MicroRNA-142 regulates inflammation and T cell differentiation in an animal model of multiple sclerosis

Enhancing brain health: Swimming-induced BDNF release and epigenetic influence in MS female mouse models

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition characterized by inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), impacting sensory, motor, and cognitive abilities. Globally, around three million individuals are affected by MS, with up to 97,000 cases in Iran attributed to genetic predispositions along with various environmental factors like smoking. Cognitive impairment affects a significant portion of patients, ranging from 45% to 70%. This study investigates the impact of regular aerobic swimming exercise for four weeks, mild cognitive impairment induced by encephalomyelitis, and their combination on the expression of microRNA-142-3p and its correlation with the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in relation to spatial memory. Twenty-one C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups. RT-PCR was used for microRNA expression analysis, and BDNF levels were assessed via western blotting. Clinical scores and animal weights were monitored daily. EAE induction led to an increase in microRNA-142-3p expression and a decrease in BDNF levels compared to the control group. Exercise inversed them significantly, and improved spatial memory. Our findings indicate that engaging in regular swimming exercise can counteract the up-regulation of miR-142-3p in brain tissue, which likely contributes to mild cognitive impairment induced by MS. Additionally, the increase in BDNF following exercise appears to be associated with miR-142-3p and the enhancement of cognitive function. Thus, the therapeutic benefits of exercise, particularly in releasing BDNF to improve cognitive function in MS patients, warrant consideration. Lifestyle modifications have the potential to effectively modulate environmental influences and ethnicity, underscoring their significance in MS management.

Streptococcus gordonii Supragingival Bacterium Oral Infection-Induced Periodontitis and Robust miRNA Expression Kinetics

Streptococcus gordonii (S. gordonii, Sg) is one of the early colonizing, supragingival commensal bacterium normally associated with oral health in human dental plaque. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the inflammation-mediated pathways and are involved in periodontal disease (PD) pathogenesis. PD is a polymicrobial dysbiotic immune-inflammatory disease initiated by microbes in the gingival sulcus/pockets. The objective of this study is to determine the global miRNA expression kinetics in S. gordonii DL1-infected C57BL/6J mice. All mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10 mice/group; 5 males and 5 females). Bacterial infection was performed in mice at 8 weeks and 16 weeks, mice were euthanized, and tissues harvested for analysis. We analyzed differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs in the mandibles of S. gordonii-infected mice. Gingival colonization/infection by S. gordonii and alveolar bone resorption (ABR) was confirmed. All the S. gordonii-infected mice at two specific time points showed bacterial colonization (100%) in the gingival surface, and a significant increase in mandible and maxilla ABR (p < 0.0001). miRNA profiling revealed 191 upregulated miRNAs (miR-375, miR-34b-5p) and 22 downregulated miRNAs (miR-133, miR-1224) in the mandibles of S. gordonii-infected mice at the 8-week mark. Conversely, at 16 weeks post-infection, 10 miRNAs (miR-1902, miR-203) were upregulated and 32 miRNAs (miR-1937c, miR-720) were downregulated. Two miRNAs, miR-210 and miR-423-5p, were commonly upregulated, and miR-2135 and miR-145 were commonly downregulated in both 8- and 16-week-infected mice mandibles. Furthermore, we employed five machine learning (ML) algorithms to assess how the number of miRNA copies correlates with S. gordonii infections in mice. In the ML analyses, miR-22 and miR-30c (8-week), miR-720 and miR-339-5p (16-week), and miR-720, miR-22, and miR-339-5p (combined 8- and 16-week) emerged as the most influential miRNAs.

A systematic review of dysregulated microRNAs in Hashimoto's thyroiditis

BACKGROUND

Plenty of evidence suggests that dysregulated microRNAs are linked to developing autoimmune thyroid diseases. In this study, we aimed to identify commonly linked dysregulated microRNAs in Hashimoto's thyroiditis(HT) and explore microRNA-targeted genes and the involved pathways.

METHODS

Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched using the MeSH terms and free text terms, which yielded 11879 articles published up to July 2023. Two-step screening(first for titles and second for abstracts) was completed according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search strategy was formulated using the PEO format(Population, Exposure, and Outcome) for observational studies. The corresponding target genes and relevant signaling pathways were also identified using web servers of Diana Tools/its mirPath v.3 software, miRNA Enrichment Analysis, Mirpath DB2, miRPathDB 2.0, and miRmap.

RESULTS

Review inclusion criteria were met by 16 studies. Thirty-three microRNAs were identified as differentially expressed in HT patients compared to a healthy control after qRT-PCR or RNA sequencing confirmation. Only three miR-146a, miR-142, and miR-301 showed significant results in more than two studies comparing HT cases with healthy controls.

CONCLUSION

Three key microRNAs in HT were identified by systematic review; the corresponding target genes and signaling pathways involved in the target genes were also identified. These microRNAs regulate the immune response and inflammation and may favor the development and progression of HT. These data may be beneficial to make a step forward to understand the exact etiology of HT and use of these MicroRNAs as possible diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and as target therapy.

Interaction between miR-142-3p and BDNF Val/Met Polymorphism Regulates Multiple Sclerosis Severity

MiR-142-3p has recently emerged as key factor in tailoring personalized treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with heterogeneous pathophysiology and an unpredictable course. With its involvement in a detrimental regulatory axis with interleukin-1beta (IL1β), miR-142-3p orchestrates excitotoxic synaptic alterations that significantly impact both MS progression and therapeutic outcomes. In this study, we investigated for the first time the influence of individual genetic variability on the miR-142-3p excitotoxic effect in MS. We specifically focused on the single-nucleotide polymorphism Val66Met (rs6265) of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene, known for its crucial role in CNS functioning. We assessed the levels of miR-142-3p and IL1β in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from a cohort of 114 patients with MS upon diagnosis. By stratifying patients according to their genetic background, statistical correlations with clinical parameters were performed. Notably, in Met-carrier patients, we observed a decoupling of miR-142-3p levels from IL1β levels in the CSF, as well as from of disease severity (Expanded Disability Status Score, EDSS; Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score, MSSS; Age-Related Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score, ARMSS) and progression (Progression Index, PI). Our discovery of the interference between BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and the synaptotoxic IL1β-miR-142-3p axis, therefore hampering miR-142-3p action on MS course, provides valuable insights for further development of personalized medicine in the field.

Milk-derived exosome nanovesicles: recent progress and daunting hurdles

Raw milk is the foundation of quality and safety in the dairy industry, and improving milk source management is the fundamental guarantee. Milk-derived exosomes (MDEs) are nanoscale information transfer molecules secreted by mammary cells with unique content and high stability, which can be used not only as potential markers to analyze key traits of lactation, reproduction, nutrition and health of animals, but also help farm managers to take timely interventions to improve animal welfare, milk quality, and functional traits. Our review first outlines the latest advances in MDEs isolation and purification, compositional analysis and characterization tools. We then provide a comprehensive summary of recent applications of MDEs liquid biopsy in breed selection, disease prevention and control, and feeding management. Finally, we evaluate the impact of processing on the stability of MDEs to offer guidance for dairy production and storage. The limitations and challenges in the development and use of MDEs markers are also discussed. As a noninvasive marker with high sensitivity and specificity, the MDEs-mediated assay technology is expected to be a powerful tool for measuring cow health and raw milk quality, enabling dynamic and precise regulation of dairy cows and full traceability of raw milk.

Study on the Expression and Potential Function of LncRNA in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis

BACKGROUND

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an autoimmune disease that has the characteristics of difficult early diagnosis and a high disability rate.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to further explore the possible mechanism and potential function of lncRNA in AS.

METHODS

We used lncRNA microarray technology to detect the expression of lncRNA and mRNA in patients with active AS, stable patients, and healthy controls (HC). Afterward, bioinformatics analysis was conducted on differentially expressed genes. Seven differentially expressed lncRNAs were screened out for real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), combined with various clinical indicators for correlation analysis, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the potential of lncRNA as a diagnostic marker for AS.

RESULTS

The results showed that the expression levels of NR-037662 and ENST00000599316 in the AS subgroups were significantly higher than those in the HC group, while the expression levels of ENST00000577914 and ENST00000579003 were lower than those in the HC group. The expression levels of NR-003542 and ENST00000512051 in the ASA group were significantly higher than those in the ASS and HC groups, while NR-026756 was just the opposite. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that the expression level of NR-003542 was positively correlated with Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), and high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP). The expression level of NR-026756 was negatively correlated with the Bath Ankylosing Spine Inflammatory Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), BASFI, ESR, hsCRP, and globulin (GLOB). In addition, it was also found that the ROC curve analysis of the 4 lncRNAs between the AS group (ASA group and ASS group) and the HC group were statistically significant, and the area under the curve (AUC) of NR-037662, ENST00000599316, ENST00000577914, and ENST00000579003 was 0.804, 0.812, 0.706, and 0.698, respectively.

CONCLUSION

It was found that these differentially expressed lncRNAs of AS may be involved in the occurrence and development of the disease. Among them, NR-037662, ENST00000599316, ENST00000577914, and ENST00000579003 might have the potential to become AS diagnostic molecular markers. Moreover, NR -003542, ENST00000512051, and NR-026756 might have the potential to be indicators of disease activity.

Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Phase I/II Dose-Finding Clinical Study

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuro-inflammatory disease resulting in disabilities that negatively impact patients' life quality. While current treatment options do not reverse the course of the disease, treatment using mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) is promising. There has yet to be a consensus on the type and dose of MSC to be used in MS. This work aims to study the safety and efficacy of two treatment protocols of MSCs derived from the umbilical cord (UC-MSCs) and their secretome. The study included two groups of MS patients; Group A received two intrathecal doses of UC-MSCs, and Group B received a single dose. Both groups received UC-MSCs conditioned media 3 months post-treatment. Adverse events in the form of a clinical checklist and extensive laboratory tests were performed. Whole transcriptome analysis was performed on patients' cells at baseline and post-treatment. Results showed that all patients tolerated the cellular therapy without serious adverse events. The general disability scale improved significantly in both groups at 6 months post-treatment. Examining specific aspects of the disease revealed more parameters that improved in Group A compared to Group B patients, including a significant increase in the (CD3+CD4+) expressing lymphocytes at 12 months post-treatment. In addition, better outcomes were noted regarding lesion load, cortical thickness, manual dexterity, and information processing speed. Both protocols impacted the transcriptome of treated participants with genes, transcription factors, and microRNAs (miRNAs) differentially expressed compared to baseline. Inflammation-related and antigen-presenting (HLA-B) genes were downregulated in both groups. In contrast, TNF-alpha, TAP-1, and miR142 were downregulated only in Group A. The data presented indicate that both protocols are safe. Furthermore, it suggests that administering two doses of stem cells can be more beneficial to MS patients. Larger multisite studies should be initiated to further examine similar or higher doses of MSCs.

Evidence that fish death after Vibrio vulnificus infection is due to an acute inflammatory response triggered by a toxin of the MARTX family

Vibrio vulnificus is an emerging zoonotic pathogen associated with fish farms that is capable of causing a hemorrhagic septicemia known as warm-water vibriosis. According to a recent transcriptomic and functional study, the death of fish due to vibriosis is more related to the inflammatory response of the host than to the tissue lesions caused by the pathogen. In this work, we hypothesize that the RtxA1 toxin (a V. vulnificus toxin of the MARTX (Multifunctional Autoprocessing Repeats in Toxin) family) is the key virulence factor that would directly or indirectly trigger this fatal inflammatory response. Our hypothesis was based on previous studies that showed that rtxA1-deficient mutants maintained their ability to colonize and invade, but were unable to kill fish. To demonstrate this hypothesis, we infected eels (model of fish vibriosis) by immersion with a mutant deficient in RtxA1 production and analyzed their transcriptome in blood, red blood cells and white blood cells during early vibriosis (0, 3 and 12 h post-infection). The transcriptomic results were compared with those obtained in the previous study in which eels were infected with the V. vulnificus parental strain, and were functionally validated. Overall, our results confirm that fish death after V. vulnificus infection is due to an acute, early and atypical inflammatory response triggered by RtxA1 in which red blood cells seem to play a central role. These results could be relevant to other vibriosis as the toxins of this family are widespread in the Vibrio genus.

The microRNAs (miRs) overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy in neurological disorders; hope or hype

Altered expression of multiple miRNAs was found to be extensively involved in the pathogenesis of different neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. One of the biggest concerns within gene-based therapy is the delivery of the therapeutic microRNAs to the intended place, which is obligated to surpass the biological barriers without undergoing degradation in the bloodstream or renal excretion. Hence, the delivery of modified and unmodified miRNA molecules using excellent vehicles is required. In this light, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted increasing attention. The MSCs can be genetically modified to express or overexpress a particular microRNA aimed with promote neurogenesis and neuroprotection. The current review has focused on the therapeutic capabilities of microRNAs-overexpressing MSCs to ameliorate functional deficits in neurological conditions.

Circulating microRNAs correlate with structural and functional MRI parameters in patients with multiple sclerosis

Introduction

Circulating microRNAs are promising biomarkers for multiple sclerosis (MS). Our aim was to correlate serum microRNA levels with various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters.

Methods

We recruited 50 MS patients and measured cervical spine and cerebral white matter lesions together with regional brain volumes. Microstructural changes in the white matter were investigated with diffusion tensor imaging. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed to measure cerebral metabolites. Functional connectivity within the default mode network was examined with resting-state functional MRI. On the day of the MRI measurements, we collected serum samples and carried out quantitative analysis of ten pre-selected microRNAs using droplet digital PCR.

Results

Serum level of miR-143.3p could differentiate between MS subtypes and had lower levels in progressive MS types. We found significant associations between microRNA levels and MRI measures: (1) higher miR-92a.3p and miR-486.5p levels were associated with greater total white matter lesion volumes within the cervical spine, (2) decreased miR-142.5p levels was associated with reduced total creatinine concentration and (3) miR-92a.3p, miR-142.5p and miR-486.5p levels were associated with functional connectivity strengths between specific nodes of the default mode network. Specifically, we found a negative association between miR-92a.3p and miR-486.5p levels and connectivity strength between the lateral temporal cortex and posterior inferior parietal lobule, and a positive association between miR-142.5p level and connectivity strength between the retrosplenial cortex and temporal pole. However, miRNA levels were not associated with regional brain volumes.

Conclusion

We provide here further evidence that circulating microRNAs may show correlation with both structural and functional neuroimaging outcomes in patients with MS.

Vitamins A and D Enhance the Expression of Ror-γ-Targeting miRNAs in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis

Autoreactive T cells, particularly those characterized by a Th17 phenotype, exert significant influence on the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The present study aimed to elucidate the impact of individual and combined administration of vitamin A and D on neuroinflammation, and microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in T helper (Th)17 development, utilizing a murine model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice, and 3 days prior to immunization, intraperitoneal injections of vitamins A and D or their combination were administered. Th17 cell percentages were determined in splenocytes utilizing intracellular staining and flow cytometry. Furthermore, the expression of Ror γ-t, miR-98-5p and Let-7a-5p, was measured in both splenocytes and spinal cord tissues using RT-PCR. Treatment with vitamin A and D resulted in a reduction in both disease severity in EAE mice. Treated mice showed a decreased frequency of Th17 cells and lower expression levels of IL17 and Ror γ-t in splenocytes and spinal cord. The spinal cord tissues and splenocytes of mice treated with vitamins A, D, and combined A+D showed a significant upregulation of miR-98-5p and Let-7a-5p compared to the EAE group. Statistical analysis indicated a strong negative correlation between miR-98-5p and Let-7a-5p levels in splenocytes and Ror-t expression. Our findings indicate that the administration of vitamins A and D exerts a suppressive effect on neuroinflammation in EAE that is associated with a reduction in the differentiation of T cells into the Th17 phenotype and is mediated by the upregulation of miR-98-5p and Let-7a-5p, which target the Ror γ-t.

Cerebrospinal fluid camk2a levels at baseline predict long-term progression in multiple sclerosis

BACKGROUND

Multiple sclerosis (MS) remains a highly unpredictable disease. Many hope that fluid biomarkers may contribute to better stratification of disease, aiding the personalisation of treatment decisions, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of CSF brain-specific proteins from early in the disease course of MS on long term clinical outcomes.

METHODS

In this study, 34 MS patients had their CSF collected and stored within 5 years of disease onset and were then followed clinically for at least 15 years. CSF concentrations of 64 brain-specific proteins were analyzed in the 34 patient CSF, as well as 19 age and sex-matched controls, using a targeted liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry approach.

RESULTS

We identified six CSF brain-specific proteins that significantly differentiated MS from controls (p < 0.05) and nine proteins that could predict disease course over the next decade. CAMK2A emerged as a biomarker candidate that could discriminate between MS and controls and could predict long-term disease progression.

CONCLUSION

Targeted approaches to identify and quantify biomarkers associated with MS in the CSF may inform on long term MS outcomes. CAMK2A may be one of several candidates, warranting further exploration.

Involvement of NRON and TUG1 long noncoding RNAs in inflammation and the pathogenesis of EAE

There is growing evidence that the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) contribute to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The role of lncRNAs nuclear repressor of NFAT (NRON) and Taurine up-regulated 1 (TUG1) in the inflammatory processes occurring in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS is yet to be investigated. Transcript levels of NRON and TUG1 in acute and chronic phases of EAE and cultured macrophages as well as the correlation between NRON and TUG1 expression with inflammatory cytokines, were evaluated in this study. EAE experimental model was induced in female C57BL/6 mice with subcutaneous injection of MOG35-55/CFA. Mice were scored for 28 days and then sacrificed. The expression of lncRNAs TUG1 and NRON in lumbar spinal cords, activated and controlled macrophages as well as the expression of IL-1, IL-6, and CDe-3 inflammatory cytokines, were assayed by real-time RT-PCR. The lncRNAs TUG1 and NRON were significantly down-regulated in lumbar spinal cords tissues in the acute phase of EAE compared to the control group. TUG1 and NRON were significantly down-regulated in macrophages treated with 10 ng lipopolysaccharide (LPS) compared to the control macrophages. A negative correlation was identified between NRON and TUG1 expression and IL-1, IL-6, and CDe-3 inflammatory cytokines. The present study demonstrates the dysregulation of lncRNAs TUG1 and NRON in spinal cord tissue lesions of EAE and activated macrophages, pointing to their potential role in the pathogenesis of EAE.

Mouse microglia express unique miRNA-mRNA networks to facilitate age-specific functions in the developing central nervous system

Microglia regulate multiple processes in the central nervous system, exhibiting a considerable level of cellular plasticity which is facilitated by an equally dynamic transcriptional environment. While many gene networks that regulate microglial functions have been characterised, the influence of epigenetic regulators such as small non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) is less well defined. We have sequenced the miRNAome and mRNAome of mouse microglia during brain development and adult homeostasis, identifying unique profiles of known and novel miRNAs. Microglia express both a consistently enriched miRNA signature as well as temporally distinctive subsets of miRNAs. We generated robust miRNA-mRNA networks related to fundamental developmental processes, in addition to networks associated with immune function and dysregulated disease states. There was no apparent influence of sex on miRNA expression. This study reveals a unique developmental trajectory of miRNA expression in microglia during critical stages of CNS development, establishing miRNAs as important modulators of microglial phenotype.

MicroRNA profiling of cerebrospinal fluid from dogs with steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis and meningoencephalitis of unknown origin

Introduction

Non-infectious inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system in dogs, such as steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) and meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO), represent a common clinical challenge that needs extensive and multimodal work-up to reach a presumptive diagnosis. Both diseases are presumably caused by dysregulations of the immune system, but further research is needed in order to understand the molecular mechanisms behind each disease and to optimize treatment.

Methods

By next-generation sequencing and subsequent quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) verification, we designed a prospective case-control pilot study to analyze the small RNA profiles of cerebrospinal fluid from dogs suffering from MUO (N = 5), dogs suffering from SRMA (N = 8), and healthy dogs (N = 5) presented for elective euthanasia used as the Control group.

Results

Our results showed an overall enrichment in Y-RNA fragments across all samples, followed by microRNAs (miRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs as the major findings. Additional traces of short RNA reads mapped to long non-coding RNAs and protein-coding genes were also found. From the detected canine miRNAs, miR-21, miR-486, miR-148a, miR-99a, miR-191 and miR-92a were among the most abundant. Dogs with SRMA showed higher differences in miRNA abundance than dogs with MUO when compared to healthy dogs, and miR-142-3p was consistently detected as differentially upregulated in both diseases, although at a low concentration. Moreover, miR-405-5p and miR-503-5p showed different profiles between SRMA and MUO dogs. Subsequent qPCR analyses confirmed miR-142-5p, miR-191-5p and miR-92a-3p as significantly upregulated miRNAs in dogs with SRMA and/or MUO.

Discussion

Cerebrospinal fluid is a challenging biological material to use for profiling miRNAs due to the low content of circulating RNAs. Despite this, we could confirm several miRNAs being differentially abundant when comparing healthy dogs and dogs with MUO and SRMA, respectively. The results of this study indicate a potential role of miRNAs in the underlying molecular mechanisms of these diseases and establish the basis for further studies.

Potential involvement of circulating extracellular vesicles and particles on exercise effects in malignancies

Physical activity and exercise have been widely related to prevention, treatment, and control for several non-communicable diseases. In this context, there are innumerous pre-clinical and clinical evidence indicating the potential role of exercise, beyond cancer prevention and survival, improved quality of life, including on psychological components, bone health and cachexia, from cancer survivors is described as well. This mini-review raises the potential role of circulating extracellular and particles vesicles (EVPs) cargo, as exerkines, conducting several positive effects on adjacent and/or distant tissues such as tumor, immune, bone and muscle cells. We highlighted new perspectives about microRNAs into EVPs changes induced by exercise and its benefits on malignancies, since microRNAs can be implicated with intricated physiopathological processes. Potential microRNAs into EVPs were pointed out here as players spreading beneficial effects of exercise, such as miR-150-5p, miR-124, miR-486, and miRNA-320a, which have previous findings on involvement with clinical outcomes and as well as tumor microenvironment, regulating intercellular communication and tumor growth. For example, high-intensity interval aerobic exercise program seems to increase miR-150 contents in circulating EVPs obtained from women with normal weight or overweight. In accordance circulating EVPs miR-150-5p content is correlated with prognosis colorectal cancer, and ectopic expression of miR-150 may reduce cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Beyond the involvement of bioactive miRNAs into circulating EVPs and their pathways related to clinical and preclinical findings, this mini review intends to support further studies on EVPs cargo and exercise effects in oncology.

MiRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p are related to inflammatory bowel disease via regulating IL-10 and STAT3 signaling pathways

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal disorders worldwide. Although the actual etiology of IBD remains unclear, growing evidence suggests that CD4+ T cells-associated cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-17A, are crucial for the occurrence of IBD. It has been reported that there is a positive association between miRNAs and IBD development. In this study, we investigated the roles of hsa-miRNA-374b-5p(miRNA-374b-5p) and hsa-miRNA-106a-5p(miRNA-106a-5p) in regulating IBD development.

Methods

Serum was obtained from vein blood of IBD patients and healthy controls, qRT-PCR was performed to study the expression of miRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of overexpression or inhibition of miRNA-374b-5p on naïve CD4 + T cell subsets differentiation from vein blood of healthy controls by RT-qPCR, flow cytometry and western blot. And more the prediction and confirmation of the targeting genes of miRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p were performed by bioinformatics softwares and dual-luciferase reporter assay.

Results

The results showed that miRNA-106a-5p and miRNA-374b-5p were significantly overexpressed in IBD patients. MiRNA-374b-5p could enhance Th1/Th17 cell differentiation and was related to IBD pathogenesis. MiRNA-374b-5p overexpression induced the mRNA expression of IL-17A and IFN-γ, and suppressed that of IL-10 in T cells. MiRNA-374b-5p inhibition decreased the mRNA expression of IL-17A and IFN-γ, while upregulated that of IL-10 in T cells. These qPCR data were further verified at protein level by western blotting and flow cytometry. In addition, dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) assay indicated that miRNA-374b-5p was directly targeted by IL-10, a key anti-inflammatory cytokine for preventing the occurrence of IBD. Meanwhile, STAT3 was identified as a target gene of miRNA-106a-5p by DLR assays. Further analysis revealed that miRNA-374b-5p regulated JAK1 and STAT3 pathways in CD4+ T cells via IL-10/STAT3 axis. MiRNA-374b-5p overexpression remarkably decreased the mRNA expression and phosphorylated (ser-727) protein levels of STAT3, while miRNA-374b-5p inhibition had the opposite effects.

Conclusion

MiRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p may contribute to IBD development by regulating IL-10/STAT3 signal transduction.

Integration of small RNAs from plasma and cerebrospinal fluid for classification of multiple sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, neurological disease, commonly presenting with a relapsing-remitting form, that later converts to a secondary progressive stage, referred to as RRMS and SPMS, respectively. Early treatment slows disease progression, hence, accurate and early diagnosis is crucial. Recent advances in large-scale data processing and analysis have progressed molecular biomarker development. Here, we focus on small RNA data derived from cell-free cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), cerebrospinal fluid cells, plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as CSF cell methylome data, from people with RRMS (n = 20), clinically/radiologically isolated syndrome (CIS/RIS, n = 2) and neurological disease controls (n = 14). We applied multiple co-inertia analysis (MCIA), an unsupervised and thereby unbiased, multivariate method for simultaneous data integration and found that the top latent variable classifies RRMS status with an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (AUROC) score of 0.82. Variable selection based on Lasso regression reduced features to 44, derived from the small RNAs from plasma (20), CSF cells (8) and cell-free CSF (16), with a marginal reduction in AUROC to 0.79. Samples from SPMS patients (n = 6) were subsequently projected on the latent space and differed significantly from RRMS and controls. On contrary, we found no differences between relapse and remission or between inflammatory and non-inflammatory disease controls, suggesting that the latent variable is not prone to inflammatory signals alone, but could be MS-specific. Hence, we here showcase that integration of small RNAs from plasma and CSF can be utilized to distinguish RRMS from SPMS and neurological disease controls.

Clinical significance of miR-142-5p in spinal cord injury caused by spinal trauma and its functional role in the regulation of inflammation

OBJECTIVE

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe traumatic disease in the central nervous system, and can result in neuronal injury. Altered miRNA expression is identified to be involved in the pathogenesis of SCI.

DESIGN

This study investigated the clinical value of miR-142-5p in SCI patients, and explored its functional role in the regulation of inflammatory.

SETTING

The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University.

PARTICIPANTS

Ninety-eight patients with acute spinal trauma.

INTERVENTIONS

All patients were recruited, and divided into complete SCI group, incomplete SCI group and normal nerve function group.

OUTCOME MEASURES

Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression levels of miR-142-5p. CCK-8 and flow cytometry assay were performed to evaluate the cell viability and apoptosis. ELISA assay was applied to estimate the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).

RESULTS

Serum miR-142-5p level was significantly increased in SCI patients, especially the complete SCI cases. ROC curve analysis suggested miR-142-5p could distinguish SCI patients from normal nerve function patients and was associated with the severity of SCI. A positive association was detected between miR-142-5p and serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α in SCI patients. Downregulation of miR-142-5p significantly reduced the protein levels of both IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS treated PC12 cells, and weakened LPS induced cell apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

MiR-142-5p is a potential biomarker for the occurrence of SCI in acute spinal trauma patients. Downregulation of miR-142-5p plays an anti-inflammatory effect for SCI patients.

The role of microRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases: a review

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs which are essential post-transcriptional gene regulators in various neuronal degenerative diseases and playact a key role in these physiological progresses. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and, stroke, are seriously threats to the life and health of all human health and life kind. Recently, various studies have reported that some various miRNAs can regulate the development of neurodegenerative diseases as well as act as biomarkers to predict these neuronal diseases conditions. Endogenic miRNAs such as miR-9, the miR-29 family, miR-15, and the miR-34 family are generally dysregulated in animal and cell models. They are involved in regulating the physiological and biochemical processes in the nervous system by targeting regulating different molecular targets and influencing a variety of pathways. Additionally, exogenous miRNAs derived from homologous plants and defined as botanmin, such as miR2911 and miR168, can be taken up and transferred by other species to be and then act analogously to endogenic miRNAs to regulate the physiological and biochemical processes. This review summarizes the mechanism and principle of miRNAs in the treatment of some neurodegenerative diseases, as well as discusses several types of miRNAs which were the most commonly reported in diseases. These miRNAs could serve as a study provided some potential biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases might be an ideal and/or therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, the role accounted of the prospective exogenous miRNAs involved in mammalian diseases is described.

MicroRNAs in the regulation of Th17/Treg homeostasis and their potential role in uveitis

Th17 and regulatory T cells (Tregs) play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Th17/Treg homeostasis is critically involved in maintaining the immune balance. Disturbed Th17/Treg homeostasis contributes to the progression of autoimmune diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a new vital factor in the regulation of disturbed Th17/Treg homeostasis. To better understand the epigenetic mechanisms of miRNAs in regulating Treg/Th17 homeostasis, we included and evaluated 97 articles about autoimmune diseases and found that miRNAs were involved in the regulation of Treg/Th17 homeostasis from several aspects positively or negatively, including Treg differentiation and development, Treg induction, Treg stability, Th17 differentiation, and Treg function. Uveitis is one of the ocular autoimmune diseases, which is also characterized with Th17/Treg imbalance. However, our understanding of the miRNAs in the pathogenesis of uveitis is elusive and not well-studied. In this review, we further summarized miRNAs found to be involved in autoimmune uveitis and their potential role in the regulation of Th17/Treg homeostasis.

Epigenetic regulation of transcription factor binding motifs promotes Th1 response in Chagas disease cardiomyopathy

Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is an endemic parasitic disease of Latin America, affecting 7 million people. Although most patients are asymptomatic, 30% develop complications, including the often-fatal Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy (CCC). Although previous studies have demonstrated some genetic deregulations associated with CCCs, the causes of their deregulations remain poorly described. Based on bulk RNA-seq and whole genome DNA methylation data, we investigated the genetic and epigenetic deregulations present in the moderate and severe stages of CCC. Analysis of heart tissue gene expression profile allowed us to identify 1407 differentially expressed transcripts (DEGs) specific from CCC patients. A tissue DNA methylation analysis done on the same tissue has permitted the identification of 92 regulatory Differentially Methylated Regions (DMR) localized in the promoter of DEGs. An in-depth study of the transcription factors binding sites (TFBS) in the DMRs corroborated the importance of TFBS’s DNA methylation for gene expression in CCC myocardium. TBX21, RUNX3 and EBF1 are the transcription factors whose binding motif appears to be affected by DNA methylation in the largest number of genes. By combining both transcriptomic and methylomic analysis on heart tissue, and methylomic analysis on blood, 4 biological processes affected by severe CCC have been identified, including immune response, ion transport, cardiac muscle processes and nervous system. An additional study on blood methylation of moderate CCC samples put forward the importance of ion transport and nervous system in the development of the disease.

Bioinformatics Analysis of miRNAs and mRNAs Network-Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction Exerts Neuroprotection of Traumatic Brain Injury Mice in the Subacute Phase

Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XFZYD) is used to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI). XFZYD-based therapies have achieved good clinical outcomes in TBI. However, the underlying mechanisms of XFZYD in TBI remedy remains unclear. The study aimed to identify critical miRNAs and putative mechanisms associated with XFYZD through comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. We established a controlled cortical impact (CCI) mice model and treated the mice with XFZYD. The high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) confirmed the quality of XFZYD. The modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and Morris water maze (MWM) tests indicated that XFZYD improved the neurological deficit (p < 0.05) and cognitive function (p < 0.01). Histological analysis validated the establishment of the CCI model and the treatment effect of XFZYD. HE staining displayed that the pathological degree in the XFZYD-treated group was prominently reduced. The transcriptomic data was generated using microRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq) of the hippocampus. According to cluster analysis, the TBI group clustered together was distinct from the XFZYD group. Sixteen differentially expressed (5 upregulated; 11 downregulated) miRNAs were detected between TBI and XFZYD. The reliability of the sequencing data was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Three miRNAs (mmu-miR-142a-5p, mmu-miR-183-5p, mmu-miR-96-5p) were distinctively expressed in the XFZYD compared with the TBI and consisted of the sequencing results. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that the MAPK signaling pathway contributes to TBI pathophysiology and XFZYD treatment. Subsequently, the functions of miR-96-5p, miR-183-5p, and miR-142a-5p were validated in vitro. TBI significantly induces the down-expression of miR-96-5p, and up-expression of inflammatory cytokines, which were all inhibited by miR-96-5p mimics. The present research provides an adequate fundament for further knowing the pathologic and prognostic process of TBI and supplies deep insights into the therapeutic effects of XFZYD.

The role of non-coding RNAs in neuroinflammatory process in multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system chronic neuroinflammatory disease followed by neurodegeneration. The diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, cerebrospinal fluid testing and magnetic resonance imagining. There is still a lack of a diagnostic blood-based biomarker for MS. Due to the cost and difficulty of diagnosis, new and more easily accessible methods are being sought. New biomarkers should also allow for early diagnosis. Additionally, the treatment of MS should lead to the personalization of the therapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as well as their target genes participate in pathophysiology processes in MS. Although the detailed mechanism of action of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs, including miRNAs and lncRNAs) on neuroinflammation in MS has not been fully explained, several studies were conducted aiming to analyse their impact in MS. In this article, we review up-to-date knowledge on the latest research concerning the ncRNAs in MS and evaluate their role in neuroinflammation. We also point out the most promising ncRNAs which may be promising in MS as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.

MicroRNAs as T Lymphocyte Regulators in Multiple Sclerosis

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of endogenous non-coding small RNA with regulatory activities, which generally regulates the expression of target genes at the post-transcriptional level. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is thought to be an autoimmune-mediated chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that typically affect young adults. T lymphocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of MS, and studies have suggested that miRNAs are involved in regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and functional maintenance of T lymphocytes in MS. Dysregulated expression of miRNAs may lead to the differentiation balance and dysfunction of T lymphocytes, and they are thus involved in the occurrence and development of MS. In addition, some specific miRNAs, such as miR-155 and miR-326, may have potential diagnostic values for MS or be useful for discriminating subtypes of MS. Moreover, miRNAs may be a promising therapeutic strategy for MS by regulating T lymphocyte function. By summarizing the recent literature, we reviewed the involvement of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of MS, the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis and disease progression of MS by regulating T lymphocytes, the possibility of differentially expressed miRNAs to function as biomarkers for MS diagnosis, and the therapeutic potential of miRNAs in MS by regulating T lymphocytes.

MicroRNAs as Regulators of Phagocytosis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and thus act as important regulators of cellular phenotype and function. As their expression may be dysregulated in numerous diseases, they are of interest as biomarkers. What is more, attempts of modulation of some microRNAs for therapeutic reasons have been undertaken. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the influence of microRNAs on phagocytosis, which may be exerted on different levels, such as through macrophages polarization, phagosome maturation, reactive oxygen species production and cytokines synthesis. This phenomenon plays an important role in numerous pathological conditions.

A new perspective on depression and neuroinflammation: Non-coding RNA

The high incidence and relapse rate of depression, as well comorbidity with other diseases, has made depression one of the primary causes of years of life lived with disability. Moreover, the unknown biological mechanism of depression has made treatment difficult. Neuroinflammation is important in the pathogenesis of depression. Neuroinflammation may affect depression by regulating the production of immune factors, immune cell activation, neuron generation, synaptic plasticity, and neurotransmission. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) may be a breakthrough link between depression and neuroinflammation, as ncRNAs participate in these biological changes. We summarize the functions and mechanisms of ncRNAs in neuroinflammation and depression, and predict ncRNAs that may regulate the occurrence and progression of depression through neuritis. These findings not only broaden our understanding of the genetic regulation of depression and neuroinflammation but also provide a new perspective of the underlying mechanism and aid in the design of novel prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.

miRNome Profiling Detects miR-101-3p and miR-142-5p as Putative Blood Biomarkers of Frailty Syndrome

Frailty is an aging-related pathology, defined as a state of increased vulnerability to stressors, leading to a limited capacity to meet homeostatic demands. Extracellular microRNAs (miRNAs) were proposed as potential biomarkers of various disease conditions, including age-related pathologies. The primary objective of this study was to identify blood miRNAs that could serve as potential biomarkers and candidate mechanisms of frailty. Using the Fried index, we enrolled 22 robust and 19 frail subjects. Blood and urine samples were analysed for several biochemical parameters. We observed that sTNF-R was robustly upregulated in the frail group, indicating the presence of an inflammatory state. Further, by RNA-seq, we profiled 2654 mature miRNAs in the whole blood of the two groups. Expression levels of selected differentially expressed miRNAs were validated by qPCR, and target prediction analyses were performed for the dysregulated miRNAs. We identified 2 miRNAs able to significantly differentiate frail patients from robust subjects. Both miR-101-3p and miR-142-5p were found to be downregulated in the frail vs. robust group. Finally, using bioinformatics targets prediction tools, we explored the potential molecular mechanisms and cellular pathways regulated by the two miRNAs and potentially involved in frailty.

Scavenging the hidden impacts of non-coding RNAs in multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease that causes severe neurological dysfunction leading to disabilities in patients. The prevalence of the disease has been increasing gradually worldwide, and the specific etiology behind the disease is not yet fully understood. Therapies aimed against treating MS patients have been growing lately, intending to delay the disease progression and increase the patients' quality of life. Various pathways play crucial roles in developing the disease, and several therapeutic approaches have been tackling those pathways. However, these strategies have shown several side effects and inconsistent efficacy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been shown to act as key players in various disease pathogenesis and development. Several proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory miRNAs have been reported to participate in the development of MS. Hence, the review assesses the role of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in regulating immune cell functions better to understand their impact on the molecular mechanics of MS.

Micro-RNA levels and symptom profile after mild traumatic brain injury: A longitudinal cohort study

Micro riboneucleic acids (miRNAs) may be transcribed after brain injury and be detectable in plasma. This study aimed to assess the discriminative ability of seven miRNAs in plasma to differentiate between patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and healthy controls. Changes in miRNA levels over 28 days were compared to changes in self-reported symptom profile. This was a prospective cohort study with longitudinal measurements of miRNA levels and symptom self-report. The Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire (RPQ) was used to determine symptom severity. Mean normalised expression ratios (NER) of miRNAs at day 0 between mTBI and healthy controls were compared. An analysis of response profiles compared the response over time of miRNA species with RPQ symptom severity. miRNA levels of subjects who were defined to have "recovered" on Day 7 and 28 were compared to "non-recovered" subjects. There were 28 mTBI patients and 30 healthy controls included for analysis. Symptom severity was significantly higher on the day of injury among mTBI subjects (p < 0.001), and miRNA 32-5p levels were also higher (p = 0.009). Change of miRNA levels were similar to RPQ change at Day 7, but significantly different at Day 28. Differences were observed among miRNA levels of recovered subjects. This study demonstrated differences in miRNA levels among mTBI subjects compared to healthy controls and different miRNA levels among those who had recovered compared to those reporting symptoms. The change in profiles of miRNAs was different to symptom severity, suggesting that the two measures reflect different aspects of brain injury and recovery.

MiR-142-5p directly targets cyclin-dependent kinase 5-mediated upregulation of the inflammatory process in acquired middle ear cholesteatoma

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses. MiR-142-5p is an important inflammation-associated miRNA, whose abnormal expression has been associated with a variety of inflammation-related diseases. However, the role and signaling pathways targeted by miR-142-5p in acquired middle ear cholesteatoma (AMEC) have not been fully elucidated. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), a special member of the CDK family compared with classic cyclins that plays a critical role in the inflammatory response. In this study, we investigated the roles of miR-142-5p and CDK5 in inflammatory responses in AMEC. Our results revealed that the expression of miR-142-5p was significantly reduced in AMEC, and was negatively correlated with the expression of CDK5 (r=-0.5451). We also found that miR-142-5p can inhibit CDK5 expression by directly target 3' untranslated region (UTR) of CDK5. Additionally, our findings indicated that the increased expression of CDK5 induces the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. In order to further confirm the involvement of miR-142-5p in the regulation of the inflammatory response in AMEC through its inhibitory effect on CDK5 expression, we studied the inflammatory response in HaCaT cells transfected with small interfering RNA against CDK5 (si-CDK5) and a miR-142-5p inhibitor. The results confirmed that miR-142-5p regulates the inflammatory response in AMEC by downregulating CDK5. In summary, miR-142-5p directly inhibits the CDK5-mediated upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in AMEC, which makes it a potential therapeutic target in this disease.

MiR-142-3p regulates synaptopathy-driven disease progression in multiple sclerosis

Aim

We recently proposed miR‐142‐3p as a molecular player in inflammatory synaptopathy, a new pathogenic hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) and of its mouse model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), that leads to neuronal loss independently of demyelination. MiR‐142‐3p seems to be unique among potential biomarker candidates in MS, since it is an inflammatory miRNA playing a dual role in the immune and central nervous systems. Here, we aimed to verify the impact of miR‐142‐3p circulating in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients on clinical parameters, neuronal excitability and its potential interaction with disease modifying therapies (DMTs).

Methods and Results

In a cohort of 151 MS patients, we found positive correlations between CSF miR‐142‐3p levels and clinical progression, IL‐1β signalling as well as synaptic excitability measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Furthermore, therapy response of patients with ‘low miR‐142‐3p’ to dimethyl fumarate (DMF), an established disease‐modifying treatment (DMT), was superior to that of patients with ‘high miR‐142‐3p’ levels. Accordingly, the EAE clinical course of heterozygous miR‐142 mice was ameliorated by peripheral DMF treatment with a greater impact relative to their wild type littermates. In addition, a central protective effect of this drug was observed following intracerebroventricular and ex vivo acute treatments of EAE wild type mice, showing a rescue of miR‐142‐3p‐dependent glutamatergic alterations. By means of electrophysiology, molecular and biochemical analysis, we suggest miR‐142‐3p as a molecular target of DMF.

Conclusion

MiR‐142‐3p is a novel and potential negative prognostic CSF marker of MS and a promising tool for identifying personalised therapies.

Differentially Regulated miRNAs and Their Related Molecular Pathways in Lichen Sclerosus

Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with unknown pathogenesis. The aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is considered to exert a crucial role in LS. We used the next-generation sequencing technology (RNASeq) for miRNA profiling and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) for molecular network analysis. We performed qRT-PCR, miRNA transfection and Matrigel assays for functional studies. We identified a total of 170 differentially expressed miRNAs between female LS and matched adjacent normal tissue using RNASeq, with 119 upregulated and 51 downregulated. Bioinformatics analysis revealed molecular networks that may shed light on the pathogenesis of LS. We verified the expression of a set of miRNAs that are related to autoimmunity, such as upregulated miR-326, miR-142-5p, miR-155 and downregulated miR-664a-3p and miR-181a-3p in LS tissue compared to the matched adjacent normal tissue. The differentially expressed miRNAs were also verified in blood samples from LS patients compared to healthy female volunteers. Functional studies demonstrated that a forced expression of miR-142-5p in human dermal fibroblast PCS-201-010 cells resulted in decreased cell proliferation and migration. These findings suggest that differentially expressed miRNAs may play an important role in LS pathogenesis; therefore, they could serve as biomarkers for LS management.

Gastrodin promotes CNS myelination via a lncRNA Gm7237/miR-142a/MRF pathway

Treatment of central nervous system (CNS) demyelination is greatly hindered by lack of the knowledge regarding to underlying molecular mechanisms as well as therapeutic agents. Here, we report a novel small molecule agent, gastrodin (GAS), which can significantly promote CNS myelination in in vivo mice models. By using high-throughput sequencing analysis, we discover a key long non-coding RNA Gm7237 that can enhance CNS myelination and is up-regulated by GAS. Through using bioinformatic analysis and experimental validations, we further unravel that microRNA-142a (miR-142a) and its target myelin gene regulatory factor (MRF) is under the direct regulation by Gm7237. Finally, we demonstrate that Gm7237/miR-142a/MRF axis is the key pathway involved in CNS myelination mediated by GAS. Overall, our results provide not only a novel agent for therapeutic treatment of CNS demyelination but also a molecular basis responsible for GAS-promoted CNS myelination.

Multiple targets identified with genome wide profiling of small RNA and mRNA expression are linked to fracture healing in mice

Long-bone fracture is a common injury and its healing process at the fracture site involves several overlapping phases, including inflammation, migration of mesenchymal progenitors into the fracture site, endochondral ossification, angiogenesis and finally bone remodelling. Increasing evidence shows that small noncoding RNAs are important regulators of chondrogenesis, osteogenesis and fracture healing. MicroRNAs are small single-stranded, non-coding RNA-molecules intervening in most physiological and biological processes, including fracture healing. Angiogenin-cleaved 5' tRNA halves, also called as tiRNAs (stress-induced RNAs) have been shown to repress protein translation. In order to gain further understanding on the role of small noncoding RNAs in fracture healing, genome wide expression profiles of tiRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs were followed up to 14 days after fracture in callus tissue of an in vivo mouse model with closed tibial fracture and, compared to intact bone and articular cartilage at 2 months of age. Total tiRNA expression level in cartilage was only approximately one third of that observed in control D0 bone. In callus tissue, 11 mature 5'end tiRNAs out of 191 tiRNAs were highly expressed, and seven of them were differentially expressed during fracture healing. When comparing the control tissues, 25 miRNAs characteristic to bone and 29 miRNAs characteristic to cartilage tissue homeostasis were identified. Further, a total of 54 out of 806 miRNAs and 5420 out of 18,700 mRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) in callus tissue during fracture healing and, in comparison to control bone. They were associated to gene ontology processes related to mesenchymal tissue development and differentiation. A total of 581 miRNA-mRNA interactions were identified for these 54 DE miRNAs by literature searches in PubMed, thereby linking by Spearman correlation analysis 14 downregulated and 28 upregulated miRNAs to 164 negatively correlating and 168 positively correlating miRNA-mRNA pairs with chondrogenic and osteogenic phases of fracture healing. These data indicated that tiRNAs and miRNAs were differentially expressed in fracture callus tissue, suggesting them important physiological functions during fracture healing. Hence, the data provided by this study may contribute to future clinical applications, such as potential use as biomarkers or as tools in the development of novel therapeutic approaches for fracture healing.

Circulating extracellular vesicles delivering beneficial cargo as key players in exercise effects

Exercise has been recognized as an effective preventive and therapeutic approach for numerous diseases. This review addresses the potential role of circulating extracellular vesicles (EV) cargo that is modulated by physical activity. EV transport and deliver beneficial molecules to adjacent and distant tissues as a whole-body phenomenon, resulting in a healthier global status. Several candidate EV molecules, especially miRNAs, are summarized here as mediators of the beneficial effects of exercise, using different modalities, frequencies, volumes, and intensities. The following are among the candidate miRNAs: miR-21, miR-146, miR-486, miR-148a-3p, miR-223-3p, miR-142-3p, and miR-191a-5p. We highlight the relationship between EV cargo modifications, their targets and pathway interactions, in clinical outcomes, for example, on cardiovascular or immune diseases. This review brings an innovative perspective providing evidence for an intricate biological basis of the relationship between EV cargo and exercise-induced benefits on several diseases. Moreover, specific changes on circulating EV content might potentially be used as biomarkers of exercise efficacy.

Aberrant microRNA expression in B lymphocytes from patients with primary warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

OBJECTIVE

To screen and analyze the micro-Ribonucleic Acid (miRNA) expression profile in B lymphocytes from patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) using high-throughput sequencing.

METHODS

Twelve patients with warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (wAIHA) and twelve healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. CD19⁺ B lymphocytes were isolated and purified using magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS). RNA was subsequently extracted from these cells and a small RNA library was created. The miRNA expression profile was analyzed using Beijing Genomics Institute Sequencing 500 (BGISEQ-500), and stem-loop real-time quantitative PCR (stem-loop qRT-PCR) was used to verify the sequencing results. Downstream target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted using miRanda and TargetScan online software, and GO functional enrichment and pathway enrichment analyses were performed on these genes.

RESULTS

Compared with HCs, 178 upregulated and 143 downregulated miRNAs were identified in wAIHA patients, and stem-loop qRT-PCR of four randomly selected differentially expressed miRNAs verified the sequencing results. Ninety-five significantly enriched GO terms and eighty-five significantly enriched pathways were identified. Genes targeted by differentially expressed miRNAs were found to be mainly involved in the regulation of signal transduction, metabolic processes, immune reactions, and neoplastic disease development.

CONCLUSION

The expression of miRNAs in B lymphocytes from patients with primary wAIHA was deregulated, and this phenomenon may be involved in the pathogenesis of wAIHA.

MicroRNA-142 Critically Regulates Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Homeostasis and Function

MicroRNA-142 isoforms critically regulate ILC2 homeostasis and effector functions.

MicroRNA-142 isoforms regulate the ILC2 lineage cell intrinsically.

Socs1 and Gfi1 are miR-142 isoform regulated targets in ILC2s.

Innate lymphoid cells are central to the regulation of immunity at mucosal barrier sites, with group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) being particularly important in type 2 immunity. In this study, we demonstrate that microRNA(miR)-142 plays a critical, cell-intrinsic role in the homeostasis and function of ILC2s. Mice deficient for miR-142 expression demonstrate an ILC2 progenitor–biased development in the bone marrow, and along with peripheral ILC2s at mucosal sites, these cells display a greatly altered phenotype based on surface marker expression. ILC2 proliferative and effector functions are severely dysfunctional following Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection, revealing a critical role for miR-142 isoforms in ILC2-mediated immune responses. Mechanistically, Socs1 and Gfi1 expression are regulated by miR-142 isoforms in ILC2s, impacting ILC2 phenotypes as well as the proliferative and effector capacity of these cells. The identification of these novel pathways opens potential new avenues to modulate ILC2-dependent immune functions.

Inflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury

There is an increasing evidence that inflammation contributes to clinical and functional outcomes in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Many successful target-engaging, lesion-reducing, symptom-alleviating, and function-improving interventions in animal models of TBI have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. Timing and immunological context are paramount for the direction, quality, and intensity of immune responses to TBI and the resulting neuroanatomical, clinical, and functional course. We present components of the immune system implicated in TBI, potential immune targets, and target-engaging interventions. The main objective of our article is to point toward modifiable molecular and cellular mechanisms that may modify the outcomes in TBI, and contribute to increasing the translational value of interventions that have been identified in animal models of TBI.

miRNAs in Microglia: Important Players in Multiple Sclerosis Pathology

Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system and important regulators of brain homeostasis. Central to this role is a dynamic phenotypic plasticity that enables microglia to respond to environmental and pathological stimuli. Importantly, different microglial phenotypes can be both beneficial and detrimental to central nervous system health. Chronically activated inflammatory microglia are a hallmark of neurodegeneration, including the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS). By contrast, microglial phagocytosis of myelin debris is essential for resolving inflammation and promoting remyelination. As such, microglia are being explored as a potential therapeutic target for MS. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding ribonucleic acids that regulate gene expression and act as master regulators of cellular phenotype and function. Dysregulation of certain miRNAs can aberrantly activate and promote specific polarisation states in microglia to modulate their activity in inflammation and neurodegeneration. In addition, miRNA dysregulation is implicated in MS pathogenesis, with circulating biomarkers and lesion specific miRNAs identified as regulators of inflammation and myelination. However, the role of miRNAs in microglia that specifically contribute to MS progression are still largely unknown. miRNAs are being explored as therapeutic agents, providing an opportunity to modulate microglial function in neurodegenerative diseases such as MS. This review will focus firstly on elucidating the complex role of microglia in MS pathogenesis. Secondly, we explore the essential roles of miRNAs in microglial function. Finally, we focus on miRNAs that are implicated in microglial processes that contribute directly to MS pathology, prioritising targets that could inform novel therapeutic approaches to MS.

miRNA-Dependent CD4+ T Cell Differentiation in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by multifocal lesions, chronic inflammatory condition, and degenerative processes within the central nervous system (CNS) leading to demyelination. The most important cells involved in its pathogenesis are those which are CD4⁺, particularly proinflammatory Th1/Th17 and regulatory Treg. Signal cascades associated with CD4⁺ differentiation are regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs): short, single-stranded RNAs, responsible for negative regulation of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Several miRNAs have been consistently reported as showing dysregulated expression in MS, and their expression patterns may be elevated or decreased, depending on the function of specific miRNA in the immune system. Studies in MS patients indicate that, among others, miR-141, miR-200a, miR-155, miR-223, and miR-326 are upregulated, while miR-15b, miR-20b, miR-26a, and miR-30a are downregulated. Dysregulation of these miRNAs may contribute to the imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory processes, since their targets are associated with the regulation of Th1/Th17 and Treg cell differentiation. Highly expressed miRNAs can in turn suppress translation of key Th1/Th17 differentiation inhibitors. miRNA dysregulation may result from the impact of various factors at each stage of their biogenesis. Immature miRNA undergoes multistage transcriptional and posttranscriptional modifications; therefore, any protein involved in the processing of miRNAs can potentially lead to disturbances in their expression. Epigenetic modifications that have a direct impact on miRNA gene transcription may also play an important role.

MiRNA-seq analysis of spleen and head kidney tissue from aquacultured largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in response to Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Recently, the same fish diseases, which have been found in pond farming, have been found in the newly tested largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) system. Bacterial septicemia caused by Aeromonas hydrophila occurs frequently in largemouth bass culture leading to significant economic losses. To investigate the role miRNA in the largemouth bass disease resistance, twelve (2 tissues (spleen and head kidney) × 2 experimental groups (infected and control) × three biological replicates) small RNA libraries were constructed and sequenced with miRNA-seq. A total of 26 differentially expressed miRNAs, 8 upregulated and 18 downregulated, were identified in the spleen, and 19 differentially expressed miRNAs, 9 upregulated and 10 downregulated, were identified in head kidney (fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ 0.5 and P ≤ 0.05). The differentially expressed miRNAs with the largest fold change were selected for target gene prediction using GO and KEGG analysis. Six miRNAs in the spleen and 5 miRNAs in the head kidney were selected. Analysis showed that, of all the immune and metabolic pathways, the FoxO signaling pathway was enriched in both the spleen and head kidney groups. Common target genes of the pathway included AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1 (prkaa1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pik3r3b), serine/threonine-protein kinase (plk2), and forkhead box protein G1 (foxg1a). MiRNAs (such as miR-126-5P, miR-126-3P) are involved in immune response and cell cycle functions as they regulate targeted genes in the FoxO pathway. These results will enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying immune responses to bacterial septicemia and facilitate molecular-assisted selection of resistant strains of largemouth bass.

Circulating Exosomes Control CD4+ T Cell Immunometabolic Functions via the Transfer of miR-142 as a Novel Mediator in Myocarditis

CD4+ T cells undergo immunometabolic activation to mount an immunogenic response during experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). Exosomes are considered key messengers mediating multiple T cell functions in autoimmune responses. However, the role of circulating exosomes in EAM immunopathogenesis and CD4+ T cell dysfunction remains elusive. Our objective was to elucidate the mechanism of action for circulating exosomes in EAM pathogenesis. We found that serum exosomes harvested from EAM mice induced CD4+ T cell immunometabolic dysfunction. Treatment with the exosome inhibitor GW4869 protected mice from developing EAM, underlying that exosomes are indispensable for the pathogenesis of EAM. Furthermore, by transfer of EAM exosomes, we confirmed that circulating exosomes initiate the T cell pathological immune response, driving the EAM pathological process. Mechanistically, EAM-circulating exosomes selectively loaded abundant microRNA (miR)-142. We confirmed methyl-CpG binding domain protein 2 (MBD2) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) as functional target genes of miR-142. The miR-142/MBD2/MYC and miR-142/SOCS1 communication axes are critical to exosome-mediated immunometabolic turbulence. Moreover, the in vivo injection of the miR-142 inhibitor alleviated cardiac injury in EAM mice. This effect was abrogated by pretreatment with EAM exosomes. Collectively, our results indicate a newly endogenous mechanism whereby circulating exosomes regulate CD4+ T cell immunometabolic dysfunction and EAM pathogenesis via cargo miR-142.

AhR activation attenuates calcium oxalate nephrocalcinosis by diminishing M1 macrophage polarization and promoting M2 macrophage polarization

Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal can trigger kidney injury, which contributes to the pathogenesis of nephrocalcinosis. The phenotypes of infiltrating macrophage may impact CaOx-mediated kidney inflammatory injury as well as crystal deposition. How aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) regulates inflammation and macrophage polarization is well understood; however, how it modulates CaOx nephrocalcinosis remains unclear.

Methods: Mice were intraperitoneally injected with glyoxylate to establish CaOx nephrocalcinosis model with or without the treatment of AhR activator 6-formylindolo(3,2-b)carbazole (FICZ). Positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT) imaging, Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, and polarized light optical microscopy were used to evaluate kidney injury and crystal deposition in mice kidney. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, chromatin immunoprecipitation, microRNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization, and luciferase reporter assays were applied to analyze polarization state and regulation mechanism of macrophage.

Results: AhR expression was significantly upregulated and negatively correlated with interferon-regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) and hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) levels in a murine CaOx nephrocalcinosis model following administration of FICZ. Moreover, AhR activation suppressed IRF1 and HIF-1α levels and decreased M1 macrophage polarization in vitro. In terms of the mechanism, bioinformatics analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that AhR could bind to miR-142a promoter to transcriptionally activate miR-142a. In addition, luciferase reporter assays validated that miR-142a inhibited IRF1 and HIF-1α expression by directly targeting their 3'-untranslated regions.

Conclusions: Our results indicated that AhR activation could diminish M1 macrophage polarization and promote M2 macrophage polarization to suppress CaOx nephrocalcinosis via the AhR-miR-142a-IRF1/HIF-1α pathway.

Dominant regulation of long-term allograft survival is mediated by microRNA-142

Organ transplantation is often lifesaving, but the long-term deleterious effects of combinatorial immunosuppression regimens and allograft failure cause significant morbidity and mortality. Long-term graft survival in the absence of continuing immunosuppression, defined as operational tolerance, has never been described in the context of multiple major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mismatches. Here, we show that miR-142 deficiency leads to indefinite allograft survival in a fully MHC mismatched murine cardiac transplant model in the absence of exogenous immunosuppression. We demonstrate that the cause of indefinite allograft survival in the absence of miR-142 maps specifically to the T cell compartment. Of therapeutic relevance, temporal deletion of miR-142 in adult mice prior to transplantation of a fully MHC mismatched skin allograft resulted in prolonged allograft survival. Mechanistically, miR-142 directly targets Tgfbr1 for repression in regulatory T cells (TREG ). This leads to increased TREG sensitivity to transforming growth factor - beta and promotes transplant tolerance via an augmented peripheral TREG response in the absence of miR-142. These data identify manipulation of miR-142 as a promising approach for the induction of tolerance in human transplantation.

MiR-374b-5p Regulates T Cell Differentiation and Is Associated with rEg.P29 Immunity

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus (Eg) infection. Our previous study confirmed that recombinant Eg.P29 (rEg.P29) could protect against echinococcus granulosus secondary infection in sheep and mice. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between immunoprotection of rEg.P29 vaccine and mmu-miR-374b-5p (miR-374b-5p) and study the immunity influence of miR-374b-5p on CD4⁺ T cells in mice spleen. MiR-374b-5p level was significantly increased after the second-week and the fourth week of vaccination with rEg.P29. Overexpression of miR-374b-5p increased IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-17A mRNA levels and decreased IL-10 mRNA levels in CD4⁺ T cells. Moreover, the inhibition of miR-374b-5p decreased IFN-γ and IL-17A and increased IL-10 mRNA levels in CD4⁺ T cells; this was further confirmed by the flow cytometry. The vaccination of rEg.P29 enhanced miR-374b-5p expression that was associated with a higher Th1 and Th17 immune response, a lower IL-10 mRNA production with miR-374b-5p overexpression, a lower Th1 immune response, and a higher IL-10 mRNA levels with miR-374b-5p inhibitions. To sum up, these data suggest that miR-374b-5p may participate in rEg.P29 immunity by regulating Th1 and Th17 differentiation.