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Bick F, Blanchetot C, Lambrecht BN, Schuijs MJ. A reappraisal of IL-9 in inflammation and cancer. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00106-5. [PMID: 39389468 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
While much is known about the functional effects of type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in homeostasis and disease, we still poorly understand the functions of IL-9. Chronic inflammation seen in allergic diseases, autoimmunity and cancer is however frequently accompanied by overproduction of this elusive type 2 cytokine. Initially identified as a T cell and mast cell growth factor, and later as the hallmark cytokine defining TH9 cells, we now know that IL-9 is produced by multiple innate and adaptive immune cells. Recent evidence suggests that IL-9 controls discrete aspects of the allergic cascade, cellular responses of immune and stromal cells, cancer progression, tolerance and immune escape. Despite functioning as a pleiotropic cytokine in mucosal environments, like the lungs, the direct and indirect cellular targets of IL-9 are still not well characterized. Here, we discuss IL-9's cellular senders and receivers, focusing on asthma and cancer. Moreover, we review current research directions and the outlook of targeted therapy centered around the biology of IL-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Bick
- argenx BV, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijn J Schuijs
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Sinkarevs S, Strumfs B, Volkova S, Strumfa I. Tumour Microenvironment: The General Principles of Pathogenesis and Implications in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma. Cells 2024; 13:1057. [PMID: 38920685 PMCID: PMC11201569 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma worldwide, constituting around 30-40% of all cases. Almost 60% of patients develop relapse of refractory DLBCL. Among the reasons for the therapy failure, tumour microenvironment (TME) components could be involved, including tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumour-associated neutrophils (TANs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and different subtypes of cytotoxic CD8+ cells and T regulatory cells, which show complex interactions with tumour cells. Understanding of the TME can provide new therapeutic options for patients with DLBCL and improve their prognosis and overall survival. This review provides essentials of the latest understanding of tumour microenvironment elements and discusses their role in tumour progression and immune suppression mechanisms which result in poor prognosis for patients with DLBCL. In addition, we point out important markers for the diagnostic purposes and highlight novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ilze Strumfa
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
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3
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Khokhar M, Purohit P. The emerging role of T helper 9 (Th9) cells in immunopathophysiology: A comprehensive review of their effects and responsiveness in various disease states. Int Rev Immunol 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38864109 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2024.2364586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Th9 cells, a subset of T-helper cells producing interleukin-9 (IL-9), play a vital role in the adaptive immune response and have diverse effects in different diseases. Regulated by transcription factors like PU.1 and IRF4, and cytokines such as IL-4 and TGF-β, Th9 cells drive tissue inflammation. This review focuses on their emerging role in immunopathophysiology. Th9 cells exhibit immune-mediated cancer cell destruction, showing promise in glioma and cervical cancer treatment. However, their role in breast and lung cancer is intricate, requiring a deeper understanding of pro- and anti-tumor aspects. Th9 cells, along with IL-9, foster T cell and immune cell proliferation, contributing to autoimmune disorders. They are implicated in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and infections. In allergic reactions and asthma, Th9 cells fuel pro-inflammatory responses. Targeting Foxo1 may regulate innate and adaptive immune responses, alleviating disease symptoms. This comprehensive review outlines Th9 cells' evolving immunopathophysiological role, emphasizing the necessity for further research to grasp their effects and potential therapeutic applications across diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Khokhar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, India
| | - Purvi Purohit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, India
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Kazakov AS, Deryusheva EI, Rastrygina VA, Sokolov AS, Permyakova ME, Litus EA, Uversky VN, Permyakov EA, Permyakov SE. Interaction of S100A6 Protein with the Four-Helical Cytokines. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1345. [PMID: 37759746 PMCID: PMC10526228 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
S100 is a family of over 20 structurally homologous, but functionally diverse regulatory (calcium/zinc)-binding proteins of vertebrates. The involvement of S100 proteins in numerous vital (patho)physiological processes is mediated by their interaction with various (intra/extra)cellular protein partners, including cell surface receptors. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed the ability of specific S100 proteins to modulate cell signaling via direct interaction with cytokines. Previously, we revealed the binding of ca. 71% of the four-helical cytokines via the S100P protein, due to the presence in its molecule of a cytokine-binding site overlapping with the binding site for the S100P receptor. Here, we show that another S100 protein, S100A6 (that has a pairwise sequence identity with S100P of 35%), specifically binds numerous four-helical cytokines. We have studied the affinity of the recombinant forms of 35 human four-helical cytokines from all structural families of this fold to Ca2+-loaded recombinant human S100A6, using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. S100A6 recognizes 26 of the cytokines from all families of this fold, with equilibrium dissociation constants from 0.3 nM to 12 µM. Overall, S100A6 interacts with ca. 73% of the four-helical cytokines studied to date, with a selectivity equivalent to that for the S100P protein, with the differences limited to the binding of interleukin-2 and oncostatin M. The molecular docking study evidences the presence in the S100A6 molecule of a cytokine-binding site, analogous to that found in S100P. The findings argue the presence in some of the promiscuous members of the S100 family of a site specific to a wide range of four-helical cytokines. This unique feature of the S100 proteins potentially allows them to modulate the activity of the numerous four-helical cytokines in the disorders accompanied by an excessive release of the cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S. Kazakov
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Evgenia I. Deryusheva
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Victoria A. Rastrygina
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Andrey S. Sokolov
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Maria E. Permyakova
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Litus
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
- Department of Molecular, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Eugene A. Permyakov
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Sergei E. Permyakov
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
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Pajulas A, Zhang J, Kaplan MH. The World according to IL-9. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:7-14. [PMID: 37339404 PMCID: PMC10287031 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Among the cytokines regulating immune cells, IL-9 has gained considerable attention for its ability to act on multiple cell types as a regulator of beneficial and pathologic immune responses. Yet, it is still not clearly defined how IL-9 impacts immune responses. IL-9 demonstrates a remarkable degree of tissue-specific functionality and has cellular sources that vary by tissue site and the context of the inflammatory milieu. Here, we provide perspective to summarize the biological activities of IL-9 and highlight cell type-specific roles in the immune pathogenesis of diseases. This perspective will be important in defining the diseases where targeting IL-9 as a therapeutic strategy would be beneficial and where it has the potential to complicate clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Pajulas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jilu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Cannon A, Pajulas A, Kaplan MH, Zhang J. The Dichotomy of Interleukin-9 Function in the Tumor Microenvironment. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2023; 43:229-245. [PMID: 37319357 PMCID: PMC10282829 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2023.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 9 (IL-9) is a cytokine with potent proinflammatory properties that plays a central role in pathologies such as allergic asthma, immunity to parasitic infection, and autoimmunity. More recently, IL-9 has garnered considerable attention in tumor immunity. Historically, IL-9 has been associated with a protumor function in hematological malignancies and an antitumor function in solid malignancies. However, recent discoveries of the dynamic role of IL-9 in cancer progression suggest that IL-9 can act as both a pro- or antitumor factor in various hematological and solid malignancies. This review summarizes IL-9-dependent control of tumor growth, regulation, and therapeutic applicability of IL-9 blockade and IL-9-producing cells in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cannon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Abigail Pajulas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Brown Center for Immunotherapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jilu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Gokhale S, Victor E, Tsai J, Spirollari E, Matracz B, Takatsuka S, Jung J, Kitamura D, Xie P. Upregulated Expression of the IL-9 Receptor on TRAF3-Deficient B Lymphocytes Confers Ig Isotype Switching Responsiveness to IL-9 in the Presence of Antigen Receptor Engagement and IL-4. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1059-1073. [PMID: 36883978 PMCID: PMC10073299 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The pleiotropic cytokine IL-9 signals to target cells by binding to a heterodimeric receptor consisting of the unique subunit IL-9R and the common subunit γ-chain shared by multiple cytokines of the γ-chain family. In the current study, we found that the expression of IL-9R was strikingly upregulated in mouse naive follicular B cells genetically deficient in TNFR-associated factor 3 (TRAF3), a critical regulator of B cell survival and function. The highly upregulated IL-9R on Traf3-/- follicular B cells conferred responsiveness to IL-9, including IgM production and STAT3 phosphorylation. Interestingly, IL-9 significantly enhanced class switch recombination to IgG1 induced by BCR crosslinking plus IL-4 in Traf3-/- B cells, which was not observed in littermate control B cells. We further demonstrated that blocking the JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway abrogated the enhancing effect of IL-9 on class switch recombination to IgG1 induced by BCR crosslinking plus IL-4 in Traf3-/- B cells. Our study thus revealed, to our knowledge, a novel pathway that TRAF3 suppresses B cell activation and Ig isotype switching by inhibiting IL-9R-JAK-STAT3 signaling. Taken together, our findings provide (to our knowledge) new insights into the TRAF3-IL-9R axis in B cell function and have significant implications for the understanding and treatment of a variety of human diseases involving aberrant B cell activation such as autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Eton Victor
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Jemmie Tsai
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Eris Spirollari
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Brygida Matracz
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Shogo Takatsuka
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Jaeyong Jung
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey
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Li Y, Li L, Zhang W, Gao Y. Amphiregulin/epidermal growth factor receptor/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α pathway regulates T helper 9 and T cytotoxic 9 cell response in adult patients with infectious mononucleosis. BIOMOLECULES AND BIOMEDICINE 2023; 23:63-72. [PMID: 36154925 PMCID: PMC9901907 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2022.8013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Amphiregulin (AREG)/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling induces hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), leading to promotion of T helper 9 (Th9) differentiation and anti-tumor functions. However, the role of the AREG/EGFR/HIF-1α pathway in regulating interleukin-9 (IL-9) production by T cells in adult patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM) has not been fully elucidated. Fifty IM patients and 20 controls were enrolled. The percentages of Th9 and T cytotoxic 9 (Tc9) cells, the mRNA relative expressions of the transcription factors of IL-9-secreting T cells, purine-rich nucleic acid binding protein 1 (PU.1) and forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1), and the levels of IL-9, AREG, EGFR, and HIF-1α were measured. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from IM patients were stimulated with EGFR inhibitor or exogenous AREG in the presence or absence of anti-HIF-1α. Regulation of the AREG/EGFR/HIF-1α pathway to IL-9 production by T cells was assessed. The percentages of Th9 and Tc9 cells, plasma IL-9 levels, and PU.1 and FOXO1 mRNA expressions were elevated in IM patients. Plasma levels of AREG and HIF-1α were also increased in IM patients. AREG levels correlated positively with the percentages of Th9 and Tc9 cells in IM patients. Inhibition of EGFR suppressed IL-9-producing T cell differentiation and HIF-1α production. Exogenous AREG stimulation not only induced EGFR and HIF-1α expression but also promoted IL-9-secreting T cell differentiation. Neutralization of HIF-1α abrogated AREG/EGFR-induced Th9 and Tc9 differentiation in IM patients. The current data suggested that the AREG/EGFR/HIF-1α pathway contributed to the elevation of Th9 and Tc9 differentiation in IM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Hematology, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Hematology, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China,Correspondence to Ying Gao:
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Rybchenko VS, Aliev TK, Panina AA, Kirpichnikov MP, Dolgikh DA. Targeted Cytokine Delivery for Cancer Treatment: Engineering and Biological Effects. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020336. [PMID: 36839658 PMCID: PMC9960319 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-tumor properties of several cytokines have already been investigated in multiple experiments and clinical trials. However, those studies evidenced substantial toxicities, even at low cytokine doses, and the lack of tumor specificity. These factors significantly limit clinical applications. Due to their high specificity and affinity, tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies or their antigen-binding fragments are capable of delivering fused cytokines to tumors and, therefore, of decreasing the number and severity of side effects, as well as of enhancing the therapeutic index. The present review surveys the actual antibody-cytokine fusion protein (immunocytokine) formats, their targets, mechanisms of action, and anti-tumor and other biological effects. Special attention is paid to the formats designed to prevent the off-target cytokine-receptor interactions, potentially inducing side effects. Here, we describe preclinical and clinical data and the efficacy of the antibody-mediated cytokine delivery approach, either as a single therapy or in combination with other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav S Rybchenko
- Bioengineering Department, Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Teimur K Aliev
- Bioengineering Department, Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Panina
- Bioengineering Department, Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail P Kirpichnikov
- Bioengineering Department, Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Dolgikh
- Bioengineering Department, Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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Kuhn LB, Valentin S, Stojanovic K, Strobl DC, Babushku T, Wang Y, Rambold U, Scheffler L, Grath S, John-Robbert D, Blum H, Feuchtinger A, Blutke A, Weih F, Kitamura D, Rad R, Strobl LJ, Zimber-Strobl U. RelB contributes to the survival, migration and lymphomagenesis of B cells with constitutively active CD40 signaling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:913275. [PMID: 36110848 PMCID: PMC9468873 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.913275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of CD40-signaling contributes to the initiation, progression and drug resistance of B cell lymphomas. We contributed to this knowledge by showing that constitutive CD40-signaling in B cells induces B cell hyperplasia and finally B cell lymphoma development in transgenic mice. CD40 activates, among others, the non-canonical NF-ĸB signaling, which is constitutively activated in several human B cell lymphomas and is therefore presumed to contribute to lymphopathogenesis. This prompted us to study the regulatory role of the non-canonical NF-ĸB transcription factor RelB in lymphomagenesis. To this end, we crossed mice expressing a constitutively active CD40 receptor in B cells with conditional RelB-KO mice. Ablation of RelB attenuated pre-malignant B cell expansion, and resulted in an impaired survival and activation of long-term CD40-stimulated B cells. Furthermore, we found that hyperactivation of non-canonical NF-кB signaling enhances the retention of B cells in the follicles of secondary lymphoid organs. RNA-Seq-analysis revealed that several genes involved in B-cell migration, survival, proliferation and cytokine signaling govern the transcriptional differences modulated by the ablation of RelB in long-term CD40-stimulated B cells. Inactivation of RelB did not abrogate lymphoma development. However, lymphomas occurred with a lower incidence and had a longer latency period. In summary, our data suggest that RelB, although it is not strictly required for malignant transformation, accelerates the lymphomagenesis of long-term CD40-stimulated B cells by regulating genes involved in migration, survival and cytokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B. Kuhn
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Valentin
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Stojanovic
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel C. Strobl
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tea Babushku
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Munich (TUM) School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Rambold
- Institute of Asthma and Allergy Prevention, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health., Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Scheffler
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Grath
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dorothy John-Robbert
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Falk Weih
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Munich (TUM) School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lothar J. Strobl
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Zimber-Strobl
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ursula Zimber-Strobl,
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Hui CW, Wu WC, Leung SO. Interleukins 4 and 21 Protect Anti-IgM Induced Cell Death in Ramos B Cells: Implication for Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:919854. [PMID: 35911775 PMCID: PMC9326153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.919854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukins 4 (IL-4) and 21 (IL-21) belong to the common gamma chain cytokine family which are highly involved in the progression of autoimmune diseases. While IL-4 is well known to be involved in the suppression of apoptosis of autoreactive B cells, the role played by IL-21 remains unclear. In the current study, we activated the human Burkitt’s lymphoma Ramos B cells with anti-IgM to mimic B cell hyperactivation observed in patients of autoimmune diseases. Consistent with other reported findings, anti-IgM led to the downregulation of proteins involved in B cell survival and proliferation, as well as the activation of caspase 3 activity and DNA damage, resulting in apoptotic cell death after 48-hour treatment. Although both IL-4 and IL-21 reversed anti-IgM-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, they did so via different mechanisms: while IL-4 could directly suppress anti-IgM-induced caspase 3 activation and marker indicative of DNA damage, IL-21 could induce B cell proliferation in the presence of anti-IgM. Importantly, IL-21 also suppressed activation induced cell death in human primary B cells. Pre-treatment with clinically validated JAK inhibitors completely reversed the effects of IL-4 and IL-21 to rescue anti-IgM induced cell death and DNA damage. The results indicate the underlying mechanisms of how IL-4 and IL-21 differentially promote survival of hyperactivated B cells and provide hints to treat autoimmune diseases.
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12
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Yeh SJ, Yeh TY, Chen BS. Systems Drug Discovery for Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Based on Pathogenic Molecular Mechanism via Big Data Mining and Deep Learning Method. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126732. [PMID: 35743172 PMCID: PMC9224183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive heterogeneous disease. The most common subtypes of DLBCL include germinal center b-cell (GCB) type and activated b-cell (ABC) type. To learn more about the pathogenesis of two DLBCL subtypes (i.e., DLBCL ABC and DLBCL GCB), we firstly construct a candidate genome-wide genetic and epigenetic network (GWGEN) by big database mining. With the help of two DLBCL subtypes’ genome-wide microarray data, we identify their real GWGENs via system identification and model order selection approaches. Afterword, the core GWGENs of two DLBCL subtypes could be extracted from real GWGENs by principal network projection (PNP) method. By comparing core signaling pathways and investigating pathogenic mechanisms, we are able to identify pathogenic biomarkers as drug targets for DLBCL ABC and DLBCL GCD, respectively. Furthermore, we do drug discovery considering drug-target interaction ability, drug regulation ability, and drug toxicity. Among them, a deep neural network (DNN)-based drug-target interaction (DTI) model is trained in advance to predict potential drug candidates holding higher probability to interact with identified biomarkers. Consequently, two drug combinations are proposed to alleviate DLBCL ABC and DLBCL GCB, respectively.
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13
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Assadiasl S, Fatahi Y, Nicknam MH. T helper-9 cells and Interleukin-9 in transplantation: The open question. Hum Immunol 2022; 83:499-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Cai M, Chen N. The Roles of IRF-8 in Regulating IL-9-Mediated Immunologic Mechanisms in the Development of DLBCL: A State-of-the-Art Literature Review. Front Oncol 2022; 12:817069. [PMID: 35211408 PMCID: PMC8860898 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.817069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF-8) is a transcription suppressor that functions through associations with other transcription factors, contributing to the growth and differentiation of bone marrow cells and the activation of macrophages. IRF-8 expression profoundly affects pathogenic processes ranging from infections to blood diseases. Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a multipotent cytokine that acts on a variety of immune cells by binding to the IL-9 receptor (IL-9R) and is involved in a variety of diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and other pathogen-mediated immune regulatory diseases. Studies have shown that IL-9 levels are significantly increased in the serum of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and IL-9 levels are correlated with the DLBCL prognostic index. The activator protein-1 (AP-1) complex is a dimeric transcription factor that plays a critical role in cellular proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, oncogene-induced transformation, and invasion by controlling basic and induced transcription of several genes containing the AP-1 locus. The AP-1 complex is involved in many cancers, including hematological tumors. In this report, we systematically review the precise roles of IL-9, IRF-8, and AP-1 in tumor development, particularly with regard to DLBCL. Finally, the recent progress in IRF-8 and IL-9 research is presented; the possible relationship among IRF-8, IL-9, and AP-1 family members is analyzed; and future research prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Cai
- Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Department of Hematology, Jinan, China
| | - Na Chen
- Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Department of Hematology, Jinan, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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15
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Interleukin (IL)-9 Supports the Tumor-Promoting Environment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246301. [PMID: 34944921 PMCID: PMC8699356 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Interleukin 9 (IL-9), a soluble factor secreted by immune cells, has been found in several tumor niches where, depending on the specific tumor type, it either promotes or counteracts tumor development. Recently, IL-9 has been implicated in the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, although the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. Here, we summarize the current knowledge concerning the roles of IL-9 in disease, with a focus on its implication in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Abstract Interleukin (IL)-9 is a soluble factor secreted by immune cells into the microenvironment. Originally identified as a mediator of allergic responses, IL-9 has been detected in recent years in several tumor niches. In solid tumors, it mainly promotes anti-tumor immune responses, while in hematologic malignancies, it sustains the growth and survival of neoplastic cells. IL-9 has been recently implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its contribution to this complex neoplasia are still unclear. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of IL-9 in the tumor microenvironment, with a focus on its role in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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16
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Gupta A, Mishra P, Nityanand S. Serum Albumin Predicts Survival in Indian Adult Diffuse Large B cell Lymphoma Patients in the Rituximab Era. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_96_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: The present study was done to evaluate the prognostic impact of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network-International Prognostic Index (NCCN-IPI) and serum albumin levels in the treatment outcome of Indian diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients in the rituximab era. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data (2013–2016) of 135 newly diagnosed DLBCL cases ≥18 years of age. All patients received Rituximab-Cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, Vincristine, Prednisone (R-CHOP) chemotherapy. The analysis was carried out to assess the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) and the prognostic factors predicting the outcome. Results: Of the 135 patients in the study, 89 (65.9%) had B-symptoms, 20 (14.8%) had bulky disease, 79 (58.5%) had advanced disease (Stage III and IV), and 29 (21.5%) had primary extranodal involvement. Serum albumin ≤3.5 g% was present in 71 (52.6%) patients. About 74 (54.8%) cases were risk stratified to NCCN-IPI high-intermediate-risk group, while 18 (13.3%) patients were categorized into high-risk group. The median PFS and OS of our study cohort were 19 months (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.59–35.4) and 38 months (95% CI = 9.02–55.68), respectively. Serum albumin ≤3.5 g/dl was significantly associated with poor OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.99, 95% CI = 2.25–7.07, P < 0.001) and PFS (HR = 3.71, 95% CI = 2.20–6.26, P < 0.002). Similarly, low NCCN-IPI (<4) was significantly associated with improved OS (HR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.09–0.47, P < 0.005) and PFS (HR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.09–0.41, P < 0.001), respectively. These two factors (serum albumin and NCCN-IPI) retained their prognostic significance with respect to OS and PFS in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: The NCCN-IPI prognostic model and serum albumin levels have independent prognostic significance in Indian DLBCL patients. Serum albumin is a readily available, easy to standardize, and cheap investigation requiring no specialized expertise and holds promise for being incorporated in future DLBCL prognostic risk models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Gupta
- Departments of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prabhakar Mishra
- Departments of Biostatistics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Soniya Nityanand
- Departments of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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17
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The dangers of déjà vu: memory B cells as the cells of origin of ABC-DLBCLs. Blood 2021; 136:2263-2274. [PMID: 32932517 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated B-cell (ABC)-diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are clinically aggressive and phenotypically complex malignancies, whose transformation mechanisms remain unclear. Partially differentiated antigen-secreting cells (plasmablasts) have long been regarded as cells-of-origin for these tumors, despite lack of definitive experimental evidence. Recent DLBCL reclassification based on mutational landscapes identified MCD/C5 tumors as specific ABC-DLBCLs with unfavorable clinical outcome, activating mutations in the signaling adaptors MYD88 and CD79B, and immune evasion through mutation of antigen-presenting genes. MCD/C5s manifest prominent extranodal dissemination and similarities with primary extranodal lymphomas (PENLs). In this regard, recent studies on TBL1XR1, a gene recurrently mutated in MCD/C5s and PENLs, suggest that aberrant memory B cells (MBs), and not plasmablasts, are the true cells-of-origin for these tumors. Moreover, transcriptional and phenotypic profiling suggests that MCD/C5s, as a class, represent bona fide MB tumors. Based on emerging findings we propose herein a generalized stepwise model for MCD/C5 and PENLs pathogenesis, whereby acquisition of founder mutations in activated B cells favors the development of aberrant MBs prone to avoid plasmacytic differentiation on recall and undergo systemic dissemination. Cyclic reactivation of these MBs through persistent antigen exposure favors their clonal expansion and accumulation of mutations, which further facilitate their activation. As a result, MB-like clonal precursors become trapped in an oscillatory state of semipermanent activation and phenotypic sway that facilitates ulterior transformation and accounts for the extranodal clinical presentation and biology of these tumors. In addition, we discuss diagnostic and therapeutic implications of a MB cell-of-origin for these lymphomas.
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18
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Salazar Y, Zheng X, Brunn D, Raifer H, Picard F, Zhang Y, Winter H, Guenther S, Weigert A, Weigmann B, Dumoutier L, Renauld JC, Waisman A, Schmall A, Tufman A, Fink L, Brüne B, Bopp T, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Pullamsetti SS, Huber M, Savai R. Microenvironmental Th9 and Th17 lymphocytes induce metastatic spreading in lung cancer. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:3560-3575. [PMID: 32229721 DOI: 10.1172/jci124037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune microenvironment plays a critical role in lung cancer control versus progression and metastasis. In this investigation, we explored the effect of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte subpopulations on lung cancer biology by studying in vitro cocultures, in vivo mouse models, and human lung cancer tissue. Lymphocyte conditioned media (CM) induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration in both primary human lung cancer cells and cell lines. Correspondingly, major accumulation of Th9 and Th17 cells was detected in human lung cancer tissue and correlated with poor survival. Coculturing lung cancer cells with Th9/Th17 cells or exposing them to the respective CM induced EMT in cancer cells and modulated the expression profile of genes implicated in EMT and metastasis. These features were reproduced by the signatory cytokines IL-9 and IL-17, with gene regulatory profiles evoked by these cytokines partly overlapping and partly complementary. Coinjection of Th9/Th17 cells with tumor cells in WT, Rag1-/-, Il9r-/-, and Il17ra-/- mice altered tumor growth and metastasis. Accordingly, inhibition of IL-9 or IL-17 cytokines by neutralizing antibodies decreased EMT and slowed lung cancer progression and metastasis. In conclusion, Th9 and Th17 lymphocytes induce lung cancer cell EMT, thereby promoting migration and metastatic spreading and offering potentially novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylia Salazar
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - David Brunn
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Hartmann Raifer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and.,CoreFacility Flow Cytometry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Hauke Winter
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, member of the DZL, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Guenther
- Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benno Weigmann
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laure Dumoutier
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anja Schmall
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Amanda Tufman
- Respiratory Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, Internal Medicine V, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich and Thoracic Oncology Centre, member of the DZL, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludger Fink
- Institute of Pathology and Cytology, Wetzlar, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany. Research Center for Immunotherapy and University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany. German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- Department of Internal Medicine, member of the DZL, member of CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, member of the DZL, member of CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.,Institute or Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Soni Savai Pullamsetti
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, member of the DZL, member of CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Rajkumar Savai
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, member of the DZL, member of CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.,Institute or Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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19
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Do-Thi VA, Lee JO, Lee H, Kim YS. Crosstalk between the Producers and Immune Targets of IL-9. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e45. [PMID: 33425430 PMCID: PMC7779872 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-9 has been reported to play dual roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders and cancers. The collaboration of IL-9 with microenvironmental factors including the broader cytokine milieu and other cellular components may provide important keys to explain its conflicting effects in chronic conditions. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the cellular sources of, and immunological responders to IL-9, in order to interpret the role of IL-9 in the regulation of immune responses. This knowledge will provide new perspectives to improve clinical benefits and limit adverse effects of IL-9 when treating pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Anh Do-Thi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jie-Oh Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Hayyoung Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Young Sang Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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20
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Zou L, Song G, Gu S, Kong L, Sun S, Yang L, Cho WC. Mechanism and Treatment of Rituximab Resistance in Diffuse Large Bcell Lymphoma. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:681-687. [PMID: 31142246 DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666190126125251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype B non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults. After rituximab being introduced to treat DLBCL, the current first-line treatment is R-CHOP regimen. This regimen greatly improves patient's prognosis, however, relapsed or refractory cases are commonly seen, mainly due to the resistance to rituximab. Although a large number of experiments have been conducted to investigate rituximab resistance, the exac mechanisms and solutions are still unclear. This review mainly explores the possible mechanisms oft rituximab resistance and current new effective treatments for rituximab resistance in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqing Zou
- Department of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Guoqi Song
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Siyu Gu
- Department of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Lingling Kong
- Department of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- Department of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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21
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IL-9-producing T cells: potential players in allergy and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 21:37-48. [PMID: 32788707 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IL-9-producing CD4+ T cells have been considered to represent a distinct T helper cell (TH cell) subset owing to their unique developmental programme in vitro, their expression of distinct transcription factors (including PU.1) and their copious production of IL-9. It remains debatable whether these cells represent a truly unique TH cell subset in vivo, but they are closely related to the T helper 2 (TH2) cells that are detected in allergic diseases. In recent years, increasing evidence has also indicated that IL-9-producing T cells may have potent abilities in eradicating advanced tumours, particularly melanomas. Here, we review the latest literature on the development of IL-9-producing T cells and their functions in disease settings, with a particular focus on allergy and cancer. We also discuss recent ideas concerning the therapeutic targeting of these cells in patients with chronic allergic diseases and their potential use in cancer immunotherapy.
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22
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Yang J, Li Y, Zhang Y, Fang X, Chen N, Zhou X, Wang X. Sirt6 promotes tumorigenesis and drug resistance of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by mediating PI3K/Akt signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:142. [PMID: 32711549 PMCID: PMC7382040 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01623-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Sirtuin 6 (Sirt6) is a highly conserved ADP-ribosylase and NAD+ dependent deacylase, involved in broad cellular processes. This molecule possesses contradictory roles in carcinogenesis, as it has been documented to both suppressing and augmenting tumor growth. This project aimed to explore the expression and functions of Sirt6 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), especially with regards to the regulatory role of OSS_128167, a novel small molecular inhibitor targeting Sirt6. Methods Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted to assess the expression of Sirt6 on paraffin-embedded tissues. Microarray dataset GSE32918 and GSE83632 were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus and survival analysis was performed. Lentivirus vectors either encoding shSirt6, lvSirt6 or empty lentiviral vector were stably transfected into DLBCL cells. LY1 cell transfected with shSirt6 were performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, functional enrichment analyses of gene ontology (GO) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). DLBCL cells were subcutaneously injected to SCID beige mice to establish xenograft models. Results Sirt6 is found to be overexpressed in DLBCL, and is related to poor prognosis. Sirt6-deprived DLBCL cells displayed augmented sensitivity towards chemotherapy, higher rates of apoptosis, dysfunctional cell proliferation, and arrested cell cycle progression between the G2 and M phases. Selective OSS_128167-mediated Sirt6 blockage resulted in similar anti-lymphoma effects when compared to Sirt6 knocked-down DLBCL cells. PI3K signaling along with phosphorylation of its downstream targets was reduced upon Sirt6 downregulation. Xenograft models subjected to either OSS_128167 treatment or Sirt6-knockdown showed suppressed tumor growth and lower Ki-67 level. Conclusions These findings provide mechanistic insights into the oncogenic activity of Sirt6 in DLBCL for the first time and highlighted the potency of OSS_128167 for novel therapeutic strategies in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong First Medical University, No.324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong First Medical University, No.324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong First Medical University, No.324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaosheng Fang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong First Medical University, No.324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Na Chen
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong First Medical University, No.324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong First Medical University, No.324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,National clinical research center for hematologic diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong First Medical University, No.324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,National clinical research center for hematologic diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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23
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Sun Y, Liu S, Hu R, Zhou Q, Li X. Decreased placental IL9 and IL9R in preeclampsia impair trophoblast cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. Hypertens Pregnancy 2020; 39:228-235. [PMID: 32329646 DOI: 10.1080/10641955.2020.1754852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to investigate IL9 and IL9R expression in preeclampsia and assess their effects on trophoblast biological behaviors. METHODS IL9 and IL9R expression of placenta tissue were evaluated by immunochemistry and q-PCR. Using transwell, CCK-8, and tubule formation assays measured invasion, proliferation and angiogenesis of trophoblast with adding IL9 or anti-IL9R antibody. RESULTS IL9 and IL9R levels were significantly decreased in preeclampsia. IL9 improved trophoblast activities. Blocking IL9/IL9R resulted in decreased proliferation, invasion, and tube-formation capability of trophoblast. CONCLUSIONS IL9 and IL9R contribute to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. IL9/IL9R signaling provides a new potential therapeutic target for preventing preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Obstetric department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Obstetric department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Obstetric department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongjie Zhou
- Obstetric department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Obstetric department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai, China.,Obstetric department, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases , Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
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24
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Wan J, Wu Y, Ji X, Huang L, Cai W, Su Z, Wang S, Xu H. IL-9 and IL-9-producing cells in tumor immunity. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:50. [PMID: 32228589 PMCID: PMC7104514 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Interleukin (IL)-9 belongs to the IL-2Rγc chain family and is a multifunctional cytokine that can regulate the function of many kinds of cells. It was originally identified as a growth factor of T cells and mast cells. In previous studies, IL-9 was mainly involved in the development of allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases and parasite infections. Recently, IL-9, as a double-edged sword in the development of cancers, has attracted extensive attention. Since T-helper 9 (Th9) cell-derived IL-9 was verified to play a powerful antitumor role in solid tumors, an increasing number of researchers have started to pay attention to the role of IL-9-skewed CD8+ T (Tc9) cells, mast cells and Vδ2 T cell-derived IL-9 in tumor immunity. Here, we review recent studies on IL-9 and several kinds of IL-9-producing cells in tumor immunity to provide useful insight into tumorigenesis and treatment. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wan
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yinqiu Wu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ji
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.,China International Genomics Research Center (IGRC), Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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25
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Kumar S, Dhamija B, Marathe S, Ghosh S, Dwivedi A, Karulkar A, Sharma N, Sengar M, Sridhar E, Bonda A, Thorat J, Tembhare P, Shet T, Gujral S, Bagal B, Laskar S, Jain H, Purwar R. The Th9 Axis Reduces the Oxidative Stress and Promotes the Survival of Malignant T Cells in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Patients. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:657-668. [PMID: 31996468 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune dysfunction is critical in pathogenesis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Few studies have reported abnormal cytokine profile and dysregulated T-cell functions during the onset and progression of certain types of lymphoma. However, the presence of IL9-producing Th9 cells and their role in tumor cell metabolism and survival remain unexplored. With this clinical study, we performed multidimensional blood endotyping of CTCL patients before and after standard photo/chemotherapy and revealed distinct immune hallmarks of the disease. Importantly, there was a higher frequency of "skin homing" Th9 cells in CTCL patients with early (T1 and T2) and advanced-stage disease (T3 and T4). However, advanced-stage CTCL patients had severely impaired frequency of skin-homing Th1 and Th17 cells, indicating attenuated immunity. Treatment of CTCL patients with standard photo/chemotherapy decreased the skin-homing Th9 cells and increased the Th1 and Th17 cells. Interestingly, T cells of CTCL patients express IL9 receptor (IL9R), and there was negligible IL9R expression on T cells of healthy donors. Mechanistically, IL9/IL9R interaction on CD3+ T cells of CTCL patients and Jurkat cells reduced oxidative stress, lactic acidosis, and apoptosis and ultimately increased their survival. In conclusion, coexpression of IL9 and IL9R on T cells in CTCL patients indicates the autocrine-positive feedback loop of Th9 axis in promoting the survival of malignant T cells by reducing the oxidative stress. IMPLICATIONS: The critical role of Th9 axis in CTCL pathogenesis indicates that strategies targeting Th9 cells might harbor significant potential in developing robust CTCL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Kumar
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhavuk Dhamija
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Soumitra Marathe
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sarbari Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Alka Dwivedi
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Atharva Karulkar
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Medical oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manju Sengar
- Medical oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Epari Sridhar
- Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Avinash Bonda
- Medical oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayashree Thorat
- Medical oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Tanuja Shet
- Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sumeet Gujral
- Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhausaheb Bagal
- Medical oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Siddhartha Laskar
- Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hasmukh Jain
- Medical oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Purwar
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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26
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Gallardo M, Malaney P, Aitken MJL, Zhang X, Link TM, Shah V, Alybayev S, Wu MH, Pageon LR, Ma H, Jacamo R, Yu L, Xu-Monette ZY, Steinman H, Lee HJ, Sarbassov D, Rapado I, Barton MC, Martinez-Lopez J, Bueso-Ramos C, Young KH, Post SM. Uncovering the Role of RNA-Binding Protein hnRNP K in B-Cell Lymphomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 112:95-106. [PMID: 31077320 PMCID: PMC7489062 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) is an RNA-binding protein that is aberrantly expressed in cancers. We and others have previously shown that reduced hnRNP K expression downmodulates tumor-suppressive programs. However, overexpression of hnRNP K is the more commonly observed clinical phenomenon, yet its functional consequences and clinical significance remain unknown. METHODS Clinical implications of hnRNP K overexpression were examined through immunohistochemistry on samples from patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who did not harbor MYC alterations (n = 75). A novel transgenic mouse model that overexpresses hnRNP K specifically in B cells was generated to directly examine the role of hnRNP K overexpression in mice (three transgenic lines). Molecular consequences of hnRNP K overexpression were determined through proteomics, formaldehyde-RNA-immunoprecipitation sequencing, and biochemical assays. Therapeutic response to BET-bromodomain inhibition in the context of hnRNP K overexpression was evaluated in vitro and in vivo (n = 3 per group). All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS hnRNP K is overexpressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients without MYC genomic alterations. This overexpression is associated with dismal overall survival and progression-free survival (P < .001). Overexpression of hnRNP K in transgenic mice resulted in the development of lymphomas and reduced survival (P < .001 for all transgenic lines; Line 171[n = 30]: hazard ratio [HR] = 64.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 26.1 to 158.0; Line 173 [n = 31]: HR = 25.27, 95% CI = 10.3 to 62.1; Line 177 [n = 25]: HR = 119.5, 95% CI = 42.7 to 334.2, compared with wild-type mice). Clinical samples, mouse models, global screening assays, and biochemical studies revealed that hnRNP K's oncogenic potential stems from its ability to posttranscriptionally and translationally regulate MYC. Consequently, Hnrnpk overexpression renders cells sensitive to BET-bromodomain-inhibition in both in vitro and transplantation models, which represents a strategy for mitigating hnRNP K-mediated c-Myc activation in patients. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that hnRNP K is a bona fide oncogene when overexpressed and represents a novel mechanism for c-Myc activation in the absence of MYC lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gallardo
- Department of Leukemia
- H12O-CNIO Haematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, Clinical Research Programme, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marisa J L Aitken
- Department of Leukemia
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | | | | | - Vrutant Shah
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Yu
- Department of Hematopathology
| | | | | | - Hun Ju Lee
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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27
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Chen J, Guan L, Tang L, Liu S, Zhou Y, Chen C, He Z, Xu L. T Helper 9 Cells: A New Player in Immune-Related Diseases. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:1040-1047. [PMID: 31414895 PMCID: PMC6791470 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The helper T cell 9 (Thelper-9, Th9), as a functional subgroup of CD4+T cells, was first discovered in 2008. Th9 cells expressed transcription factor PU.1 and cytokine interleukin-9 (IL-9) characteristically. Recent researches have shown that the differentiation of Th9 cells was coregulated by cytokine transforming growth factor β, IL-4, and various transcription factors. Th9 cells, as a new player, played an important role in various immune-related diseases, including tumors, inflammatory diseases, parasite infection, and other diseases. In this article, we summarize the related research progress and discuss the possible prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Lian Guan
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Shiming Liu
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Ya Zhou
- Department of Medical Physics, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhixu He
- Key Laboratory of Adult Stem Cell Transformation Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Address correspondence to: Lin Xu, PhD, Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou, China
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28
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He J, Wang L, Zhang C, Shen W, Zhang Y, Liu T, Hu H, Xie X, Luo F. Interleukin-9 promotes tumorigenesis through augmenting angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105766. [PMID: 31352324 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
IL-9 is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a critical role in autoimmunity and inflammatory diseases. However, its role in tumorigenesis has not been well studied. In this study, we found that IL-9 expression was significantly increased and associated with poor progression in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Ectopic expression of IL-9 in NSCLC cells did not affect cell proliferation and apoptosis in vitro, but markedly promoted tumor growth in vivo. Immune-profile analysis showed no significant changes in the frequencies of infiltrated immune cells in the tumor site, neither in nude mice nor in immune-competent mice. However, we found that VEGF and microvessel density (MVD) were significantly increased in xenografts. IL-9 could promote cell growth and tube formation of HUVEC cells in vitro. In addition, correlation analysis implied a significant positive relationship between the density of IL-9 and VEGF, as well as MVD in human NSCLC tissues. Finally, we found that IL-9 stimulated tumor angiogenesis via STAT3 signaling. Together, our findings demonstrate a promoting role of IL-9 in lung cancer development, probably through promoting tumor angiogenesis. IL-9 thus may represent a new prognostic marker and therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China; Department of Oncology, The Third Hospital of Mianyang (Sichuan Mental Health Center), Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Chengda Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Hospital of MianYang (Sichuan Mental Health Center), Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, China
| | - Wenbin Shen
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Haoyue Hu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Xie
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China.
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29
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Dwyer CJ, Knochelmann HM, Smith AS, Wyatt MM, Rangel Rivera GO, Arhontoulis DC, Bartee E, Li Z, Rubinstein MP, Paulos CM. Fueling Cancer Immunotherapy With Common Gamma Chain Cytokines. Front Immunol 2019; 10:263. [PMID: 30842774 PMCID: PMC6391336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell transfer therapy (ACT) using tumor infiltrating lymphocytes or lymphocytes redirected with antigen receptors (CAR or TCR) has revolutionized the field of cancer immunotherapy. Although CAR T cell therapy mediates robust responses in patients with hematological malignancies, this approach has been less effective for treating patients with solid tumors. Additionally, toxicities post T cell infusion highlight the need for safer ACT protocols. Current protocols traditionally expand T lymphocytes isolated from patient tumors or from peripheral blood to large magnitudes in the presence of high dose IL-2 prior to infusion. Unfortunately, this expansion protocol differentiates T cells to a full effector or terminal phenotype in vitro, consequently reducing their long-term survival and antitumor effectiveness in vivo. Post-infusion, T cells face further obstacles limiting their persistence and function within the suppressive tumor microenvironment. Therapeutic manipulation of T cells with common γ chain cytokines, which are critical growth factors for T cells, may be the key to bypass such immunological hurdles. Herein, we discuss the primary functions of the common γ chain cytokines impacting T cell survival and memory and then elaborate on how these distinct cytokines have been used to augment T cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Dwyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Hannah M Knochelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Aubrey S Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Megan M Wyatt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Guillermo O Rangel Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Dimitrios C Arhontoulis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Eric Bartee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Mark P Rubinstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Chrystal M Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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30
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Modulation of reactive oxygen levels and gene expression in sensitive and resistant tumoral cells by C-phyocyanin. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:1349-1356. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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31
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Do Thi VA, Park SM, Lee H, Kim YS. Ectopically Expressed Membrane-bound Form of IL-9 Exerts Immune-stimulatory Effect on CT26 Colon Carcinoma Cells. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e12. [PMID: 29503742 PMCID: PMC5833119 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-9 is a known T cell growth factor with pleiotropic immunological functions, especially in parasite infection and colitis. However, its role in tumor growth is controversial. In this study, we generated tumor clones expressing the membrane-bound form of IL-9 (MB-IL-9) and investigated their influences on immune system. MB-IL-9 tumor clones showed reduced tumorigenicity but shortened survival accompanied with severe body weight loss in mice. MB-IL-9 expression on tumor cells had no effect on cell proliferation or major histocompatibility complex class I expression in vitro. MB-IL-9 tumor clones were effective in amplifying CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and increasing cytotoxic activity against CT26 cells in vivo. We also observed a prominent reduction in body weights and survival period of mice injected intraperitoneally with MB-IL-9 clones compared with control groups. Ratios of IL-17 to interferon (IFN)-γ in serum level and tumor mass were higher in mice implanted with MB-IL-9 tumor clones than those observed in mice implanted with control cells. These results indicate that the ectopic expression of the MB-IL-9 on tumor cells exerts an immune-stimulatory effect with toxicity. To exploit its benefits as a tumor vaccine, a strategy to control the toxicity of MB-IL-9 tumor clones should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Anh Do Thi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sang Min Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hayyoung Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Young Sang Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.,Institute of Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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32
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Xiang Z, Tu W. Dual Face of Vγ9Vδ2-T Cells in Tumor Immunology: Anti- versus Pro-Tumoral Activities. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1041. [PMID: 28894450 PMCID: PMC5581348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2-T cells are considered as potent effector cells for tumor immunotherapy through directly killing tumor cells and indirectly regulating other innate and adaptive immune cells to establish antitumoral immunity. The antitumoral activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells is governed by a complicated set of activating and inhibitory cell receptors. In addition, cytokine milieu in tumor microenvironment can also induce the pro-tumoral activities and functional plasticity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells. Here, we review the anti- versus pro-tumoral activities of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells and discuss the mechanisms underlying the recognition, activation, differentiation and regulation of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in tumor immunosurveillance. The comprehensive understanding of the dual face of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in tumor immunology may improve the therapeutic efficacy and clinical outcomes of Vγ9Vδ2-T cell-based tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiang
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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33
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Fernandes E Silva E, Figueira FDS, Lettnin AP, Carrett-Dias M, Filgueira DDMVB, Kalil S, Trindade GS, Votto APDS. C-Phycocyanin: Cellular targets, mechanisms of action and multi drug resistance in cancer. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 70:75-80. [PMID: 29331790 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) has been shown to be promising in cancer treatment; however, although several articles detailing this have been published, its main mechanisms of action and its cellular targets have not yet been defined, nor has a detailed exploration been conducted of its role in the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy, rendering clinical use impossible. From our extensive examination of the literature, we have determined as our main hypothesis that C-PC has no one specific target, but rather acts on the membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus with diverse mechanisms of action. We highlight the cell targets with which C-PC interacts (the MDR1 gene, cytoskeleton proteins, and COX-2 enzyme) that make it capable of killing cells resistant to chemotherapy. We also propose future analyses of the interaction between C-PC and drug extrusion proteins, such as ABCB1 and ABCC1, using in silico and in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Fernandes E Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Aline Portantiolo Lettnin
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Michele Carrett-Dias
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Daza de Moraes Vaz Batista Filgueira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Susana Kalil
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Gilma Santos Trindade
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula de Souza Votto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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34
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Li LJ, Chai Y, Guo XJ, Chu SL, Zhang LS. RETRACTED: The effects of the long non-coding RNA MALAT-1 regulated autophagy-related signaling pathway on chemotherapy resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:939-948. [PMID: 28292022 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. An Expression of Concern for this article was previously published while an investigation was conducted (see related editorial: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113812). This retraction notice supersedes the Expression of Concern published earlier. Concern was raised about the reliability of the images in Figure 5B, and the Western blots shown in Figure 9A+B, which appear to contain similar repeated features, and a phenotype found in other publications, as detailed here: https://pubpeer.com/publications/81D7B72D646EC532D0DFF63338A55F; and here: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1r0MyIYpagBc58BRF9c3luWNlCX8VUvUuPyYYXzxWvgY/edit#gid=262337249. Independent analysis confirmed these findings and identified additional suspected image duplications in Figures 5A+B and 9A+B. The journal requested the corresponding author comment on these concerns and provide the associated raw data. The authors did not respond to this request and therefore the Editor-in-Chief decided to retract the article.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Li
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ye Chai
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Guo
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Song-Lin Chu
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lian-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Pei Y, Lewis AE, Robertson ES. Current Progress in EBV-Associated B-Cell Lymphomas. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1018:57-74. [PMID: 29052132 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5765-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first human tumor virus discovered more than 50 years ago. EBV-associated lymphomagenesis is still a significant viral-associated disease as it involves a diverse range of pathologies, especially B-cell lymphomas. Recent development of high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies and in vivo mouse models have significantly promoted our understanding of the fundamental molecular mechanisms which drive these cancers and allowed for the development of therapeutic intervention strategies. This review will highlight the current advances in EBV-associated B-cell lymphomas, focusing on transcriptional regulation, chromosome aberrations, in vivo studies of EBV-mediated lymphomagenesis, as well as the treatment strategies to target viral-associated lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Pei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3610 Hamilton Walk, 201E Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alexandria E Lewis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3610 Hamilton Walk, 201E Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3610 Hamilton Walk, 201E Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Abstract
Since the discovery of IL-9 almost three decades back as a growth factor, we have come a long way to understand its pleiotropic functions in the immune system. Despite its many functions, IL-9 still remains as an understudied cytokine. In the last decade, renewed emphasis has been provided to understand the biology of IL-9. Any growth factor or cytokine signals via its cognate receptor to mediate biological functions. In this chapter, we discuss the IL-9 signal transduction in different cell types, which would then exert its distinct functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijendra Nath Roy
- Department of Bioengineering, National Institute of Technology, NIT-Agartala, Jirania, 799046, Tripura, India
| | - Ritobrata Goswami
- School of Bio Science, Sir JC Bose Laboratory Complex, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India.
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Abstract
Interleukin 9 secreting TH9 cells have been proposed as the latest addition to the family of T helper cell subsets. While a growing body of evidence from animal models points to important roles for these cells in allergic inflammation of the lung, autoinflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, and tumor immunity, their role in skin immunity and skin immunopathology remains poorly defined. Interestingly, studies of T helper cells from healthy humans suggest that TH9 cells are predominantly skin-homing and skin-resident and that they are involved in protection against extracellular pathogens. Thus, TH9 cells have entered the stage as potential mediators of cutaneous pathology. However, under which conditions and by which mechanisms these cells contribute to skin immunity and disease still has to be investigated. Here, we review our current understanding of TH9 cells as skin-tropic T helper cells and their involvement in skin pathology. Further, we discuss open questions with regard to the intricate nature of interleukin 9 producing T helper cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Schlapbach
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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