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Zhou J, Zhu L. Shared genetic links between hypothyroidism and psychiatric disorders: evidence from a comprehensive genetic analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1370019. [PMID: 38904036 PMCID: PMC11187243 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1370019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiologic studies have suggested co-morbidity between hypothyroidism and psychiatric disorders. However, the shared genetic etiology and causal relationship between them remain currently unclear. Methods We assessed the genetic correlations between hypothyroidism and psychiatric disorders [anxiety disorders (ANX), schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BIP)] using summary association statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Two disease-associated pleiotropic risk loci and genes were identified, and pathway enrichment, tissue enrichment, and other analyses were performed to determine their specific functions. Furthermore, we explored the causal relationship between them through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Results We found significant genetic correlations between hypothyroidism with ANX, SCZ, and MDD, both in the Linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) approach and the high-definition likelihood (HDL) approach. Meanwhile, the strongest correlation was observed between hypothyroidism and MDD (LDSC: rg=0.264, P=7.35×10-12; HDL: rg=0.304, P=4.14×10-17). We also determined a significant genetic correlation between MDD with free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. A total of 30 pleiotropic risk loci were identified between hypothyroidism and psychiatric disorders, of which the 15q14 locus was identified in both ANX and SCZ (P values are 6.59×10-11 and 2.10×10-12, respectively) and the 6p22.1 locus was identified in both MDD and SCZ (P values are 1.05×10-8 and 5.75×10-14, respectively). Sixteen pleiotropic risk loci were identified between MDD and indicators of thyroid function, of which, four loci associated with MDD (1p32.3, 6p22.1, 10q21.1, 11q13.4) were identified in both FT4 normal level and Hypothyroidism. Further, 79 pleiotropic genes were identified using Magma gene analysis (P<0.05/18776 = 2.66×10-6). Tissue-specific enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were highly enriched into six brain-related tissues. The pathway analysis mainly involved nucleosome assembly and lipoprotein particles. Finally, our two-sample MR analysis showed a significant causal effect of MDD on the increased risk of hypothyroidism, and BIP may reduce TSH normal levels. Conclusions Our findings not only provided evidence of a shared genetic etiology between hypothyroidism and psychiatric disorders, but also provided insights into the causal relationships and biological mechanisms that underlie their relationship. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the pleiotropy between hypothyroidism and psychiatric disorders, while having important implications for intervention and treatment goals for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Zhou
- People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Affiliated to Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Deyang, China
| | - Lv Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Zhong C, Rando J, Patti MA, Braun JM, Chen A, Xu Y, Lanphear BP, Yolton K, Croen LA, Fallin MD, Hertz-Picciotto I, Newschaffer CJ, Lyall K. Gestational thyroid hormones and autism-related traits in the EARLI and HOME studies. Autism Res 2024; 17:716-727. [PMID: 38436527 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are essential for neurodevelopment. Few studies have considered associations with quantitatively measured autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-related traits, which may help elucidate associations for a broader population. Participants were drawn from two prospective pregnancy cohorts: the Early Autism Risk Longitudinal Investigation (EARLI), enrolling pregnant women who already had a child with ASD, and the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study, following pregnant women from the greater Cincinnati, OH area. Gestational thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) were measured in mid-pregnancy 16 (±3) weeks gestation serum samples. ASD-related traits were measured using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) at ages 3-8 years. The association was examined using quantile regression, adjusting for maternal and sociodemographic factors. 278 participants (132 from EARLI, 146 from HOME) were included. TSH distributions were similar across cohorts, while FT4 levels were higher in EARLI compared to HOME. In pooled analyses, particularly for those in the highest SRS quantile (95th percentile), higher FT4 levels were associated with increasing SRS scores (β = 5.21, 95% CI = 0.93, 9.48), and higher TSH levels were associated with decreasing SRS scores (β = -6.94, 95% CI = -11.04, -2.83). The association between TSH and SRS remained significant in HOME for the 95% percentile of SRS scores (β = -6.48, 95% CI = -12.16, -0.80), but not EARLI. Results for FT4 were attenuated when examined in the individual cohorts. Our results add to evidence that gestational thyroid hormones may be associated with ASD-related outcomes by suggesting that relationships may differ across the distribution of ASD-related traits and by familial likelihood of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caichen Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Juliette Rando
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marisa A Patti
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lisa A Croen
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - M Daniele Fallin
- Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Craig J Newschaffer
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristen Lyall
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Molani-Gol R, Alizadeh M, Kheirouri S, Hamedi-Kalajahi F. The early life growth of head circumference, weight, and height in infants with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:619. [PMID: 38066466 PMCID: PMC10704616 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence has increased significantly over the past two decades. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the association between the early life growth of head circumference (HC), weight, and height with ASD in infants. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases were searched up to November 2021 using relevant keywords. All original articles are written in English evaluating the early life growth of HC, weight, and height in infants with ASD were eligible for the present review. RESULTS Totally, 23 articles involving 4959 infants were included in this review. Of 13 studies that evaluated HC of infants at birth, 10 studies (83.33%) showed that the HC at the birth of autistic children was similar to that of the average found in the control group. Among 21 studies that evaluated the HC and weight status in infants, 19 studies (90.47%) showed that autistic children had larger HC and weight than the control group or abnormal acceleration of head growth during infancy. Height growth of infants was investigated in 13 studies, of which 10 cases (76.92%) reported that infants with ASD were significantly longer than control groups. Most of he included studies had a good quality. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that in infants with ASD, without the contribution of birth growth factors and sex of the child, the growth of HC, weight, and height probably was faster than in infants with normal development, in early life. Therefore, these measurements might be useful as initial predictive biomarkers for the risk of developing ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Molani-Gol
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Attar Nishabouri St, 14711, Tabriz, 5166614711, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Attar Nishabouri St, 14711, Tabriz, 5166614711, Iran
| | - Sorayya Kheirouri
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Attar Nishabouri St, 14711, Tabriz, 5166614711, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Hamedi-Kalajahi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Attar Nishabouri St, 14711, Tabriz, 5166614711, Iran
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Mesleh A, Ehtewish H, de la Fuente A, Al-Shamari H, Ghazal I, Al-Faraj F, Al-Shaban F, Abdesselem HB, Emara M, Alajez NM, Arredouani A, Decock J, Albagha O, Stanton LW, Abdulla SA, El-Agnaf OMA. Blood Proteomics Analysis Reveals Potential Biomarkers and Convergent Dysregulated Pathways in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087443. [PMID: 37108604 PMCID: PMC10138652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an umbrella term that encompasses several disabling neurodevelopmental conditions. These conditions are characterized by impaired manifestation in social and communication skills with repetitive and restrictive behaviors or interests. Thus far, there are no approved biomarkers for ASD screening and diagnosis; also, the current diagnosis depends heavily on a physician's assessment and family's awareness of ASD symptoms. Identifying blood proteomic biomarkers and performing deep blood proteome profiling could highlight common underlying dysfunctions between cases of ASD, given its heterogeneous nature, thus laying the foundation for large-scale blood-based biomarker discovery studies. This study measured the expression of 1196 serum proteins using proximity extension assay (PEA) technology. The screened serum samples included ASD cases (n = 91) and healthy controls (n = 30) between 6 and 15 years of age. Our findings revealed 251 differentially expressed proteins between ASD and healthy controls, of which 237 proteins were significantly upregulated and 14 proteins were significantly downregulated. Machine learning analysis identified 15 proteins that could be biomarkers for ASD with an area under the curve (AUC) = 0.876 using support vector machine (SVM). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of the top differentially expressed proteins (TopDE) and weighted gene co-expression analysis (WGCNA) revealed dysregulation of SNARE vesicular transport and ErbB pathways in ASD cases. Furthermore, correlation analysis showed that proteins from those pathways correlate with ASD severity. Further validation and verification of the identified biomarkers and pathways are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Mesleh
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Hanan Ehtewish
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Alberto de la Fuente
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Hawra Al-Shamari
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Iman Ghazal
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Fatema Al-Faraj
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Fouad Al-Shaban
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Houari B Abdesselem
- Proteomics Core Facility, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Emara
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University (QU), Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Nehad M Alajez
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Abdelilah Arredouani
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Julie Decock
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Omar Albagha
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Lawrence W Stanton
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Sara A Abdulla
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Omar M A El-Agnaf
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
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Nour-Eldine W, Ltaief SM, Abdul Manaph NP, Al-Shammari AR. In search of immune cellular sources of abnormal cytokines in the blood in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of case-control studies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:950275. [PMID: 36268027 PMCID: PMC9578337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.950275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal cytokine levels in circulating blood have been repeatedly reported in autism; however, the underlying cause remains unclear. This systematic review aimed to investigate cytokine levels in peripheral blood compartments and identify their potential immune cellular sources in subjects with autism through comparison with controls. We conducted an electronic database search (PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest Central, Ovid, SAGE Journals, and Wiley Online Library) from inception (no time limits) to July 9, 2020, and identified 75 relevant articles. Our qualitative data synthesis focused on results consistently described in at least three independent studies, and we reported the results according to the PRISMA protocol. We found that compared with controls, in subjects with autism, cytokines IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, and IL-1β increased in the plasma and serum. We also identified monocytes, neutrophils, and CD4+ T cells as potential sources of these elevated cytokines in autism. Cytokines IFN-γ, TGF-β, RANTES, and IL-8 were increased in the plasma/serum of subjects with autism, and IFN-γ was likely produced by CD4+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, although conflicting evidence is present for IFN-γ and TGF-β. Other cytokines—IL-13, IL-10, IL-5, and IL-4—were found to be unaltered in the plasma/serum and post-stimulated blood immune cells in autistic individuals as compared with controls. The frequencies of T cells, monocytes, B cells, and NK cells were unchanged in subjects with autism as opposed to controls, suggesting that abnormal cytokines were unlikely due to altered cell numbers but might be due to altered functioning of these cells in autism. Our results support existing studies of abnormal cytokines in autism and provide comprehensive evidence of potential cellular sources of these altered cytokines in the context of autism.
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Gao J, Zou J, Yang L, Zhao J, Wang L, Liu T, Fan X. Alteration of peripheral cortisol and autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:928188. [PMID: 35911217 PMCID: PMC9334910 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.928188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortisol is the main HPA axis hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, and influences metabolism, cognition, and behavior. Recently, a plethora of studies have tried to confirm the correlation between peripheral cortisol and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the results were controversial. We assessed the effects of peripheral cortisol on ASD in this study. The included studies were identified according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The pooled Hedges' g and its 95% confidence interval were selected to evaluate the association between peripheral cortisol and ASD. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses, meta-regression, and publication bias tests were also undertaken based on the obtained information. There were a total of twelve studies with 375 ASD patients and 335 controls included in our meta-analysis. Obvious heterogeneity across studies was found in the overall analysis. Peripheral cortisol levels were significantly elevated in ASD patients compared with controls in the absence of obvious heterogeneity. A single study did not influence the overall comparison results. Meta-regression analyses revealed that age and gender of the included subjects, sample size, and publication year did not moderate effects on the present results. These findings may provide us some targeted strategies to the diagnosis and treatment of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Gao
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiao Zou
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinghui Zhao
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianyao Liu
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Raoof IB, Mohsin RA, Okhti ZA. The Prevalence Role of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis via Various Stimuli Mechanisms. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2021; 13:244-247. [PMID: 34349486 PMCID: PMC8291103 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_746_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disease occurred at any age especially in the 30 and 50 years of patient, with time thyroid gland is lost its function, as the lymphocytes produce inflammatory cytokines, have a direct effect on the thyroid gland function. The monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) produced by the podocyte and monocyte in response to these stimuli and has a role in the feedback based on thyroid hormones therefore MCP is increased secretion depending on thyroid hormones; also it's increased with enlargement of adipocyte tissue, i.e., in patients with high body mass index (BMI), there is a relationship between Hashimoto's disease and obesity, that has an effect on the thyroid gland function. Obesity have important role on thyrostimulated hormones (TSHs), as it has a great effect on metabolism and expansion of the thyroid gland; researchers have previously found that obese individuals have higher serum TSH levels. The results of the study have reported that MCP 1, TSH, and BMI levels were highly significant increased in sera of G2 compared with G1, while T3 and T4 levels were highly significant decreased in sera of G2 compared with G1 in referring to G1: Healthy control group while G2: HT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa Burhan Raoof
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Al-Mustansiriyah, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Raghad Abdulmahdi Mohsin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Al-Mustansiriyah, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Zahraa Ahmed Okhti
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Al-Mustansiriyah, Baghdad, Iraq
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Han Y, Xiong W, Liu J, Dai W, Su Y, Gao L, Wang G, Li P, Zhang X. Associations of Serum Cytokine Levels and Interleukin-6-572C/G Polymorphism with Myelin Damage in Chinese Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuroscience 2021; 465:95-104. [PMID: 33895339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that immunological disturbances and abnormalities in axonal myelination are involved in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The present study aimed to determine the role of cytokines in myelin damage in Chinese children with ASD and the role of cytokine dysregulation, myelin damage, and cytokine polymorphisms in ASD in Chinese children. The present case-control study included 98 ASD subjects and 252 typically developing (TD) controls; the levels of serum cytokines and myelin basic protein (MBP) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cytokine polymorphisms were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Autistic clinical manifestations were assessed by the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). The results showed that serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8, and MBP were higher in children with ASD compared with those in TD children. In individuals with ASD, serum MBP level was significantly positively associated with the CARS total score, and serum levels of IL-1β, IL-2R, IL-6, and MBP demonstrated positive correlations. The data identified IL-6*MBP as a factor that influenced the risk of ASD, and IL-2R*MBP was identified as a factor that influenced symptom severity, which influenced auxiliary diagnosis of ASD. The presence of the interleukin-6-572CC genotype was associated with significantly higher serum levels of IL-6 and MBP but did not influence the risk and symptom severity of ASD. Therefore, the results suggested inflammatory responses and myelin damage in Chinese children with ASD. Cytokine dysregulation influenced myelin damage in ASD; moreover, the interactions of the cytokines and myelin damage influenced the risk and symptom severity of ASD. The IL-6-572C/G genotypes may be associated with myelin damage in ASD by influencing the circulating level of IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescence Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Wenjuan Xiong
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescence Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jiaxue Liu
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescence Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescence Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Su
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescence Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescence Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Gengfu Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescence Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescence Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescence Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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Quan L, Zhao Y, Yi J, Shi XD, Zhong Y, Liu L. Serum adiponectin levels are reduced in autism spectrum disorder and association with severity of symptoms. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:491-498. [PMID: 33471298 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence highlights the role of adiponectin in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yielding conflicting results. The aims of this study were (1) To assess the adiponectin levels of children with ASD and typical developing (TP); (2) To investigate the relationship between adiponectin levels and symptom severity of children with ASD. This is a single-center cross-sectional study from China. From December 2017 to November 2019, first-diagnosis and drug-naïve children with ASD were included. Same TP children who were matched with clinical groups by gender and age were included as the control group. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit was used to determine serum concentrations of adiponectin. We recorded 176 children (88 were ASD and 88 were TP children) and 77.3% (n = 136) were boys and the mean age was 4.3 years (standard deviations [S.D.]: 1.2). The mean (S.D.) levels of adiponectin were 9.01(2.19) and 11.55(2.32) μg/ml for those with ASD and TP subjects. The difference between those two groups was significant (t = 7.169, p < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between serum levels of adiponectin and Childhood Autism Rating Scale [CARS] score (r = -0.498, p < 0.001). At admission, 39 ASD (54.5%) had a minor autism (CARS<37). In these children, the mean (S.D.) adiponectin level was higher than that observed in children with moderate-to-severe clinical severity (10.09[2.32] vs.8.15[1.64] μg/ml, P < 0.001). This study shows that serum adiponectin. Levels are decreased in ASD when compared with in healthy children. The findings also indicate an inverse association between serum adiponectin levels and severity of symptoms in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Quan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17, Yongwaizheng Street, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17, Yongwaizheng Street, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jinping Yi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Shi
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjun Zhong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17, Yongwaizheng Street, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Lingling Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17, Yongwaizheng Street, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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10
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Hewitson L, Mathews JA, Devlin M, Schutte C, Lee J, German DC. Blood biomarker discovery for autism spectrum disorder: A proteomic analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246581. [PMID: 33626076 PMCID: PMC7904196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and social interaction and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Given the lack of specific pharmacological therapy for ASD and the clinical heterogeneity of the disorder, current biomarker research efforts are geared mainly toward identifying markers for determining ASD risk or for assisting with a diagnosis. A wide range of putative biological markers for ASD is currently being investigated. Proteomic analyses indicate that the levels of many proteins in plasma/serum are altered in ASD, suggesting that a panel of proteins may provide a blood biomarker for ASD. Serum samples from 76 boys with ASD and 78 typically developing (TD) boys, 18 months-8 years of age, were analyzed to identify possible early biological markers for ASD. Proteomic analysis of serum was performed using SomaLogic’s SOMAScanTM assay 1.3K platform. A total of 1,125 proteins were analyzed. There were 86 downregulated proteins and 52 upregulated proteins in ASD (FDR < 0.05). Combining three different algorithms, we found a panel of 9 proteins that identified ASD with an area under the curve (AUC) = 0.8599±0.0640, with specificity and sensitivity of 0.8217±0.1178 and 0.835±0.1176, respectively. All 9 proteins were significantly different in ASD compared with TD boys, and were significantly correlated with ASD severity as measured by ADOS total scores. Using machine learning methods, a panel of serum proteins was identified that may be useful as a blood biomarker for ASD in boys. Further verification of the protein biomarker panel with independent test sets is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hewitson
- The Johnson Center for Child Health and Development, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Jeremy A Mathews
- Departments of Mathematical Sciences and Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics & Computational Biology Program, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Morgan Devlin
- The Johnson Center for Child Health and Development, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Claire Schutte
- The Johnson Center for Child Health and Development, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Jeon Lee
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Dwight C German
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
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11
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Qi Z, Lyu M, Yang L, Yuan H, Cao Y, Zhai L, Dang W, Liu J, Yang F, Li Y. A Novel and Reliable Rat Model of Autism. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:549810. [PMID: 33776811 PMCID: PMC7994364 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.549810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that lacks an ideal animal model to recapitulate the disease state of ASD. Previous studies have reported that transplanting gut microbiota of ASD patients into pregnant mice is sufficient to promote the changes of autism-like behavior in offspring. This study aims to explore whether fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can be used as a new method to establish the ASD animal model. Methods: We transplanted the fecal sample extract of ASD children into pregnant rats (rFMT) repeatedly to establish an ASD rat model (oFMT) and compare it with the classical valproic acid (VPA) model (oVPA). Results: First, we reveal that oFMT shows hypoevolutism and typical behavioral characteristics of ASD, consistent with the previous study. Second, the gut microbiota of oFMT mainly consists of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, recapitulating the abnormal gut microbiota of ASD. In oFMT, the abundance of Lactobacillus and Collinsella increased (Lactobacillus: oFMT 60.16%, oVPA 64.13%, oCON 40.11%; Collinsella: oFMT 3.73%, oVPA 1.39%, oCON 1.28%), compared with oVPA, gut microbiota also showed high consistency. Third, the expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in oFMT serum increased, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and norepinephrine (NE) in oFMT serum decreased. Fourth, the gut microbiota of oFMT also has some ASD characteristic gut microbiota not found in oVPA. Fifth, pregnant rat with VPA showed significant immune activation, while those with FMT showed relatively minor immune activation. Limitations: Although the mechanism of establishing FMT autism rat model (oFMT) has not clearly defined, the data show that the model has high structural validity, and FMT model is likely to be a new and reliable potential animal model of ASD, and will have potential value in studying gut microbiota of ASD. Conclusions: The FMT autism rat model has high structural validity, and the FMT model is likely to be a new and reliable potential animal model of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyao Qi
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengke Lyu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yun Cao
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linlin Zhai
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weili Dang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- First Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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12
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Zhao H, Zhang H, Liu S, Luo W, Jiang Y, Gao J. Association of Peripheral Blood Levels of Cytokines With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:670200. [PMID: 34276441 PMCID: PMC8283413 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.670200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although increasing evidence suggests an association between alterations in peripheral cytokines and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a consensus is lacking. To determine whether abnormal cytokine profiles in peripheral blood were associated with ASD, we performed this systemic review and meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted through the Embase, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, PsycINFO, and Cochrane databases up to 4 June 2020. Clinical studies exploring the aberration of peripheral cytokines of autistic patients and controls were included in our meta-analysis. We pooled extracted data using fixed- or random-effects models based on heterogeneity tests with Comprehensive Meta-analysis software. We converted standardized mean differences to Hedges' g statistic to obtain the effect sizes adjusted for sample size. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses, meta-regression, and publication bias tests were also carried out. Results: Sixty-one articles (326 studies) were included to assess the association between 76 cytokines and ASD. We conducted our meta-analysis based on 37 cytokines with 289 studies. Since there were fewer than three studies on any of the other 39 cytokines, we only provided basic information for them. The levels of peripheral IL-6, IL-1β, IL-12p70, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), eotaxin-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-8, IL-7, IL-2, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-17, and IL-4 were defined as abnormal cytokines in the peripheral blood of ASD patients compared with controls. The other 24 cytokines did not obviously change in ASD patients compared with the controls. Conclusions: The findings of our meta-analysis strengthen the evidence for an abnormal cytokine profile in ASD. These abnormal cytokines may be potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of ASD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaying Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fuling Central Hospital of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongqi Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Fuling Central Hospital of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- The 947th Hospital of Army, Kashi, China
| | - Wulin Luo
- Department of Medical Psychology and Neurology, The 947th Hospital of Army, Kashi, China
| | - Yongfeng Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 947th Hospital of Army, Kashi, China
| | - Junwei Gao
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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13
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Lungba RM, Khan SZA, Ajibawo-Aganbi U, Perez Bastidas MV, Veliginti S, Saleem S, Cancarevic I. The Role of the Gut Microbiota and the Immune System in the Development of Autism. Cureus 2020; 12:e11226. [PMID: 33269154 PMCID: PMC7707059 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders that present with social skills and communication challenges, restricted interest, and repetitive behavior. The specific cause of autism is not well understood yet. However, numerous studies indicated that environmental and genetic factors, dysregulated immune response, and alterations to the balance and content of the gut microbiota are implemented in the development of autism. Many non-pharmacological interventions are nominated to manage autism, including family support services and psychoeducational methods. Moreover, different pharmacological therapy modalities are recommended for children with ASD. Learning more about the brain, immune system, and gut connections could assist in early diagnosis and treatment of this devastating neurodevelopmental disorders as an early intervention in ASD could improve a child's overall development. We gathered data from relevant previously published articles on PubMed to evaluate the role of the gut microbiota and the immune system on the development of autism..
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan M Lungba
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Seyad Zulficar Ali Khan
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
- Family Medicine, Ministry of Health Oman, Salalah, OMN
| | - Uvie Ajibawo-Aganbi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | | | - Swathi Veliginti
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sania Saleem
- Research and Development, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ivan Cancarevic
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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14
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Chagas LDS, Sandre PC, Ribeiro e Ribeiro NCA, Marcondes H, Oliveira Silva P, Savino W, Serfaty CA. Environmental Signals on Microglial Function during Brain Development, Neuroplasticity, and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062111. [PMID: 32204421 PMCID: PMC7139373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries on the neurobiology of the immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system (CNS), microglia, have been recognized as a growing field of investigation on the interactions between the brain and the immune system. Several environmental contexts such as stress, lesions, infectious diseases, and nutritional and hormonal disorders can interfere with CNS homeostasis, directly impacting microglial physiology. Despite many encouraging discoveries in this field, there are still some controversies that raise issues to be discussed, especially regarding the relationship between the microglial phenotype assumed in distinct contexts and respective consequences in different neurobiological processes, such as disorders of brain development and neuroplasticity. Also, there is an increasing interest in discussing microglial–immune system cross-talk in health and in pathological conditions. In this review, we discuss recent literature concerning microglial function during development and homeostasis. In addition, we explore the contribution of microglia to synaptic disorders mediated by different neuroinflammatory outcomes during pre- and postnatal development, with long-term consequences impacting on the risk and vulnerability to the emergence of neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana da Silva Chagas
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, Brazil; (L.d.S.C.); (P.C.S.); (N.C.A.R.eR.); (H.M.); (P.O.S.)
| | - Poliana Capucho Sandre
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, Brazil; (L.d.S.C.); (P.C.S.); (N.C.A.R.eR.); (H.M.); (P.O.S.)
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Natalia Cristina Aparecida Ribeiro e Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, Brazil; (L.d.S.C.); (P.C.S.); (N.C.A.R.eR.); (H.M.); (P.O.S.)
| | - Henrique Marcondes
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, Brazil; (L.d.S.C.); (P.C.S.); (N.C.A.R.eR.); (H.M.); (P.O.S.)
| | - Priscilla Oliveira Silva
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, Brazil; (L.d.S.C.); (P.C.S.); (N.C.A.R.eR.); (H.M.); (P.O.S.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation –INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation –INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (C.A.S.)
| | - Claudio A. Serfaty
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, Brazil; (L.d.S.C.); (P.C.S.); (N.C.A.R.eR.); (H.M.); (P.O.S.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation –INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (C.A.S.)
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15
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Shen L, Liu X, Zhang H, Lin J, Feng C, Iqbal J. Biomarkers in autism spectrum disorders: Current progress. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 502:41-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Ames JL, Windham GC, Lyall K, Pearl M, Kharrazi M, Yoshida CK, Van de Water J, Ashwood P, Croen LA. Neonatal Thyroid Stimulating Hormone and Subsequent Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders and Intellectual Disability. Autism Res 2019; 13:444-455. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gayle C. Windham
- Environmental Health Investigations BranchCalifornia Department of Public Health Richmond California
| | - Kristen Lyall
- A.J. Drexel Autism InstituteDrexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle Pearl
- Environmental Health Investigations BranchCalifornia Department of Public Health Richmond California
| | - Martin Kharrazi
- Environmental Health Investigations BranchCalifornia Department of Public Health Richmond California
| | | | - Judy Van de Water
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis California
- MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) InstituteUniversity of California Davis California
| | - Paul Ashwood
- MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) InstituteUniversity of California Davis California
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis California
| | - Lisa A. Croen
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research Oakland California
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17
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Thom RP, Keary CJ, Palumbo ML, Ravichandran CT, Mullett JE, Hazen EP, Neumeyer AM, McDougle CJ. Beyond the brain: A multi-system inflammatory subtype of autism spectrum disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:3045-3061. [PMID: 31139876 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05280-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An immune-mediated subtype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has long been hypothesized. This article reviews evidence from family history studies of autoimmunity, immunogenetics, maternal immune activation, neuroinflammation, and systemic inflammation, which suggests immune dysfunction in ASD. Individuals with ASD have higher rates of co-morbid medical illness than the general population. Major medical co-morbidities associated with ASD are discussed by body system. Mechanisms by which FDA-approved and emerging treatments for ASD act upon the immune system are then reviewed. We conclude by proposing the hypothesis of an immune-mediated subtype of ASD which is characterized by systemic, multi-organ inflammation or immune dysregulation with shared mechanisms that drive both the behavioral and physical illnesses associated with ASD. Although gaps in evidence supporting this hypothesis remain, benefits of this conceptualization include framing future research questions that will help define a clinically meaningful subset of patients and focusing clinical interactions on early detection and treatment of high-risk medical illnesses as well as interfering behavioral signs and symptoms across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn P Thom
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christopher J Keary
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Lurie Center for Autism, 1 Maguire Road, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Michelle L Palumbo
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Lurie Center for Autism, 1 Maguire Road, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Caitlin T Ravichandran
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Lurie Center for Autism, 1 Maguire Road, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer E Mullett
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Lurie Center for Autism, 1 Maguire Road, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Eric P Hazen
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ann M Neumeyer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Lurie Center for Autism, 1 Maguire Road, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christopher J McDougle
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Lurie Center for Autism, 1 Maguire Road, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA.
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18
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Jarmołowska B, Bukało M, Fiedorowicz E, Cieślińska A, Kordulewska NK, Moszyńska M, Świątecki A, Kostyra E. Role of Milk-Derived Opioid Peptides and Proline Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010087. [PMID: 30621149 PMCID: PMC6356206 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid peptides released during digestion of dietary proteins such as casein, were suggested to contribute to autism development, leading to the announcement of opioid excess hypothesis of autism. This paper examines role of enzyme proline dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV; EC 3.4.14.5) and it is exogenous substrate, β-casomorphin-7 (BCM7) in autism etiology. Our study included measurements of DPPIV and BCM7 concentrations in serum and urine, which were analyzed with ELISA assays and activity of DPPIV was measured by colorimetric test. The effect of opioid peptides from hydrolysed bovine milk on DPPIV gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in autistic and healthy children was determined using the Real-Time PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) method. Our research included 51 healthy children and 86 children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD, ICDF84). We determined that the concentration of BCM7 in serum was significantly, 1.6-fold, higher in the ASD group than in controls (p < 0.0001). Concentration of DPPIV was found to also be significantly higher in serum from ASD children compared to the control group (p < 0.01), while we did not notice significant difference in enzymatic activity of serum DPPIV between the two study groups. We confirmed correlation according to the gender between analyzed parameters. The inspiration for this study emanated from clinical experience of the daily diet role in relieving the symptoms of autism. Despite this, we have concluded that milk-derived opioid peptides and DPPIV are potentially factors in determining the pathogenesis of autism; conducted studies are still limited and require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Jarmołowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-19 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Marta Bukało
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-19 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Ewa Fiedorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-19 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Anna Cieślińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-19 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Natalia Karolina Kordulewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-19 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Moszyńska
- Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Therapy of Autism at the Regional Children's Hospital in Olsztyn, Zolnierska 18 A Street, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Aleksander Świątecki
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Mycology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-19 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Kostyra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-19 Olsztyn, Poland.
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19
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Shen L, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Feng C, Gao Y, Zhao D, Xia S, Hong Q, Iqbal J, Liu XK, Yao F. Advances in Biomarker Studies in Autism Spectrum Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1118:207-233. [PMID: 30747425 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05542-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental condition that begins early in childhood and lasts throughout life. The epidemiology of ASD is continuously increasing all over the world with huge social and economical burdens. As the etiology of autism is not completely understood, there is still no medication available for the treatment of this disorder. However, some behavioral interventions are available to improve the core and associated symptoms of autism, particularly when initiated at an early stage. Thus, there is an increasing demand for finding biomarkers for ASD. Although diagnostic biomarkers have not yet been established, research efforts have been carried out in neuroimaging and biological analyses including genomics and gene testing, proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, and studies of the immune system, inflammation, and microRNAs. Here, we will review the current progress in these fields and focus on new methods, developments, research strategies, and studies of blood-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Shen
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuxi Zhao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajie Zhang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyun Feng
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Baoan, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Gao
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Baoan, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Danqing Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijian Xia
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Hong
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Baoan, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Javed Iqbal
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Kun Liu
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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20
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Korzeniewski SJ, Allred EN, O'Shea TM, Leviton A, Kuban KCK. Elevated protein concentrations in newborn blood and the risks of autism spectrum disorder, and of social impairment, at age 10 years among infants born before the 28th week of gestation. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:115. [PMID: 29884819 PMCID: PMC5993745 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the 1 of 10 children who are born preterm annually in the United States, 6% are born before the third trimester. Among children who survive birth before the 28th week of gestation, the risks of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and non-autistic social impairment are severalfold higher than in the general population. We examined the relationship between top quartile inflammation-related protein concentrations among children born extremely preterm and ASD or, separately, a high score on the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS total score ≥65) among those who did not meet ASD criteria, using information only from the subset of children whose DAS-II verbal or non-verbal IQ was ≥70, who were assessed for ASD, and who had proteins measured in blood collected on ≥2 days (N = 763). ASD (N = 36) assessed at age 10 years is associated with recurrent top quartile concentrations of inflammation-related proteins during the first post-natal month (e.g., SAA odds ratio (OR); 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.5; 1.2-5.3) and IL-6 (OR; 95% CI: 2.6; 1.03-6.4)). Top quartile concentrations of neurotrophic proteins appear to moderate the increased risk of ASD associated with repeated top quartile concentrations of inflammation-related proteins. High (top quartile) concentrations of SAA are associated with elevated risk of ASD (2.8; 1.2-6.7) when Ang-1 concentrations are below the top quartile, but not when Ang-1 concentrations are high (1.3; 0.3-5.8). Similarly, high concentrations of TNF-α are associated with heightened risk of SRS-defined social impairment (N = 130) (2.0; 1.1-3.8) when ANG-1 concentrations are not high, but not when ANG-1 concentrations are elevated (0.5; 0.1-4.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Korzeniewski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Elizabeth N Allred
- Departments of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Michael O'Shea
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alan Leviton
- Departments of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karl C K Kuban
- Departments of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center and Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Moosa A, Shu H, Sarachana T, Hu VW. Are endocrine disrupting compounds environmental risk factors for autism spectrum disorder? Horm Behav 2018; 101:13-21. [PMID: 29042182 PMCID: PMC5913002 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent research on the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has shifted in part from a singular focus on genetic causes to the involvement of environmental factors and their gene interactions. This shift in focus is a result of the rapidly increasing prevalence of ASD coupled with the incomplete penetrance of this disorder in monozygotic twins. One such area of environmentally focused research is the association of exposures to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) with elevated risk for ASD. EDCs are exogenous chemicals that can alter endogenous hormone activity and homeostasis, thus potentially disrupting the action of sex and other natural hormones at all stages of human development. Inasmuch as sex hormones play a fundamental role in brain development and sexual differentiation, exposure to EDCs in utero during critical stages of development can have lasting neurological and other physiological influences on the developing fetus and, ultimately, the child as well as adult. This review will focus on the possible contributions of EDCs to autism risk and pathogenesis by first discussing the influence of endogenous sex hormones on the autistic phenotype, followed by a review of documented human exposures to EDCs and associations with behaviors relevant to ASD. Mechanistic links between EDC exposures and aberrant neurodevelopment and behaviors are then considered, with emphasis on EDC-induced transcriptional profiles derived from animal and cellular studies. Finally, this review will discuss possible mechanisms through which EDC exposure can lead to persistent changes in gene expression and phenotype, which may in turn contribute to transgenerational inheritance of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Moosa
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye St., NW, Washington, DC 20037, United States.
| | - Henry Shu
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye St., NW, Washington, DC 20037, United States.
| | - Tewarit Sarachana
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Technology Branch, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 154 Rama I Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Valerie W Hu
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye St., NW, Washington, DC 20037, United States.
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