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Lässig M, Mustonen V, Nourmohammad A. Steering and controlling evolution - from bioengineering to fighting pathogens. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:851-867. [PMID: 37400577 PMCID: PMC11137064 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Control interventions steer the evolution of molecules, viruses, microorganisms or other cells towards a desired outcome. Applications range from engineering biomolecules and synthetic organisms to drug, therapy and vaccine design against pathogens and cancer. In all these instances, a control system alters the eco-evolutionary trajectory of a target system, inducing new functions or suppressing escape evolution. Here, we synthesize the objectives, mechanisms and dynamics of eco-evolutionary control in different biological systems. We discuss how the control system learns and processes information about the target system by sensing or measuring, through adaptive evolution or computational prediction of future trajectories. This information flow distinguishes pre-emptive control strategies by humans from feedback control in biotic systems. We establish a cost-benefit calculus to gauge and optimize control protocols, highlighting the fundamental link between predictability of evolution and efficacy of pre-emptive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lässig
- Institute for Biological Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ville Mustonen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Department of Computer Science, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Armita Nourmohammad
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Herbold Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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2
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Maliqi L, Friedrich N, Glögl M, Schmutz S, Schmidt D, Rusert P, Schanz M, Zaheri M, Pasin C, Niklaus C, Foulkes C, Reinberg T, Dreier B, Abela I, Peterhoff D, Hauser A, Kouyos RD, Günthard HF, van Gils MJ, Sanders RW, Wagner R, Plückthun A, Trkola A. Assessing immunogenicity barriers of the HIV-1 envelope trimer. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:148. [PMID: 37777519 PMCID: PMC10542815 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the balance between epitope shielding and accessibility on HIV-1 envelope (Env) trimers is essential to guide immunogen selection for broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) based vaccines. To investigate the antigenic space of Env immunogens, we created a strategy based on synthetic, high diversity, Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) libraries. We show that DARPin Antigenicity Analysis (DANA), a purely in vitro screening tool, has the capability to extrapolate relevant information of antigenic properties of Env immunogens. DANA screens of stabilized, soluble Env trimers revealed that stronger trimer stabilization led to the selection of highly mutated DARPins with length variations and framework mutations mirroring observations made for bnAbs. By mimicking heterotypic prime-boost immunization regimens, DANA may be used to select immunogen combinations that favor the selection of trimer-reactive binders. This positions DANA as a versatile strategy for distilling fundamental antigenic features of immunogens, complementary to preclinical immunogenicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liridona Maliqi
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikolas Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Glögl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schmutz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rusert
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merle Schanz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maryam Zaheri
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Pasin
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyrille Niklaus
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caio Foulkes
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Reinberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Dreier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irene Abela
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Peterhoff
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Scheepers C, Richardson SI, Moyo-Gwete T, Moore PL. Antibody class-switching as a strategy to improve HIV-1 neutralization. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:979-988. [PMID: 36117072 PMCID: PMC9617786 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), when administered through passive immunization, are protective against HIV-1 infection. Current HIV-1 vaccine strategies are aimed at guiding the immune system to make bNAbs by mimicking their development during infection. Somatic hypermutation of the variable region is known to be crucial for the development of bNAbs. More recently, however, studies have shown how class-switch recombination (CSR) resulting in the generation of different antibody isotypes may serve as an additional mechanism through which antibodies can gain neutralization breadth and potency. In this review, we discuss the importance of different antibody isotypes for HIV-1 neutralization breadth and potency and how this information can be leveraged to improve passive and active immunization against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Scheepers
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa; SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Simone I Richardson
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa; SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa; SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa; SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Discipline of Virology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
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4
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Barnes CO, Schoofs T, Gnanapragasam PN, Golijanin J, Huey-Tubman KE, Gruell H, Schommers P, Suh-Toma N, Lee YE, Cetrulo Lorenzi JC, Piechocka-Trocha A, Scheid JF, West AP, Walker BD, Seaman MS, Klein F, Nussenzweig MC, Bjorkman PJ. A naturally arising broad and potent CD4-binding site antibody with low somatic mutation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabp8155. [PMID: 35960796 PMCID: PMC9374330 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp8155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is a potential strategy for a vaccine against HIV-1. However, most bNAbs exhibit features such as unusually high somatic hypermutation, including insertions and deletions, which make their induction challenging. VRC01-class bNAbs not only exhibit extraordinary breadth and potency but also rank among the most highly somatically mutated bNAbs. Here, we describe a VRC01-class antibody isolated from a viremic controller, BG24, that is much less mutated than most relatives of its class while achieving comparable breadth and potency. A 3.8-Å x-ray crystal structure of a BG24-BG505 Env trimer complex revealed conserved contacts at the gp120 interface characteristic of the VRC01-class Abs, despite lacking common CDR3 sequence motifs. The existence of moderately mutated CD4-binding site (CD4bs) bNAbs such as BG24 provides a simpler blueprint for CD4bs antibody induction by a vaccine, raising the prospect that such an induction might be feasible with a germline-targeting approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O. Barnes
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Till Schoofs
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Bonn–Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jovana Golijanin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Huey-Tubman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Henning Gruell
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Bonn–Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Schommers
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Bonn–Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nina Suh-Toma
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Yu Erica Lee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Alicja Piechocka-Trocha
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02129, USA
| | - Johannes F. Scheid
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anthony P. West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02129, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Bonn–Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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5
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Heydarchi B, Fong DS, Gao H, Salazar-Quiroz NA, Edwards JM, Gonelli CA, Grimley S, Aktepe TE, Mackenzie C, Wales WJ, van Gils MJ, Cupo A, Rouiller I, Gooley PR, Moore JP, Sanders RW, Montefiori D, Sethi A, Purcell DFJ. Broad and ultra-potent cross-clade neutralization of HIV-1 by a vaccine-induced CD4 binding site bovine antibody. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100635. [PMID: 35584627 PMCID: PMC9133467 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccination of cows has elicited broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). In this study, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are isolated from a clade A (KNH1144 and BG505) vaccinated cow using a heterologous clade B antigen (AD8). CD4 binding site (CD4bs) bNAb (MEL-1872) is more potent than a majority of CD4bs bNAbs isolated so far. MEL-1872 mAb with CDRH3 of 57 amino acids shows more potency (geometric mean half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50]: 0.009 μg/mL; breadth: 66%) than VRC01 against clade B viruses (29-fold) and than CHO1-31 against tested clade A viruses (21-fold). It also shows more breadth and potency than NC-Cow1, the only other reported anti-HIV-1 bovine bNAb, which has 60% breadth with geometric mean IC50 of 0.090 μg/mL in this study. Using successive different stable-structured SOSIP trimers in bovines can elicit bNAbs focusing on epitopes ubiquitous across subtypes. Furthermore, the cross-clade selection strategy also results in ultra-potent bNAbs. Sequential vaccine with different SOSIP trimers could elicit bNAbs Cross-clade B-cell-sorting probe could select ultra-potent bNAbs Bovine CD4bs monoclonal antibody neutralizes HIV-1 isolates potently
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Heydarchi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Danielle S Fong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Natalia A Salazar-Quiroz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jack M Edwards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Christopher A Gonelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Samantha Grimley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Turgut E Aktepe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Charlene Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - William J Wales
- Dairy Production Sciences, Victorian Department of Jobs, Precincts and Resources, Ellinbank, VIC, Australia; Centre for Agricultural Innovation, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Cupo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Isabelle Rouiller
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul R Gooley
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ashish Sethi
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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Cook JD, Khondker A, Lee JE. Conformational plasticity of the HIV-1 gp41 immunodominant region is recognized by multiple non-neutralizing antibodies. Commun Biol 2022; 5:291. [PMID: 35361878 PMCID: PMC8971491 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03235-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The early humoral immune response to acute HIV-1 infection is largely non-neutralizing. The principal target of these antibodies is the primary immunodominant region (PID) on the gp41 fusion protein. The PID is a highly conserved 15-residue region displayed on the surface of HIV-1 virions. In this study, we analyzed the humoral determinants of HIV-1 gp41 PID binding using biophysical, structural, and computational methods. In complex with a patient-derived near-germline antibody fragment, the PID motif adopts an elongated random coil, whereas the PID bound to affinity-matured Fab adopts a strand-turn-helix conformation. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the PID is structurally plastic suggesting that the PID can form an ensemble of structural states recognized by various non-neutralizing antibodies, facilitating HIV-1 immunodominance observed in acute and chronic HIV-1 infections. An improved understanding of how the HIV-1 gp41 PID misdirects the early humoral response should guide the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine. The 15-amino-acid primary immunodominant (PID) region on HIV-1 gp41 adopts an ensemble of conformational states. This conformational plasticity is suggested to misdirect the early humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Cook
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Adree Khondker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Ishii H, Terahara K, Nomura T, Okazaki M, Yamamoto H, Shu T, Sakawaki H, Miura T, Watkins DI, Matano T. Env-independent protection of intrarectal SIV challenge by vaccine induction of Gag/Vif-specific CD8+ T cells but not CD4+ T cells. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2048-2057. [PMID: 35231604 PMCID: PMC9092394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective T cell induction is an important strategy in HIV-vaccine development. However, it has been indicated that vaccine-induced HIV-specific CD4+ T cells, the preferential targets of HIV infection, might increase viral acquisition after HIV exposure. We have recently developed an immunogen (CaV11), tandemly connected overlapping 11-mer peptides spanning the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag capsid and Vif proteins, to selectively induce Gag- and Vif-specific CD8+ T cells but not CD4+ T cells. Here, we show protective efficacy of a CaV11-expressing vaccine against repeated intrarectal low-dose SIVmac239 challenge in rhesus macaques. Eight of the twelve vaccinated macaques were protected after eight challenges. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated significant protection in the vaccinees compared to the unvaccinated macaques. Vaccine-induced Gag-specific CD8+ T cell responses were significantly higher in the protected than the unprotected vaccinees. These results suggest that classical CD8+ T cell induction by viral Env-independent vaccination can confer protection from intrarectal SIV acquisition, highlighting the rationale for this immunogen design to induce virus-specific CD8+ T cells but not CD4+ T cells in HIV-vaccine development.
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8
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Morales-Núñez JJ, Muñoz-Valle JF, Torres-Hernández PC, Hernández-Bello J. Overview of Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Potential in COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121376. [PMID: 34960121 PMCID: PMC8706198 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibody response to respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a major focus of COVID-19 research due to its clinical relevance and importance in vaccine and therapeutic development. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) evaluations are useful for the determination of individual or herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2, vaccine efficacy, and humoral protective response longevity, as well as supporting donor selection criteria for convalescent plasma therapy. In the current manuscript, we review the essential concepts of NAbs, examining their concept, mechanisms of action, production, and the techniques used for their detection; as well as presenting an overview of the clinical use of antibodies in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Morales-Núñez
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.J.M.-N.); (J.F.M.-V.)
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.J.M.-N.); (J.F.M.-V.)
| | | | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.J.M.-N.); (J.F.M.-V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-333-450-9355
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9
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Williams WB, Wiehe K, Saunders KO, Haynes BF. Strategies for induction of HIV-1 envelope-reactive broadly neutralizing antibodies. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24 Suppl 7:e25831. [PMID: 34806332 PMCID: PMC8606870 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A primary focus of HIV-1 vaccine development is the activation of B cell receptors for naïve or precursor broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), followed by expansion and maturation of bnAb B cell lineage intermediates leading to highly affinity-matured bnAbs. HIV-1 envelope (Env) encodes epitopes for bnAbs of different specificities. Design of immunogens to induce bnAb precursors of different specificities and mature them into bnAb status is a goal for HIV-1 vaccine development. We review vaccine strategies for bnAb lineages development and highlight the immunological barriers that these strategies must overcome to generate bnAbs. METHODS We provide perspectives based on published research articles and reviews. DISCUSSION The recent Antibody Mediated Protection (AMP) trial that tested the protective efficacy of one HIV-1 Env bnAb specificity demonstrated that relatively high levels of long-lasting serum titers of multiple specificities of bnAbs will be required for protection from HIV-1 transmission. Current vaccine efforts for induction of bnAb lineages are focused on immunogens designed to expand naïve HIV-1 bnAb precursor B cells following the recent success of vaccine-induction of bnAb precursor B cells in macaques and humans. BnAb precursor B cells serve as templates for priming-immunogen design. However, design of boosting immunogens for bnAb maturation requires knowledge of the optimal immunogen design and immunological environment for bnAb B cell lineage affinity maturation. BnAb lineages acquire rare genetic changes as mutations during B cell maturation. Moreover, the immunological environment that supports bnAb development during HIV-1 infection is perturbed with an altered B cell repertoire and dysfunctional immunoregulatory controls, suggesting that in normal settings, bnAb development will be disfavoured. Thus, strategies for vaccine induction of bnAbs must circumvent immunological barriers for bnAb development that normally constrain bnAb B cell affinity maturation. CONCLUSIONS A fully protective HIV-1 vaccine needs to induce durable high titers of bnAbs that can be generated by a sequential set of Env immunogens for expansion and maturation of bnAb B cell lineages in a permitted immunological environment. Moreover, multiple specificities of bnAbs will be required to be sufficiently broad to prevent the escape of HIV-1 strains during transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilton B. Williams
- Human Vaccine InstituteDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of SurgeryDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Human Vaccine InstituteDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of MedicineDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kevin O. Saunders
- Human Vaccine InstituteDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of SurgeryDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of ImmunologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Human Vaccine InstituteDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of MedicineDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of ImmunologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
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10
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Potent Induction of Envelope-Specific Antibody Responses by Virus-Like Particle (VLP) Immunogens Based on HIV-1 Envelopes from Patients with Early Broadly Neutralizing Responses. J Virol 2021; 96:e0134321. [PMID: 34668778 PMCID: PMC8754226 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01343-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal studies in HIV-1-infected individuals have indicated that 2 to 3 years of infection are required to develop broadly neutralizing antibodies. However, we have previously identified individuals with broadly neutralizing activity (bNA) in early HIV-1 infection, indicating that a vaccine may be capable of bNA induction after short periods of antigen exposure. Here, we describe 5 HIV-1 envelope sequences from individuals who have developed bNA within the first 100 days of infection (early neutralizers) and selected two of them to design immunogens based on HIV-1-Gag virus-like particles (VLPs). These VLPs were homogeneous and incorporated the corresponding envelopes (7 to 9 μg of gp120 in 1010 VLPs). Both envelopes (Envs) bound to well-characterized broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), including trimer-specific antibodies (PGT145, VRC01, and 35022). For immunogenicity testing, we immunized rabbits with the Env-VLPs or with the corresponding stabilized soluble envelope trimers. A short immunization protocol (105 days) was used to recapitulate the early nAb induction observed after HIV-1 infection in these two individuals. All VLP and trimeric envelope immunogens induced a comparably strong anti-gp120 response despite having immunized rabbits with 30 times less gp120 in the case of the Env-VLPs. In addition, animals immunized with VLP-formulated Envs induced antibodies that cross-recognized the corresponding soluble stabilized trimer and vice versa, even though no neutralizing activity was observed. Nevertheless, our data may provide a new platform of immunogens, based on HIV-1 envelopes from patients with early broadly neutralizing responses, with the potential to generate protective immune responses using vaccination protocols similar to those used in classical preventive vaccines. IMPORTANCE It is generally accepted that an effective HIV-1 vaccine should be able to induce broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies. Since most of these antibodies require long periods of somatic maturation in vivo, several groups are developing immunogens, based on the HIV envelope protein, that require complex and lengthy immunization protocols that would be difficult to implement in the general population. Here, we show that rabbits immunized with new envelopes (VLP formulated) from two individuals who demonstrated broadly neutralizing activity very early after infection induced specific HIV-1 antibodies after a short immunization protocol. This evidence provides the basis for generating protective immune responses with classic vaccination protocols with vaccine prototypes based on HIV envelope sequences from individuals who have developed early broadly neutralizing responses.
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11
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Abstract
Introduction: As the pathogen that caused the first influenza virus pandemic in this century, the swine-origin A(H1N1) pdm09 influenza virus has caused continuous harm to human public health. The evolution of hemagglutinin protein glycosylation sites, including the increase in number and positional changes, is an important way for influenza viruses to escape host immune pressure. Based on the traditional influenza virus molecular monitoring, special attention should be paid to the influence of glycosylation evolution on the biological characteristics of virus antigenicity, transmission and pathogenicity. The epidemiological significance of glycosylation mutants should be analyzed as a predictive tool for early warning of new outbreaks and pandemics, as well as the design of vaccines and drug targets.Areas covered: We review on the evolutionary characteristics of glycosylation on the HA protein of the A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus in the last ten years.Expert opinion: We discuss the crucial impact of evolutionary glycosylation on the biological characteristics of the virus and the host immune responses, summarize studies revealing different roles of glycosylation play during host adaptation. Although these studies show the significance of glycosylation evolution in host-virus interaction, much remains to be discovered about the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Ge
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
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12
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Helmold Hait S, Hogge CJ, Rahman MA, Hunegnaw R, Mushtaq Z, Hoang T, Robert-Guroff M. T FH Cells Induced by Vaccination and Following SIV Challenge Support Env-Specific Humoral Immunity in the Rectal-Genital Tract and Circulation of Female Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 11:608003. [PMID: 33584682 PMCID: PMC7876074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are pivotal in lymph node (LN) germinal center (GC) B cell affinity maturation. Circulating CXCR5+ CD4+ T (cTFH) cells have supported memory B cell activation and broadly neutralizing antibodies in HIV controllers. We investigated the contribution of LN SIV-specific TFH and cTFH cells to Env-specific humoral immunity in female rhesus macaques following a mucosal Ad5hr-SIV recombinant priming and SIV gp120 intramuscular boosting vaccine regimen and following SIV vaginal challenge. TFH and B cells were characterized by flow cytometry. B cell help was evaluated in TFH-B cell co-cultures and by real-time PCR. Vaccination induced Env-specific TFH and Env-specific memory (ESM) B cells in LNs. LN Env-specific TFH cells post-priming and GC ESM B cells post-boosting correlated with rectal Env-specific IgA titers, and GC B cells at the same timepoints correlated with vaginal Env-specific IgG titers. Vaccination expanded cTFH cell responses, including CD25+ Env-specific cTFH cells that correlated negatively with vaginal Env-specific IgG titers but positively with rectal Env-specific IgA titers. Although cTFH cells post-2nd boost positively correlated with viral-loads following SIV challenge, cTFH cells of SIV-infected and protected macaques supported maturation of circulating B cells into plasma cells and IgA release in co-culture. Additionally, cTFH cells of naïve macaques promoted upregulation of genes associated with B cell proliferation, BCR engagement, plasma cell maturation, and antibody production, highlighting the role of cTFH cells in blood B cell maturation. Vaccine-induced LN TFH and GC B cells supported anti-viral mucosal immunity while cTFH cells provided B cell help in the periphery during immunization and after SIV challenge. Induction of TFH responses in blood and secondary lymphoid organs is likely desirable for protective efficacy of HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Helmold Hait
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christopher James Hogge
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ruth Hunegnaw
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zuena Mushtaq
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tanya Hoang
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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13
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Redd AD, Doria-Rose NA, Weiner JA, Nason M, Seivers M, Schmidt SD, Laeyendecker O, Martens C, Bruno D, Keele BF, Raju N, Georgiev IS, Lamers SL, Astemborski J, Kirk GD, Mascola JR, Ackerman ME, Mehta SH, Quinn TC. Longitudinal Antibody Responses in People Who Inject Drugs Infected With Similar Human Immunodeficiency Virus Strains. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:756-765. [PMID: 31581292 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple factors influence the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody response produced during natural infection, leading to responses that can vary in specificity, strength, and breadth. METHODS People who inject drugs identified as recently infected with HIV (n = 23) were analyzed for clustering of their viral sequences (genetic distance, <2%). Longitudinal antibody responses were identified for neutralizing antibody (Nab) potential, and differences in antibody subclass, specificity, and Fc receptor ligation using pseudovirus entry and multiplexed Fc array assays, respectively. Responses were analyzed for differences between subject groups, defined by similarity in the sequence of the infecting virus. RESULTS Viral sequences from infected individuals were grouped into 3 distinct clusters with 7 unclustered individuals. Subjects in cluster 1 generally had lower antibody response magnitudes, except for antibodies targeting the V1/V2 region. Subjects in clusters 2 and 3 typically had higher antibody response magnitudes, with the Fv specificity of cluster 2 favoring gp140 recognition. NAb responses differed significantly between clusters for 3 of 18 pseudoviruses examined (P < .05), but there were no differences in overall NAb breadth (P = .62). DISCUSSION These data demonstrate that individuals infected with similar viral strains can generate partially similar antibody responses, but these do not drastically differ from those in individuals infected with relatively unrelated strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Redd
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Martha Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Matthew Seivers
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen D Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Craig Martens
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Daniel Bruno
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Fredrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nagarajan Raju
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Jacquie Astemborski
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg of School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory D Kirk
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg of School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Shruti H Mehta
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg of School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Heiss K, Heidepriem J, Fischer N, Weber LK, Dahlke C, Jaenisch T, Loeffler FF. Rapid Response to Pandemic Threats: Immunogenic Epitope Detection of Pandemic Pathogens for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development Using Peptide Microarrays. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4339-4354. [PMID: 32892628 PMCID: PMC7640972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Emergence and re-emergence of pathogens bearing the risk of becoming a pandemic threat are on the rise. Increased travel and trade, growing population density, changes in urbanization, and climate have a critical impact on infectious disease spread. Currently, the world is confronted with the emergence of a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, responsible for yet more than 800 000 deaths globally. Outbreaks caused by viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, HIV, Ebola, influenza, and Zika, have increased over the past decade, underlining the need for a rapid development of diagnostics and vaccines. Hence, the rational identification of biomarkers for diagnostic measures on the one hand, and antigenic targets for vaccine development on the other, are of utmost importance. Peptide microarrays can display large numbers of putative target proteins translated into overlapping linear (and cyclic) peptides for a multiplexed, high-throughput antibody analysis. This enabled for example the identification of discriminant/diagnostic epitopes in Zika or influenza and mapping epitope evolution in natural infections versus vaccinations. In this review, we highlight synthesis platforms that facilitate fast and flexible generation of high-density peptide microarrays. We further outline the multifaceted applications of these peptide array platforms for the development of serological tests and vaccines to quickly encounter pandemic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Heiss
- PEPperPRINT
GmbH, Rischerstrasse
12, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Heidepriem
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nico Fischer
- Section
Clinical Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura K. Weber
- PEPperPRINT
GmbH, Rischerstrasse
12, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christine Dahlke
- Division
of Infectious Diseases, First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department
of Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German
Center for Infection Research, Partner Site
Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Jaenisch
- Heidelberg
Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg
University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Center
for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Department
of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Felix F. Loeffler
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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15
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Kaw S, Ananth S, Tsopoulidis N, Morath K, Coban BM, Hohenberger R, Bulut OC, Klein F, Stolp B, Fackler OT. HIV-1 infection of CD4 T cells impairs antigen-specific B cell function. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105594. [PMID: 33146906 PMCID: PMC7737609 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Failures to produce neutralizing antibodies upon HIV‐1 infection result in part from B‐cell dysfunction due to unspecific B‐cell activation. How HIV‐1 affects antigen‐specific B‐cell functions remains elusive. Using an adoptive transfer mouse model and ex vivo HIV infection of human tonsil tissue, we found that expression of the HIV‐1 pathogenesis factor NEF in CD4 T cells undermines their helper function and impairs cognate B‐cell functions including mounting of efficient specific IgG responses. NEF interfered with T cell help via a specific protein interaction motif that prevents polarized cytokine secretion at the T‐cell–B‐cell immune synapse. This interference reduced B‐cell activation and proliferation and thus disrupted germinal center formation and affinity maturation. These results identify NEF as a key component for HIV‐mediated dysfunction of antigen‐specific B cells. Therapeutic targeting of the identified molecular surface in NEF will facilitate host control of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Kaw
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Swetha Ananth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Tsopoulidis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Morath
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bahar M Coban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Hohenberger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olcay C Bulut
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, SLK Klinikum Am Gesundbrunnen, Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Bettina Stolp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Fackler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Ng'uni T, Chasara C, Ndhlovu ZM. Major Scientific Hurdles in HIV Vaccine Development: Historical Perspective and Future Directions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:590780. [PMID: 33193428 PMCID: PMC7655734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.590780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery of HIV as a causative agent of AIDS, the expectation was to rapidly develop a vaccine; but thirty years later, we still do not have a licensed vaccine. Progress has been hindered by the extensive genetic variability of HIV and our limited understanding of immune responses required to protect against HIV acquisition. Nonetheless, valuable knowledge accrued from numerous basic and translational science research studies and vaccine trials has provided insight into the structural biology of the virus, immunogen design and novel vaccine delivery systems that will likely constitute an effective vaccine. Furthermore, stakeholders now appreciate the daunting scientific challenges of developing an effective HIV vaccine, hence the increased advocacy for collaborative efforts among academic research scientists, governments, pharmaceutical industry, philanthropy, and regulatory entities. In this review, we highlight the history of HIV vaccine development efforts, highlighting major challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiza Ng'uni
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Caroline Chasara
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Zaza M Ndhlovu
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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17
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Beretta M, Migraine J, Moreau A, Essat A, Goujard C, Chaix ML, Drouin A, Bouvin-Pley M, Meyer L, Barin F, Braibant M. Common evolutionary features of the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 in patients belonging to a transmission chain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16744. [PMID: 33028961 PMCID: PMC7541522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) is largely a consequence of the pressure exerted by the adaptive immune response to infection. While it was generally assumed that the neutralizing antibody (NAb) response depended mainly on the infected individual, the concept that virus-related factors could be important in inducing this response has recently emerged. Here, we analyzed the influence of the infecting viral strain in shaping NAb responses in four HIV-1 infected subjects belonging to a transmission chain. We also explored the impact of NAb responses on the functional evolution of the viral quasispecies. The four patients developed a strong autologous neutralizing antibody response that drove viral escape and coincided with a parallel evolution of their infecting quasispecies towards increasing infectious properties, increasing susceptibility to T20 and increasing resistance to both CD4 analogs and V3 loop-directed NAbs. This evolution was associated with identical Env sequence changes at several positions in the V3 loop, the fusion peptide and the HR2 domain of gp41. The common evolutionary pattern of Env in different hosts suggests that the capacity of a given Env to adapt to changing environments may be restricted by functional constraints that limit its evolutionary landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Beretta
- Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Inserm U1259, Tours, France.,Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Julie Migraine
- Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Inserm U1259, Tours, France
| | - Alain Moreau
- Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Inserm U1259, Tours, France
| | - Asma Essat
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CESP Inserm U1018, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Cécile Goujard
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CESP Inserm U1018, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,AP-HP Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marie-Laure Chaix
- Université de Paris, Inserm U944, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Drouin
- Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Inserm U1259, Tours, France
| | | | - Laurence Meyer
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CESP Inserm U1018, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,AP-HP Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Francis Barin
- Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Inserm U1259, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, CNR VIH, Tours, France
| | - Martine Braibant
- Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Inserm U1259, Tours, France.
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are considered a key component of an effective HIV-1 vaccine, but despite intensive efforts, induction of bnAbs by vaccination has thus far not been possible. Potent bnAb activity is rare in natural infection and a deeper understanding of factors that promote or limit bnAb evolution is critical to guide bnAb vaccine development. This review reflects on recent key discoveries on correlates of bnAb development and discusses what further insights are needed to move forward. RECENT FINDINGS An increasing number of parameters have been implicated to influence bnAb development in natural infection. Most recent findings highlight a range of immune factors linked with bnAb evolution. Novel approaches have brought exciting progress in defining signatures of the viral envelope associated with bnAb activity. SUMMARY Focused efforts of recent years have unraveled a multiply layered process of HIV-1 bnAb development. As it is understood today, bnAb evolution can be triggered and influenced by a range of factors and several different pathways may exist how bnAb induction and maturation can occur. To capitalize on the gained knowledge, future research needs to validate factors to identify independent drivers of bnAb induction to advance vaccine design.
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review recalls recent findings regarding the induction of vaccinal effects by HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and highlights potential therapeutic strategies to exploit such immunomodulatory properties. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in different animal models have shown that mAbs can generate long-lasting protective immunity. Induction of this vaccinal effect by HIV-1 bNAbs has also been more recently reported in animal models of HIV-1 infection. Notably, bNAbs treatment of macaques infected with the chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) improved both humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses that contributed to disease control. Importantly, this concept has been extended to HIV-1-infected patients as enhancement of humoral responses was recently reported in HIV-1 patients treated with bNAbs. Studies aiming at elucidating the mechanisms underlying these immunomodulatory properties of bNAbs have identified a role for immune complexes in shaping immune responses against HIV-1. They also highlight different Fc (fragment crystallizable) region effector functions that might be required for the enhancement of HIV-1 immune responses upon bNAbs treatment. SUMMARY HIV-1 bNAbs can elicit protective adaptive immune responses through mechanisms involving multiple cellular and molecular actors of the immune system. Harnessing these mechanisms will be crucial to achieve protective immunity against HIV-1 infection by bNAbs.
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20
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Fisher BS, Dambrauskas N, Trakhimets O, Andrade DV, Smedley J, Sodora DL, Sather DN. Oral Immunization with HIV-1 Envelope SOSIP trimers elicits systemic immune responses and cross-reactive anti-V1V2 antibodies in non-human primates. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233577. [PMID: 32470041 PMCID: PMC7259690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a successful HIV vaccine is dependent upon a determination of the optimum antigen and adjuvant as well as choosing an optimal site for vaccine delivery. The site of delivery is particularly relevant as HIV transmission generally requires that the virus crosses a mucosal membrane to infect a new host. Here we undertake a pilot study comparing three vaccine delivery routes, two to the oral cavity (intraepithelial (iEp) and needle-free (NF-Injex)) as well as intramuscular (IM) delivery. These vaccinations utilized a recombinant HIV-1 Env trimer 10042.05 from an elite neutralizer, subject VC10042, that has previously induced high titers of cross-clade reactive V1V2 antibodies. The 10042.05.SOSIP fused trimer was administered with adjuvants R848 (Resiquimod), MPLA and Alhydrogel to characterize the innate cellular and anti-HIV Envelope (Env) antibody responses following the administration of the vaccine to the oral mucosa. Oral delivery of the 10042.05.SOSIP induced high titers of anti-V1V2 antibodies, which together with previous studies, indicates an immunogenic bias toward the V1V2 regions in 10042-derived Envs. Both types of oral vaccine delivery resulted in immunologic and serologic responses that were comparable to the IM delivery route. Furthermore, induction of anti-V1-V2 specific antibodies was best following iEp delivery of the oral vaccine identifying this as the optimal method to orally deliver this vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget S. Fisher
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | | | - Olesya Trakhimets
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Daniela V. Andrade
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Donald L. Sodora
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DNS); (DLS)
| | - D. Noah Sather
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DNS); (DLS)
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21
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Watanabe Y, Berndsen ZT, Raghwani J, Seabright GE, Allen JD, Pybus OG, McLellan JS, Wilson IA, Bowden TA, Ward AB, Crispin M. Vulnerabilities in coronavirus glycan shields despite extensive glycosylation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2688. [PMID: 32461612 PMCID: PMC7253482 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses (CoVs) are zoonotic pathogens with high fatality rates and pandemic potential. Vaccine development focuses on the principal target of the neutralizing humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein. Coronavirus S proteins are extensively glycosylated, encoding around 66-87 N-linked glycosylation sites per trimeric spike. Here, we reveal a specific area of high glycan density on MERS S that results in the formation of oligomannose-type glycan clusters, which were absent on SARS and HKU1 CoVs. We provide a comparison of the global glycan density of coronavirus spikes with other viral proteins including HIV-1 envelope, Lassa virus glycoprotein complex, and influenza hemagglutinin, where glycosylation plays a known role in shielding immunogenic epitopes. Overall, our data reveal how organisation of glycosylation across class I viral fusion proteins influence not only individual glycan compositions but also the immunological pressure across the protein surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Watanabe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Zachary T Berndsen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jayna Raghwani
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Gemma E Seabright
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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22
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Impact of HIV-1 Diversity on Its Sensitivity to Neutralization. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030074. [PMID: 31349655 PMCID: PMC6789624 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 pandemic remains a major burden on global public health and a vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection is highly desirable but has not yet been developed. Among the many roadblocks to achieve this goal, the high antigenic diversity of the HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) is one of the most important and challenging to overcome. The recent development of broadly neutralizing antibodies has considerably improved our knowledge on Env structure and its interplay with neutralizing antibodies. This review aims at highlighting how the genetic diversity of HIV-1 thwarts current, and possibly future, vaccine developments. We will focus on the impact of HIV-1 Env diversification on the sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies and the repercussions of this continuous process at a population level.
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23
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Liechti T, Kadelka C, Braun DL, Kuster H, Böni J, Robbiani M, Günthard HF, Trkola A. Widespread B cell perturbations in HIV-1 infection afflict naive and marginal zone B cells. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2071-2090. [PMID: 31221742 PMCID: PMC6719425 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liechti et al. demonstrate severe B cell perturbations in HIV-1 infection beyond described effects on memory B cells. Naive and marginal zone B cells down-regulate CD21 and display chemokine receptor and activation marker signatures associated with inflammation and diminished response to stimulation. Perturbations in B cells are a hallmark of HIV-1 infection. This is signified by increased numbers of exhausted CD21neg memory B cells, driven by continuous antigen-specific and bystander activation. Using high-dimensional flow cytometry, we demonstrate that this exhausted phenotype is also prevalent among peripheral antigen-inexperienced naive and marginal zone (MZ) B cells in acute and chronic HIV-1 infection. A substantial fraction of naive and MZ B cells exhibit down-regulated CD21 levels and diminished response to B cell receptor (BCR)–dependent stimulation. Compared with CD21pos subsets, the CD21neg naive and MZ B cells differ in the expression of chemokine receptors and activation markers. Effective antiretroviral treatment normalizes peripheral naive and MZ B cell populations. Our results emphasize a more widely spread impairment of B cells in HIV-1 infection than previously appreciated, including antigen-inexperienced cells. This highlights the importance of monitoring functional capacities of naive B cells in HIV-1 infection, as exhausted CD21neg naive B cells may severely impair induction of novel B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liechti
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claus Kadelka
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique L Braun
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Kuster
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Böni
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Dashti A, DeVico AL, Lewis GK, Sajadi MM. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against HIV: Back to Blood. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:228-240. [PMID: 30792120 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
After years of continuous exposure to HIV envelope antigens, a minority of HIV-infected individuals develop a cognate polyclonal humoral response comprising very potent and extremely cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies [broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs)]. Isolated bNAbs derived from memory B cell pools have been the focus of intense studies over the past decade. However, it is not yet known how to translate the features of bNAbs into practical HIV prevention methods. In this review, we attempt to seek insights from emerging information about the human broadly neutralizing plasma response as well as its frequency, clonal composition, specificity, potency, and commonality among infected subjects. We also consider how this information points to selecting and prioritizing certain epitope targets and strategies for HIV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Dashti
- Divisions of Vaccine Research and Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Anthony L DeVico
- Divisions of Vaccine Research and Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - George K Lewis
- Divisions of Vaccine Research and Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mohammad M Sajadi
- Divisions of Vaccine Research and Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Medicine, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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25
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Sok D, Burton DR. Recent progress in broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1179-1188. [PMID: 30333615 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this Review, we highlight some recent developments in the discovery and application of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); i.e., antibodies able to neutralize diverse isolates of HIV. We consider the characterization of novel bnAbs, recent data on the effects of bnAbs in vivo in humans and animal models, and the importance of both kinds of data for the application of Abs to prophylaxis and therapy and to guide vaccine design. We seek to place newly discovered bnAbs in the context of existing bnAbs, and we explore the various characteristics of the antibodies that are most desirable for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Sok
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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26
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Tracing HIV-1 strains that imprint broadly neutralizing antibody responses. Nature 2018; 561:406-410. [PMID: 30202088 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the determinants of broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) evolution is crucial for the development of bNAb-based HIV vaccines1. Despite emerging information on cofactors that promote bNAb evolution in natural HIV-1 infections, in which the induction of bNAbs is genuinely rare2, information on the impact of the infecting virus strain on determining the breadth and specificity of the antibody responses to HIV-1 is lacking. Here we analyse the influence of viral antigens in shaping antibody responses in humans. We call the ability of a virus strain to induce similar antibody responses across different hosts its antibody-imprinting capacity, which from an evolutionary biology perspective corresponds to the viral heritability of the antibody responses. Analysis of 53 measured parameters of HIV-1-binding and neutralizing antibody responses in a cohort of 303 HIV-1 transmission pairs (individuals who harboured highly related HIV-1 strains and were putative direct transmission partners or members of an HIV-1 transmission chain) revealed that the effect of the infecting virus on the outcome of the bNAb response is moderate in magnitude but highly significant. We introduce the concept of bNAb-imprinting viruses and provide evidence for the existence of such viruses in a systematic screening of our cohort. The bNAb-imprinting capacity can be substantial, as indicated by a transmission pair with highly similar HIV-1 antibody responses and strong bNAb activity. Identification of viruses that have bNAb-imprinting capacities and their characterization may thus provide the potential to develop lead immunogens.
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