1
|
Kanekasu H, Shiraiwa Y, Taira S, Watanabe H. Primiparas' prenatal depressive symptoms, anxiety, and salivary oxytocin level predict early postnatal maternal-infant bonding: a Japanese longitudinal study. Arch Womens Ment Health 2024; 27:649-658. [PMID: 38407602 PMCID: PMC11231007 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-024-01441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE It was reported that maternal-infant bonding failure predicts abusive parenting. Maternal-infant bonding is important to prevent child abuse. This study aimed to investigate the association between prenatal depressive symptoms, anxiety, cortisol, and oxytocin levels, and postnatal maternal-infant bonding. METHODS The participants completed a self-report prenatal questionnaire that included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in the second trimester. Blood and saliva were collected in the second trimester. Cortisol levels were measured in plasma, while oxytocin levels were measured in saliva. Postnatal questionnaires, including the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS), were administered at 2-5 days, 1 month, and 3 months postpartum. Multiple linear regression and generalized estimating equation (GEE) were conducted for analysis. RESULTS Sixty-six primiparas participated in the study. Prenatal depressive symptoms (EPDS ≥ 9) and anxiety (STAI-S ≥ 42) were observed in 21.2% and 28.8% of the participants, respectively. The median cortisol and oxytocin levels were 21.0 µg/dL and 30.4 pg/mL, respectively. Multivariate linear regression showed that postnatal social support, prenatal depressive symptoms, anxiety, and salivary oxytocin levels predicted MIBS scores at 2-5 days postpartum. At 1 month postpartum, household income, history of miscarriage, postnatal social support, and prenatal anxiety predicted MIBS scores. At 3 months postpartum, only postnatal social support predicted MIBS scores. The results of GEE showed that prenatal anxiety, oxytocin levels, postpartum period, household income, and postpartum social support were associated with MIBS scores. CONCLUSION Prenatal depressive symptoms, anxiety, and lower salivary oxytocin levels were predicted to worsen maternal-infant bonding at 2-5 days postpartum. Prenatal anxiety was predicted to cause the same 1 month postpartum. Measuring prenatal depressive symptoms, anxiety, and salivary oxytocin levels may render the assessment of the risk of maternal-infant bonding failure during the early postpartum period and intervene during pregnancy possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Kanekasu
- Department of Children and Women's Health, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Shu Taira
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa, Fukushima, 960-1248, Japan
| | - Hiroko Watanabe
- Department of Children and Women's Health, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khin ET, Takeda Y, Iwata K, Nishimoto S. Psychological Distress and Associated Factors among Technical Intern Trainees in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:963. [PMID: 39200574 PMCID: PMC11353315 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21080963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024]
Abstract
Japan is experiencing significant demographic shifts due to an aging and declining population. In 1993, the Japanese Government introduced the Technical Intern Training Program (TITP) to accept foreign national workers. While the number of technical intern trainees under this program has constantly increased, many of them face challenges in their daily lives, such as stress, health insecurities and limited access to healthcare. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the mental well-being of technical intern trainees, focusing on psychological distress and its related factors. This study included 304 technical intern trainees from 12 prefectures in Japan, and was conducted from August 2021 to October 2021. We used self-administered questionnaires in the participants' native languages to assess their sociodemographic conditions, health-related conditions such as health insecurities and healthcare-seeking behaviors, and psychological distress. The K6 Kessler Psychological Distress Scale was applied to evaluate the levels of psychological distress. Among the participants, 26.3% had moderate psychological distress and 2.3% had severe psychological distress. In addition, about 15% of the participants reported health insecurities and did not see a doctor despite wanting to. The multivariate model of logistic regression revealed significant associations between psychological distress and female gender (AOR 2.62, 95% CI 1.12-6.12), nationality other than Vietnamese (AOR 4.85, 95% CI 2.60-9.07), tough financial conditions (AOR 2.23, 95% CI 1.18-4.19), experiencing health insecurity (AOR 2.21, 95% CI 1.04-4.66) and the health behavior of refraining from seeking medical care (AOR 3.06, 95% CI 1.49-6.30). The top reasons for refraining from seeking medical care were the participants' limited knowledge about the healthcare system in Japan and their worries about medical bills. These findings highlight the necessity to extend mental health support services, including counseling services, and share information about Japan's healthcare system to supply medical services to the targeted technical intern trainee population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ei Thinzar Khin
- Department of Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
| | - Yuko Takeda
- Department of Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
| | - Kazunari Iwata
- Department of Japanese Language and Literature, Faculty of Liberal Arts, University of the Sacred Heart, Tokyo 150-0012, Japan;
| | - Shuhei Nishimoto
- Innovative Organization for Human Resource Cultivation and Encouragement (iforce), Tokyo 111-0051, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tsoh JY, Takubo Y, Fukui E, Suzuki A, Iwai M, Saito H, Tsujino N, Uchino T, Katagiri N, Nemoto T. Exploring early discontinuation of mental health outpatient treatment: language, demographics and clinical characteristics among migrant populations in Japan. BMJ MENTAL HEALTH 2024; 27:e301059. [PMID: 38960880 PMCID: PMC11227775 DOI: 10.1136/bmjment-2024-301059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fast-growing migrant population in Japan and globally poses challenges in mental healthcare, yet research addressing migrants' mental health treatment engagement remains limited. OBJECTIVE This study examined language proficiency, demographic and clinical characteristics as predictors of early treatment discontinuation among migrants. METHODS Electronic health record data from 196 adult migrants, identified from 14 511 patients who received mental health outpatient treatment during 2016 and 2019 at three central hospitals in the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan region of Japan, were used. We conducted multivariable regression models to identify predictors of early discontinuation within 3 months. FINDINGS The study cohort (65% women, age range: 18-90 years, from 29 countries or regions) included 23% non-Japanese speakers. Japanese and non-Japanese speakers had similar discontinuation rates (26% vs 22%). Multivariable models revealed younger age (OR=0.97; 95% CI: 0.95, 0.99; p=0.016) and those with a primary diagnosis other than a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (OR=3.99; 95% CI: 1.36, 11.77; p=0.012) or a neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorder (OR=2.79; 95% CI: 1.14, 6.84; p=0.025) had higher odds of early discontinuation. These effects were more pronounced among the Japanese speakers with significant language-by-age and language-by-diagnoses interactions. CONCLUSION Younger age and having a primary diagnosis other than a schizophrenia spectrum disorder or a neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorder increased vulnerability for discontinuing mental health treatment early in Japanese-speaking migrants but not for migrants with limited Japanese proficiency. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Understanding language needs within a context of mental health treatment should go beyond assumed or observed fluency. Unmet language needs might increase vulnerability for treatment disengagement among migrants. Targeted clinical efforts are crucial for enhancing early treatment engagement and informing health practices in Japan and countries with growing migrant populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice Y Tsoh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Implementation Science, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youji Takubo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Implementation Science, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Fukui
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Implementation Science, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoko Iwai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Saito
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naohisa Tsujino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Uchino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Implementation Science, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Katagiri
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Implementation Science, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nemoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Implementation Science, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Iglesias Rodríguez IM, Miura S, Maeda T, Imai K, Smith C, Vasquez Velasquez C, Honda S, Hirayama K. Analysis of the Chagas disease situation in Japan: a cross sectional study and cost-effectiveness analysis of a Chagas disease screening program. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2023; 31:100574. [PMID: 36879788 PMCID: PMC9985010 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Japan is estimated to host 3000 cases of Chagas disease (CD). However, there are no epidemiological data and policies for prevention and care. We aimed to analyze the current situation of CD in Japan and identify possible barriers to seeking care. Methods This cross-sectional study included Latin American (LA) migrants living in Japan from March 2019 to October 2020. We obtained blood samples to identify participants infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, and data about sociodemographic information, CD risk factors, and barriers to access to the Japanese national health care system (JNHS). We used the observed prevalence to calculate the cost-effectiveness analysis of the screening of CD in the JNHS. Findings The study included 428 participants, most of them were from Brazil, Bolivia and Peru. The observed prevalence was 1.6% (expected prevalence= 0.75%) and 5.3% among Bolivians. Factors associated with seropositivity were being born in Bolivia, having previously taken a CD test, witnessing the triatome bug at home, and having a relative with CD. The screening model was more cost-effective than the non-screening model from a health care perspective (ICER=200,320 JPY). Factors associated with access to JNHS were being female, length of stay in Japan, Japanese communication skills, source of information, and satisfaction about the JNHS. Interpretation Screening of asymptomatic adults at risk of CD may be a cost-effective strategy in Japan. However, its implementation should consider the barriers that affect LA migrants in access to the JNHS. Funding Nagasaki University and Infectious Diseases Japanese Association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sachio Miura
- NPO organization, MAIKEN, Motohachioji, Hachioji, Tokyo 193-0826, Japan
| | - Takuya Maeda
- Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuo Imai
- Department of Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chris Smith
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Clara Vasquez Velasquez
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Sumihisa Honda
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arita K, Shibanuma A, Carandang RR, Jimba M. Competence in Daily Activities and Mental Well-Being among Technical Intern Trainees in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063189. [PMID: 35328879 PMCID: PMC8951441 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Migrant workers are at a greater risk of having low mental well-being compared to their local counterparts. The Japanese government accepts migrants through its Technical Intern Training programs, but the factors associated with their mental well-being remain unclear. This study aimed to (1) assess trainees' competence and importance in daily activities and (2) examine the association between their competence and mental well-being. We conducted a cross-sectional study using self-administered questionnaires. We recruited trainees through their supervising organizations and social media. We used the Occupational Self-Assessment tool to measure competence and importance in daily activities and the World Health Organization-5 Well-being Index to measure mental well-being. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to examine the association between competence and mental well-being. Among 383 trainees, 30.6% felt difficulty expressing themselves, and 27.4% felt difficulty accomplishing goals. Almost 50% valued self-care, working towards their goals, and managing their finances. Higher competence scores were associated with higher mental well-being scores (B = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.52, 1.00). Competence may be a key to having higher mental well-being among migrant trainees in Japan. A supportive and enabling environment, as well as mental health promotion at the community level, may improve trainees' competence in daily activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuniko Arita
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (K.A.); (R.R.C.); (M.J.)
- Department of Occupational Therapy, The Graduate School of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan
| | - Akira Shibanuma
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (K.A.); (R.R.C.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-03-5841-3403
| | - Rogie Royce Carandang
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (K.A.); (R.R.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Masamine Jimba
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (K.A.); (R.R.C.); (M.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dragioti E, Tsamakis K, Larsson B, Gerdle B. Predictive association between immigration status and chronic pain in the general population: results from the SwePain cohort. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1462. [PMID: 32993730 PMCID: PMC7526181 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09546-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Previous studies suggest that immigration may influence the experience of pain.
Objective
This population-based study examines whether immigration status is associated with chronic pain (CP), chronic widespread pain (CWSP), and severe CP at a two-year follow-up. We also tested mediation by mood status (i.e., anxiety and depression).
Methods
15, 563 participants from a representative stratified random sample of 34,000 individuals living in south-eastern Sweden completed a postal survey, during 2013–2015, that included the following data: immigration status; presence of CP (pain lasting at least 3 months) and CWSP (a modified classification of widespread pain for use in epidemiological studies); severity of CP based on a numeric rating scale; and depression, anxiety, economic situation, and sociodemographic information. We applied logistic regressions using the generalized estimating equations (GEE), with Swedish-born as the reference group and path analyses models.
Results
Compared to the Swedish-born participants (n = 14,093;90%), the immigrants (n = 1470;10%) had an elevated risk of all pain outcomes (CP: odds ratio [OR] = 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI = 1.04–1.33, CWSP: OR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.15–1.69 and severe CP: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.23–1.87) after adjustments. Path analyses showed that baseline age, immigrant status, and financial hardship had a significant influence on chronic pain outcomes at follow-up with baseline mood status as the mediator. Immigration status was also associated with age and financial hardship.
Conclusion
Immigrants may have increased risk of chronic pain, widespread pain, and severe pain and this risk is mediated by mood status. Targeted interventions better tailored to the socio-economic and psychological status of immigrants with chronic pain are warranted.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migration is a stressful process of resettlement and acculturation that can often negatively impact the mental health of migrants. International migration to Japan, a country with dominant ethnic homogeneity, is growing steadily amid an ageing domestic population and severe labour shortages. OBJECTIVES To identify the contemporary barriers to, and facilitators of, mental well-being among the migrant population in Japan. DESIGN Systematic review DATA SOURCES: PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Science, Ichushi and J-Stage ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Research articles examining the mental well-being of international migrants in Japan that were published in English or Japanese between January 2000 and September 2018 were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Full texts of relevant articles were screened and references of the included studies were hand-searched for further admissible articles. Study characteristics, mental well-being facilitators and barriers, as well as policy recommendations were synthesised into categorical observations and were then thematically analysed. RESULTS Fifty-five studies (23 published in English), surveying a total of 8649 migrants, were identified. The most commonly studied migrant nationalities were Brazilian (36%), followed by Chinese (27%) and Filipino (8%). Thematic analysis of barriers to mental well-being among migrants chiefly identified 'language difficulties', 'being female' and 'lack of social support', whereas the primary facilitators were 'social networks' followed by 'cultural identity'. Policy recommendations for authorities generally described more migrant support services and cross-cultural awareness among the Japanese public. CONCLUSION Access to social support networks of various types appears to be an influential factor affecting the mental well-being of international migrants in Japan. More research is necessary on how to promote such connections to foster a more inclusive and multicultural Japanese society amid rapid demographic change. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018108421.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell Miller
- Community and Global Health, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Yuri Tomita
- Community and Global Health, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | | | - Akira Shibanuma
- Community and Global Health, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Masamine Jimba
- Community and Global Health, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nur’ainun, Novieastari E. Students’ ability in delivering transcultural nursing linked to their place of origin: A cross-sectional study. ENFERMERIA CLINICA 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
Gilmour S, Hoshino H, Dhungel B. Suicide Mortality in Foreign Residents of Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16173013. [PMID: 31438491 PMCID: PMC6747213 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is a major public health issue in Japan, with very high rates of death compared to other countries in the Asia Pacific. Foreigners living in Japan may be at increased risk of suicide, but little is known about how their risk of suicide differs from that of their country of origin or Japanese nationals. We used data on suicide mortality from the Japan Vital Registration System for the period 2012–2016 to analyze risk of suicide mortality in Japan for Japanese, Korean, Chinese, and other nationalities living in Japan, adjusting for age and separately by sex. We estimated standardized mortality rates using both the Japanese population as a reference, and also the population of the home nation of the foreign residents. We found that Korean nationals living in Japan have significantly higher mortality rates than Japanese nationals, and that the suicide mortality rate of Korean nationals living in Japan is higher than in their home country, but that this is not the case for Chinese or other nationals resident in Japan. Koreans living in Japan have a very high risk of mortality due to suicide which may reflect the special social, economic, and cultural pressures they face as a marginalized population in Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Gilmour
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's Center for Clinical Academia, Susumu & Mieko Memorial, St. Luke's International University, 3-6-2 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Haruko Hoshino
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's Center for Clinical Academia, Susumu & Mieko Memorial, St. Luke's International University, 3-6-2 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Bibha Dhungel
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's Center for Clinical Academia, Susumu & Mieko Memorial, St. Luke's International University, 3-6-2 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| |
Collapse
|