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Jaglan K, Ravikumar D, Sukhija N, George L, Alex R, Vohra V, Verma A. Genomic clues of association between clinical mastitis and SNPs identified by ddRAD sequencing in Murrah buffaloes. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4538-4546. [PMID: 36639144 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2165937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The total milk production of India is 209.96 MT out of which 45% is contributed by the indigenous buffalo and due to their high producing virtue, the prevalence of mastitis is 5-20%. Despite the increasing level of technological advancement, mastitis is still an issue of concern for dairy industry in India as well as across the world. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the SNPs and associate them with the incidence of clinical mastitis in Murrah buffalo using the ddRAD sequencing approach taking mastitis incidence data of 96 Murrah buffaloes. A total of 246 million quality controlled reads were obtained with an average alignment rate of 99.01% and at a read depth of 10, quality controlled SNPs obtained were 18,056. The logistic regression model was used and a total of seven SNPs were found significantly associated (p < 0.001) with mastitis incidence and seven genes were identified viz., NCBP1, FOXN3, TPK1, XYLT2, CPXM2, HERC1, and OPCML. The majority of them were having tumor suppressing action, related to immunogenetics or glycolytic and energy production. Conclusively, the SNPs identified in this study may be useful for future studies on mastitis incidence in Murrah buffalo and the SNP associations can be further validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Jaglan
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - D Ravikumar
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Nidhi Sukhija
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Linda George
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Rani Alex
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Vikas Vohra
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Archana Verma
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
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Lopez-Reyes K, Lankheet MJ, van Tol RWHM, Butler RC, Teulon DAJ, Armstrong KF. Tracking the flight and landing behaviour of western flower thrips in response to single and two-colour cues. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14178. [PMID: 37648681 PMCID: PMC10469208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37400-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time 3D tracking and high-speed videography was used to examine the behaviour of a worldwide greenhouse pest, the western flower thrips (WFT), in response to different colours in the context of improving trap design. Measurements were taken of the number of landings on, and flight activity near, a lamp containing two LEDs of either the same colour or a combination of two colours presented side by side. Main findings show that landing patterns of WFT are different between colours, with landings on UV(+ red) as highly attractive stimulus being mostly distributed at the bottom half of the lamp, while for yellow also as very attractive and green as a 'neutral' stimulus, landings were clearly on the upper rim of the lamp. Additionally, a positive interaction with the UV-A(+ red) and yellow combination elicited the highest number of landings and flight time in front of the LED lamp. Conversely, a negative interaction was observed with decreased landings and flight time found for yellow when blue was present as the adjacent colour. Overall, differences between treatments were less obvious for flight times compared to number of landings, with tracking data suggesting that WFT might use different colours to orientate at different distances as they approach a visual stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Lopez-Reyes
- Department of Pest-Management and Conservation, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand.
| | - Martin J Lankheet
- Experimental Zoology, Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, Wageningen, 6700AH, The Netherlands
| | - Robert W H M van Tol
- Plant and Health Systems, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 69, Wageningen, 6700AB, The Netherlands
- Bug Research Consultancy, Herendaal 1, Maastricht, 6228GV, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth C Butler
- StatsWork 2022 Limited, 48 Verdeco Boulevard, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | - David A J Teulon
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Better Border Biosecurity, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Karen F Armstrong
- Department of Pest-Management and Conservation, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
- Better Border Biosecurity, Lincoln, New Zealand
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Khorsandi A, Tanino K, Noble SD. The effects of sampling and instrument orientation on LiDAR data from crop plots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1087239. [PMID: 36998694 PMCID: PMC10043300 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1087239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the most widely consumed grains in the world and improving its yield, especially under severe climate conditions, is of great importance to world food security. Phenotyping methods can evaluate plants according to their different traits, such as yield and growth characteristics. Assessing the vertical stand structure of plants can provide valuable information about plant productivity and processes, mainly if this trait can be tracked throughout the plant's growth. Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) is a method capable of gathering three-dimensional data from wheat field trials and is potentially suitable for providing non-destructive, high-throughput estimations of the vertical stand structure of plants. The current study considers LiDAR and focuses on investigating the effects of sub-sampling plot data and data collection parameters on the canopy vertical profile (CVP). The CVP is a normalized, ground-referenced histogram of LiDAR point cloud data representing a plot or other spatial domain. The effects of sub-sampling of plot data, the angular field of view (FOV) of the LiDAR and LiDAR scan line orientation on the CVP were investigated. Analysis of spatial sub-sampling effects on CVP showed that at least 144000 random points (600 scan lines) or an area equivalent to three plants along the row were adequate to characterize the overall CVP of the aggregate plot. A comparison of CVPs obtained from LiDAR data for different FOV showed that CVPs varied with the angular range of the LiDAR data, with narrow ranges having a larger proportion of returns in the upper canopy and a lower proportion of returns in the lower part of the canopy. These findings will be necessary to establish minimum plot and sample sizes and compare data from studies where scan direction or field of view differ. These advancements will aid in making comparisons and inform best practices for using close-range LiDAR in phenotypic studies in crop breeding and physiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Khorsandi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Karen Tanino
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Scott D. Noble
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Liu Y, Wang X, Luo S, Ma L, Zhang W, Xuan S, Wang Y, Zhao J, Shen S, Ma W, Gu A, Chen X. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses identify quinic acid protecting eggplant from damage caused by western flower thrips. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:5113-5123. [PMID: 36053852 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Western flower thrips are considered the major insect pest of horticultural crops worldwide, causing economic and yield loss to Solanaceae crops. The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) resistance against thrips remains largely unexplored. This work aims to identify thrips-resistant eggplants and dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance using the integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of thrips-resistant and -susceptible cultivars. RESULTS We developed a micro-cage thrips bioassay to identify thrips-resistant eggplant cultivars, and highly resistant cultivars were identified from wild eggplant relatives. Metabolomic profiles of thrips-resistant and -susceptible eggplant were compared using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based approach, resulting in the identification of a higher amount of quinic acid in thrips-resistant eggplant compared to the thrips-susceptible plant. RNA-sequencing analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing genome-wide gene expression changes between thrips-resistant and -susceptible eggplants. Consistent with metabolomic analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed that the starch and sucrose metabolic pathway in which quinic acid is a metabolic by-product was highly enriched. External application of quinic acid enhances the resistance of susceptible eggplant to thrips. CONCLUSION Our results showed that quinic acid plays a key role in the resistance to thrips. These findings highlight a potential application of quinic acid as a biocontrol agent to manage thrips and expand our knowledge to breed thrips-resistant eggplant. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuangxia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lisong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuxin Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuxing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Aixia Gu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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MacLean HJ, Hjort Hansen J, Sørensen JG. Validating the automation of different measures of high temperature tolerance of small terrestrial insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 137:104362. [PMID: 35108549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Accurately phenotyping numerous test subjects is essential for most experimental research. Collecting such data can be tedious or time-consuming, and it can be biased or limited using manual observations. The thermal tolerance of small ectotherms is a good example of this type of phenotypic data, and it is widely used to investigate thermal adaptation, acclimation capacity and climate change resilience of small ectotherms. Here, we present the results of automatically generated thermal tolerance data using motion-tracking software on video recordings. The automatization was applied to two different heat tolerance assays, in two Drosophila species and used temperature acclimation to create variation in thermal tolerances. We find similar effect sizes of acclimation and hardening responses between manual and automated approaches, but different absolute tolerance estimates. This discrepancy likely reflects both technical differences in the assay conditions as well as the measured end-points of the assays. We conclude that both methods generate biological meaningful results, which reflect different aspects of the thermal biology, find no evidence of inflated variance in the manually scored assays, but find that automation can increase throughput several times without compromising quality. Further we show that the method can be applied to a wide range of arthropod taxa. We suggest that this automated method is a useful example of high throughput phenotyping. Further, we suggest this approach might be applied to other tedious laboratory traits, such as desiccation or starvation tolerance, with similar benefits to throughput but caution that the interpretation and potential comparison to results using different methodology rely on thorough validation of the assay and the involved biological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J MacLean
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Bldg. 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jonas Hjort Hansen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Bldg. 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper G Sørensen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Bldg. 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Rambla C, Van Der Meer S, Voss-Fels KP, Makhoul M, Obermeier C, Snowdon R, Ober ES, Watt M, Alahmad S, Hickey LT. A toolkit to rapidly modify root systems through single plant selection. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:2. [PMID: 35012581 PMCID: PMC8750989 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incorporation of root traits into elite germplasm is typically a slow process. Thus, innovative approaches are required to accelerate research and pre-breeding programs targeting root traits to improve yield stability in different environments and soil types. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) can help to speed up the process by selecting key genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with root traits. However, this approach is limited due to the complex genetic control of root traits and the limited number of well-characterised large effect QTL. Coupling MAS with phenotyping could increase the reliability of selection. Here we present a useful framework to rapidly modify root traits in elite germplasm. In this wheat exemplar, a single plant selection (SPS) approach combined three main elements: phenotypic selection (in this case for seminal root angle); MAS using KASP markers (targeting a root biomass QTL); and speed breeding to accelerate each cycle. RESULTS To develop a SPS approach that integrates non-destructive screening for seminal root angle and root biomass, two initial experiments were conducted. Firstly, we demonstrated that transplanting wheat seedlings from clear pots (for seminal root angle assessment) into sand pots (for root biomass assessment) did not impact the ability to differentiate genotypes with high and low root biomass. Secondly, we demonstrated that visual scores for root biomass were correlated with root dry weight (r = 0.72), indicating that single plants could be evaluated for root biomass in a non-destructive manner. To highlight the potential of the approach, we applied SPS in a backcrossing program which integrated MAS and speed breeding for the purpose of rapidly modifying the root system of elite bread wheat line Borlaug100. Bi-directional selection for root angle in segregating generations successfully shifted the mean root angle by 30° in the subsequent generation (P ≤ 0.05). Within 18 months, BC2F4:F5 introgression lines were developed that displayed a full range of root configurations, while retaining similar above-ground traits to the recurrent parent. Notably, the seminal root angle displayed by introgression lines varied more than 30° compared to the recurrent parent, resulting in lines with both narrow and wide root angles, and high and low root biomass phenotypes. CONCLUSION The SPS approach enables researchers and plant breeders to rapidly manipulate root traits of future crop varieties, which could help improve productivity in the face of increasing environmental fluctuations. The newly developed elite wheat lines with modified root traits provide valuable materials to study the value of different root systems to support yield in different environments and soil types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rambla
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sarah Van Der Meer
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Kai P Voss-Fels
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Manar Makhoul
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Obermeier
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rod Snowdon
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eric S Ober
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Michelle Watt
- School of BioSciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Samir Alahmad
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Lee T Hickey
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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He J, Verstappen F, Jiao A, Dicke M, Bouwmeester HJ, Kappers IF. Terpene synthases in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and their contribution to herbivore-induced volatile terpenoid emission. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:862-877. [PMID: 34668204 PMCID: PMC9299122 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids play important roles in flavour, pollinator attraction and defence of plants. In cucumber (Cucumis sativus) they are important components of the herbivore-induced plant volatile blend that attracts natural enemies of herbivores. We annotated the cucumber TERPENE SYNTHASE gene (CsTPS) family and characterized their involvement in the response towards herbivores with different feeding guilds using a combined molecular and biochemical approach. Transcripts of multiple CsTPS genes were upregulated in leaves upon herbivory and the products generated by the expressed proteins match the terpenoids recorded in the volatile blend released by herbivore-damaged leaves. Spatial and temporal analysis of the promoter activity of CsTPS genes showed that cell content-feeding spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) and thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) induced promoter activity of CsTPS9 and CsTPS19 within hours after initiation of infestation, while phloem-feeding aphids (Myzus persicae) induced CsTPS2 promoter activity. Our findings offer detailed insights into the involvement of the TPS gene family in the dynamics and fine-tuning of the emission of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in cucumber, and open a new avenue to understand molecular mechanisms that affect plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University & Research6700AAWageningenthe Netherlands
- Citrus Research InstituteSouthwest University400712ChongqingChina
| | - Francel Verstappen
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University & Research6700AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Ao Jiao
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University & Research6700AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University & Research6700AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Harro J. Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University & Research6700AAWageningenthe Netherlands
- Plant Hormone Biology GroupSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of Amsterdam1000BEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Iris F. Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University & Research6700AAWageningenthe Netherlands
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Liu Y, Li D, Qian J, Di B, Zhang G, Ren Z. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in plant roots research: a review. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:118. [PMID: 34774075 PMCID: PMC8590265 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nondestructive testing of plant roots is a hot topic in recent years. The traditional measurement process is time-consuming and laborious, and it is impossible to analyze the state of plant roots without destroying the sample. Recent studies have shown that as an excellent nondestructive measurement method, although electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has made great achievements in many botanical research fields such as plant morphology and stress resistance, there are still limitations. This review summarizes the application of EIS in plant root measurement. The experiment scheme, instrument and electrode, excitation frequency range, root electrical characteristics, equivalent circuit, and combination of EIS and artificial intelligence (AI) are discussed. Furthermore, the review suggests that future research should focus on miniaturization of measurement equipment, standardization of planting environment and intelligentization of root diagnosis, so as to better apply EIS technology to in situ root nondestructive measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
- Department of Computer Application Engineering, Hebei Software Institute, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - DongMing Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Qian
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Bao Di
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - ZhenHui Ren
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China.
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Ghosh A, Jangra S, Dietzgen RG, Yeh WB. Frontiers Approaches to the Diagnosis of Thrips (Thysanoptera): How Effective Are the Molecular and Electronic Detection Platforms? INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100920. [PMID: 34680689 PMCID: PMC8540714 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Thrips are important agricultural and forest pests. They cause damage by sucking plant sap and transmitting several plant viruses. Correct identification is the key for epidemiological studies and formulating appropriate management strategies. The application of molecular and electronic detection platforms has improved the morphological character-based diagnosis of thrips species. This article reviews research on molecular and automated identification of thrips species and discusses future research strategies for rapid and high throughput thrips diagnosis. Abstract Thrips are insect pests of economically important agricultural, horticultural, and forest crops. They cause damage by sucking plant sap and by transmitting several tospoviruses, ilarviruses, carmoviruses, sobemoviruses, and machlomoviruses. Accurate and timely identification is the key to successful management of thrips species. However, their small size, cryptic nature, presence of color and reproductive morphs, and intraspecies genetic variability make the identification of thrips species challenging. The use of molecular and electronic detection platforms has made thrips identification rapid, precise, sensitive, high throughput, and independent of developmental stages. Multi-locus phylogeny based on mitochondrial, nuclear, and other markers has resolved ambiguities in morphologically indistinguishable thrips species. Microsatellite, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, and CAPS markers have helped to explain population structure, gene flow, and intraspecies heterogeneity. Recent techniques such as LAMP and RPA have been employed for sensitive and on-site identification of thrips. Artificial neural networks and high throughput diagnostics facilitate automated identification. This review also discusses the potential of pyrosequencing, microarrays, high throughput sequencing, and electronic sensors in delimiting thrips species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalendu Ghosh
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.G.); (S.J.)
| | - Sumit Jangra
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.G.); (S.J.)
| | - Ralf G. Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Wen-Bin Yeh
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan;
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Double-digest RAD-sequencing: do pre- and post-sequencing protocol parameters impact biological results? Mol Genet Genomics 2021; 296:457-471. [PMID: 33469716 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-020-01756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing technologies have opened a new era of research in population genetics. Following these new sequencing opportunities, the use of restriction enzyme-based genotyping techniques, such as restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) or double-digest RAD-sequencing (ddRAD-seq), has dramatically increased in the last decade. From DNA sampling to SNP calling, the laboratory and bioinformatic parameters of enzyme-based techniques have been investigated in the literature. However, the impact of those parameters on downstream analyses and biological results remains less documented. In this study, we investigated the effects of sevral pre- and post-sequencing settings on ddRAD-seq results for two biological systems: a complex of butterfly species (Coenonympha sp.) and several populations of common beech (Fagus sylvatica). Our results suggest that pre-sequencing parameters (i.e., DNA quantity, number of PCR cycles during library preparation) have a significant impact on the number of recovered reads and SNPs, on the number of unique alleles and on individual heterozygosity. In the same way, we found that post-sequencing settings (i.e., clustering and minimum coverage thresholds) influenced loci reconstruction (e.g., number of loci, mean coverage) and SNP calling (e.g., number of SNPs; heterozygosity) but had only a marginal impact on downstream analyses (e.g., measure of genetic differentiation, estimation of individual admixture, and demographic inferences). In addition, replication analyses confirmed the reproducibility of the ddRAD-seq procedure. Overall, this study assesses the degree of sensitivity of ddRAD-seq data to pre- and post-sequencing protocols, and illustrates its robustness when studying population genetics.
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Zhang L, Xu Z, Xu D, Ma J, Chen Y, Fu Z. Growth monitoring of greenhouse lettuce based on a convolutional neural network. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:124. [PMID: 32821407 PMCID: PMC7395764 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Growth-related traits, such as aboveground biomass and leaf area, are critical indicators to characterize the growth of greenhouse lettuce. Currently, nondestructive methods for estimating growth-related traits are subject to limitations in that the methods are susceptible to noise and heavily rely on manually designed features. In this study, a method for monitoring the growth of greenhouse lettuce was proposed by using digital images and a convolutional neural network (CNN). Taking lettuce images as the input, a CNN model was trained to learn the relationship between images and the corresponding growth-related traits, i.e., leaf fresh weight (LFW), leaf dry weight (LDW), and leaf area (LA). To compare the results of the CNN model, widely adopted methods were also used. The results showed that the values estimated by CNN had good agreement with the actual measurements, with R2 values of 0.8938, 0.8910, and 0.9156 and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) values of 26.00, 22.07, and 19.94%, outperforming the compared methods for all three growth-related traits. The obtained results showed that the CNN demonstrated superior estimation performance for the flat-type cultivars of Flandria and Tiberius compared with the curled-type cultivar of Locarno. Generalization tests were conducted by using images of Tiberius from another growing season. The results showed that the CNN was still capable of achieving accurate estimation of the growth-related traits, with R2 values of 0.9277, 0.9126, and 0.9251 and NRMSE values of 22.96, 37.29, and 27.60%. The results indicated that a CNN with digital images is a robust tool for the monitoring of the growth of greenhouse lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxian Zhang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Informationization Standardization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Zanyu Xu
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Dan Xu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Juncheng Ma
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yingyi Chen
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Zetian Fu
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
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12
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Zhao K, Rosa C. Thrips as the Transmission Bottleneck for Mixed Infection of Two Orthotospoviruses. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040509. [PMID: 32326567 PMCID: PMC7238027 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mixed infections provide opportunities for viruses to increase genetic diversity by facilitating genomic reassortment or recombination, and they may lead to the emergence of new virus species. Mixed infections of two economically important orthotospoviruses, Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) and Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus (INSV), were found in recent years, but no natural reassortants between INSV and TSWV were ever reported. The goal of this study was to establish how vector preferences and the ability to transmit INSV and TSWV influence transmission and establishment of mixed infections. Our results demonstrate that thrips prefer to oviposit on TSWV and INSV mixed-infected plants over singly infected or healthy plants, providing young nymphs with the opportunity to acquire both viruses. Conversely, we observed that thrips served as a bottleneck during transmission and favored transmission of one of the two viruses over the second one, or over transmission of both viruses simultaneously. This constraint was relaxed in plants, when transmission of TSWV and INSV occurred sequentially, demonstrating that plants serve as orthotospovirus permissive hosts, while thrips serve as a bottleneck. Viral fitness, as measured by virus replication, transmission, and competition with other viral strains, is not well studied in mixed infection. Our study looks at the success of transmission during mixed infection of orthotopoviruses, enhancing the understanding of orthotospovirus epidemiology and evolution.
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13
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Gray HL, Andow DA, Kiritani K. Investigating the Movement Components of Host Preference in a Highly Mobile Insect Herbivore, Nephotettix cincticeps (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:115-122. [PMID: 31746325 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effective insect management strategies require a firm understanding of the factors determining host preference, particularly in highly mobile insect herbivores. Host preference studies commonly employ average or first position as a proxy for preference. Yet few studies have explored host preference in relation to transitory attraction and leaving rates, yet these are both components of host plant selection. We investigated the transitory dynamics of preference by the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps (Uhler) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) by conducting experiments on groups of females, males, or mixed-sex leafhoppers, and recording their position over time between low-N and normal-N rice plants. Utilizing a log-linear model and variants of a biostatistical model we used these positional data to extract attraction, leaving and tenure rates to better understand the process of host-plant selection. We found a general preference for normal-N over low-N plants at equilibrium. However, between sexes there was variation in the relative significance of attraction or leaving rates on that preference. Female leafhoppers were more attracted to host plants with higher nitrogen content. Male leafhoppers were less discriminate in their initial attraction to hosts but left low-N hosts at a faster rate. Whereas estimated tenure times on both normal- and low-N plants exceeded transmission times for the leafhopper-transmitted rice dwarf virus, longer tenure on normal-N plants likely increases the likelihood of virus acquisition from these plants. Our findings support previous recommendations that growers can mitigate the risks of leafhopper damage and pathogen transmission by optimizing their application of nitrogenous fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Gray
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN
| | - David A Andow
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN
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14
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Bioassays to Evaluate the Resistance of Whole Plants to the Herbivorous Insect Thrips. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31734919 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0142-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Thrips are tiny, cell-content-feeding insects that are a major pest on crops and ornamentals. Besides causing direct feeding damage, thrips may also cause indirect damage by vectoring tospoviruses. Novel resistance mechanisms to thrips need to be discovered and validated. Induction of jasmonic acid-dependent defenses has been demonstrated to be essential for resistance to thrips, but underlying mechanisms still need to be discovered. For this, it is vital to use robust plant-thrips assays to analyze plant defense responses and thrips performance. In recently developed high-throughput phenotyping platforms, the feeding damage that is visible as silver spots, and the preference of thrips in a two-choice setup is assessed, using leaf discs. Here, we describe whole-plant thrips assays that are essential for (1) validation of findings obtained by the leaf disc assays, (2) assessment of longer-term effects on thrips feeding success and fecundity, (3) determination of spatial-temporal effects induced by primary thrips infestation on a secondary attack by thrips or other insects or pathogens, and (4) assessment of gene expression and metabolite changes. We present detailed methods and tips and tricks for (a) rearing and selection of thrips at different developmental stages, (b) treatment of the whole plant or an individual leaf with thrips, and (c) determination of feeding damage and visualization of thrips oviposition success in leaves.
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15
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Jongsma MA, Thoen MPM, Poleij LM, Wiegers GL, Goedhart PW, Dicke M, Noldus LPJJ, Kruisselbrink JW. An Integrated System for the Automated Recording and Analysis of Insect Behavior in T-maze Arrays. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:20. [PMID: 30761167 PMCID: PMC6361829 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Host-plant resistance to insects like thrips and aphids is a complex trait that is difficult to phenotype quickly and reliably. Here, we introduce novel hardware and software to facilitate insect choice assays and automate the acquisition and analysis of movement tracks. The hardware consists of an array of individual T-mazes allowing simultaneous release of up to 90 insect individuals from their individual cage below each T-maze with choice of two leaf disks under a video camera. Insect movement tracks are acquired with computer vision software (EthoVision) and analyzed with EthoAnalysis, a novel software package that allows for automated reporting of highly detailed behavior parameters and statistical analysis. To validate the benefits of the system we contrasted two Arabidopsis accessions that were previously analyzed for differential resistance to western flower thrips. Results of two trials with 40 T-mazes are reported and we show how we arrived at optimized settings for the different filters and statistics. The statistics are reported in terms of frequency, duration, distance and speed of behavior events, both as sum totals and event averages, and both for the total trial period and in time bins of 1 h. Also included are higher level analyses with subcategories like short-medium-long events and slow-medium-fast events. The time bins showed how some behavior elements are more descriptive of differences between the genotypes during the first hours, whereas others are constant or become more relevant at the end of an 8 h recording. The three overarching behavior categories, i.e., choice, movement, and halting, were automatically corrected for the percentage of time thrips were detected and 24 out of 38 statistics of behavior parameters differed by a factor 2-6 between the accessions. The analysis resulted in much larger contrasts in behavior traits than reported previously. Compared to leaf damage assays on whole plants or detached leaves that take a week or more to complete, results were obtained in 8 h, with more detail, fewer individuals and higher significance. The potential value of the new integrated system, named EntoLab, for discovery of genetic traits in plants and insects by high throughput screening of large populations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten A. Jongsma
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Manus P. M. Thoen
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Leo M. Poleij
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerrie L. Wiegers
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul W. Goedhart
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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16
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Srinivasan R, Abney MR, Lai PC, Culbreath AK, Tallury S, Leal-Bertioli SCM. Resistance to Thrips in Peanut and Implications for Management of Thrips and Thrips-Transmitted Orthotospoviruses in Peanut. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1604. [PMID: 30459792 PMCID: PMC6232880 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Thrips are major pests of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) worldwide, and they serve as vectors of devastating orthotospoviruses such as Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV). A tremendous effort has been devoted to developing peanut cultivars with resistance to orthotospoviruses. Consequently, cultivars with moderate field resistance to viruses exist, but not much is known about host resistance to thrips. Integrating host plant resistance to thrips in peanut could suppress thrips feeding damage and reduce virus transmission, will decrease insecticide usage, and enhance sustainability in the production system. This review focuses on details of thrips resistance in peanut and identifies future directions for incorporating thrips resistance in peanut cultivars. Research on thrips-host interactions in peanut is predominantly limited to field evaluations of feeding damage, though, laboratory studies have revealed that peanut cultivars could differentially affect thrips feeding and thrips biology. Many runner type cultivars, field resistant to TSWV, representing diverse pedigrees evaluated against thrips in the greenhouse revealed that thrips preferred some cultivars over others, suggesting that antixenosis "non-preference" could contribute to thrips resistance in peanut. In other crops, morphological traits such as leaf architecture and waxiness and spectral reflectance have been associated with thrips non-preference. It is not clear if foliar morphological traits in peanut are associated with reduced preference or non-preference of thrips and need to be evaluated. Besides thrips non-preference, thrips larval survival to adulthood and median developmental time were negatively affected in some peanut cultivars and in a diploid peanut species Arachis diogoi (Hoehne) and its hybrids with a Virginia type cultivar, indicating that antibiosis (negative effects on biology) could also be a factor influencing thrips resistance in peanut. Available field resistance to orthotospoviruses in peanut is not complete, and cultivars can suffer substantial yield loss under high thrips and virus pressure. Integrating thrips resistance with available virus resistance would be ideal to limit losses. A discussion of modern technologies such as transgenic resistance, marker assisted selection and RNA interference, and future directions that could be undertaken to integrate resistance to thrips and to orthotospoviruses in peanut cultivars is included in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R. Abney
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Pin-Chu Lai
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
| | - Albert K. Culbreath
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Shyam Tallury
- United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Griffin, GA, United States
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17
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de Bruijn JAC, Vet LEM, Jongsma MA, Smid HM. Automated high-throughput individual tracking system for insect behavior: Applications on memory retention in parasitic wasps. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 309:208-217. [PMID: 30227145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insects are important models to study learning and memory formation in both an ecological and neuroscience context due to their small size, behavioral flexibility and ecological diversity. Measuring memory retention is often done through simple time-consuming set-ups, producing only a single parameter for conditioned behavior. We wished to obtain higher sample sizes with fewer individuals to measure olfactory memory retention more efficiently. NEW METHOD The high-throughput individual T-maze uses commercially available tracking software, Ethovision XT®, in combination with a Perspex stack of plates as small as 18 × 18 cm, which accommodates 36 olfactory T-mazes, where each individual wasp could choose between two artificial odors. Various behavioral parameters, relevant to memory retention, were acquired in this set-up; first choice, residence time, giving up time and zone entries. From these parameters a performance index was calculated as a measure of memory retention. Groups of 36 wasps were simultaneously tested within minutes, resulting in efficient acquisition of sufficiently high sample sizes. RESULTS This system was tested with two very different parasitic wasp species, the larval parasitoid Cotesia glomerata and the pupal parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis, and has proven to be highly suitable for testing memory retention in both these species. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Unlike other bioassays, this system allows for both high-throughput and recording of detailed individual behavior. CONCLUSIONS The high-throughput individual T-maze provides us with a standardized high-throughput, labor-efficient and cost-effective method to test various kinds of behavior, offering excellent opportunities for comparative studies of various aspects of insect behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Louise E M Vet
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans M Smid
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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18
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Hu H, Li J, Delatte T, Vervoort J, Gao L, Verstappen F, Xiong W, Gan J, Jongsma MA, Wang C. Modification of chrysanthemum odour and taste with chrysanthemol synthase induces strong dual resistance against cotton aphids. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1434-1445. [PMID: 29331089 PMCID: PMC6041446 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are pests of chrysanthemum that employ plant volatiles to select host plants and ingest cell contents to probe host quality before engaging in prolonged feeding and reproduction. Changes in volatile and nonvolatile metabolite profiles can disrupt aphid-plant interactions and provide new methods of pest control. Chrysanthemol synthase (CHS) from Tanacetum cinerariifolium represents the first committed step in the biosynthesis of pyrethrin ester insecticides, but no biological role for the chrysanthemol product alone has yet been documented. In this study, the TcCHS gene was over-expressed in Chrysanthemum morifolium and resulted in both the emission of volatile chrysanthemol (ca. 47 pmol/h/gFW) and accumulation of a chrysanthemol glycoside derivative, identified by NMR as chrysanthemyl-6-O-malonyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (ca. 1.1 mM), with no detrimental phenotypic effects. Dual-choice assays separately assaying these compounds in pure form and as part of the headspace and extract demonstrated independent bioactivity of both components against the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii). Performance assays showed that the TcCHS plants significantly reduced aphid reproduction, consistent with disturbance of aphid probing activities on these plants as revealed by electropenetrogram (EPG) studies. In open-field trials, aphid population development was very strongly impaired demonstrating the robustness and high impact of the trait. The results suggest that expression of the TcCHS gene induces a dual defence system, with both repellence by chrysanthemol odour and deterrence by its nonvolatile glycoside, introducing a promising new option for engineering aphid control into plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant BiologyMOE Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- BU BioscienceWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jinjin Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant BiologyMOE Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Thierry Delatte
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Liping Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant BiologyMOE Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- BU BioscienceWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Francel Verstappen
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant BiologyMOE Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jianping Gan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center of Dabie MountainsHuanggang Normal UniversityHuanggangChina
| | - Maarten A. Jongsma
- BU BioscienceWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant BiologyMOE Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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19
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Steenbergen M, Abd-El-Haliem A, Bleeker P, Dicke M, Escobar-Bravo R, Cheng G, Haring MA, Kant MR, Kappers I, Klinkhamer PGL, Leiss KA, Legarrea S, Macel M, Mouden S, Pieterse CMJ, Sarde SJ, Schuurink RC, De Vos M, Van Wees SCM, Broekgaarden C. Thrips advisor: exploiting thrips-induced defences to combat pests on crops. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1837-1848. [PMID: 29490080 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed diverse defence mechanisms to ward off herbivorous pests. However, agriculture still faces estimated crop yield losses ranging from 25% to 40% annually. These losses arise not only because of direct feeding damage, but also because many pests serve as vectors of plant viruses. Herbivorous thrips (Thysanoptera) are important pests of vegetable and ornamental crops worldwide, and encompass virtually all general problems of pests: they are highly polyphagous, hard to control because of their complex lifestyle, and they are vectors of destructive viruses. Currently, control management of thrips mainly relies on the use of chemical pesticides. However, thrips rapidly develop resistance to these pesticides. With the rising demand for more sustainable, safer, and healthier food production systems, we urgently need to pinpoint the gaps in knowledge of plant defences against thrips to enable the future development of novel control methods. In this review, we summarize the current, rather scarce, knowledge of thrips-induced plant responses and the role of phytohormonal signalling and chemical defences in these responses. We describe concrete opportunities for breeding resistance against pests such as thrips as a prototype approach for next-generation resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Steenbergen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, , TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Abd-El-Haliem
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Bleeker
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Enza Zaden BV, AA Enkhuizen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rocio Escobar-Bravo
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Cheng
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel A Haring
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merijn R Kant
- Molecular & Chemical Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Saioa Legarrea
- Molecular & Chemical Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirka Macel
- Molecular Interactions Ecology, Radboud University, NL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanae Mouden
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, , TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandeep J Sarde
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, , TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Colette Broekgaarden
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, , TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Chen G, Escobar-Bravo R, Kim HK, Leiss KA, Klinkhamer PGL. Induced Resistance Against Western Flower Thrips by the Pseudomonas syringae-Derived Defense Elicitors in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1417. [PMID: 30344528 PMCID: PMC6182256 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Western flower thrips (WFT) Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is a key agricultural pest of cultivated tomatoes. Induced host plant resistance by activating jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway constitutes a promising method for WFT control. The phytotoxin coronatine (COR), produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst), mimics the plant hormone JA-Isoleucine and can promote resistance against herbivorous arthropods. Here we determined the effect of Pst and COR on tomato resistance against WFT, induction of JA and salicylic acid (SA) associated defenses, and plant chemistry. Additionally, we investigated the presence of other components in Pst-derived and filtered culture medium, and their interactive effect with COR on tomato resistance to WFT. Our results showed that infiltration of COR or Pst reduced WFT feeding damage in tomato plants. COR and Pst induced the expression of JA-associated gene and protein marker. COR also induced expression of a SA-related responsive gene, although at much less magnitude. Activation of JA defenses in COR and Pst infiltrated plants did not affect density of type VI leaf trichomes, which are defenses reported to be induced by JA. An untargeted metabolomic analysis showed that both treatments induced strong changes in infiltrated leaves, but leaf responses to COR or Pst slightly differed. Application of the Pst-derived and filtered culture medium, containing COR but not viable Pst, also increased tomato resistance against WFT confirming that the induction of tomato defenses does not require a living Pst population to be present in the plant. Infiltration of tomato plants with low concentrations of COR in diluted Pst-derived and filtered culture medium reduced WFT feeding damage in a greater magnitude than infiltration with an equivalent amount of pure COR indicating that other elicitors are present in the medium. This was confirmed by the fact that the medium from a COR-mutant of Pst also strongly reduced silver damage. In conclusion, our results indicate that induction of JA defenses by COR, Pst infection, the medium of Pst and the medium of a Pst COR- mutant increased resistance against WFT. This was not mediated by the reinforcement of leaf trichome densities, but rather the induction of chemical defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Gang Chen,
| | - Rocío Escobar-Bravo
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hye Kyong Kim
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A. Leiss
- Business Unit Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research Center, Bleiswijk, Netherlands
| | - Peter G. L. Klinkhamer
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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21
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Mouden S, Sarmiento KF, Klinkhamer PGL, Leiss KA. Integrated pest management in western flower thrips: past, present and future. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:813-822. [PMID: 28127901 PMCID: PMC5396260 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Western flower thrips (WFT) is one of the most economically important pest insects of many crops worldwide. Recent EU legislation has caused a dramatic shift in pest management strategies, pushing for tactics that are less reliable on chemicals. The development of alternative strategies is therefore an issue of increasing urgency. This paper reviews the main control tactics in integrated pest management (IPM) of WFT, with the focus on biological control and host plant resistance as areas of major progress. Knowledge gaps are identified and innovative approaches emphasised, highlighting the advances in 'omics' technologies. Successful programmes are most likely generated when preventive and therapeutic strategies with mutually beneficial, cost-effective and environmentally sound foundations are incorporated. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Mouden
- Research Group Plant Ecology and PhytochemistryInstitute of Biology, Leiden UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Kryss Facun Sarmiento
- Research Group Plant Ecology and PhytochemistryInstitute of Biology, Leiden UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Peter GL Klinkhamer
- Research Group Plant Ecology and PhytochemistryInstitute of Biology, Leiden UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Research Group Plant Ecology and PhytochemistryInstitute of Biology, Leiden UniversityThe Netherlands
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