1
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Shin Y, Cho D, Kim SK, Chun JS. STING mediates experimental osteoarthritis and mechanical allodynia in mouse. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:90. [PMID: 37259103 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed to develop therapeutic targets of osteoarthritis (OA) that can be targeted to alleviate OA development (i.e., cartilage destruction) and relieve the OA-associated joint pain. METHODS The candidate molecule, STING (stimulator of interferon genes, encoded by Sting1), was identified by microarray analysis of OA-like mouse chondrocytes. Experimental OA in mice was induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). STING functions in OA and hindpaw mechanical allodynia were evaluated by gain-of-function (intra-articular injection of a STING agonist) and loss-of-function (Sting1-/- mice) approaches. RESULTS DNA damage was observed in OA-like chondrocytes. Cytosolic DNA sensors, STING and its upstream molecule, cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase), were upregulated in OA chondrocytes and cartilage of mouse and human. Genetic ablation of STING in mice (Sting1-/-) alleviated OA manifestations (cartilage destruction and subchondral bone sclerosis) and hindpaw mechanical allodynia. In contrast, stimulation of STING signaling in joint tissues by intra-articular injection of cGAMP exacerbated OA manifestations and mechanical sensitization. Mechanistic studies on the regulation of hindpaw mechanical allodynia revealed that STING regulates the expression of peripheral sensitization molecules in the synovium and meniscus of mouse knee joints. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that STING, which senses damaged cytosolic DNA and accordingly activates the innate immune response, regulates OA pathogenesis and hindpaw mechanical allodynia. Therefore, inhibition of STING could be a therapeutic approach to inhibit OA cartilage destruction and relieve the associated mechanical sensitization in model mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngnim Shin
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Deborah Cho
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Ki Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Soo Chun
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Chondroprotective Effect of Luzula sylvatica. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010127. [PMID: 36613576 PMCID: PMC9820367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Interest in the Juncaceae family has risen as some members have shown anti-inflammatory properties and interesting compounds. In this regard, we decided to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Luzula sylvatica, a Juncaceae not yet extensively studied, in the context of osteoarthritis. (2) The Luzula sylvatica Ethanol extract (LS-E) was used to test the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by leucocytes, the IL1β and PGE2 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the production of EP4, and the activation of NFκB in THP-1, as well as the IL1β-activated normal human knee articular chondrocytes (NHAC-Kn) gene expression, grown in monolayers or maintained in alginate beads. (3) Organic acids, caffeoylquinic acids, quercetin and luteolin, compounds frequently found in this family were identified. The LS-E exhibited inhibited ROS formation. The LS-E did not affect NFκB activation and IL1β secretion but dampened the secretion of PGE2 by PBMCs and the presence of EP4 in THP-1. It also modulated the expression of NHAC-Kn in both models and inhibited the expression of several proteases and inflammatory mediators. (4) Luzula sylvatica might supply interesting antioxidant protection against cartilage damages and lessen joint inflammation, notably by decreasing PGE2 secretion in the synovial fluid. Moreover, it could act directly on chondrocytes by decreasing the expression of proteases and, thus, preventing the degradation of the extracellular matrix.
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3
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Jana B, Całka J, Sikora M, Palus K. Involvement of the calcitonin gene-related peptide system in the modulation of inflamed uterus contractile function in pigs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19146. [PMID: 36352250 PMCID: PMC9646719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed severe acute endometritis action on myometrial density and distribution of protein gene product (PGP)9.5- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactive nerve fibers and calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) expression, and on CGRP receptor (CGRPR) participation in uterine contractility in pigs. E. coli suspension (E. coli group) or saline (SAL group) were injected into the uteri, or only laparotomy was performed (CON group). In the E. coli group myometrium, a lack of significant changes in PGP9.5 and CGRP innervation patterns and increased CLR protein level were revealed. In all groups, compared to the pretreatment period, human αCGRP increased amplitude in the myometrium, while reducing it in endometrium/myometrium. In the E. coli group endometrium/myometrium, human αCGRP lowered amplitude vs other groups. Human αCGRP reduced frequency in CON and SAL groups and enhanced it in the E. coli group endometrium/myometrium. The frequency in E. coli group increased vs other groups. CGRPR antagonist, human αCGRP8-37, reversed (CON, SAL groups) and eliminated (E. coli group) the rise in human αCGRP-induced myometrial amplitude. In endometrium/myometrium, human αCGRP8-37 abolished (CON group) and reversed (SAL group) a decrease in frequency, and reduced the rise in frequency (E. coli group) caused by human αCGRP. Collectively, in the myometrium, endometritis did not change PGP9.5 and CGRP innervation patterns and enhanced CLR protein level. CGRPR also mediated in CGRP action on inflamed uterus contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Jana
- grid.433017.20000 0001 1091 0698Division of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-078 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jarosław Całka
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Sikora
- grid.433017.20000 0001 1091 0698Division of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-078 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Palus
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
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4
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Guo Y, Schon L, Paudel S, Feltham T, Manandhar L, Zhang Z. Increased synovial expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide and its potential roles in Charcot Neuroarthropathy. Exp Mol Pathol 2022; 128:104835. [PMID: 36195300 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2022.104835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Joint destruction in Charcot neuroarthropathy (CNA) is accompanied with abundant hyperplastic synovium. This study aimed to characterize the expression patterns of a group of neuropeptides in the CNA synovium. METHODS Synovial specimens were collected during surgery from the CNA (n = 6) and non-CNA joints (n = 14). Tissue samples were processed for protein extraction and western blot for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), galanin, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Immunohistochemistry was performed to localize CGRP in the CNA synovium. Additionally, CGRP was applied to fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) isolated from CNA synovium for its effects on cell proliferation and collagenolysis in vitro. RESULTS Western blot detected light bands of VIP in the CNA samples but abundant galanin in both CNA and non-CNA samples. Most of the CNA samples (5/6) increased expression of CGRP, with an average band density about 2 times that in the non-CNA group (p < .05). Immunohistochemistry of CGRP demonstrated intense staining in the intimal layer of the CNA synovium. In tissue culture, adding CGRP (10 nM) in the medium promoted FLS proliferation. In combination with TNF-α, CGRP enhanced FLS-mediated collagenolysis in vitro. CONCLUSION This study revealed an increased expression of CGRP in the CNA synovium and demonstrated that CGRP regulates FLS proliferation and collagenolytic activity, suggesting CGRP may contribute to the bone and cartilage destruction in CNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lew Schon
- Institute for Foot and Ankle Reconstruction, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Orthopaedic Innovation, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sharada Paudel
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Tyler Feltham
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine-GA, Suwanee, GA, USA
| | | | - Zijun Zhang
- Center for Orthopaedic Innovation, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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5
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Riewruja K, Makarczyk M, Alexander PG, Gao Q, Goodman SB, Bunnell BA, Gold MS, Lin H. Experimental models to study osteoarthritis pain and develop therapeutics. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2022; 4:100306. [PMID: 36474784 PMCID: PMC9718172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2022.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is the predominant symptom of osteoarthritis (OA) that drives patients to seek medical care. Currently, there are no pharmacological treatments that can reverse or halt the progression of OA. Safe and efficacious medications for long-term management of OA pain are also unavailable. Understanding the mechanisms behind OA pain generation at onset and over time is critical for developing effective treatments. In this narrative review, we first summarize our current knowledge on the innervation of the knee joint, and then discuss the molecular mechanism(s) currently thought to underlie OA pain. In particular, we focus on the contribution of each joint component to the generation of pain. Next, the current experimental models for studying OA pain are summarized, and the methods to assess pain in rodents are presented. The potential application of emerging microphysiological systems in OA pain research is especially highlighted. Lastly, we discuss the current challenge in standardizing models and the selection of appropriate systems to address specific questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyakorn Riewruja
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Meagan Makarczyk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter G. Alexander
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Bruce A. Bunnell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Michael S. Gold
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Corresponding author.
| | - Hang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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6
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Shi Q, Huang L, Duan J, Kuang G, Lu M, Tan X. The effects of Jiawei Duhuo Jisheng mixture on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the synovium inflamed by knee osteoarthritis: An in vitro and in vivo experiment. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 294:115363. [PMID: 35551975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is one of the common age-degenerative diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that the pathogenesis of KOA is closely related to synovial lesions. Jiawei Duhuo Jisheng mixture (JDJM) has shown great potential in the treatment of KOA. However, the effect and mechanism of JDJM on synovial lesions of KOA remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The regulatory effect of JDJM on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in KOA inflamed synovium was studied via in vitro and in vivo experiments, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the in vitro experiment, fibroblasts were isolated from the rabbit synovium with KOA. The fibroblasts were grouped as follows: the vehicle group was given 0.5% FBS; the inhibitor group was treated with 0.5% volume fraction of XAV939; the normal serum groups and JDJM serum groups were treated with 5%, 10%, and 20% volume fractions of normal serum and JDJM-containing serum. The expression levels of Wnt3a, β-catenin, Cyclin D1, metalloproteinase-7(MMP-7) and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) were detected by different assays 48 and 72 h after the intervention. For the in vivo experiment, the rabbit KOA model was prepared using the improved Hulth modeling method, whereby all rabbits were randomly divided into normal control, model control, positive control, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) groups. The expression levels of Wnt3a, β-catenin, Cyclin D1, MMP-7 and COX-2 were detected by different assays in the 2, 4, and 8 weeks of treatment. RESULTS In the two test results of in vitro experiments, the normal serum group was compared with the JDJM-containing serum group with the same volume fraction, demonstrating that mRNA transcription and protein expression levels of Wnt3a, β-catenin, Cyclin D1, MMP-7, and COX-2 in the latter decreased (P < 0.05), with more pronounced effects observed in the group treated with 20% volume fraction of JDJM serum. Compared with the inhibitor group, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the mRNA transcription and protein expression levels, i.e., Wnt3a, β-catenin, Cyclin D1, and MMP-7 were observed in the JDJM serum groups, except for a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the level of mRNA transcription and protein expression of COX-2. Based on the in vivo experiment, compared to the model control group, articular cartilage, synovial hyperplasia, and the inflammatory reaction of the TCM group at different treatment times were significantly improved. The mRNA transcription level of Wnt3a, β-catenin, Cyclin D1, MMP-7 and COX-2 detected by RT-qPCR and the protein expression level of Wnt3a, β-catenin, Cyclin D1, MMP-7 and COX-2 detected by Western blot were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), and the effect was more evident at the eighth week. CONCLUSION JDJM can regulate the synovial Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in KOA models, reduce the mRNA transcription and protein expression levels of Wnt3a, β-catenin, Cyclin D1, MMP-7, and COX-2 in the synovium, thus inhibiting synovial inflammation and protecting articular cartilage, which could be the key mechanism of action in treating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyun Shi
- Hunan University of TCM, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China; Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province/Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan, 471000, China.
| | - Lu Huang
- Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China.
| | - Jiahao Duan
- Hunan University of TCM, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Gaoyan Kuang
- Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China.
| | - Min Lu
- Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China.
| | - Xuyi Tan
- Hunan University of TCM, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Changsha, Hunan, 410006, China.
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7
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Zhou S, Maleitzke T, Geissler S, Hildebrandt A, Fleckenstein FN, Niemann M, Fischer H, Perka C, Duda GN, Winkler T. Source and hub of inflammation: The infrapatellar fat pad and its interactions with articular tissues during knee osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:1492-1504. [PMID: 35451170 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis, the most prevalent degenerative joint disorder worldwide, is driven by chronic low-grade inflammation and subsequent cartilage degradation. Clinical data on the role of the Hoffa or infrapatellar fat pad in knee osteoarthritis are, however, scarce. The infrapatellar fat pad is a richly innervated intracapsular, extrasynovial adipose tissue, and an abundant source of adipokines and proinflammatory and catabolic cytokines, which may contribute to chronic synovial inflammation, cartilage destruction, and subchondral bone remodeling during knee osteoarthritis. How the infrapatellar fat pad interacts with neighboring tissues is poorly understood. Here, we review available literature with regard to the infrapatellar fat pad's interactions with cartilage, synovium, bone, menisci, ligaments, and nervous tissue during the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis. Signaling cascades are described with a focus on immune cell populations, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, mesenchymal stromal cells, and molecules derived from conditioned media from the infrapatellar fat pad. Understanding the complex interplay between the infrapatellar fat pad and its neighboring articular tissues may help to better understand and treat the multifactorial pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Zhou
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tazio Maleitzke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Geissler
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Hildebrandt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Nima Fleckenstein
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Niemann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heilwig Fischer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Perka
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg N Duda
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Winkler
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
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8
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A High Body Mass Index and the Vacuum Phenomenon Upregulate Pain-Related Molecules in Human Degenerated Intervertebral Discs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062973. [PMID: 35328395 PMCID: PMC8953228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal studies suggest that pain-related-molecule upregulation in degenerated intervertebral discs (IVDs) potentially leads to low back pain (LBP). We hypothesized that IVD mechanical stress and axial loading contribute to discogenic LBP’s pathomechanism. This study aimed to elucidate the relationships among the clinical findings, radiographical findings, and pain-related-molecule expression in human degenerated IVDs. We harvested degenerated-IVD samples from 35 patients during spinal interbody fusion surgery. Pain-related molecules including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-6, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES1), and nerve growth factor (NGF) were determined. We also recorded preoperative clinical findings including body mass index (BMI), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and radiographical findings including the vacuum phenomenon (VP) and spinal instability. Furthermore, we compared pain-related-molecule expression between the VP (−) and (+) groups. BMI was significantly correlated with the ODI, CGRP, and mPGES-1 levels. In the VP (+) group, mPGES-1 levels were significantly higher than in the VP (−) group. Additionally, CGRP and mPGES-1 were significantly correlated. Axial loading and mechanical stress correlated with CGRP and mPGES-1 expression and not with inflammatory cytokine or NGF expression. Therefore, axial loading and mechanical stress upregulate CGRP and mPGES-1 in human degenerated IVDs, potentially leading to chronic discogenic LBP.
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9
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CGRP Regulates Nucleus Pulposus Cell Apoptosis and Inflammation via the MAPK/NF- κB Signaling Pathways during Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2021:2958584. [PMID: 34987701 PMCID: PMC8720589 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2958584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low back pain (CLBP) has been proved to be the dominating cause of disability in patients with lumbar degenerative diseases. Of the various etiological factors, intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) has been the dominating cause. In the past few decades, the role and changes of nerve systems, especially the peripheral sensory fibers and their neurotransmitters, in the induction and progression of IVDD have attracted growing concerns. The expression of many neuropeptides, such as SP, NPY, and CGRP, in the nociceptive pathways is increased during the progression of IVDD and responsible for the discogenic pain. Here, the role of CGRP in the progression of IVDD was firstly investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Firstly, we confirmed that human degenerated intervertebral disc tissue exhibited elevated expression of CGRP and its receptor. Secondly, in vitro experiments suggested that CGRP could inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis in human nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, as well as promote inflammation and degenerated phenotypes through activating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Thirdly, CGRP receptor antagonist, Rimegepant, can ameliorate the adverse effects of CGRP imposed on NP cells, which were confirmed in vitro and in vivo. Our results will bring about a brand-new insight into the roles of neuromodulation in IVDD and related therapeutic attempts.
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10
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Miyagi M, Uchida K, Takano S, Nakawaki M, Sekiguchi H, Nakazawa T, Imura T, Saito W, Shirasawa E, Kawakubo A, Akazawa T, Inoue G, Takaso M. Role of CD14-positive cells in inflammatory cytokine and pain-related molecule expression in human degenerated intervertebral discs. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:1755-1762. [PMID: 32856747 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple human and animal studies suggest that the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and other pain-related molecules in degenerated or injured intervertebral discs (IVDs) may cause discogenic low back pain (LBP). We previously reported that macrophages in injured IVD in mice produced inflammatory cytokines, but not other pain-related molecules. CD14 is a monocyte marker expressed mainly by macrophages. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the role of CD14-positive cells in inflammatory cytokine and pain-related molecule expression in human degenerated IVD. IVD samples were harvested from 14 patients, including 10 with lumbar spinal stenosis, four with adult spinal deformity, and one with lumbar disc herniation during spinal interbody fusion surgery. Harvested IVD-derived mononuclear cells were obtained and CD14-positive (+) and CD14-negative (-) cells were separated using CD14 antibody and streptavidin-labeled magnetic beads. Inflammatory cytokines messenger RNA (mRNA) in the CD14(+) and CD14(-) cells, including tumor necrosis factor ɑ (TNFA), in, terleukin-1β (IL1B) and IL6, were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and their expression levels were compared. To evaluate factors controlling the regulation of pain-related molecules mRNA expression, cultured CD14(-) and CD14(+) cells from IVDs were stimulated with recombinant human TNF-ɑ and IL-1β and levels of pain-related molecules, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and nerve growth factor (NGF) were determined using qPCR. Levels of TNFA, IL1B, IL6, and NGF in CD14(+) cells were significantly increased compared with those in CD14(-) cells (TNFA, p = 0.006; IL1B, p = .017; IL6, p = .010; NGF, p = .027). Following TNFA stimulation, NGF levels were significantly increased in CD14(-) and CD14(+) cells (CD14(-), p = .003; CD14(+), p < .001) and CGRP was significantly increased in CD14(-) IVD cells (p = .040). Following IL1B stimulation, NGF levels were significantly increased in CD14(-) cells (p = .004). CD14(+) cells had higher TNFA, IL1B, IL6, and NGF expressions than CD14(-) cells in human degenerated IVDs. Additionally, TNFA stimulation promoted the upregulation of NGF and CGRP in CD14(-) cells. These findings suggested that CD14(+) cells directly and indirectly contributed to inflammatory cytokine and pain-related molecule expression in human degenerated IVD. CD14(+) cells might be important in the pathological mechanism of chronic discogenic LBP in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Miyagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shotaro Takano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsufumi Nakawaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sekiguchi
- Shonan University of Medical Sciences Research Institute, Chigasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nakazawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Imura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Saito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eiki Shirasawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayumu Kawakubo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Akazawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
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Maleitzke T, Hildebrandt A, Weber J, Dietrich T, Appelt J, Jahn D, Zocholl D, Baranowsky A, Duda GN, Tsitsilonis S, Keller J. Proinflammatory and bone protective role of calcitonin gene-related peptide alpha in collagen antibody-induced arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:1996-2009. [PMID: 33221885 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Calcitonin gene-related peptide alpha (αCGRP) represents an immunomodulatory neuropeptide implicated in pain perception. αCGRP also functions as a critical regulator of bone formation and is overexpressed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the present study, we investigated the role of αCGRP in experimental RA regarding joint inflammation and bone remodelling. METHODS Collagen II-antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) was induced in wild type (WT) and αCGRP-deficient (αCGRP-/-) mice. Animals were monitored over 10 and 48 days with daily assessments of the semiquantitative arthritis score and grip strength test. Joint inflammation, cartilage degradation and bone erosions were assessed by histology, gene expression analysis and µCT. RESULTS CAIA was accompanied by an overexpression of αCGRP in WT joints. αCGRP-/- mice displayed reduced arthritic inflammation and cartilage degradation. Congruently, the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, CD80 and MMP13 was induced in WT, but not αCGRP-/- animals. WT mice displayed an increased bone turnover during the acute inflammatory phase, which was not the case in αCGRP-/- mice. Interestingly, WT mice displayed a full recovery from the inflammatory bone disease, whereas αCGRP-/- mice exhibited substantial bone loss over time. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a proinflammatory and bone protective role of αCGRP in CAIA. Our data indicate that αCGRP not only enhances joint inflammation, but also controls bone remodelling as part of arthritis resolution. As novel αCGRP inhibitors are currently introduced clinically for the treatment of migraine, their potential impact on RA progression warrants further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tazio Maleitzke
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Hildebrandt
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jérôme Weber
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamara Dietrich
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessika Appelt
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denise Jahn
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dario Zocholl
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Baranowsky
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Serafeim Tsitsilonis
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Keller
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Uchida K, Takano S, Takata K, Mukai M, Koyama T, Ohashi Y, Saito H, Takaso M, Miyagi M, Inoue G. Differential Synovial CGRP/RAMP1 Expression in Men and Women With Knee Osteoarthritis. Cureus 2021; 13:e15483. [PMID: 34109089 PMCID: PMC8180472 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Female patients with osteoarthritis report more severe knee pain compared to men. However, the mechanism underlying sex differences in pain remains unclear. We previously found that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was expressed in synovial tissue and that this localization may play a role in pain associated with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Several animal studies have shown that the expression of CGRP and its receptor (receptor activity modifying protein 1, RAMP1) differs by sex. Here, we investigated synovial CGRP and RAMP1 expression in male and female patients with KOA. Methods Synovial tissue (ST) was harvested from male and female subjects (n=30 each) with radiographically confirmed unilateral Kellgren/Lawrence grade 3-4 KOA during total knee arthroplasty. Patients’ subjective pain severity was scored on a 0 to 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS). We compared the expression of CGRP and RAMP1 in ST from men and women and examined the correlation between mRNA levels of CGRP and RAMP1 and pain severity. Results Synovial expression of CGRP and RAMP1 was significantly elevated in women compared to men (CGRP, P=0.017; RAMP1, P=0.028). While CGRP expression was positively correlated with pain severity in females (ρ=0.443, P=0.014), no correlation was observed in men (ρ=-0.021, P=0.913). RAMP1 expression was not correlated with pain severity in either men or women (male, ρ=-0.114, P=0.939; female, ρ=-0.047, P=0.807). Conclusion CGRP and RAMP1 expression levels differ between men and women. Differential CGRP levels may suggest the presence of different pain mechanisms in men and women with KOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University, School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Shotaro Takano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Ken Takata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Manabu Mukai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Tomohisa Koyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Yoshihisa Ohashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Hiroki Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Masayuki Miyagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Gen Inoue
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, JPN
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13
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Araya N, Miyatake K, Tsuji K, Katagiri H, Nakagawa Y, Hoshino T, Onuma H, An S, Nishio H, Saita Y, Sekiya I, Koga H. Intra-articular Injection of Pure Platelet-Rich Plasma Is the Most Effective Treatment for Joint Pain by Modulating Synovial Inflammation and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Expression in a Rat Arthritis Model. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:2004-2012. [PMID: 32519886 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520924011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has emerged as a treatment for osteoarthritis (OA). However, the effect that leukocyte concentrations in PRP have on OA remains unclear. PURPOSE To clarify the optimal PRP formulation for OA treatment by comparing pure PRP, leukocyte-poor PRP (LP-PRP), and leukocyte-rich PRP (LR-PRP) in a rat arthritis model. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Knee arthritis was induced bilaterally in male Wistar rats with intra-articular injections of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) on day 0. Rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups (pure PRP, LP-PRP, and LR-PRP). On day 1, allogenic PRP was injected into the right knee of rats and phosphate-buffered saline was injected into the left knee as a control. Weight distribution on the hindlimbs was measured for 14 days to assess pain behavior. Rats were euthanized at day 5 or 14 for histological assessment of synovial tissue and cartilage. Immunohistochemical staining of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and α-smooth muscle actin was performed to determine the mechanism of pain relief induced by the PRP preparations. RESULTS In all groups, PRP increased the load-sharing ratio on PRP-injected knees, with pure PRP eliciting the largest effect among the 3 kinds of PRP (P < .05). Structural changes in the synovial tissue were significantly inhibited in the pure-PRP group compared with the control group after both 5 and 14 days (P < .001 and P = .025, respectively), whereas no significant difference was found between the control, LP-PRP, and LR-PRP groups. An inhibitory effect on cartilage degeneration was observed only in the pure-PRP group on day 14. Pure PRP also significantly inhibited expression of CGRP-positive nerve fibers in the infrapatellar fat pad compared with the other groups (P < .05). CONCLUSION In an MIA-induced arthritis model, pure PRP injection was the most effective treatment for reduction of pain-related behavior and inhibition of synovial inflammation and pain sensitization. CLINICAL RELEVANCE PRP formulations should be optimized for each specific disease. This study shows the superiority of pure PRP for treatment of arthritis and joint pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Araya
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Miyatake
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Tsuji
- Department of Cartilage Regeneration, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Katagiri
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakagawa
- Department of Cartilage Regeneration, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Hoshino
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Onuma
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saisei An
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nishio
- Department of Orthopaedics, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Saita
- Department of Orthopaedics, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sekiya
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Koga
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Korucu RU, Karadağ A, Taş A, Özmen E, Hayta E, Siliğ Y. Serum Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Receptor Protein Levels in Patients With Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study. Arch Rheumatol 2020; 35:463-467. [PMID: 33758802 PMCID: PMC7945696 DOI: 10.46497/archrheumatol.2020.7783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
This study aims to compare the serum calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and CGRP receptor protein levels between patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) and healthy control subjects. Patients and methods
The study included 88 patients (7 males, 81 females; mean age 44.5±9.1 years; range, 20 to 72 years) newly-diagnosed with FM according to the 2010 American College of Rheumatology criteria and 88 healthy volunteers (6 males, 82 females; mean age 43.0±6.1 years; range, 20 to 57 years). Venous blood samples were collected from both groups for the measurement of the levels of serum CGRP and CGRP receptor proteins (receptor component protein [RCP], receptor activity modifying protein 1 [RAMP 1] and calcitonin receptor-like receptor [CLR]). Results
A comparison of the serum CGRP, CLR and RCP levels of the FM and control groups revealed a statistically significant difference (p=0.001, p=0.005, p=0.001, respectively). The difference between the groups in respect of the serum RAMP 1 levels was not statistically significant (p=0.107). Conclusion The serum CGRP, CLR and RCP levels were found to be higher in the FM patients, but no difference was determined between the FM patients and the healthy control group in respect of the RAMP 1 level. These results can be of guidance for further clinical studies of the etiopathogenesis and treatment of FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragıp Ulvi Korucu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Karadağ
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ayça Taş
- Department of Biochemistry, Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Esma Özmen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Emrullah Hayta
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Acıbadem University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Siliğ
- Department of Biochemistry, Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
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15
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Chang CL, Hsu SYT. Development of chimeric and bifunctional antagonists for CLR/RAMP receptors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216996. [PMID: 31150417 PMCID: PMC6544337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CGRP, adrenomedullin (ADM), and adrenomedullin 2 (ADM2) family peptides are
important neuropeptides and hormones for the regulation of neurotransmission,
vasotone, cardiovascular morphogenesis, vascular integrity, and feto‒placental
development. These peptides signal through CLR/RAMP1, 2 and 3 receptor
complexes. CLR/RAMP1, or CGRP receptor, antagonists have been developed for the
treatment of migraine headache and osteoarthritis pain; whereas CLR/RAMP2, or
ADM receptor, antagonists are being developed for the treatment of tumor
growth/metastasis. Based on the finding that an acylated chimeric ADM/ADM2
analog potently stimulates CLR/RAMP1 and 2 signaling, we hypothesized that the
binding domain of this analog could have potent inhibitory activity on CLR/RAMP
receptors. Consistent with this hypothesis, we showed that acylated truncated
ADM/ADM2 analogs of 27–31 residues exhibit potent antagonistic activity toward
CLR/RAMP1 and 2. On the other hand, nonacylated analogs have minimal activity.
Further truncation at the junctional region of these chimeric analogs led to the
generation of CLR/RAMP1-selective antagonists. A 17-amino-acid analog
(Antagonist 2–4) showed 100-fold selectivity for CLR/RAMP1 and was >100-fold
more potent than the classic CGRP receptor antagonist CGRP8-37. In addition, we
showed (1) a lysine residue in the Antagonist 2–4 is important for enhancing the
antagonistic activity, (2) an analog consisted of an ADM sequence motif and a
12-amino-acid binding domain of CGRP exhibits potent CLR/RAMP1-inhibitory
activity, and (3) a chimeric analog consisted of a somatostatin analog and an
ADM antagonist exhibits dual activities on somatostatin and CLR/RAMP receptors.
Because the blockage of CLR/RAMP signaling prevents migraine pain and suppresses
tumor growth/metastasis, further studies of these analogs, which presumably have
better access to the tumor microenvironment and nerve endings at the trigeminal
ganglion and synovial joints as compared to antibody-based therapies, may lead
to the development of better anti-CGRP therapy and alternative antiangiogenesis
therapy. Likewise, the use of bifunctional somatostatin-ADM antagonist analogs
could be a promising strategy for the treatment of high-grade neuroendocrine
tumors by targeting an antiangiogenesis agent to the neuroendocrine tumor
microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Lin Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan,
Taiwan
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16
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Takano S, Uchida K, Itakura M, Iwase D, Aikawa J, Inoue G, Mukai M, Miyagi M, Murata K, Sekiguchi H, Takaso M. Transforming growth factor-β stimulates nerve growth factor production in osteoarthritic synovium. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20:204. [PMID: 31077183 PMCID: PMC6511148 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-2595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nerve growth factor (NGF) contributes to pain in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) patients. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) stimulates NGF expression in chondrocytes from KOA patients. However, the correlation between synovial TGF-β and NGF levels has not been sufficiently studied in human KOA patients. Further, the mechanism governing NGF regulation by TGF-β in synovial cells is unclear. Methods During total knee arthroplasty, we extracted the synovial tissue (SYT) of 107 subjects with unilateral Kellgren/Lawrence grade 3–4 KOA confirmed by radiography. We examined the distribution of TGF-β and NGF using immunohistochemistry, and analyzed the relationship between NGF and TGFB mRNA levels. Cultured synovial cells extracted from SYT were exposed to culture medium (control), human recombinant TGF-β (rhTGF-β), rhTGF-β + ALK5 inhibitor SB505124, rhTGF-β + transforming growth factor activating kinase 1 (TAK1) inhibitor (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol, or rhTGF-β + p38 inhibitor SB203580 for 30 min, 6 h and 24 h. NGF mRNA expressed by the cultured cells and NGF protein levels in the cell supernatant were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Phosphorylation of p38 was evaluated by western blotting. Results NGF mRNA levels were positively correlated with those of TGFB. Cells expressing TGF-β and NGF protein were observed in the lining layer of SYT. TGF-β stimulated increased NGF mRNA expression and NGF protein production. The ALK5 inhibitor completely suppressed the TGF-β-mediated increase in NGF expression and NGF production in synovial cells. ALK5, TAK1 and p38 inhibitors inhibited the TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of p38, and TAK1 and p38 inhibitors partially inhibited the TGF-β-mediated increase in NGF expression and NGF production in synovial cells. Conclusion TGF-β regulates NGF production via the TGF-β/ALK5 signaling pathway in osteoarthritic synovium. This effect may partially occur through inhibition of the TAK1/p38 pathway in the SYT of KOA patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12891-019-2595-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Takano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Makoto Itakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Dai Iwase
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Jun Aikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Manabu Mukai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kosuke Murata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sekiguchi
- Shonan University of Medical Sciences Research Institute, Nishikubo 500, Chigasaki City, Kanagawa, 253-0083, Japan
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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17
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Contribution of Infrapatellar Fat Pad and Synovial Membrane to Knee Osteoarthritis Pain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6390182. [PMID: 31049352 PMCID: PMC6462341 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6390182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of joint disease and a major cause of pain and disability in the adult population. Interestingly, there are patients with symptomatic OA displaying pain, while patients with asymptomatic OA that do not experience pain but show radiographic signs of joint damage. Pain is a complex experience integrating sensory, affective, and cognitive processes related to several peripheral and central nociceptive factors besides inflammation. During the last years, the role of infrapatellar fat pad (IFP), other than the synovial membrane, has been investigated as a potential source of pain in OA. Interestingly, new findings suggest that IFP and synovial membrane might act as a functional unit in OA pathogenesis and pain. The present review discuss the role of IFP and synovial membrane in the development of OA, with a particular focus on pain onset and the possible involved mediators that may play a role in OA pathology and pain mechanisms. Inflammation of IFP and synovial membrane may drive peripheral and central sensitization in KOA. Since sensitization is associated with pain severity in knee OA and may potentially contribute to the transition from acute to chronic, persistent pain in knee OA, preventing sensitization would be a potentially effective and novel means of preventing worsening of pain in knee OA.
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Murata K, Uchida K, Takano S, Shoji S, Iwase D, Inoue G, Aikawa J, Yokozeki Y, Sekiguchi H, Takaso M. Osteoarthritis patients with high haemoglobin A1c have increased Toll-like receptor 4 and matrix metalloprotease-13 expression in the synovium. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:1151-1159. [PMID: 31406471 PMCID: PMC6642645 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s209677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE While research has identified diabetes mellitus (DM) as a risk factor for knee osteoarthritis (KOA), the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Studies suggest that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression is elevated in osteoarthritic lesions of OA patients and in target tissues of insulin resistance such as adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in patients with DM. TLR4 is associated with inflammation and catabolic response via regulation of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). We hypothesized that TLR4 and MMP expression may be increased in the synovial tissue (SYN) of KOA patients with diabetic pathology. We therefore investigated TLR and MMP expression in the SYN of KOA patients with and without high haemoglobin A1c concentrations. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 171 patients radiographically diagnosed with KOA were grouped based on their HbA1c concentration (HbA1c ≥6.5 and HbA1c <6.5). We used real-time polymerase chain reaction to compare the expression of TLRs (TLR2, TLR4) and MMPs (MMP2, MMP3, MMP9 and MMP13) in patients' SYN between the two groups. MMP13 regulation by the TLR4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in SYN cells was examined in culture by stimulating SYN cells with LPS or vehicle (culture medium) for 24 h. RESULTS The expression of TLR4 and MMP13 in the HbA1c ≥6.5 group was significantly elevated compared to that in the HbA1c <6.5 group. In contrast, TLR2, MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9 expression levels were similar between the groups. MMP13 mRNA and MMP13 protein levels in SYN cells were significantly higher following stimulation with LPS compared to vehicle. CONCLUSIONS TLR4 and MMP13 expression were elevated in the synovium of osteoarthritis patients with high HbA1c concentrations. Our results may provide insight into the pathology of OA patients with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Murata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, Japan
- Correspondence: Kentaro UchidaDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, JapanTel/Fax +81 042 778 9217 Email
| | - Shotaro Takano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, Japan
| | - Shintaro Shoji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, Japan
| | - Dai Iwase
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, Japan
| | - Jun Aikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, Japan
| | - Yuji Yokozeki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sekiguchi
- Shonan University of Medical Sciences Research Institute, Chigasaki City, Kanagawa253-0083, Japan
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, Japan
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Uchida K, Takano S, Inoue G, Iwase D, Aikawa J, Takata K, Tazawa R, Kawakubo A, Sekiguchi H, Takaso M. Increase in mast cell marker expression in the synovium of obese patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:377-382. [PMID: 31114272 PMCID: PMC6497865 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s201523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: While research suggests that obesity is a risk factor for knee osteoarthritis (KOA), the mechanisms are not fully understood. Mast cell (MC) numbers are increased in the osteoarthritic synovium and in the adipose tissue of obese individuals. We hypothesized that MC numbers are increased in the synovium of obese KOA patients. This study investigated MC marker and MC-generated cytokine/growth factor expression in the synovium of obese KOA patients. Patients and methods: Patients radiographically diagnosed with KOA (male: 38, female: 132) were allocated to three groups based on their body mass index (BMI): normal (<25 kg/m2), overweight (25-29.99 kg/m2) and obese (≥30 kg/m2), according to the World Health Organization BMI classification. We used real-time polymerase chain reaction to compare the expression of MC markers (CD117, CD203c) and growth factors/cytokines (FGF2, VEGFA, TNFA, and IL8) in patients' synovium among the groups. Results: CD117 expression was significantly higher in the obese group than in the normal and overweight groups. CD203c and FGF2 expression were higher in the obese group than in the normal group. FGF2 expression levels were significantly correlated with those of CD117 (ρ=0.487) and CD203c (ρ=0.751). Conclusion: MC markers CD117 and CD203c, and FGF2 were highly expressed in the synovium of obese KOA patients. Further investigations are needed to reveal the role of MCs in the relationship between obesity and osteoarthritis pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252–0374, Japan
- Correspondence: Kentaro Uchida Department of Orthopedic Surgery Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kentaro Uchida 1–15–1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252–0374, JapanTel +81 042 778 9217Fax +81 042 778 9217Email
| | - Shotaro Takano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252–0374, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252–0374, Japan
| | - Dai Iwase
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252–0374, Japan
| | - Jun Aikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252–0374, Japan
| | - Ken Takata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252–0374, Japan
| | - Ryo Tazawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252–0374, Japan
| | - Ayumu Kawakubo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252–0374, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sekiguchi
- Shonan University of Medical Sciences Research Institute, Chigasaki City, Kanagawa253–0083, Japan
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252–0374, Japan
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Aikawa J, Uchida K, Takano S, Inoue G, Iwase D, Miyagi M, Mukai M, Shoji S, Sekiguchi H, Takaso M. Regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide expression through the COX-2/mPGES-1/PGE2 pathway in the infrapatellar fat pad in knee osteoarthritis. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:215. [PMID: 30205824 PMCID: PMC6134514 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) is implicated in knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a vasoactive neuropeptide expressed in joint tissues and synovial tissues (ST), was recently found to be associated with KOA progression and pain. CGRP is expressed in the IFPs of human KOA patients; however, its regulation has not been elucidated. METHODS IFPs and STs were harvested from 138 KOA patients during total knee replacement (TKR) and analyzed for CGRP, cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) expression using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To investigate CGRP regulation by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), adipocytes (Ad) and the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) were harvested from IFPs using collagenase. Synovial cells (SYC) were also harvested from ST and stimulated with vehicle (serum-free culture medium), PGE2, or CGRP. RESULTS CGRP, COX-2, and mPGES-1 expression levels were significantly higher in IFPs than STs. PGE2 stimulation increased CGRP expression in Ad, the SVF, and SYC; however, CGRP expression was significantly higher in PGE2-stimulated SVF than PGE2-stimulated SYC. CGRP stimulation had no effect on COX-2 or mPGES-1 expression. CONCLUSIONS CGRP expression in the IFP of KOA patients is regulated by the COX-2/mPGES-1/PGE2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Aikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Shotaro Takano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Dai Iwase
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Manabu Mukai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Shintaro Shoji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sekiguchi
- Shonan University of Medical Sciences Research Institute, Nishikubo 500, Chigasaki City, Kanagawa, 253-0083, Japan
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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Nguyen-Tu MS, Nivoit P, Oréa V, Lemoine S, Acquaviva C, Pagnon-Minot A, Fromy B, Sethi JK, Sigaudo-Roussel D. Inflammation-linked adaptations in dermal microvascular reactivity accompany the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:556-566. [PMID: 30006585 PMCID: PMC6223541 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objectives The increased prevalence of obesity has prompted great strides in our understanding of specific adipose depots and their involvement in cardio-metabolic health. However, the impact of obesity on dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) and dermal microvascular functionality remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the temporal changes that occur in dWAT and dermal microvascular functionality during the development of diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes in mice. Methods Metabolic phenotyping of a murine model of hypercaloric diet (HCD)-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes was performed at three time points that reflected three distinct stages of disease development; 2 weeks of HCD-overweight-metabolically healthy, 4 weeks of HCD-obese-prediabetic and 12 weeks of HCD-obese-type 2 diabetic mice. Expansion of dWAT was characterized histologically, and changes in dermal microvascular reactivity were assessed in response to pressure and the vasodilators SNP and Ach. Results HCD resulted in a progressive expansion of dWAT and increased expression of pro-inflammatory markers (IL1β and COX-2). Impairments in pressure-induced (PIV) and Ach-induced (endothelium-dependent) vasodilation occurred early, in overweight-metabolically healthy mice. Residual vasodilatory responses were NOS-independent but sensitive to COX inhibition. These changes were associated with reductions in NO and adiponectin bioavailability, and rescued by exogenous adiponectin or hyperinsulinemia. Obese-prediabetic mice continued to exhibit impaired Ach-dependent vasodilation but PIV appeared normalized. This normalization coincided with elevated endogenous adiponectin and insulin levels, and was sensitive to NOS, COX and PI3K, inhibition. In obese-type 2 diabetic mice, both Ach-stimulated and pressure-induced vasodilatory responses were increased through enhanced COX-2-dependent prostaglandin response. Conclusions We demonstrate that the development of obesity, metabolic dysfunction and type 2 diabetes, in HCD-fed mice, is accompanied by increased dermal adiposity and associated metaflammation in dWAT. Importantly, these temporal changes are also linked to disease stage-specific dermal microvascular reactivity, which may reflect adaptive mechanisms driven by metaflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Sophie Nguyen-Tu
- LBTI, UMR CNRS 5305, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France.,University of Lyon 1, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Pierre Nivoit
- LBTI, UMR CNRS 5305, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France.,University of Lyon 1, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Valérie Oréa
- LBTI, UMR CNRS 5305, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France.,University of Lyon 1, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | | | - Cécile Acquaviva
- LBTI, UMR CNRS 5305, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France.,Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69677, Bron, France
| | | | - Bérengère Fromy
- LBTI, UMR CNRS 5305, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France.,University of Lyon 1, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Jaswinder K Sethi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Institute of Developmental Sciences Building, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK. .,Institute for Life Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Dominique Sigaudo-Roussel
- LBTI, UMR CNRS 5305, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France. .,University of Lyon 1, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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22
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Takano S, Uchida K, Inoue G, Matsumoto T, Aikawa J, Iwase D, Mukai M, Miyagi M, Takaso M. Vascular endothelial growth factor expression and their action in the synovial membranes of patients with painful knee osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2018; 19:204. [PMID: 29945585 PMCID: PMC6020436 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-018-2127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in the synovial fluid of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) patients are positively correlated with KOA severity. The relationship between synovial VEGF levels and pain in human KOA patients is not fully understood, and the role of VEGF in the pain pathway remains unclear. METHODS We harvested synovial membrane (SM) from 102 patients with radiographic evidence of KOA (unilateral Kellgren/Lawrence [K/L] grade 2-4) during total knee arthroplasty. Patients scored their pain on a 0 to 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS). VEGF levels in the SM of KOA patients with strong/severe (VAS ≥ 6) and mild/moderate pain (VAS < 6) were compared. Correlations between VAS and VEGF mRNA expression were investigated. To investigate a possible mechanism for VEGF-induced pain, the distribution of VEGF and the neuropeptide apelin was determined by immunohistochemical analyses. To investigate the role of VEGF in regulating apelin expression, SM cells were exposed to VEGF. RESULTS VEGF expression in the VAS ≥ 6 group was significantly greater than expression in the VAS < 6 group. Expression levels of VEGF were also positively correlated with VAS. VEGF-positive cells were identified in the lining of the SM. Expression of apelin mRNA and protein were significantly elevated in SM cells treated with exogenous VEGF compared to those treated with vehicle. CONCLUSION Synovial VEGF may be involved in pain pathways in KOA and its action may be mediated by apelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Takano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Toshihide Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Jun Aikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Dai Iwase
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Manabu Mukai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, 252-0374, Japan
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23
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Mukai M, Uchida K, Takano S, Iwase D, Aikawa J, Inoue G, Miyagi M, Takaso M. Down-regulation of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 in the infrapatellar fat pad of osteoarthritis patients with hypercholesterolemia. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:137. [PMID: 29898737 PMCID: PMC6001124 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While epidemiological studies have reported a potential role for hypercholesterolemia (HCE) in osteoarthritis (OA), the association between HCE and OA has yet to be clarified. Adipose tissue is a primary locus for cholesterol metabolism and the presence of HCE reportedly causes adipose dysfunction. The knee joint contains adipose tissue in the form of the infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP), which has been shown to contribute to the pathophysiology of OA in the knee via the secretion of inflammatory mediators. However, the effect of HCE on the expression of inflammatory mediators in the IPFP has not been elucidated. METHODS IPFP and synovial tissues (ST) were extracted from 145 subjects with OA, diagnosed by radiography, during total knee arthroplasty. OA patients were divided into three groups according to their total cholesterol levels (Desirable, Borderline high and High) based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEPATP III). We examined the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 using real-time polymerase chain reaction and compared results among the Desirable, Borderline high and High groups. RESULTS The mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in ST and the IPFP were not significantly different among the three groups. COX-2 mRNA expression in ST and IPFP was likewise not different among the three groups. While the mRNA expression level of mPGES1 in ST was also not significantly different, that of mPGES1 in the IPFP was significantly lower in the High group than in the Desirable and Borderline high groups. CONCLUSION mRNA levels of mPGES-1 are reduced in the IPFP of knee OA patients with HCE. Additional studies are need to clarify the effect of mPGES-1 down-regulation in OA pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Mukai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Shotaro Takano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Dai Iwase
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Jun Aikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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Miyagi M, Uchida K, Takano S, Fujimaki H, Aikawa J, Sekiguchi H, Nagura N, Ohtori S, Inoue G, Takaso M. Macrophage-derived inflammatory cytokines regulate growth factors and pain-related molecules in mice with intervertebral disc injury. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2274-2279. [PMID: 29508435 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and various growth factors is a significant contributor to discogenic low back pain. The aim of this study was to investigate possible regulation of pain-related molecules by macrophages and the role of macrophage-derived molecules in injured intervertebral disc (IVD)s. C57BL/6J mice were used in this study. We characterized the expression profiles of genes for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, nerve growth factor (NGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in both intact and injured IVDs. We examined whether macrophage depletion, induced by systemic injection of clodronate-laden liposomes, affected the expression of these molecules in injured IVDs. The effect of TNF-alpha on cultured F4/80-CD11b-cells in injured IVDs was investigated. Expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta was significantly increased in injured IVDs, but decreased by macrophage depletion. Expression of NGF and VEGF was also significantly increased, but by contrast was not decreased by macrophage depletion. TNF-alpha treatment of F4/80-cells from injured IVDs upregulated NGF, VEGF, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES1). IVD injury upregulated inflammatory cytokines and various growth factors. Macrophages in the injured IVDs produced inflammatory cytokines, but not growth factors. Macrophage-derived inflammatory cytokines regulate growth factors and pain-related molecules. These findings demonstrate further complexity in the pathogenesis of discogenic pain. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Miyagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Shotaro Takano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hisako Fujimaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Jun Aikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sekiguchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Naoshige Nagura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Seiji Ohtori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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25
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Uchida K, Takano S, Matsumoto T, Nagura N, Inoue G, Itakura M, Miyagi M, Aikawa J, Iwase D, Minatani A, Fujimaki H, Takaso M. Transforming growth factor activating kinase 1 regulates extracellular matrix degrading enzymes and pain-related molecule expression following tumor necrosis factor-α stimulation of synovial cells: an in vitro study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017; 18:283. [PMID: 28668088 PMCID: PMC5493881 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1648-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have suggested that the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) pathway is a potential target for the management of osteoarthritis (OA). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is essential in several cytokine-mediated cascades, including the TNF-α, interleukin-1 (IL-1), and TGF-β pathways. The role of TAK1 in synovial tissue in OA is not fully understood. Using synovial cells harvested from OA patients during surgery, we investigated whether TAK1 inhibition suppresses production of TNF-α-induced extracellular matrix degrading enzymes and expression of pain-related molecules. Methods Synovial tissues were harvested from ten subjects with radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis (OA) during total knee arthroplasty. Synovial cells were cultured and stimulated with control (culture media), 10 ng/mL human recombinant TNF-α, or 10 ng/mL TNF-α and 10 μM of the TAK1 inhibitor (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol for 24 h. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was used to monitor expression of mRNA of the extracellular matrix degrading enzymes matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease (reprolysin type) with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 4 (ADAMTS-4); and of the pain-related molecules cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), and nerve growth factor (NGF). MMP-3 and NGF protein concentrations in cell supernatant were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). COX-2, mPGES-1 and ADAMTS-4 protein expression was also evaluated by western blotting. Results TNF-α stimulated increases in ADAMTS-4 and MMP3 mRNA (2.0-fold and 1.6-fold, respectively, p < 0.05) and protein expression (21.5-fold and 2.0-fold, respectively). Treatment with the TAK1 inihibitor (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol reduced ADAMTS-4 and MMP3 mRNA (0.5-fold and 0.6-fold, respectively) and protein expression (1.4-fold and 0.5-fold, respectively) in OA synovial cells. COX-2, mPGES-1 and NGF mRNA (11.2-fold, 3.1-fold and 2.7-fold, respectively) and protein expression (3.0-fold, 2.7-fold and 2.2-fold, respectively) were increased by TNF-α. (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol treatment reduced mPGES1 and NGF mRNA (1.5-fold and 0.8-fold, respectively) and protein (1.5-fold and 0.5-fold, respectively). Conclusion TAK1 plays an important role in the regulation of TNF-α induced extracellular matrix degrading enzymes and pain-related molecule expression. TAK1 may be a potential target for therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing osteoarthritis progression and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Shotaro Takano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Toshihide Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Naoshige Nagura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Makoto Itakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Jun Aikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Dai Iwase
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Atsushi Minatani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hisako Fujimaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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Takano S, Uchida K, Inoue G, Minatani A, Miyagi M, Aikawa J, Iwase D, Onuma K, Mukai M, Takaso M. Increase and regulation of synovial calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in patients with painful knee osteoarthritis. J Pain Res 2017; 10:1099-1104. [PMID: 28546767 PMCID: PMC5436753 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s135939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies suggest that the vasodilatory neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is localized in the synovial tissue and may be involved in the pathology of hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, the regulation and relationship between pain and CGRP expression levels in the synovial tissue of human OA patients are not fully understood. Methods Synovial tissues were harvested from 74 participants with radiographic knee OA (unilateral Kellgren/Lawrence grades 3–4) during total knee arthroplasty. CGRP-expressing cells in the resected tissue were identified by immunohistochemical analyses. To examine CGRP expression levels, CD14-positive (CD14+) (macrophage-rich cell fraction) and CD14-negative (CD14−; fibroblast-rich cell fraction) cells were isolated from the synovial tissue. To investigate the involvement of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the regulation of CGRP expression, cultured CD14− and CD14+ cells were stimulated with PGE2. In addition, CGRP expression levels in the synovial tissue of OA patients with strong/severe (visual analog scale [VAS]≥6) and mild/moderate pain (VAS<6) were compared. Results CGRP-positive cells were detected in the intimal lining layer and comprised both CD14− and CD14+ cells. CGRP expression in non-cultured CD14− fractions was significantly higher than that in CD14+ fractions. The expression levels of CGRP were significantly increased in cultured CD14− cell fractions treated with exogenous PGE2, compared to untreated CD14− cell fractions. In contrast, treatment with PGE2 did not increase CGRP regardless of whether or not CD14+ cells expressed CGRP. Furthermore, CGRP expression in the VAS≥6 group was also significantly higher than that in the VAS<6 group. Conclusion These findings suggest that CGRP expression in the synovial fibroblasts is regulated by the COX-2/PGE2 pathway and that elevation of synovial CGRP levels may contribute to OA pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Takano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Atsushi Minatani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Jun Aikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Dai Iwase
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kenji Onuma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Manabu Mukai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
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Aikawa J, Uchida K, Takano S, Inoue G, Minatani A, Miyagi M, Iwase D, Sekiguchi H, Mukai M, Takaso M. Expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the infrapatellar fat pad in knee osteoarthritis patients. J Orthop Surg Res 2017; 12:65. [PMID: 28431586 PMCID: PMC5399802 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-017-0568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) has been implicated as a possible source of osteoarthritis (OA) development and knee pain due to the production of inflammatory mediators and the existence of nerve fibers within this structure. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a vasodilatory neuropeptide that is localized to joint tissues and has recently been implicated in the development of knee OA and OA pain. To date, however, the expression levels of CGRP in the IPFP of human knee OA patients have not been examined. Methods IFFP and synovial (SYN) tissues were harvested from 100 individuals with radiographic knee OA (unilateral Kellgren/Lawrence [K/L] grades 2–4) during total knee arthroplasty and subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for CGRP localization. In addition, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of CGRP and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the collected tissues were evaluated and compared using real-time PCR analysis of total RNA extracts. CGRP and COX-2 mRNA expression were also compared among individuals with K/L grades 2–4. Results CGRP-positive cells were detected in the capillaries within the IPFP and lining layer of SYN tissue. The expression levels of CGRP in the IPFP were positively correlated with COX-2 and were significantly higher than those in SYN tissue. CGRP expression in tissue from the KL4 group was twofold higher than that from the KL2 group. Conclusions The IPFP of knee OA patients produces relatively high levels of CGRP, which may be regulated by COX-2 at the transcriptional level. Further studies are needed to determine if CGRP levels are directly linked to OA pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Aikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Shotaro Takano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Atsushi Minatani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Dai Iwase
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sekiguchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Manabu Mukai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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