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Grut V, Biström M, Salzer J, Stridh P, Jons D, Gustafsson R, Huang J, Bergström T, Kockum I, Waterboer T, Olsson T, Sundström P. Interactions between High Seroreactivity to Human Herpes Virus 6A and Epstein-Barr Virus in MS Development: A Presymptomatic Case-Control Study. Ann Neurol 2024; 96:302-305. [PMID: 38860471 DOI: 10.1002/ana.27009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Synergistic interactions between human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are hypothesized in the etiopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). This study investigated if HHV-6A and EBV seroreactivities interact regarding the risk of developing MS. Antibodies against viral antigens were analyzed in biobank samples from 670 individuals who later developed MS and matched controls. Additive interactions were analyzed. A significant interaction between HHV-6A and EBNA-1 seroreactivities was observed in study participants above the median age of 24.9 years (attributable proportion due to interaction = 0.45). This finding supports the hypothesis that HHV-6A and EBV infections interact in MS development. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:302-305.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Grut
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martin Biström
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Salzer
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Stridh
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Jons
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Gustafsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesse Huang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Division, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Sundström
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Sokolovska L, Cistjakovs M, Matroze A, Murovska M, Sultanova A. From Viral Infection to Autoimmune Reaction: Exploring the Link between Human Herpesvirus 6 and Autoimmune Diseases. Microorganisms 2024; 12:362. [PMID: 38399766 PMCID: PMC10892088 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The complexity of autoimmunity initiation has been the subject of many studies. Both genetic and environmental factors are essential in autoimmunity development. Among others, environmental factors include infectious agents. HHV-6 is a ubiquitous human pathogen with a high global prevalence. It has several properties suggestive of its contribution to autoimmunity development. HHV-6 has a broad cell tropism, the ability to establish latency with subsequent reactivation and persistence, and a range of immunomodulation capabilities. Studies have implicated HHV-6 in a plethora of autoimmune diseases-endocrine, neurological, connective tissue, and others-with some studies even proposing possible autoimmunity induction mechanisms. HHV-6 can be frequently found in autoimmunity-affected tissues and lesions; it has been found to infect autoimmune-pathology-relevant cells and influence immune responses and signaling. This review highlights some of the most well-known autoimmune conditions to which HHV-6 has been linked, like multiple sclerosis and autoimmune thyroiditis, and summarizes the data on HHV-6 involvement in autoimmunity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liba Sokolovska
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Maksims Cistjakovs
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Asnate Matroze
- Faculty of Residency, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Modra Murovska
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Alina Sultanova
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
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Grut V, Biström M, Salzer J, Stridh P, Jons D, Gustafsson R, Fogdell-Hahn A, Huang J, Butt J, Lindam A, Alonso-Magdalena L, Bergström T, Kockum I, Waterboer T, Olsson T, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Andersen O, Nilsson S, Sundström P. Human herpesvirus 6A and axonal injury before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis. Brain 2024; 147:177-185. [PMID: 37930324 PMCID: PMC10766246 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research indicates that multiple sclerosis is preceded by a prodromal phase with elevated levels of serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL), a marker of axonal injury. The effect of environmental risk factors on the extent of axonal injury during this prodrome is unknown. Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) is associated with an increased risk of developing multiple sclerosis. The objective of this study was to determine if HHV-6A serostatus is associated with the level of sNfL in the multiple sclerosis prodrome, which would support a causative role of HHV-6A. A nested case-control study was performed by crosslinking multiple sclerosis registries with Swedish biobanks. Individuals with biobank samples collected before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis were included as cases. Controls without multiple sclerosis were randomly selected, matched for biobank, sex, sampling date and age. Serostatus of HHV-6A and Epstein-Barr virus was analysed with a bead-based multiplex assay. The concentration of sNfL was analysed with single molecule array technology. The association between HHV-6A serology and sNfL was assessed by stratified t-tests and linear regressions, adjusted for Epstein-Barr virus serostatus and sampling age. Within-pair ratios of HHV-6A seroreactivity and sNfL were calculated for each case and its matched control. To assess the temporal relationship between HHV-6A antibodies and sNfL, these ratios were plotted against the time to the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis and compared using locally estimated scatterplot smoothing regressions with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Samples from 519 matched case-control pairs were included. In cases, seropositivity of HHV-6A was significantly associated with the level of sNfL (+11%, 95% CI 0.2-24%, P = 0.045) and most pronounced in the younger half of the cases (+24%, 95% CI 6-45%, P = 0.007). No such associations were observed among the controls. Increasing seroreactivity against HHV-6A was detectable before the rise of sNfL (significant within-pair ratios from 13.6 years versus 6.6 years before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis). In this study, we describe the association between HHV-6A antibodies and the degree of axonal injury in the multiple sclerosis prodrome. The findings indicate that elevated HHV-6A antibodies both precede and are associated with a higher degree of axonal injury, supporting the hypothesis that HHV-6A infection may contribute to multiple sclerosis development in a proportion of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Grut
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martin Biström
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Salzer
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Stridh
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Jons
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Gustafsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Fogdell-Hahn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesse Huang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Butt
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Division, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Lindam
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Research, Education and Development Östersund Hospital, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lucia Alonso-Magdalena
- Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Division, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, W1T 7NF, UK
- Hong Kong Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong999077, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Oluf Andersen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Sundström
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Brichová M, Lízrová JP, Heissigerová J, Jeníčková D, Klímová A, Svozílková P. Association of Fuchs Heterochromic Iridocyclitis with Multiple Sclerosis. CESKA A SLOVENSKA OFTALMOLOGIE : CASOPIS CESKE OFTALMOLOGICKE SPOLECNOSTI A SLOVENSKE OFTALMOLOGICKE SPOLECNOSTI 2024; 80:188-192. [PMID: 38538292 DOI: 10.31348/2024/17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To draw attention to the higher proportion of Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis (FHI) cases in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective study of data collected at the Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Uveitis. RESULTS An analysis of the medical records of 3016 patients with uveitis (in the years 2003-2020) was performed with a focus on MS. MS-associated uveitis was diagnosed in 90 patients (3%): anterior uveitis (n = 7), intermediate uveitis (n = 23), retinal vasculitis (n = 24), and panuveitis (n = 36). A clinical examination revealed signs of FHI in the anterior segment in 11 out of 90 cases (12%). Atypical manifestations of FHI included a higher incidence of bilateral involvement (45%), retinal vasculitis (27%), and vitreous snowballs (18%). The diagnosis of FHI preceded the diagnosis of MS in 4 cases. The median latency was 10.5 (range 8-15) years. In 4 patients, the diagnosis of demyelinating disease was established within one year of the diagnosis of FHI. We recommended a neurological examination for optic neuritis (n = 1), paresthesia (n = 3), relapse of motor deficit (n = 1), and screening of etiology in cases with involvement of the posterior segment (n = 3). In the other 3 cases, the diagnosis of MS preceded the diagnosis of FHI, with a median latency of 13 (range 8-19) years. CONCLUSION We detected clinical symptoms of FHI in 12% of uveitis cases associated with MS, more often in bilateral manifestations of intraocular inflammation. Based on our experience, we recommend an investigation of the medical history of patients with FHI for manifestations of sensitive, sensory and motor deficits, especially in bilateral cases.
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Asgari N, Ghaemi EA, Naeimi MH, Tahamtan A, Sechi LA, Zamani S. Cross-reactivity between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis 4027 peptide and Human IRF5 may contribute to Multiple Sclerosis in Iranian patients. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22137. [PMID: 38034802 PMCID: PMC10686849 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of Multiple sclerosis (MS) is complicated and can be affected by several environmental factors, such as Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in genetically predisposed individuals. The link between MAP and MS depends on host genetic and epigenetic aspects and population-based features that require further investigation. We aimed to study the possible role of MAP in triggering MS using molecular and serological methods. Materials and methods This case-control study examined 200 blood samples (100 MS patients and 100 HCs) to search for the MAP-specific IS900 gene. In addition, ELISA was conducted to determine the humoral response against MAP_402718-32 and its human IRF5424-434 peptide homolog. Results The frequency of MAP detection based on the molecular method in MS patients and HCs was 48 % and 13 %, respectively (p < 0.0001). The presence of antibodies against MAP_402718-32 and IRF5424-434 was 55 % and 65 % in MS patients versus 9 % and 7 % in HCs, respectively (p < 0.0001). A good correlation was observed between MAP_4027 and IRF5 antibodies (r = 0.5782, p < 0.0001), indicating that the same antibodies recognized common peptide epitopes. Conclusion Our research revealed a significant association between MAP and MS, highlighting the possible role of MAP as an important infection trigger factor of MS. It is hypothesized that cross-reactivity between MAP4027 and IRF5 may dysregulate immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Asgari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ezzat Allah Ghaemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Naeimi
- Department of Neurology, Sayyad Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alireza Tahamtan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Leonardo Antonio Sechi
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Samin Zamani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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Pleet ML, Welsh JA, Stack EH, Cook S, Johnson DA, Killingsworth B, Traynor T, Clauze A, Hughes R, Monaco MC, Ngouth N, Ohayon J, Enose-Akahata Y, Nath A, Cortese I, Reich DS, Jones JC, Jacobson S. Viral Immune signatures from cerebrospinal fluid extracellular vesicles and particles in HAM and other chronic neurological diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1235791. [PMID: 37622115 PMCID: PMC10446883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1235791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) are released from virtually all cell types, and may package many inflammatory factors and, in the case of infection, viral components. As such, EVPs can play not only a direct role in the development and progression of disease but can also be used as biomarkers. Here, we characterized immune signatures of EVPs from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of individuals with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM), other chronic neurologic diseases, and healthy volunteers (HVs) to determine potential indicators of viral involvement and mechanisms of disease. Methods We analyzed the EVPs from the CSF of HVs, individuals with HAM, HTLV-1-infected asymptomatic carriers (ACs), and from patients with a variety of chronic neurologic diseases of both known viral and non-viral etiologies to investigate the surface repertoires of CSF EVPs during disease. Results Significant increases in CD8+ and CD2+ EVPs were found in HAM patient CSF samples compared to other clinical groups (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.0003 compared to HVs, respectively, and p = 0.001 and p = 0.0228 compared to MS, respectively), consistent with the immunopathologically-mediated disease associated with CD8+ T-cells in the central nervous system (CNS) of HAM patients. Furthermore, CD8+ (p < 0.0001), CD2+ (p < 0.0001), CD44+ (p = 0.0176), and CD40+ (p = 0.0413) EVP signals were significantly increased in the CSF from individuals with viral infections compared to those without. Discussion These data suggest that CD8+ and CD2+ CSF EVPs may be important as: 1) potential biomarkers and indicators of disease pathways for viral-mediated neurological diseases, particularly HAM, and 2) as possible meditators of the disease process in infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Pleet
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joshua A. Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Emily H. Stack
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sean Cook
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dove-Anna Johnson
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bryce Killingsworth
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tim Traynor
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Annaliese Clauze
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Randall Hughes
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maria Chiara Monaco
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nyater Ngouth
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joan Ohayon
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yoshimi Enose-Akahata
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Avindra Nath
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Irene Cortese
- Experimental Immunotherapeutics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniel S. Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer C. Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Pereira JG, Leon LAA, de Almeida NAA, Raposo-Vedovi JV, Fontes-Dantas FL, Farinhas JGD, Pereira VCSR, Alves-Leon SV, de Paula VS. Higher frequency of Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) viral DNA simultaneously with low frequency of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viral DNA in a cohort of multiple sclerosis patients from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 76:104747. [PMID: 37267685 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The etiology of MS is not well understood, but it's likely one of the genetic and environmental factors. Approximately 85% of patients have relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), while 10-15% have primary progressive MS (PPMS). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), members of the human Herpesviridae family, are strong candidates for representing the macroenvironmental factors associated with MS) pathogenesis. Antigenic mimicry of EBV involving B-cells has been implicate in MS risk factors and concomitance of EBV and HHV-6 latent infection has been associated to inflammatory MS cascade. To verify the possible role of EBV and HHV-6 as triggering or aggravating factors in RRMS and PPMS, we compare their frequency in blood samples collected from 166 MS patients. The presence of herpes DNA was searched by real-time PCR (qPCR). The frequency of EBV and HHV-6 in MS patients were 1.8% (3/166) and 8.9% (14/166), respectively. Among the positive patients, 100% (3/3) EBV and 85.8% (12/14) HHV-6 are RRMS and 14.4% (2/14) HHV-6 are PPMS. Detection of EBV was 1.2% (2/166) and HHV-6 was 0.6% (1/166) in blood donors. About clinical phenotype of these patients, incomplete multifocal myelitis, and optic neuritis were the main CNS manifestations. These are the first data about concomitant infection of these viruses in MS patients from Brazil. Up to date, our findings confirm a higher prevalence in female with MS and a high frequency of EBV and HHV-6 in RRMS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciane A Amado Leon
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/ Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Vasques Raposo-Vedovi
- Laboratory of Translacional Neurosciences, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro/UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Lima Fontes-Dantas
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Gabriel Dib Farinhas
- Department of Neurology/Reference and Research Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Other Central Nervous System Idiopathic Demyelinating Inflammatory Diseases, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valéria Coelho Santa Rita Pereira
- Department of Neurology/Reference and Research Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Other Central Nervous System Idiopathic Demyelinating Inflammatory Diseases, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Soniza V Alves-Leon
- Department of Neurology/Reference and Research Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Other Central Nervous System Idiopathic Demyelinating Inflammatory Diseases, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Translacional Neurosciences, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro/UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa S de Paula
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/ Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Bellucci G, Albanese A, Rizzi C, Rinaldi V, Salvetti M, Ristori G. The value of Interferon β in multiple sclerosis and novel opportunities for its anti-viral activity: a narrative literature review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1161849. [PMID: 37334371 PMCID: PMC10275407 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-beta (IFN-β) for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is turning 30. The COVID-19 pandemic rejuvenated the interest in interferon biology in health and disease, opening translational opportunities beyond neuroinflammation. The antiviral properties of this molecule are in accord with the hypothesis of a viral etiology of MS, for which a credible culprit has been identified in the Epstein-Barr Virus. Likely, IFNs are crucial in the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as demonstrated by inherited and acquired impairments of the interferon response that predispose to a severe COVID-19 course. Accordingly, IFN-β exerted protection against SARS-CoV-2 in people with MS (pwMS). In this viewpoint, we summarize the evidence on IFN-β mechanisms of action in MS with a focus on its antiviral properties, especially against EBV. We synopsize the role of IFNs in COVID-19 and the opportunities and challenges of IFN-β usage for this condition. Finally, we leverage the lessons learned in the pandemic to suggest a role of IFN-β in long-COVID-19 and in special MS subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Bellucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Albanese
- Merck Serono S.p.A., An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Rome, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Caterina Rizzi
- Merck Serono S.p.A., An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Rinaldi
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ristori
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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9
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Frau J, Coghe G, Lorefice L, Fenu G, Cocco E. The Role of Microorganisms in the Etiopathogenesis of Demyelinating Diseases. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1309. [PMID: 37374092 DOI: 10.3390/life13061309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD) are inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) with a multifactorial aetiology. Environmental factors are important for their development and microorganisms could play a determining role. They can directly damage the CNS, but their interaction with the immune system is even more important. The possible mechanisms involved include molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, bystander activation and the dual cell receptor theory. The role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in MS has been definitely established, since being seropositive is a necessary condition for the onset of MS. EBV interacts with genetic and environmental factors, such as low levels of vitamin D and human endogenous retrovirus (HERV), another microorganism implicated in the disease. Many cases of onset or exacerbation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) have been described after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, EBV and human immunodeficiency virus; however, no definite association with a virus has been found. A possible role has been suggested for Helicobacter pylori, in particular in individuals with aquaporin 4 antibodies. The onset of MOGAD could occur after an infection, mainly in the monophasic course of the disease. A role for the HERV in MOGAD has been hypothesized. In this review, we examined the current understanding of the involvement of infectious factors in MS, NMO and MOGAD. Our objective was to elucidate the roles of each microorganism in initiating the diseases and influencing their clinical progression. We aimed to discuss both the infectious factors that have a well-established role and those that have yielded conflicting results across various studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Frau
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, ASL Cagliari, 09126 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Coghe
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, ASL Cagliari, 09126 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lorena Lorefice
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, ASL Cagliari, 09126 Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Cocco
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, ASL Cagliari, 09126 Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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10
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Sedighi S, Gholizadeh O, Yasamineh S, Akbarzadeh S, Amini P, Favakehi P, Afkhami H, Firouzi-Amandi A, Pahlevan D, Eslami M, Yousefi B, Poortahmasebi V, Dadashpour M. Comprehensive Investigations Relationship Between Viral Infections and Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:15. [PMID: 36459252 PMCID: PMC9716500 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03112-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS). Compared to other types of self-limiting myelin disorders, MS compartmentalizes and maintains chronic inflammation in the CNS. Even though the exact cause of MS is unclear, it is assumed that genetic and environmental factors play an important role in susceptibility to this disease. The progression of MS is triggered by certain environmental factors, such as viral infections. The most important viruses that affect MS are Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), human endogenous retrovirus (HERV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and varicella zoster virus (VZV). These viruses all have latent stages that allow them to escape immune detection and reactivate after exposure to various stimuli. Furthermore, their tropism for CNS and immune system cells explains their possible deleterious function in neuroinflammation. In this study, the effect of viral infections on MS disease focuses on the details of viruses that can change the risk of the disease. Paying attention to the most recent articles on the role of SARS-CoV-2 in MS disease, laboratory indicators show the interaction of the immune system with the virus. Also, strategies to prevent viruses that play a role in triggering MS are discussed, such as EBV, which is one of the most important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Sedighi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Science of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Omid Gholizadeh
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Yasamineh
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sama Akbarzadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parya Amini
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnia Favakehi
- Department of Microbiology, Falavargan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamed Afkhami
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Science of Shahed, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Firouzi-Amandi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Daryoush Pahlevan
- Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Majid Eslami
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Vahdat Poortahmasebi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Dadashpour
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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11
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Hulce KR, Jaishankar P, Lee GM, Bohn MF, Connelly EJ, Wucherer K, Ongpipattanakul C, Volk RF, Chuo SW, Arkin MR, Renslo AR, Craik CS. Inhibiting a dynamic viral protease by targeting a non-catalytic cysteine. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:785-798.e19. [PMID: 35364007 PMCID: PMC9133232 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are responsible for some of the most deadly human diseases, yet available vaccines and antivirals address only a fraction of the potential viral human pathogens. Here, we provide a methodology for managing human herpesvirus (HHV) infection by covalently inactivating the HHV maturational protease via a conserved, non-catalytic cysteine (C161). Using human cytomegalovirus protease (HCMV Pr) as a model, we screened a library of disulfides to identify molecules that tether to C161 and inhibit proteolysis, then elaborated hits into irreversible HCMV Pr inhibitors that exhibit broad-spectrum inhibition of other HHV Pr homologs. We further developed an optimized tool compound targeted toward HCMV Pr and used an integrative structural biology and biochemical approach to demonstrate inhibitor stabilization of HCMV Pr homodimerization, exploiting a conformational equilibrium to block proteolysis. Irreversible HCMV Pr inhibition disrupts HCMV infectivity in cells, providing proof of principle for targeting proteolysis via a non-catalytic cysteine to manage viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin R Hulce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Gregory M Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Markus-Frederik Bohn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Emily J Connelly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Kristin Wucherer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Chayanid Ongpipattanakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Regan F Volk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Shih-Wei Chuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA.
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12
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Crotalphine Attenuates Pain and Neuroinflammation Induced by Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110827. [PMID: 34822611 PMCID: PMC8624587 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of inflammatory and autoimmune origin, which induces sensory and progressive motor impairments, including pain. Cells of the immune system actively participate in the pathogenesis and progression of MS by inducing neuroinflammation, tissue damage, and demyelination. Crotalphine (CRO), a structural analogue to a peptide firstly identified in Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, induces analgesia by endogenous opioid release and type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2) activation. Since CB2 activation downregulates neuroinflammation and ameliorates symptoms in mice models of MS, it was presently investigated whether CRO has a beneficial effect in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). CRO was administered on the 5th day after immunization, in a single dose, or five doses starting at the peak of disease. CRO partially reverted EAE-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and decreased the severity of the clinical signs. In addition, CRO decreases the inflammatory infiltrate and glial cells activation followed by TNF-α and IL-17 downregulation in the spinal cord. Peripherally, CRO recovers the EAE-induced impairment in myelin thickness in the sciatic nerve. Therefore, CRO interferes with central and peripheral neuroinflammation, opening perspectives to MS control.
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13
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Salehi Z, Beheshti M, Nomanpour B, Khosravani P, Naseri M, Sahraian MA, Izad M. The Association of EBV and HHV-6 Viral Load with Different NK and CD8 + T Cell Subsets in The Acute Phase of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. CELL JOURNAL 2021; 23:626-632. [PMID: 34939755 PMCID: PMC8665980 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2021.7308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Human Herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) are believed to involve in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T cells have essential roles in handling viral infections and their phenotypic and functional properties may be influenced following exposure to viral infections. Here, we investigated the association of NK and CD8+ T cells subpopulations frequency with EBV and HHV-6 viral load in MS patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this case-control study, EBV and HHV-6 viral load were evaluated in plasma of newly diagnosed relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients at relapse phase (n=23), who were not on disease-modifying therapy (DMT), and sex- and age-matched healthy controls (n=19) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The frequency of NK and CD8+ T cells subsets were assessed by CD27, CD28, CD45RO, CD56, and CD57 markers using flow cytometry. RESULTS Despite the increased level of EBV viral load in RRMS patients compared to the control group, there was no statistically significant difference in EBV and HHV-6 copy numbers between the studied groups. In addition, a significant decrease was observed in the percentages of CD56bright CD57- and CD56dim CD57+ CD8low CD45RO- NK cells in RRMS patients in comparison to healthy controls. Analysis of CD8+ T cell subsets showed a substantially high proportion of CD27+ CD28+ CD45RO+ CD57- CD8hi T cells in patients at relapse phase compared to controls. The frequency of NK and T cells subtypes was not associated with EBV and HHV6 plasma viral loads. CONCLUSION These findings further highlight the variation of NK and CD8+ T cells subsets frequency in clinically active RRMS patients. Since the composition of cells was not associated with EBV and HHV-6 viral load, perhaps other viral infections may be involved in altered NK and CD8+ T cells subpopulation. Larger cohort studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Salehi
- Department of Immunology School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Beheshti
- Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Bizhan Nomanpour
- Microbiology Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Pardis Khosravani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Naseri
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Izad
- Department of Immunology School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Bellucci G, Rinaldi V, Buscarinu MC, Reniè R, Bigi R, Pellicciari G, Morena E, Romano C, Marrone A, Mechelli R, Salvetti M, Ristori G. Multiple Sclerosis and SARS-CoV-2: Has the Interplay Started? Front Immunol 2021; 12:755333. [PMID: 34646278 PMCID: PMC8503550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.755333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge on Multiple Sclerosis (MS) etiopathogenesis encompasses complex interactions between the host's genetic background and several environmental factors that result in dysimmunity against the central nervous system. An old-aged association exists between MS and viral infections, capable of triggering and sustaining neuroinflammation through direct and indirect mechanisms. The novel Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has a remarkable, and still not fully understood, impact on the immune system: the occurrence and severity of both acute COVID-19 and post-infectious chronic illness (long COVID-19) largely depends on the host's response to the infection, that echoes several aspects of MS pathobiology. Furthermore, other MS-associated viruses, such as the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs), may enhance a mechanistic interplay with the novel Coronavirus, with the potential to interfere in MS natural history. Studies on COVID-19 in people with MS have helped clinicians in adjusting therapeutic strategies during the pandemic; similar efforts are being made for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaigns. In this Review, we look over 18 months of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic from the perspective of MS: we dissect neuroinflammatory and demyelinating mechanisms associated with COVID-19, summarize pathophysiological crossroads between MS and SARS-CoV-2 infection, and discuss present evidence on COVID-19 and its vaccination in people with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Bellucci
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Rinaldi
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Buscarinu
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Reniè
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Bigi
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Pellicciari
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Morena
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Romano
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Marrone
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosella Mechelli
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ristori
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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15
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Activation of Endogenous Retrovirus, Brain Infections and Environmental Insults in Neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147263. [PMID: 34298881 PMCID: PMC8303979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neurodegenerative diseases are complex, and their pathogenesis is uncertain. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative brain alteration that is responsible for most dementia cases in the elderly. AD etiology is still uncertain; however, chronic neuroinflammation is a constant component of brain pathology. Infections have been associated with several neurological diseases and viruses of the Herpes family appear to be a probable cause of AD neurodegenerative alterations. Several different factors may contribute to the AD clinical progression. Exogeneous viruses or other microbes and environmental pollutants may directly induce neurodegeneration by activating brain inflammation. In this paper, we suggest that exogeneous brain insults may also activate retrotransposons and silent human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs). The initial inflammation of small brain areas induced by virus infections or other brain insults may activate HERV dis-regulation that contributes to neurodegenerative mechanisms. Chronic HERV activation in turn may cause progressive neurodegeneration that thereafter merges in cognitive impairment and dementia in genetically susceptible people. Specific treatment for exogenous end endogenous pathogens and decreasing pollutant exposure may show beneficial effect in early intervention protocol to prevent the progression of cognitive deterioration in the elderly.
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16
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Skripchenko EY, Zheleznikova GF, Alekseeva LA, Skripchenko NV, Astapova AV, Gorelik EY, Vilnitz AA. [Herpesviruses and biomarkers in disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis in children]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:138-145. [PMID: 33834732 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2021121031138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The relevance of the study of demyelinating diseases is due to their increasing frequency in children, clarification of the role of infectious agents in their genesis, as well as the possibility of transformation of disseminated encephalomyelitis into multiple sclerosis. The literature review presents the currently available information on the causes of the development of demyelinating diseases, biomarkers of disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis, the causes of an unfavorable course and possible laboratory parameters indicating the transition from one disease to another, which can be used as prognostic factors. The authors also noted the experience of the authors on the importance of adequate etiopathogenetic therapy in changing the nature of the course of the disease, in particular, when confirming the relationship between the frequency of exacerbations of ADEM and MS with the activation of herpesvirus infections, courses of specific antiviral therapy are effective, as well as pathogenetic therapy aimed at correcting endothelial dysfunction using the drug cytoflavin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yu Skripchenko
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - G F Zheleznikova
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - L A Alekseeva
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N V Skripchenko
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A V Astapova
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E Yu Gorelik
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A A Vilnitz
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, St. Petersburg, Russia
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17
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Kucuksezer UC, Aktas Cetin E, Esen F, Tahrali I, Akdeniz N, Gelmez MY, Deniz G. The Role of Natural Killer Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:622306. [PMID: 33717125 PMCID: PMC7947192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.622306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, the large granular lymphocytes differentiated from the common lymphoid progenitors, were discovered in early 1970's. They are members of innate immunity and were initially defined by their strong cytotoxicity against virus-infected cells and by their important effector functions in anti-tumoral immune responses. Nowadays, NK cells are classified among the recently discovered innate lymphoid cell subsets and have capacity to influence both innate and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, they can be considered as innate immune cells that stands between the innate and adaptive arms of immunity. NK cells don't express T or B cell receptors and are recognized by absence of CD3. There are two major subgroups of NK cells according to their differential expression of CD16 and CD56. While CD16+CD56dim subset is best-known by their cytotoxic functions, CD16-CD56bright NK cell subset produces a bunch of cytokines comparable to CD4+ T helper cell subsets. Another subset of NK cells with production of interleukin (IL)-10 was named as NK regulatory cells, which has suppressive properties and could take part in immune-regulatory responses. Activation of NK cells is determined by a delicate balance of cell-surface receptors that have either activating or inhibitory properties. On the other hand, a variety of cytokines including IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 influence NK cell activity. NK-derived cytokines and their cytotoxic functions through induction of apoptosis take part in regulation of the immune responses and could contribute to the pathogenesis of many immune mediated diseases including ankylosing spondylitis, Behçet's disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus and type-1 diabetes. Dysregulation of NK cells in autoimmune disorders may occur through multiple mechanisms. Thanks to the rapid developments in biotechnology, progressive research in immunology enables better characterization of cells and their delicate roles in the complex network of immunity. As NK cells stand in between innate and adaptive arms of immunity and "bridge" them, their contribution in inflammation and immune regulation deserves intense investigations. Better understanding of NK-cell biology and their contribution in both exacerbation and regulation of inflammatory disorders is a requisite for possible utilization of these multi-faceted cells in novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Can Kucuksezer
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Aktas Cetin
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fehim Esen
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Tahrali
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Akdeniz
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Metin Yusuf Gelmez
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunnur Deniz
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Septyaningtrias DE, Susilowati R. Neurological involvement of COVID-19: from neuroinvasion and neuroimmune crosstalk to long-term consequences. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:427-442. [PMID: 33550780 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to be a multidimensional threat to humanity, more evidence of neurological involvement associated with it has emerged. Neuroimmune interaction may prove to be important not only in the pathogenesis of neurological manifestations but also to prevent systemic hyperinflammation. In this review, we summarize reports of COVID-19 cases with neurological involvement, followed by discussion of possible routes of entry, immune responses against coronavirus infection in the central nervous system and mechanisms of nerve degeneration due to viral infection and immune responses. Possible mechanisms for neuroprotection and virus-associated neurological consequences are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Eurike Septyaningtrias
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta55281, Indonesia
| | - Rina Susilowati
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta55281, Indonesia
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19
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Biström M, Jons D, Engdahl E, Gustafsson R, Huang J, Brenner N, Butt J, Alonso-Magdalena L, Gunnarsson M, Vrethem M, Bender N, Waterboer T, Granåsen G, Olsson T, Kockum I, Andersen O, Fogdell-Hahn A, Sundström P. Epstein-Barr virus infection after adolescence and human herpesvirus 6A as risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2020; 28:579-586. [PMID: 33065762 PMCID: PMC7839468 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Infections with human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have been linked to multiple sclerosis (MS) development. For EBV, late infection has been proposed as a risk factor, but serological support is lacking. The objective of this study was to investigate how age affects the EBV and HHV-6A associated risks of developing MS. METHODS In this nested case-control study, Swedish biobanks were accessed to find pre-symptomatically collected blood samples from 670 individuals who later developed relapsing MS and 670 matched controls. A bead-based multiplex assay was used to determine serological response against EBV and HHV-6A. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Seropositivity against EBV exhibited a pattern where associations switched from a decreased risk of developing MS in the group below 20 years of age to an increased risk amongst individuals aged 20-29 and 30-39 years (p for trend 0.020). The age of transition was estimated to be 18.8 years. In contrast, HHV-6A was associated with increased MS risk in all age groups (total cohort odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.6-2.7). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests EBV infection after adolescence and age independent HHV-6A infection as risk factors for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Biström
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - D Jons
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E Engdahl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Gustafsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Huang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Brenner
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Butt
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Alonso-Magdalena
- Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital in Malmö/Lund and Institution of Clinical Sciences, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Gunnarsson
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - M Vrethem
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - N Bender
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G Granåsen
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - T Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Kockum
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - O Andersen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Fogdell-Hahn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Sundström
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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20
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Asouri M, Sahraian MA, Karimpoor M, Fattahi S, Motamed N, Doosti R, Amirbozorgi G, Sadaghiani S, Mahboudi F, Akhavan-Niaki H. Molecular Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus, Human Herpes Virus 6, Cytomegalovirus, and Hepatitis B Virus in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Middle East J Dig Dis 2020; 12:171-177. [PMID: 33062222 PMCID: PMC7548094 DOI: 10.34172/mejdd.2020.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease with significant morbidity. A wide spectrum of risk factors has been suggested that triggers the development of MS. Among them, several viral infections have been implicated to play a role in MS pathogenesis. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between viral diseases, including Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) and MS in the present case-control study. METHODS About 100 patients with confirmed MS and age- and sex-matched individuals were selected as case and control groups, respectively. The patients were randomly selected from individuals diagnosed by neurologists based on the clinical signs and symptoms and imaging procedures. RESULTS More than 100 patients with MS and patients who were referred for other causes were analyzed for the presence of DNA of EBV, HHV6, CMV, and HBV separately. 9.37% of the control group had a positive test for the DNA of EBV in a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), while the frequency of positive test result was zero in the case group (p = 0.0012). HBV DNA was not detected in both the case and control groups. The prevalence of CMV was 0.88 and zero in the control and case groups, respectively (p = 0.3410). For HHV6, 9.73 % of the control group had a positive result, while this test was positive in 5.88% of the patients with MS (p = 0.2959). CONCLUSION We detected a significantly higher number of individuals with DNA of EBV in their blood among the control group compared with the case group. In conclusion, the results suggest a surprisingly adverse association between MS and EBV, and no association was found between the presence of DNA of HBV, CMV, and HHV6 and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Asouri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center; Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Karimpoor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Fattahi
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | - Nima Motamed
- Department of Social Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Rozita Doosti
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center; Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shokufeh Sadaghiani
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center; Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Mahboudi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haleh Akhavan-Niaki
- Zoonoses Research Center, North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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21
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Gialluisi A, de Gaetano G, Iacoviello L. New challenges from Covid-19 pandemic: an unexpected opportunity to enlighten the link between viral infections and brain disorders? Neurol Sci 2020; 41:1349-1350. [PMID: 32372197 PMCID: PMC7200170 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gialluisi
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, Via dell'Elettronica, 86077, Pozzilli, Italy.
| | - Giovanni de Gaetano
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, Via dell'Elettronica, 86077, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Licia Iacoviello
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, Via dell'Elettronica, 86077, Pozzilli, Italy
- Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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22
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Schorer M, Lambert K, Rakebrandt N, Rost F, Kao KC, Yermanos A, Spörri R, Oderbolz J, Raeber ME, Keller CW, Lünemann JD, Rogler G, Boyman O, Oxenius A, Joller N. Rapid expansion of Treg cells protects from collateral colitis following a viral trigger. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1522. [PMID: 32251280 PMCID: PMC7090079 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. While genetic factors may predispose for autoimmunity, additional environmental triggers, such as viral infections, are usually required to initiate the onset of disease. Here, we show that viral infection with LCMV results in type I IFN-dependent Treg cell loss that is rapidly compensated by the conversion and expansion of Vβ5+ conventional T cells into iTreg cells. Using Vβ5-deficient mice, we show that these Vβ5+ iTreg cells are dispensable for limiting anti-viral immunity. Rather, the delayed replenishment of Treg cells in Vβ5-deficient mice compromises suppression of microbiota-dependent activation of CD8+ T cells, resulting in colitis. Importantly, recovery from clinical symptoms in IBD patients is marked by expansion of the corresponding Vβ2+ Treg population in humans. Collectively, we provide a link between a viral trigger and an impaired Treg cell compartment resulting in the initiation of immune pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Schorer
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Lambert
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Nikolas Rakebrandt
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Rost
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kung-Chi Kao
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Yermanos
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Systems and Synthetic Immunology, D-BSSE, ETH Zurich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman Spörri
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Josua Oderbolz
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miro E Raeber
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Häldeliweg 4, 8044, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian W Keller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Munster, 48149, Munster, Germany
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Munster, 48149, Munster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Häldeliweg 4, 8044, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 3/5, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Joller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Ryan F. Viral Symbiosis in the Origins and Evolution of Life with a Particular Focus on the Placental Mammals. Results Probl Cell Differ 2020; 69:3-24. [PMID: 33263867 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in understanding over the last decade or so highlight the need for a reappraisal of the role of viruses in relation to the origins and evolution of cellular life, as well as in the homeostasis of the biosphere on which all of life depends. The relevant advances have, in particular, revealed an important contribution of viruses to the evolution of the placental mammals, while also contributing key roles to mammalian embryogenesis, genomic evolution, and physiology. Part of this reappraisal will include the origins of viruses, a redefinition of their quintessential nature, and a suggestion as to how we might view viruses in relation to the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Ryan
- The Academic Unit of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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24
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Bar-Or A, Pender MP, Khanna R, Steinman L, Hartung HP, Maniar T, Croze E, Aftab BT, Giovannoni G, Joshi MA. Epstein-Barr Virus in Multiple Sclerosis: Theory and Emerging Immunotherapies. Trends Mol Med 2019; 26:296-310. [PMID: 31862243 PMCID: PMC7106557 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
New treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS) focused on B cells have created an atmosphere of excitement in the MS community. B cells are now known to play a major role in disease, demonstrated by the highly impactful effect of a B cell-depleting antibody on controlling MS. The idea that a virus may play a role in the development of MS has a long history and is supported mostly by studies demonstrating a link between B cell-tropic Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and disease onset. Efforts to develop antiviral strategies for treating MS are underway. Although gaps remain in our understanding of the etiology of MS, the role, if any, of viruses in propagating pathogenic immune responses deserves attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bar-Or
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael P Pender
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tap Maniar
- Clinical Development, Torque Therapeutics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ed Croze
- IRIS-Bay, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Blake T Aftab
- Preclinical Science and Translational Medicine, Atara Biotherapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University London, Barts and the London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Manher A Joshi
- Medical Affairs, Atara Biotherapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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25
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Tahrali I, Kucuksezer UC, Akdeniz N, Altintas A, Uygunoglu U, Aktas-Cetin E, Deniz G. CD3 -CD56 + NK cells display an inflammatory profile in RR-MS patients. Immunol Lett 2019; 216:63-69. [PMID: 31589897 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated and neurodegenerative disease of central nervous system. Relapsing-remitting (RR)-MS occurring with acute attacks and remissions, is the most common clinical type of MS. There are different strategies applied in first-line treatment of RR-MS patients such as interferon-beta (IFN-β) and glatiramer acetate. In this study, activating and inhibitory receptor expressions and interleukin (IL)-22 levels of NK cells were investigated in RR-MS patients with or without IFN-β therapy. Activating receptor expression and IL-22 levels of NK cells were increased in RR-MS patients under IFN-β therapy. Elevated NK cells with activating profile and increased IL-22 under IFN-β therapy suggest that IFN-β treatment might direct NK cells toward a pro-inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhan Tahrali
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Can Kucuksezer
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Akdeniz
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Altintas
- Koc University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ugur Uygunoglu
- Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Aktas-Cetin
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunnur Deniz
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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26
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Engdahl E, Gustafsson R, Huang J, Biström M, Lima Bomfim I, Stridh P, Khademi M, Brenner N, Butt J, Michel A, Jons D, Hortlund M, Alonso-Magdalena L, Hedström AK, Flamand L, Ihira M, Yoshikawa T, Andersen O, Hillert J, Alfredsson L, Waterboer T, Sundström P, Olsson T, Kockum I, Fogdell-Hahn A. Increased Serological Response Against Human Herpesvirus 6A Is Associated With Risk for Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2715. [PMID: 32038605 PMCID: PMC6988796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus (HHV)-6A or HHV-6B involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS) etiology has remained controversial mainly due to the lack of serological methods that can distinguish the two viruses. A novel multiplex serological assay measuring IgG reactivity against the immediate-early protein 1 from HHV-6A (IE1A) and HHV-6B (IE1B) was used in a MS cohort (8,742 persons with MS and 7,215 matched controls), and a pre-MS cohort (478 individuals and 476 matched controls) to investigate this further. The IgG response against IE1A was positively associated with MS (OR = 1.55, p = 9 × 10-22), and increased risk of future MS (OR = 2.22, p = 2 × 10-5). An interaction was observed between IE1A and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibody responses for MS risk (attributable proportion = 0.24, p = 6 × 10-6). In contrast, the IgG response against IE1B was negatively associated with MS (OR = 0.74, p = 6 × 10-11). The association did not differ between MS subtypes or vary with severity of disease. The genetic control of HHV-6A/B antibody responses were located to the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) region and the strongest association for IE1A was the DRB1*13:01-DQA1*01:03-DQB1*06:03 haplotype while the main association for IE1B was DRB1*13:02-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*06:04. In conclusion a role for HHV-6A in MS etiology is supported by an increased serological response against HHV-6A IE1 protein, an interaction with EBV, and an association to HLA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Engdahl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Gustafsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesse Huang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Biström
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Izaura Lima Bomfim
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Stridh
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Khademi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Brenner
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Butt
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angelika Michel
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Jons
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Hortlund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Karin Hedström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louis Flamand
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Masaru Ihira
- Clinical Engineering Technology, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Oluf Andersen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Hillert
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Sundström
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Fogdell-Hahn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Identifying the culprits in neurological autoimmune diseases. J Transl Autoimmun 2019; 2:100015. [PMID: 32743503 PMCID: PMC7388404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2019.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The target organ of neurological autoimmune diseases (NADs) is the central or peripheral nervous system. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common NAD, whereas Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), myasthenia gravis (MG), and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) are less common NADs, but the incidence of these diseases has increased exponentially in the last few years. The identification of a specific culprit in NADs is challenging since a myriad of triggering factors interplay with each other to cause an autoimmune response. Among the factors that have been associated with NADs are genetic susceptibility, epigenetic mechanisms, and environmental factors such as infection, microbiota, vitamins, etc. This review focuses on the most studied culprits as well as the mechanisms used by these to trigger NADs. Neurological autoimmune diseases are caused by a complex interaction between genes, environmental factors, and epigenetic deregulation. Infectious agents can cause an autoimmune reaction to myelin epitopes through molecular mimicry and/or bystander activation. Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to neurological autoimmune diseases. Smoking increases the risk of NADs through inflammatory signaling pathways, oxidative stress, and Th17 differentiation. Deficiency in vitamin D favors NAD development through direct damage to the central and peripheral nervous system.
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28
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Deeba E, Koptides D, Lambrianides A, Pantzaris M, Krashias G, Christodoulou C. Complete sequence analysis of human toll-like receptor 3 gene in natural killer cells of multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 33:100-106. [PMID: 31177052 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) where both environmental and genetic risk factors play a role. Among the environmental risk factors, EBV and HSV infections have been suggested as strong candidates contributing to MS pathology/progression. Viral recognition and control is largely tasked to the NK cells via TLR recognition and various cytotoxic and immunoregulatory functions. The present work aimed to characterize NK cells isolated from MS patients for genetic polymorphisms in the gene encoding for TLR3, as TLR3 in NK cells is important in herpesvirus recognition. METHODS Highly purified NK cells isolated from peripheral blood of MS patients (n = 27) and healthy controls (n = 30) were used to sequence all five exons of the TLR3 gene using sanger sequencing. Alignment of the obtained sequences with the wild-type TLR3 sequence was used to identify genetic polymorphisms within the TLR3 gene. RESULTS The alignment identified multiple substitution mutations across the five exons of the TLR3 gene (rs116729895, rs3775296, rs377529, rs3775290, rs3775291, rs376735334 and rs73873710). A significant difference was observed in the allele distribution of rs3775291 (Leu412Phe) between MS patients and HC, whereby the minor allele was detected in 38.9% of MS patients versus 11% of HC (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.021). CONCLUSION There appears to be a possible association between the TLR3 missense mutation rs3775291 and multiple sclerosis, which might be attributed to changes in the TLR3 functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Deeba
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dana Koptides
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Anastasia Lambrianides
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Neurology Clinic C, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marios Pantzaris
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Neurology Clinic C, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George Krashias
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Christina Christodoulou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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29
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Evaluation of Epstein-Barr virus-specific antibodies in Cypriot multiple sclerosis patients. Mol Immunol 2019; 105:270-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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30
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Tahrali I, Kucuksezer UC, Altintas A, Uygunoglu U, Akdeniz N, Aktas-Cetin E, Deniz G. Dysfunction of CD3 -CD16 +CD56 dim and CD3 -CD16 -CD56 bright NK cell subsets in RR-MS patients. Clin Immunol 2018; 193:88-97. [PMID: 29448007 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilhan Tahrali
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Can Kucuksezer
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Altintas
- Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ugur Uygunoglu
- Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Akdeniz
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Aktas-Cetin
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunnur Deniz
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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31
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Imaizumi T, Arai A, Kawaguchi S, Hayakari R, Matsumiya T, Seya K, Yoshida H, Tanaka H. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 are induced by a Toll-like receptor 3 agonist in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Akine Arai
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Ryo Hayakari
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seya
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Hidemi Yoshida
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Hirosaki Japan
- Department of School Health Science; Hirosaki University; Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
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32
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Up-to-date knowledge about the association between multiple sclerosis and the reactivation of human endogenous retrovirus infections. J Neurol 2018; 265:1733-1739. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Fierz W. Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Connection between Human Herpes Virus-6A-Induced CD46 Downregulation and Complement Activation? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1314. [PMID: 29093709 PMCID: PMC5651521 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are able to interfere with the immune system by docking to receptors on host cells that are important for proper functioning of the immune system. A well-known example is the human immunodeficiency virus that uses CD4 cell surface molecules to enter host lymphocytes and thereby deleteriously destroying the helper cell population of the immune system. A more complicated mechanism is seen in multiple sclerosis (MS) where human herpes virus-6A (HHV-6A) infects astrocytes by docking to the CD46 surface receptor. Such HHV-6A infection in the brain of MS patients has recently been postulated to enable Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to transform latently infected B-lymphocytes in brain lesions leading to the well-known phenomenon of oligoclonal immunoglobulin production that is widely used in the diagnosis of MS. The cellular immune response to HHV-6A and EBV is one part of the pathogenic mechanisms in MS. A more subtle pathogenic mechanism can be seen in the downregulation of CD46 on astrocytes by the infecting HHV-6A. Since CD46 is central in regulating the complement system, a lack of CD46 can lead to hyperactivation of the complement system. In fact, activation of the complement system in brain lesions is a well-known pathogenic mechanism in MS. In this review, it is postulated that a similar mechanism is central in the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). One of the earliest changes in the retina of AMD patients is the loss of CD46 expression in the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in the course of geographic atrophy. Furthermore, CD46 deficient mice spontaneously develop dry-type AMD-like changes in their retina. It is also well known that certain genetic polymorphisms in the complement-inhibiting pathways correlate with higher risks of AMD development. The tenet is that HHV-6A infection of the retina leads to downregulation of CD46 and consequently to hyperactivation of the complement system in the eyes of susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Fierz
- labormedizinisches zentrum Dr Risch, Vaduz, Liechtenstein
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34
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Arai A, Yoshida H, Hayakari R, Matsumiya T, Kawaguchi S, Seya K, Tanaka H, Imaizumi T. Expression of CCL5 is induced by polyinosinic : polycytidylic acid in cultured hCMEC/D3 human brain microvascular endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akine Arai
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki University Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Hidemi Yoshida
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki University Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Ryo Hayakari
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki University Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki University Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology ; Hirosaki University Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seya
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki University Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics; Hirosaki University Hospital; Hirosaki University Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
- Department of School Health Science; Hirosaki University Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki University Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
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35
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Cossu D, Yokoyama K, Hattori N. Conflicting Role of Mycobacterium Species in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2017; 8:216. [PMID: 28579973 PMCID: PMC5437105 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium is a genus of aerobic and acid-fast bacteria, which include several pathogenic organisms that cause serious diseases in mammals. Previous studies have associated the immune response against mycobacteria with multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with unknown etiology. The role of mycobacteria in the pathological process has been controversial and often conflicting. We provide a detailed review of the mycobacteria that have been linked to MS over the last three decades, with a focus on Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine for human and oral exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. We will also discuss the exposure and genetic susceptibility to mycobacterial infection, the protective role of vaccination, as well as the possible mechanisms involved in initiating or worsening MS symptoms, with particular emphasis on the molecular mimicry between mycobacterial and human proteins. Finally, we will introduce topics such as heat shock proteins and recognition by innate immunity, and toll-like receptor signaling-mediated responses to Mycobacterium exposure.
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