatory response that persists days after SE. Furthermore, inhibition of the EP2 receptor by TG8-260 administered beginning 2 h after SE significantly reduced hippocampal neuroinflammation and gliosis but, in distinction to the earlier generation EP2 antagonist, did not mitigate neuronal injury or BBB breakdown. Thus, attenuation of neuroinflammation and gliosis is a common feature of EP2 inhibition following SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asheebo Rojas
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Radhika Amaradhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Avijit Banik
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chunxiang Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - JuanMartin Abreu-Melon
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sarah Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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11
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Gao L, Shi H, Sherchan P, Tang H, Peng L, Xie S, Liu R, Hu X, Tang J, Xia Y, Zhang JH. Inhibition of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 attenuates neuroinflammation via PGE2/EP2/NOX2 signalling and improves the outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:615-626. [PMID: 33035633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1) plays a critical role in proinflammatory processes in the central nervous system by modulating microglia activation. The aim of this study was to explore the anti-inflammatory effects and neurological function improvement of LPA1 inhibition after intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) in mice and to determine whether prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), E-type prostaglandin receptor 2 (EP2), and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) signalling are involved in LPA1-mediated neuroinflammation. ICH was induced in CD1 mice by autologous whole blood injection. AM966, a selective LPA1 antagonist, was administered by oral gavage 1 h and 12 h after ICH. The LPA1 endogenous ligand, LPA was administered to verify the effect of LPA1 activation. To elucidate potential inflammatory mechanisms of LPA1, the selective EP2 activator butaprost was administered by intracerebroventricular injection with either AM966 or LPA1 CRISPR knockout (KO). Water content of the brain, neurobehavior, immunofluorescence staining, and western blot were performed. After ICH, EP2 was expressed in microglia whereas LPA1 was expressed in microglia, neurons, and astrocytes, which peaked after 24 h. AM966 inhibition of LPA1 improved neurologic function, reduced brain oedema, and suppressed perihematomal inflammatory cells after ICH. LPA administration aggravated neurological deficits after ICH. AM966 treatment and LPA1 CRISPR KO both decreased the expressions of PGE2, EP2, NOX2, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β expressions after ICH, which was reversed by butaprost. This study demonstrated that inhibition of LPA1 attenuated neuroinflammation caused by ICH via PGE2/EP2/NOX2 signalling pathway in mice, which consequently improved neurobehavioral functions and alleviated brain oedema. LPA1 may be a promising therapeutic target to attenuate ICH-induced secondary brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Shucai Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, China.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Neurosurgery and Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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12
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Gallizioli M, Miró-Mur F, Otxoa-de-Amezaga A, Cugota R, Salas-Perdomo A, Justicia C, Brait VH, Ruiz-Jaén F, Arbaizar-Rovirosa M, Pedragosa J, Bonfill-Teixidor E, Gelderblom M, Magnus T, Cano E, Del Fresno C, Sancho D, Planas AM. Dendritic Cells and Microglia Have Non-redundant Functions in the Inflamed Brain with Protective Effects of Type 1 cDCs. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108291. [PMID: 33086061 PMCID: PMC7578563 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain CD11c+ cells share features with microglia and dendritic cells (DCs). Sterile inflammation increases brain CD11c+ cells, but their phenotype, origin, and functions remain largely unknown. We report that, after cerebral ischemia, microglia attract DCs to the inflamed brain, and astroglia produce Flt3 ligand, supporting development and expansion of CD11c+ cells. CD11c+ cells in the inflamed brain are a complex population derived from proliferating microglia and infiltrating DCs, including a major subset of OX40L+ conventional cDC2, and also cDC1, plasmacytoid, and monocyte-derived DCs. Despite sharing certain morphological features and markers, CD11c+ microglia and DCs display differential expression of pattern recognition receptors and chemokine receptors. DCs excel CD11c- and CD11c+ microglia in the capacity to present antigen through MHCI and MHCII. Of note, cDC1s protect from brain injury after ischemia. We thus reveal aspects of the dynamics and functions of brain DCs in the regulation of inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Gallizioli
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Area of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Francesc Miró-Mur
- Area of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Fundació Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Amaia Otxoa-de-Amezaga
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Area of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Roger Cugota
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Angélica Salas-Perdomo
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Fundació Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Carles Justicia
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Area of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Vanessa H Brait
- Area of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Francisca Ruiz-Jaén
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Area of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Maria Arbaizar-Rovirosa
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Area of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Jordi Pedragosa
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Area of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Ester Bonfill-Teixidor
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Eva Cano
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28222, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Fresno
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - David Sancho
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Anna M Planas
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Area of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain.
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13
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17β-estradiol regulates prostaglandin E 2 and F 2α synthesis and function in endometrial explants of cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 216:106466. [PMID: 32414468 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PG) have primary functions in the reproductive tract, however, the mechanism of regulation of PG secretion in the endometrium is unclear. Estrogen as a predominant regulator of uterine functions during the mammalian estrous cycle and effects of estrogen on synthesis of PG and function in uterine tissues of cattle are not fully understood. In this study, there was evaluation of the concentration- and time-effects of 17β-estradiol on PG synthesis in endometrial explants of cattle, focusing on the secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) as well as relative abundance of mRNA transcript and protein for both the enzymes responsible for PGE2 and PGF2α synthesis, including prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 and 2 (PTGS1, PTGS2), PGE2 synthase (PGES), PGF2α synthase (PGFS), and carbonyl reductase (CBR1), and the receptors responsible for downstream PGE2 (PTGER2, PTGER4) and PGF2α (PTGFR) signaling. Results indicated that 17β-estradiol increased PGE2 and PGF2α production at concentrations ranging from 10-11 to 10-8 M. Furthermore, abundances of PTGS1, PTGS2, PGES, PGFS, PTGER2, PTGER4, and PTGFR mRNA transcripts and protein were greater immediately after 17β-estradiol treatment at almost all the concentrations, while these CBR1 abundances were less as a result of treatments with 17β-estradiol. These data support the hypothesis that estradiol modulates the synthesis and function of PG in the endometrium of cattle.
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14
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Huang CT, Lue JH, Cheng TH, Tsai YJ. Glycemic control with insulin attenuates sepsis-associated encephalopathy by inhibiting glial activation via the suppression of the nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in septic rats. Brain Res 2020; 1738:146822. [PMID: 32272096 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is frequently encountered in critically ill patients. Hyperglycemia is a common phenomenon among patients with sepsis, and glycemic control improves patient outcomes. Therefore, here, we aimed to explore whether glycemic control using insulin inhibits the pro-inflammatory cytokine response and glial activation in the cerebrum and is concomitantly associated with the relief of SAE. Using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), sepsis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The CLP rats were administered intravenous glucose or subjected to subcutaneous insulin implant within the first hour after CLP. The survival rate, blood glucose (BG) values, and behavioral expression were assessed daily for 5 days after CLP. At day 5 after CLP, electroencephalography (EEG) recordings and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability testing were performed. Immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to evaluate glial activation and the pro-inflammatory cytokine response qualitatively and quantitatively, respectively. The glucose-treated CLP rats (BG > 390 mg/dL) exhibited a decline in survival rate; insensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli; slowed EEG activity; and an increase in BBB permeability, pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) levels, and glial activation (astrocytes and microglia) in the cerebral tissues compared with CLP rats (BG ~ 270 mg/dL). Double-immunofluorescence showed that activated astrocytes and microglia co-expressed phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases, respectively. Furthermore, glycemic control using insulin therapy maintained the BG at 120-160 mg/dL and inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and glial activation in the cerebrum of septic rats. In addition, the survival rate, sensory threshold, EEG activity, and BBB permeability recovered to near-normal levels in septic rats after insulin therapy. Taken together, the results of this study elucidated the pathophysiological alterations in brains subjected to sepsis, especially regarding glycemic control. These findings improve our understanding of SAE and support the importance of glycemic control in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ta Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - June-Horng Lue
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Hong Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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15
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Rojas A, Ganesh T, Wang W, Wang J, Dingledine R. A rat model of organophosphate-induced status epilepticus and the beneficial effects of EP2 receptor inhibition. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 133:104399. [PMID: 30818067 PMCID: PMC6708729 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes an adult rat model of status epilepticus (SE) induced by diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), and the beneficial outcomes of transient inhibition of the prostaglandin-E2 receptor EP2 with a small molecule antagonist, delayed by 2-4 h after SE onset. Administration of six doses of the selective EP2 antagonist TG6-10-1 over a 2-3 day period accelerates functional recovery, attenuates hippocampal neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, gliosis and blood-brain barrier leakage, and prevents long-term cognitive deficits without blocking SE itself or altering acute seizure characteristics. This work has provided important information regarding organophosphate-induced seizure related pathologies in adults and revealed the effectiveness of delayed EP2 inhibition to combat these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asheebo Rojas
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jennifer Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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16
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Brait VH, Miró-Mur F, Pérez-de-Puig I, Notario L, Hurtado B, Pedragosa J, Gallizioli M, Jiménez-Altayó F, Arbaizar-Rovirosa M, Otxoa-de-Amezaga A, Monteagudo J, Ferrer-Ferrer M, de la Rosa X, Bonfill-Teixidor E, Salas-Perdomo A, Hernández-Vidal A, Garcia-de-Frutos P, Lauzurica P, Planas AM. CD69 Plays a Beneficial Role in Ischemic Stroke by Dampening Endothelial Activation. Circ Res 2019; 124:279-291. [PMID: 30582456 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.313818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE CD69 is an immunomodulatory molecule induced during lymphocyte activation. Following stroke, T-lymphocytes upregulate CD69 but its function is unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether CD69 was involved in brain damage following an ischemic stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS We used adult male mice on the C57BL/6 or BALB/c backgrounds, including wild-type mice and CD69-/- mice, and CD69+/+ and CD69-/- lymphocyte-deficient Rag2-/- mice, and generated chimeric mice. We induced ischemia by transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. We measured infarct volume, assessed neurological function, and studied CD69 expression, as well as platelet function, fibrin(ogen) deposition, and VWF (von Willebrand factor) expression in brain vessels and VWF content and activity in plasma, and performed the tail-vein bleeding test and the carotid artery ferric chloride-induced thrombosis model. We also performed primary glial cell cultures and sorted brain CD45-CD11b-CD31+ endothelial cells for mRNA expression studies. We blocked VWF by intravenous administration of anti-VWF antibodies. CD69-/- mice showed larger infarct volumes and worse neurological deficits than the wild-type mice after ischemia. This worsening effect was not attributable to lymphocytes or other hematopoietic cells. CD69 deficiency lowered the time to thrombosis in the carotid artery despite platelet function not being affected. Ischemia upregulated Cd69 mRNA expression in brain endothelial cells. CD69-deficiency increased fibrin(ogen) accumulation in the ischemic tissue, and plasma VWF content and activity, and VWF expression in brain vessels. Blocking VWF reduced infarct volume and reverted the detrimental effect of CD69-/- deficiency. CONCLUSIONS CD69 deficiency promotes a prothrombotic phenotype characterized by increased VWF and worse brain damage after ischemic stroke. The results suggest that CD69 acts as a downregulator of endothelial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa H Brait
- From the Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration (V.H.B., F.M.-M., I.P.-d.-P., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., X.d.l.R., E.B.-T., A.M.P.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (V.H.B., F.M.-M., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., M.F.-F., E.B.-T., A.S.-P., A.H.-V., A.M.P.)
| | - Francesc Miró-Mur
- From the Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration (V.H.B., F.M.-M., I.P.-d.-P., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., X.d.l.R., E.B.-T., A.M.P.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (V.H.B., F.M.-M., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., M.F.-F., E.B.-T., A.S.-P., A.H.-V., A.M.P.)
| | - Isabel Pérez-de-Puig
- From the Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration (V.H.B., F.M.-M., I.P.-d.-P., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., X.d.l.R., E.B.-T., A.M.P.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
| | - Laura Notario
- Grupo de Activación Inmunológica, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain (L.N., P.L.)
| | - Begoña Hurtado
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation (B.H., P.G.-d.-F.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
| | - Jordi Pedragosa
- From the Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration (V.H.B., F.M.-M., I.P.-d.-P., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., X.d.l.R., E.B.-T., A.M.P.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (V.H.B., F.M.-M., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., M.F.-F., E.B.-T., A.S.-P., A.H.-V., A.M.P.)
| | - Mattia Gallizioli
- From the Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration (V.H.B., F.M.-M., I.P.-d.-P., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., X.d.l.R., E.B.-T., A.M.P.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (V.H.B., F.M.-M., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., M.F.-F., E.B.-T., A.S.-P., A.H.-V., A.M.P.)
| | - Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (F.J.A.)
| | - Maria Arbaizar-Rovirosa
- From the Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration (V.H.B., F.M.-M., I.P.-d.-P., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., X.d.l.R., E.B.-T., A.M.P.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (V.H.B., F.M.-M., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., M.F.-F., E.B.-T., A.S.-P., A.H.-V., A.M.P.)
| | - Amaia Otxoa-de-Amezaga
- From the Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration (V.H.B., F.M.-M., I.P.-d.-P., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., X.d.l.R., E.B.-T., A.M.P.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (V.H.B., F.M.-M., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., M.F.-F., E.B.-T., A.S.-P., A.H.-V., A.M.P.)
| | - Juan Monteagudo
- Hemotherapy and Haemostasis Service, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.)
| | - Maura Ferrer-Ferrer
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (V.H.B., F.M.-M., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., M.F.-F., E.B.-T., A.S.-P., A.H.-V., A.M.P.)
| | - Xavier de la Rosa
- From the Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration (V.H.B., F.M.-M., I.P.-d.-P., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., X.d.l.R., E.B.-T., A.M.P.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
| | - Ester Bonfill-Teixidor
- From the Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration (V.H.B., F.M.-M., I.P.-d.-P., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., X.d.l.R., E.B.-T., A.M.P.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (V.H.B., F.M.-M., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., M.F.-F., E.B.-T., A.S.-P., A.H.-V., A.M.P.)
| | - Angélica Salas-Perdomo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (V.H.B., F.M.-M., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., M.F.-F., E.B.-T., A.S.-P., A.H.-V., A.M.P.)
| | - Alba Hernández-Vidal
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (V.H.B., F.M.-M., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., M.F.-F., E.B.-T., A.S.-P., A.H.-V., A.M.P.)
| | - Pablo Garcia-de-Frutos
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation (B.H., P.G.-d.-F.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
| | - Pilar Lauzurica
- Grupo de Activación Inmunológica, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain (L.N., P.L.)
| | - Anna M Planas
- From the Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration (V.H.B., F.M.-M., I.P.-d.-P., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., X.d.l.R., E.B.-T., A.M.P.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (V.H.B., F.M.-M., J.P., M.G., M.A.-R., A.O.-d.-A., M.F.-F., E.B.-T., A.S.-P., A.H.-V., A.M.P.)
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17
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Rojas A, Banik A, Chen D, Flood K, Ganesh T, Dingledine R. Novel Microglia Cell Line Expressing the Human EP2 Receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4280-4292. [PMID: 31469538 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, EP2 signaling pathways were shown to regulate the classical activation and death of microglia in rat primary microglial culture. The study of microglial cells has been challenging because they are time-consuming to isolate in culture, they are demanding in their growth requirements, and they have a limited lifespan. To circumvent these difficulties, we created a murine BV2 microglial cell line stably expressing human EP2 receptors (BV2-hEP2) and further explored EP2 modulation of microglial functions. The BV2-hEP2 cells displayed cAMP elevation when exposed to the selective EP2 receptor agonists (ONO-AE1-259-1 and CP544326), and this response was competitively inhibited by TG4-155, a selective EP2 antagonist (Schild KB = 2.6 nM). By contrast, untransfected BV2 cells were unresponsive to selective EP2 agonists. Similar to the case of rat primary microglia, BV2-hEP2 microglia treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/mL) displayed rapid and robust induction of the inflammatory mediators COX-2, IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6. EP2 activation depressed TNFα induction but exacerbated that of the other inflammatory mediators. Like primary microglia, classically activated BV2 microglia phagocytose fluorescent-labeled latex microspheres. The presence of EP2, but not its activation by agonists, in BV2-hEP2 microglia reduced phagocytosis and proliferation by 65% and 32%, respectively, compared to BV2 microglia. Thus, BV2-hEP2 is the first microglial cell line that retains the EP2 modulation of immune regulation and phagocytic ability of native microglia. Suppression of phagocytosis by the EP2 protein appears unrelated to classical EP2 signaling pathways, which has implications for therapeutic development of EP2 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asheebo Rojas
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Avijit Banik
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kevin Flood
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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18
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D'Angelo B, Astarita C, Boffo S, Massaro-Giordano M, Antonella Ianuzzi C, Caporaso A, Macaluso M, Giordano A. LPS-induced inflammatory response triggers cell cycle reactivation in murine neuronal cells through retinoblastoma proteins induction. Cell Cycle 2019; 16:2330-2336. [PMID: 28820328 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1363943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle reactivation in adult neurons is an early hallmark of neurodegeneration. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a well-known pro-inflammatory factor that provokes neuronal cell death via glial cells activation. The retinoblastoma (RB) family includes RB1/p105, retinoblastoma-like 1 (RBL1/p107), and retinoblastoma-like 2 (Rb2/p130). Several studies have indicated that RB proteins exhibit tumor suppressor activities, and play a central role in cell cycle regulation. In this study, we assessed LPS-mediated inflammatory effect on cell cycle reactivation and apoptosis of neuronally differentiated cells. Also, we investigated whether the LPS-mediated inflammatory response can influence the function and expression of RB proteins. Our results showed that LPS challenges triggered cell cycle reactivation of differentiated neuronal cells, indicated by an accumulation of cells in S and G2/M phase. Furthermore, we found that LPS treatment also induced apoptotic death of neurons. Interestingly, we observed that LPS-mediated inflammatory effect on cell cycle re-entry and apoptosis was concomitant with the aberrant expression of RBL1/p107 and RB1/p105. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to indicate a role of LPS in inducing cell cycle re-entry and/or apoptosis of differentiated neuronal cells, perhaps through mechanisms altering the expression of specific members of RB family proteins. This study provides novel information on the biology of post-mitotic neurons and could help in identifying novel therapeutic targets to prevent de novo cell cycle reactivation and/or apoptosis of neurons undergoing neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara D'Angelo
- a Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Carlo Astarita
- a Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neuroscience , University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Silvia Boffo
- a Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Mina Massaro-Giordano
- c Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA
| | | | - Antonella Caporaso
- d Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM) , Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale , Naples , Italy
| | - Marcella Macaluso
- a Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Antonio Giordano
- a Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neuroscience , University of Siena , Siena , Italy
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19
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Dec K, Łukomska A, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Kolasa-Wołosiuk A, Tarnowski M, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Gutowska I. Long-term exposure to fluoride as a factor promoting changes in the expression and activity of cyclooxygenases (COX1 and COX2) in various rat brain structures. Neurotoxicology 2019; 74:81-90. [PMID: 31175943 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sixty percent of the mammalian brain is composed of lipids including arachidonic acid (AA). AA released from cell membranes is metabolised in the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway to prostanoids - biologically active substances involved in the regulation of many processes including inflammation. It has been shown that long-term exposure to fluoride in pre and neonatal period is dangerous because this element is able to penetrate through the placenta and to cross the blood-brain barrier. Exposure to fluoride during the development affects metabolism and physiology of neurons and glia which results in the impairment of cognitive functions but the exact mechanisms of fluoride neurotoxicity are not clearly defined. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to fluoride during the development affects COXes activity and the synthesis of prostanoids. MATERIAL AND METHODS Pre- and postnatal toxicity model in Wistar rats was used. Experimental animals received 50 mg/L of NaF in drinking water ad libitum, while control animals received tap water. In cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and striatum were measured fluoride concentration, COX1 and COX2 genes expression, immunolocalization of the enzymatic proteins and concentration of PGE2 and TXB2. RESULTS of this study showed statistically significant changes in the concentration of fluoride in brain structures between study group and control animals. Moreover, significant changes in the expression level of COX1 and COX2, and in the concentration of PGE2 and TXB2 were observed. CONCLUSION Exposure to fluoride in the prenatal and neonatal period result in the increase in COX2 activity and increase in PGE2 concentration in rats brain, which may lead to disturbances in central nervous system homeostasis..
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dec
- The Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 70-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łukomska
- The Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 70-460 Szczecin, Poland; Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- The Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 70-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa-Wołosiuk
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- The Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- The Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- The Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 70-460 Szczecin, Poland.
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20
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Sun X, Li Q. Prostaglandin EP2 receptor: Novel therapeutic target for human cancers (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1203-1214. [PMID: 29956743 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor 2 subtype (EP2), which is a metabolite of arachidonic acid that binds with and regulates cellular responses to PGE2, is associated with numerous physiological and pathological events in a wide range of tissues. As a stimulatory G protein‑coupled receptor, PGE2‑induced EP2 activation can activate adenylate cyclase, leading to increased cytoplasmic cAMP levels and activation of protein kinase A. The EP2 receptor can also activate the glycogen synthase kinase 3β and β‑catenin pathways. The present study aimed to review the roles of the EP2 receptor in tumor development, including immunity, chronic inflammation, angiogenesis, metastasis and multidrug resistance. Furthermore, the involvement of the EP2 receptor signaling pathway in cancer was discussed. Understanding the role and mechanisms of action of the EP2 receptor, and its importance in targeted therapy, may help identify novel methods to improve management of numerous types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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21
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DeMars KM, McCrea AO, Siwarski DM, Sanz BD, Yang C, Candelario-Jalil E. Protective Effects of L-902,688, a Prostanoid EP4 Receptor Agonist, against Acute Blood-Brain Barrier Damage in Experimental Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29527151 PMCID: PMC5829545 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke occurs when a clot forms in the brain vasculature that starves downstream tissue of oxygen and nutrients resulting in cell death. The tissue immediately downstream of the blockage, the core, dies within minutes, but the surrounding tissue, the penumbra is potentially salvageable. Prostaglandin E2 binds to four different G-protein coupled membrane receptors EP1–EP4 mediating different and sometimes opposing responses. Pharmacological activation of the EP4 receptor has already been established as neuroprotective in stroke, but the mechanism(s) of protection are not well-characterized. In this study, we hypothesized that EP4 receptor activation reduces ischemic brain injury by reducing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3/-9 production and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage. Rats underwent transient ischemic stroke for 90 min. Animals received an intravenous injection of either the vehicle or L-902,688, a highly specific EP4 agonist, at the onset of reperfusion. Brain tissue was harvested at 24 h. We established a dose-response curve and used the optimal dose that resulted in the greatest infarct reduction to analyze BBB integrity compared to vehicle-treated rats. The presence of IgG, a blood protein, in the brain parenchyma is a marker of BBB damage, and L-902,688 (1 mg/kg; i.v.) dramatically reduced IgG extravasation (P < 0.05). Consistent with these data, we assessed zona occludens-1 and occludin, tight junction proteins integral to the maintenance of the BBB, and found reduced degradation with L-902,688 administration. With immunoblotting, qRT-PCR, and/or a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based activity assay, we next measured MMP-3/-9 since they are key effectors of BBB breakdown in stroke. In the cerebral cortex, not only was MMP-3 activity significantly decreased (P < 0.05), but L-902,688 treatment also reduced MMP-9 mRNA, protein, and enzymatic activity (P < 0.001). In addition, post-ischemic administration of the EP4 agonist significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β (P < 0.05) and IL-6 (P < 0.01) in the ischemic cerebral cortex. Most importantly, one injection of L-902,688 (1 mg/kg; i.v) at the onset of reperfusion significantly reduces neurological deficits up to 3 weeks later (P < 0.05). Our data show for the first time that pharmacological activation of EP4 with L-902,688 is neuroprotective in ischemic stroke by reducing MMP-3/-9 and BBB damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M DeMars
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Austin O McCrea
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - David M Siwarski
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brian D Sanz
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Changjun Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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22
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Yousif NM, de Oliveira ACP, Brioschi S, Huell M, Biber K, Fiebich BL. Activation of EP 2 receptor suppresses poly(I: C) and LPS-mediated inflammation in primary microglia and organotypic hippocampal slice cultures: Contributing role for MAPKs. Glia 2017; 66:708-724. [PMID: 29226424 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Brain inflammation is a critical factor involved in neurodegeneration. Recently, the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) downstream members were suggested to modulate neuroinflammatory responses accompanying neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of prostaglandin E2 receptor 2 (EP2 ) during TLR3 and TLR4-driven inflammatory response using in vitro primary microglia and ex vivo organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs). Depletion of microglia from OHSCs differentially affected TLR3 and TLR4 receptor expression. Poly(I:C) induced the production of prostaglandin E2 in OHSCs by increasing cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES)-1. Besides, stimulation of OHSCs and microglia with Poly(I:C) upregulated EP2 receptor expression. Co-stimulation of OHSCs and microglia with the EP2 agonist butaprost reduced inflammatory mediators induced by LPS and Poly(I:C). In Poly(I:C) challenged OHSCs, butaprost almost restored microglia ramified morphology and reduced Iba1 immunoreactivity. Importantly, microglia depletion prevented the induction of inflammatory mediators following Poly(I:C) or LPS challenge in OHSCs. Activation of EP2 receptor reversed the Poly(I:C)/LPS-induced phosphorylation of the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK, p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in microglia. Collectively, these data identify an anti-inflammatory function for EP2 signaling in diverse innate immune responses, through a mechanism that involves the mitogen-activated protein kinases pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizar M Yousif
- Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 5, Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Simone Brioschi
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 5, Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
| | - Michael Huell
- Zentrum für Psychiatrie Emmendingen, Neubronnstr. 25, Emmendingen, 79312
| | - Knut Biber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 5, Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
| | - Bernd L Fiebich
- Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 5, Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
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23
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Zhang W, Zhang DG, Liang X, Zhang WL, Ma JX. Effects of apelin on retinal microglial cells in a rat model of oxygen-induced retinopathy of prematurity. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2900-2910. [PMID: 29091306 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the effects of apelin on retinal microglial cells in rat models of oxygen-induced retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Totally, 274 rats were selected for establishing oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) models, and 92 healthy rats for control group. OIR rats were assigned into OIR, 10-5 g/L apelin, 10-4 g/L apelin, and 10-3 g/L apelin groups. Immunohistochemistry was employed to determine morphology of microglial cells and cell number. CDllb, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1), TNF-α, and iNOS mRNA and protein expressions were identified using RT-qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. ELISA was employed to determine the levels of VEGF and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The amoeboid microglial cells were found in the OIR and 10-3 g/L apelin groups, while bipolar microglial cells were found in the normal control, 10-5 g/L apelin and 10-4 g/L apelin groups. In the 1, 2, 3, and 4th week after apelin treatment, there were significantly decreased bipolar microglial cells, lower mRNA and protein expressions of CDllb, IBA-1, TNF-α and iNOS, and the levels of VEGF and GFAP in the 10-4 g/L apelin group than in the OIR, 10-3 g/L apelin and 10-5 g/L apelin groups. The differences between the normal control and 10-4 g/L apelin groups are not significant. Compared with the OIR group, the 10-5 g/L apelin and 10-3 g/L apelin groups presented decreased microglial cells and mRNA and protein expressions of CDllb, IBA-1, TNF-α, and iNOS. Appropriate concentration of apelin may reduce retinal microglial cells in a rat model of oxygen-induced ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanxi Dayi Hospital, Taiyuan, P.R. China
| | - Ding-Guo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xing Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanxi Dayi Hospital, Taiyuan, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Liang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanxi Dayi Hospital, Taiyuan, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Xue Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
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