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Zhang C, Su H, Waight E, Poluektova LY, Gorantla S, Gendelman HE, Dash PK. Accelerated Neuroimmune Dysfunction in Aged HIV-1-Infected Humanized Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:149. [PMID: 38399364 PMCID: PMC10892358 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Disordered immunity, aging, human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection, and responses to antiretroviral therapy are linked. However, how each factor is linked with the other(s) remains incompletely understood. It has been reported that accelerated aging, advanced HIV-1 infection, inflammation, and host genetic factors are associated with host cellular, mitochondrial, and metabolic alterations. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. With these questions in mind, we used chronically HIV-1-infected CD34-NSG humanized mice (hu-mice) to model older people living with HIV and uncover associations between HIV-1 infection and aging. Adult humanized mice were infected with HIV-1 at the age of 20 weeks and maintained for another 40 weeks before sacrifice. Animal brains were collected and subjected to transcriptomics, qPCR, and immunofluorescence assays to uncover immune disease-based biomarkers. CD4+ T cell decline was associated with viral level and age. Upregulated C1QA, CD163, and CXCL16 and downregulated LMNA and CLU were identified as age-associated genes tied to HIV-1 infection. Ingenuity pathway analysis affirmed links to innate immune activation, pyroptosis signaling, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, and neuronal dysfunction. In summary, CD34-NSG humanized mice are identified as a valuable model for studying HIV-1-associated aging. Biomarkers of immune senescence and neuronal signaling are both age- and virus-associated. By exploring the underlying biological mechanisms that are linked to these biomarkers, interventions for next generation HIV-1-infected patients can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Prasanta K. Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Phuna ZX, Madhavan P. A reappraisal on amyloid cascade hypothesis: the role of chronic infection in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:1071-1089. [PMID: 35282779 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2045290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that accounted for the most common cause of dementia in the elderly population. Lately, 'infection hypothesis' has been proposed where the infection of microbes can lead to the pathogenesis of AD. Among different types of microbes, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), Chlamydia pneumonia, Spirochetes and Candida albicans are frequently detected in the brain of AD patients. Amyloid-beta protein has demonstrated to exhibit antimicrobial properties upon encountering these pathogens. It can bind to microglial cells and astrocytes to activate immune response and neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, HIV-1 and HSV-1 can develop into latency whereas Chlamydia pneumonia, Spirochetes and Candida albicans can cause chronic infections. At this stage, the DNA of microbes remains undetectable yet active. This can act as the prolonged pathogenic stimulus that over-triggers the expression of Aβ-related genes, which subsequently lead to overproduction and deposition of Aβ plaque. This review will highlight the pathogenesis of each of the stated microbial infection, their association in AD pathogenesis as well as the effect of chronic infection in AD progression. Potential therapies for AD by modulating the microbiome have also been suggested. This review will aid in understanding the infectious manifestations of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xin Phuna
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Priya Madhavan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Selangor, Malaysia
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Cody SL, Miller GH, Fazeli PL, Wang G, Li W, Goodin BR, Vance DE. Preventing Neurocognitive Decline in Adults Aging with HIV: Implications for Practice and Research. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:753-768. [PMID: 37599532 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Mild to moderate forms of neurocognitive impairment persist among people living with HIV (PLWH), despite being virally suppressed on antiretroviral therapy. PLWH are disproportionally impacted by physiological and psychosocial comorbidities compared to those without HIV. As adults live longer with HIV, the neurocognitive burden of physiological and psychosocial stressors can impair everyday functioning and may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. This article outlines neurocognitive consequences of everyday stressors in PLWH. While some lifestyle factors can exacerbate inflammatory processes and promote negative neurocognitive health, novel interventions including the use of cannabinoids may be neuroprotective for aging PLWH who are at risk for elevated levels of inflammation from comorbidities. Studies of integrated neurocognitive rehabilitation strategies targeting lifestyle factors are promising for improving neurocognitive health, and may over time, reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shameka L Cody
- Capstone College of Nursing, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Gabe H Miller
- Department of Sociology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Pariya L Fazeli
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ge Wang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Burel R Goodin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David E Vance
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Trunfio M, Atzori C, Pasquero M, Di Stefano A, Vai D, Nigra M, Imperiale D, Bonora S, Di Perri G, Calcagno A. Patterns of Cerebrospinal Fluid Alzheimer’s Dementia Biomarkers in People Living with HIV: Cross-Sectional Study on Associated Factors According to Viral Control, Neurological Confounders and Neurocognition. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040753. [PMID: 35458483 PMCID: PMC9031633 DOI: 10.3390/v14040753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV (PLWH) age with an excess burden of comorbidities that may increase the incidence of age-related complications. There is controversy surrounding the hypothesis that HIV can accelerate neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s dementia (AD). We performed a retrospective study to analyze the distribution of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers (beta amyloid 1–42 fragment, tau, and phosphorylated tau) in adult PLWH (on cART with undetectable viremia, n = 136, with detectable viremia, n = 121, and with central nervous system CNS disorders regardless of viremia, n = 72) who underwent a lumbar puncture between 2008 to 2018; HIV-negative controls with AD were included (n = 84). Five subjects (1.5%) presented CSF biomarkers that were compatible with AD: one was diagnosed with AD, whereas the others showed HIV encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and neurotoxoplasmosis. Regardless of confounders, 79.6% of study participants presented normal CSF AD biomarkers. Isolated abnormalities in CSF beta amyloid 1–42 (7.9%) and tau (10.9%) were associated with age, biomarkers of intrathecal injury, and inflammation, although no HIV-specific feature was associated with abnormal CSF patterns. CSF levels of AD biomarkers very poorly overlapped between HIV-positive clinical categories and AD controls. Despite the correlations with neurocognitive performance, the inter-relationship between amyloid and tau proteins in PLWH seem to differ from that observed in AD subjects; the main driver of the isolated increase in tau seems represented by non-specific CNS inflammation, whereas the mechanisms underlying isolated amyloid consumption remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Trunfio
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin at Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, 10149 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0114393884
| | | | - Marta Pasquero
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin at Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, 10149 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Stefano
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin at Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, 10149 Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Vai
- Neurology Unit, Maria Vittoria Hospital, 10144 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Nigra
- Laboratory Medicine, Maria Vittoria Hospital, 10144 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Bonora
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin at Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, 10149 Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin at Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, 10149 Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin at Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, 10149 Torino, Italy
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Calcagno A, Celani L, Trunfio M, Orofino G, Imperiale D, Atzori C, Arena V, d'Ettorre G, Guaraldi G, Gisslen M, Di Perri G. Alzheimer Dementia in People Living With HIV. Neurol Clin Pract 2021; 11:e627-e633. [PMID: 34840876 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective Given the aging of people living with HIV (PLWH) and the high prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, we aimed at describing the clinical, instrumental, and CSF features of PLWH diagnosed with Alzheimer dementia (AD). Methods The databases of 3 large Italian outpatient clinics taking care of more than 9,000 PLWH were searched for the diagnosis of AD. After obtaining patients' or their next of kin's consent for publication, anonymous data were collected in an excel spreadsheet and described. Routinely collected CSF biomarkers and radiologic imaging results were recorded whether available. Results Four patients were included in this case series who were diagnosed with AD aged between 60 and 74 years. All participants were on highly active antiretroviral therapy and showed nondetectable serum HIV RNA. Memory impairment was the most prominent cognitive feature. The diagnosis was obtained considering the exclusion of other potential causes, MRI and fluorodeoxyglucose-PET features, and, in (in 2/4), CSF AD biomarkers levels. In 1 patient, longitudinal CSF tau/p-tau increased, and beta-amyloid1-42 decreased over time despite antiretroviral therapy containing nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Conclusions In older PLWH cognitive symptoms may represent the onset of AD: a multidisciplinary team may be needed for reaching a likely in vivo diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases (C. Andrea, MT, GDP), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases (LC, GE), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; "Divisione A" Unit of Infectious Diseases (GO), Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; Unit of Neurology (DI, C. Atzori), Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; AFFIDEA Irmet PET/CT Center (VA), Torino, Italy; Department of Surgical (GG), Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases (MG), Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Region Västra Götaland (MG), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luigi Celani
- Unit of Infectious Diseases (C. Andrea, MT, GDP), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases (LC, GE), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; "Divisione A" Unit of Infectious Diseases (GO), Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; Unit of Neurology (DI, C. Atzori), Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; AFFIDEA Irmet PET/CT Center (VA), Torino, Italy; Department of Surgical (GG), Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases (MG), Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Region Västra Götaland (MG), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattia Trunfio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases (C. Andrea, MT, GDP), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases (LC, GE), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; "Divisione A" Unit of Infectious Diseases (GO), Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; Unit of Neurology (DI, C. Atzori), Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; AFFIDEA Irmet PET/CT Center (VA), Torino, Italy; Department of Surgical (GG), Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases (MG), Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Region Västra Götaland (MG), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giancarlo Orofino
- Unit of Infectious Diseases (C. Andrea, MT, GDP), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases (LC, GE), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; "Divisione A" Unit of Infectious Diseases (GO), Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; Unit of Neurology (DI, C. Atzori), Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; AFFIDEA Irmet PET/CT Center (VA), Torino, Italy; Department of Surgical (GG), Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases (MG), Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Region Västra Götaland (MG), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniele Imperiale
- Unit of Infectious Diseases (C. Andrea, MT, GDP), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases (LC, GE), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; "Divisione A" Unit of Infectious Diseases (GO), Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; Unit of Neurology (DI, C. Atzori), Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; AFFIDEA Irmet PET/CT Center (VA), Torino, Italy; Department of Surgical (GG), Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases (MG), Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Region Västra Götaland (MG), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cristiana Atzori
- Unit of Infectious Diseases (C. Andrea, MT, GDP), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases (LC, GE), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; "Divisione A" Unit of Infectious Diseases (GO), Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; Unit of Neurology (DI, C. Atzori), Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; AFFIDEA Irmet PET/CT Center (VA), Torino, Italy; Department of Surgical (GG), Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases (MG), Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Region Västra Götaland (MG), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vincenzo Arena
- Unit of Infectious Diseases (C. Andrea, MT, GDP), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases (LC, GE), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; "Divisione A" Unit of Infectious Diseases (GO), Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; Unit of Neurology (DI, C. Atzori), Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; AFFIDEA Irmet PET/CT Center (VA), Torino, Italy; Department of Surgical (GG), Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases (MG), Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Region Västra Götaland (MG), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gabriella d'Ettorre
- Unit of Infectious Diseases (C. Andrea, MT, GDP), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases (LC, GE), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; "Divisione A" Unit of Infectious Diseases (GO), Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; Unit of Neurology (DI, C. Atzori), Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; AFFIDEA Irmet PET/CT Center (VA), Torino, Italy; Department of Surgical (GG), Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases (MG), Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Region Västra Götaland (MG), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases (C. Andrea, MT, GDP), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases (LC, GE), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; "Divisione A" Unit of Infectious Diseases (GO), Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; Unit of Neurology (DI, C. Atzori), Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; AFFIDEA Irmet PET/CT Center (VA), Torino, Italy; Department of Surgical (GG), Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases (MG), Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Region Västra Götaland (MG), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Gisslen
- Unit of Infectious Diseases (C. Andrea, MT, GDP), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases (LC, GE), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; "Divisione A" Unit of Infectious Diseases (GO), Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; Unit of Neurology (DI, C. Atzori), Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; AFFIDEA Irmet PET/CT Center (VA), Torino, Italy; Department of Surgical (GG), Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases (MG), Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Region Västra Götaland (MG), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases (C. Andrea, MT, GDP), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases (LC, GE), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; "Divisione A" Unit of Infectious Diseases (GO), Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; Unit of Neurology (DI, C. Atzori), Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL Città di Torino, Italy; AFFIDEA Irmet PET/CT Center (VA), Torino, Italy; Department of Surgical (GG), Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases (MG), Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and Region Västra Götaland (MG), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Yilmaz A, Fuchs D, Price RW, Spudich S, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Gisslén M. Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations of the Synaptic Marker Neurogranin in Neuro-HIV and Other Neurological Disorders. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2020; 16:76-81. [PMID: 30649659 PMCID: PMC6420419 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The aim of this study was to examine the synaptic biomarker neurogranin in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in different stages of HIV infection and in relation to what is known about CSF neurogranin in other neurodegenerative diseases. Recent Findings CSF concentrations of neurogranin are increased in Alzheimer’s disease, but not in other neurodegenerative disorder such as Parkinson’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, and Lewy body dementia. Adults with HIV-associated dementia have been found to have decreased levels of neurogranin in the frontal cortex, which at least to some extent, may be mediated by the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8. Summary CSF neurogranin concentrations were in the same range for all groups of HIV-infected individuals and uninfected controls. This either indicates that synaptic injury is not an important part of HIV neuropathogenesis or that CSF neurogranin is not sensitive to the type of synaptic impairment present in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Yilmaz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 416 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard W Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Serena Spudich
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 416 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Milanini B, Samboju V, Cobigo Y, Paul R, Javandel S, Hellmuth J, Allen I, Miller B, Valcour V. Longitudinal brain atrophy patterns and neuropsychological performance in older adults with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder compared with early Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 82:69-76. [PMID: 31425903 PMCID: PMC6823146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Older HIV-infected patients are at risk for both HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) and Alzheimer's disease. We investigated neuroimaging and neuropsychological performance of 61 virally suppressed older adults with HAND (mean (SD) age 64.3 (3.9) years), 53 demographically matched individuals with mild cognitive impairment of the Alzheimer's type (MCI-AD; 65.0 [4.8]), and 89 healthy controls (65.0 [4.3]) cross-sectionally and over 20 months. At the baseline, both disease groups exhibited lower volumes in multiple cortical and subcortical regions compared with controls. Hippocampal volume differentiated MCI-AD from HAND. Cognitively, MCI-AD performed worse on memory and language compared with HAND. Adjusted longitudinal models revealed greater diffuse brain atrophy in MCI-AD compared with controls, whereas HAND showed greater atrophy in frontal gray matter and cerebellum compared with controls. Comparing HAND with MCI-AD showed similar atrophy rates in all brain regions explored, with no significant findings. MCI-AD exhibited more pronounced language decline compared with HAND. These findings reveal the need for further work on unique cognitive phenotypes and neuroimaging signatures of HAND compared with early AD, providing preliminary clinical insight for differential diagnosis of age-related brain dysfunction in geriatric neuroHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Milanini
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Vishal Samboju
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yann Cobigo
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Paul
- Missouri Institute of Mental Health, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shireen Javandel
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joanna Hellmuth
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Isabel Allen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victor Valcour
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Mackiewicz MM, Overk C, Achim CL, Masliah E. Pathogenesis of age-related HIV neurodegeneration. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:622-633. [PMID: 30790184 PMCID: PMC6703984 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
People over the age of 50 are the fastest growing segment of the HIV-infected population in the USA. Although antiretroviral therapy has remarkable success controlling the systemic HIV infection, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) prevalence has increased or remained the same among this group, and cognitive deficits appear more severe in aged patients with HIV. The mechanisms of HAND in the aged population are not completely understood; a leading hypothesis is that aged individuals with HIV might be at higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) or one of the AD-related dementias (ADRD). There are a number of mechanisms through which chronic HIV disease alone or in combination with antiretroviral therapy and other comorbidities (e.g., drug use, hepatitis C virus (HCV)) might be contributing to HAND in individuals over the age of 50 years, including (1) overlapping pathogenic mechanisms between HIV and aging (e.g., decreased proteostasis, DNA damage, chronic inflammation, epigenetics, vascular), which could lead to accelerated cellular aging and neurodegeneration and/or (2) by promoting pathways involved in AD/ADRD neuropathogenesis (e.g., triggering amyloid β, Tau, or α-synuclein accumulation). In this manuscript, we will review some of the potential common mechanisms involved and evidence in favor and against a role of AD/ADRD in HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cassia Overk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Cristian L Achim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Division of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Kodidela S, Gerth K, Haque S, Gong Y, Ismael S, Singh A, Tauheed I, Kumar S. Extracellular Vesicles: A Possible Link between HIV and Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology in HIV Subjects? Cells 2019; 8:E968. [PMID: 31450610 PMCID: PMC6769601 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The longevity of people with HIV/AIDS has been prolonged with the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The age-related complications, especially cognitive deficits, rise as HIV patients live longer. Deposition of beta-amyloid (Aβ), a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been observed in subjects with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Various mechanisms such as neuroinflammation induced by HIV proteins (e.g., Tat, gp120, Nef), excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and the use of ART contribute to the deposition of Aβ, leading to dementia. However, progressive dementia in older subjects with HIV might be due to HAND, AD, or both. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs)/exosomes, have gained recognition for their importance in understanding the pathology of both HAND and AD. EVs can serve as a possible link between HIV and AD, due to their ability to package and transport the toxic proteins implicated in both AD and HIV (Aβ/tau and gp120/tat, respectively). Given that Aß is also elevated in neuron-derived exosomes isolated from the plasma of HIV patients, it is reasonable to suggest that neuron-to-neuron exosomal transport of Aβ and tau also contributes to AD-like pathology in HIV-infected subjects. Therefore, exploring exosomal contents is likely to help distinguish HAND from AD. However, future prospective clinical studies need to be conducted to compare the exosomal contents in the plasma of HIV subjects with and without HAND as well as those with and without AD. This would help to find new markers and develop new treatment strategies to treat AD in HIV-positive subjects. This review presents comprehensive literatures on the mechanisms contributing to Aβ deposition in HIV-infected cells, the role of EVs in the propagation of Aβ in AD, the possible role of EVs in HIV-induced AD-like pathology, and finally, possible therapeutic targets or molecules to treat HIV subjects with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunitha Kodidela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Kelli Gerth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Sanjana Haque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Yuqing Gong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Saifudeen Ismael
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue #515, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ajay Singh
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Le Bonheur Children Hospital, 50 N. Dunlap st, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Ishrat Tauheed
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue #515, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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10
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Canet G, Dias C, Gabelle A, Simonin Y, Gosselet F, Marchi N, Makinson A, Tuaillon E, Van de Perre P, Givalois L, Salinas S. HIV Neuroinfection and Alzheimer's Disease: Similarities and Potential Links? Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:307. [PMID: 30254568 PMCID: PMC6141679 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors such as chemicals, stress and pathogens are now widely believed to play important roles in the onset of some brain diseases, as they are associated with neuronal impairment and acute or chronic inflammation. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration that ultimately lead to dementia. Neuroinflammation also plays a prominent role in AD and possible links to viruses have been proposed. In particular, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can pass the blood-brain barrier and cause neuronal dysfunction leading to cognitive dysfunctions called HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Similarities between HAND and HIV exist as numerous factors involved in AD such as members of the amyloid and Tau pathways, as well as stress-related pathways or blood brain barrier (BBB) regulators, seem to be modulated by HIV brain infection, leading to the accumulation of amyloid plaques or neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in some patients. Here, we summarize findings regarding how HIV and some of its proteins such as Tat and gp120 modulate signaling and cellular pathways also impaired in AD, suggesting similarities and convergences of these two pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Canet
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia, INSERM, University of Montpellier/EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Chloé Dias
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Audrey Gabelle
- Memory Research and Resources Center, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique, Université d'Artois, Lens, France
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Cerebrovascular Mechanisms of Brain Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alain Makinson
- Department of Infectious Diseases CHU Montpellier, INSERM, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement français du Sang, Montpellier, France.,Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement français du Sang, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement français du Sang, Montpellier, France.,Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement français du Sang, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Givalois
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia, INSERM, University of Montpellier/EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Salinas
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement français du Sang, Montpellier, France
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11
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Hellmuth J, Milanini B, Masliah E, Tartaglia MC, Dunlop MB, Moore DJ, Javandel S, DeVaughn S, Valcour V. A neuropathologic diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in an older adult with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Neurocase 2018; 24:213-219. [PMID: 30304986 PMCID: PMC6226354 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2018.1530362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We discuss the challenges associated with diagnosing neurodegenerative disorders in older adults living with HIV, illustrated through a case report where neurologic co-diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and HIV-associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) are considered. The patient was followed and evaluated for over 4 years and underwent post-mortem neuropathologic evaluation. Further work is needed to identify diagnostic tests that can adequately distinguish HAND from early stage neurodegenerative disorders among older adults living with HIV and cognitive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Hellmuth
- a Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology , University of California, San Francisco , California, CA , USA
| | - Benedetta Milanini
- a Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology , University of California, San Francisco , California, CA , USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- b Departments of Neurosciences and Pathology , University of California, San Diego , California, CA, USA
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- c University of Toronto, Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases , Toronto , Canada
| | - Miranda B Dunlop
- d Department of Internal Medicine , University of California, San Francisco , California, CA, USA
| | - David J Moore
- e Department of Psychiatry , University of California, San Diego , California, CA,USA
| | - Shireen Javandel
- a Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology , University of California, San Francisco , California, CA , USA
| | - Saskia DeVaughn
- a Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology , University of California, San Francisco , California, CA , USA
| | - Victor Valcour
- a Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology , University of California, San Francisco , California, CA , USA
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12
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Milanini B, Valcour V. Differentiating HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders From Alzheimer's Disease: an Emerging Issue in Geriatric NeuroHIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2018; 14:123-132. [PMID: 28779301 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-017-0361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review was to examine characteristics that may distinguish HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) from early Alzheimer's disease (AD). RECENT FINDINGS Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers are perturbed in HIV, yet these alterations may be limited to settings of advanced dementia or unsuppressed plasma HIV RNA. Neuropsychological testing will require extensive batteries to maximize utility. Structural imaging is limited for early AD detection in the setting of HIV, but proper studies are absent. While positron-emission tomography (PET) amyloid imaging has altered the landscape of differential diagnosis for age-associated neurodegenerative disorders, costs are prohibitive. Risk for delayed AD diagnosis in the aging HIV-infected population is now among the most pressing issues in geriatric neuroHIV. While clinical, imaging, and biomarker characterizations of AD are extensively defined, fewer data define characteristics of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder in the setting of suppressed plasma HIV RNA. Data needed to inform the phenotype of AD in the setting of HIV are equally few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Milanini
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Victor Valcour
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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13
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Gouse H, Casson-Crook M, Decloedt EH, Joska JA, Thomas KGF. Adding a brief self-report cognitive tool to the IHDS improves effectiveness of identifying patients with HIV-associated dementia in South Africa. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:686-695. [PMID: 28748448 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0551-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We compared the diagnostic accuracy of two brief screening tools (the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS), and the IHDS combined with a novel self-report instrument, the HIV Cognitive Symptom Questionnaire (HCSQ)) with that of three brief neuropsychological screening batteries (a 2-, a 3-, and a 4-test battery, each consisting of standardized cognitive tests) in discriminating individuals with HIV-associated dementia (HAD) from those with milder forms of cognitive impairment. We analyzed data from 94 isiXhosa-speaking South African HIV-infected participants who were screened as part of a clinical trial evaluating adjunctive treatment in patients with moderate to severe HIV-associated cognitive impairment. A comprehensive neuropsychological battery diagnosed 53% (50/94) of the participants with HAD. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity for the screening tools and screening batteries. The brief screening tool performed better compared to the brief neuropsychology battery. The IHDS-HCSQ combination delivered 94% sensitivity and 63% specificity for HAD compared to the IHDS (74 and 70% at a cutoff of ≤8) which offers a viable and quick way to screen for HAD in people living with HIV. It is easy to administer, is time- and cost-efficient, and it appears to be a better option, for these purposes, than brief neuropsychology batteries. It is viable for use in clinical, research, and workplace settings when identification of HIV-infected people with severe cognitive impairment is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetta Gouse
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, HIV Mental Health Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Martine Casson-Crook
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, HIV Mental Health Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eric H Decloedt
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - John A Joska
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, HIV Mental Health Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin G F Thomas
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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14
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Abstract
Combination antiretroviral treatment is associated with clear benefits in HIV-positive subjects, and is also effective in the central nervous system (CNS), meaning HIV-associated dementia is now an uncommon event. Nevertheless, a significant number of patients show symptoms of neurocognitive impairment which may negatively affect their quality of life. Although several risk factors for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders have been identified, there is no clear recommendation for their prevention and management. In this review, the penetration of drugs into the cerebrospinal fluid/CNS is discussed as well as the viral and clinical consequences associated with higher/lower compartmental exposure. We also review the potential interventions according to the currently identified underlying mechanisms, including persistent CNS immune activation, legacy effects, low-level viral replication and escape, co-morbidities, and antiretroviral-associated direct and indirect 'neurotoxicity'. Adjunctive therapies and interventions (including neuro-rehabilitation) are then briefly discussed. The treatment of HIV infection in the CNS is a complex area of therapeutics requiring multidisciplinary interventions and further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, c/o Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10159, Torino, Italy.
| | - G Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, c/o Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10159, Torino, Italy
| | - S Bonora
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, c/o Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10159, Torino, Italy
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15
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Turner RS, Chadwick M, Horton WA, Simon GL, Jiang X, Esposito G. An individual with human immunodeficiency virus, dementia, and central nervous system amyloid deposition. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2016; 4:1-5. [PMID: 27489872 PMCID: PMC4950581 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is found in 30%–50% of individuals with HIV infection. To date, no HIV+ individual has been reported to have a positive amyloid PET scan. We report a 71-year-old HIV+ individual with HAND. Clinical and neuropsychologic evaluations confirmed a progressive mild dementia. A routine brain MRI was normal for age. [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose–PET revealed mild hypermetabolism in bilateral basal ganglia and hypometabolism of bilateral parietal cortex including the posterior cingulate/precuneus. Resting state functional MRI revealed altered connectivity as found with individuals with mild AD. CSF examination revealed a low Aβ42/tau index but a low phospho-tau. An amyloid PET/CT with [18F]florbetaben revealed pronounced cortical radiotracer deposition. This case report suggests that progressive dementia in older HIV+ individuals may be due to HAND, AD, or both. HIV infection does not preclude CNS Aβ/amyloid deposition. Amyloid PET imaging may be of value in distinguishing HAND from AD pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie Chadwick
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wesley A Horton
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gary L Simon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xiong Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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