Quercetin increases the antioxidant capacity of the ovary in menopausal rats and in ovarian granulosa cell culture in vitro

The protective role of quercetin against copper-induced female reproductive toxicity: Insights from transcriptome analysis

Quercetin has been shown to mitigate the cytotoxic effects of heavy metals. While copper is an essential trace element for bodily functions, excessive intake has been linked to impaired female reproductive function. Transcriptome analysis was employed to identify genes that are differentially expressed in response to high copper and were validated through qRT-PCR and western blotting. ATP content and Tunel were used to identify the damage of mitochondrial and cell apoptosis. PPI analysis revealed that MKI67, TOPII, ASPM, CASP3, PLK1, and TTK are central proteins within the network. Additionally, exposure to elevated levels of copper resulted in the dysregulation of 86 genes associated with mitochondria. Conversely, treatment with quercetin (QUE) in combination with high copper led to the normalization of 42 mitochondria-related genes previously affected by high copper levels. Furthermore, CuSO4 decreases ATP content and induces cell apoptosis, which can be reversed by QUE. Results suggest that elevated copper levels could lead to oxidative stress and apoptosis by inducing mitochondrial damage, while QUE has the potential to mitigate these effects, ultimately safeguarding granulosa cells and halting the progression of cell death. This study provides novel insights into the molecular pathways involved in female reproductive toxicity caused by excessive copper exposure.

Quercetin Supplementation Alleviates Cadmium Induced Genotoxicity-Mediated Apoptosis in Caprine Testicular Cells

Being a common environmental pollutant, cadmium causes detrimental health effects, including testicular injury. Herein, we document the ameliorative potential of quercetin, a potent antioxidant, against cadmium-induced geno-cytotoxicity and steroidogenic toxicity in goat testicular tissue. Cadmium induced different comet types (Type 0 - Type 4), indicating the varying degree of DNA-damage in testicular cells. The quantitative analysis at 50 and 100 µM cadmium concentration revealed the DNA damage with per cent tail DNA as 75.78 ± 1.49 and 94.65 ± 0.95, respectively, in comparison to the control group (8.87 ± 0.48) post 8 h exposure duration. Cadmium caused a substantial decrease in the activity of key steroidogenic enzymes' (3β-HSD and 17β-HSD) along with reduction of testosterone level in testicular tissue. Furthermore, cadmium treatment induced various types of deformities in sperm, altered the Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio in testicular tissue and thus suggesting the apoptosis-mediated death of testicular cells. Simultaneous quercetin supplementation, however, significantly (p < 0.05) averted the aforementioned cadmium-mediated damage in testicular tissue. Conclusively, the cadmium-induced DNA-damage and decrease in steroidogenic potential results in death of testicular cells via apoptosis, which was significantly counteracted by quercetin co-supplementation, and thus preventing the cadmium-mediated cytotoxicity of testicular cells.

Oocyte maturation, blastocyst and embryonic development are mediated and enhanced via hormesis

The present paper provides the first integrative assessment of the capacity of dietary, endogenous and other agents to induce hormetic dose responses in oocytes, their supportive cells such as granulosa cells, blastocyst formation and early stage embryo development with the goal of improving fertility and reproductive success. The analysis showed that numerous agents enhance oocyte maturation and blastocyst/embryonic development in an hormetic fashion. These findings indicate that numerous agents improve oocyte-related biological functioning under normal conditions as well as enhancing its capacity to prevent damage from numerous chemical toxins and related stressor agents, including heat and age-related processes in pre-post conditioning and concurrent exposures. The present assessment suggests that hormetic-based lifestyles and dietary interventions may offer the potential to enhance healthy reproductive performance with applications to animal husbandry and human biology. The present findings also significantly extend the generality of the hormesis dose response concept to multiple fundamental biological processes (i.e., oocyte maturation, fertilization and blastocyst/embryo development).

Revitalizing premature ovarian failure: quercetin counteracts imatinib-induced apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway based on network pharmacology

As a commonly used first-line targeted drug, imatinib (Ima) is widely used first-line treatment for cancer patients. Patient survival is significantly prolonged, but Ima can cause premature ovarian failure (POF) and affect fertility. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown, and no effective method can be employed to improve this process. To investigate the effect of quercetin (Que) on Ima-induced POF and the underlying mechanism. The therapeutic impact of Que on Ima-induced POF in mice was clarified via molecular biology experiments and in vivo experiments in animals. To verify the underlying mechanism, network pharmacology was employed to construct a signaling network of Que-Ima-POF-related genes, followed by molecular biology and docking analysis. Network pharmacology analysis identified 38 therapeutic targets of Que in Ima-induced POF. The KEGG pathways of these genes were enriched for the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a shared target of Que, Ima, and POF and has strong binding affinity. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and ELISA confirmed that Que can partially restore the ovarian index and function of mice with Ima-induced POF. Western blot, TUNEL, and immunohistochemical staining confirmed that Que promoted the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and reduced apoptosis in Ima-induced POF mice. Thus, Que could inhibit apoptosis in Ima-induced POF by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Gynotoxic Effects of Chemotherapy and Potential Protective Mechanisms

Chemotherapy is one of the leading cancer treatments. Unfortunately, its use can contribute to several side effects, including gynotoxic effects in women. Ovarian reserve suppression and estrogen deficiency result in reduced quality of life for cancer patients and are frequently the cause of infertility and early menopause. Classic alkylating cytostatics are among the most toxic chemotherapeutics in this regard. They cause DNA damage in ovarian follicles and the cells they contain, and they can also induce oxidative stress or affect numerous signaling pathways. In vitro tests, animal models, and a few studies among women have investigated the effects of various agents on the protection of the ovarian reserve during classic chemotherapy. In this review article, we focused on the possible beneficial effects of selected hormones (anti-Müllerian hormone, ghrelin, luteinizing hormone, melatonin), agents affecting the activity of apoptotic pathways and modulating gene expression (C1P, S1P, microRNA), and several natural (quercetin, rapamycin, resveratrol) and synthetic compounds (bortezomib, dexrazoxane, goserelin, gonadoliberin analogs, imatinib, metformin, tamoxifen) in preventing gynotoxic effects induced by commonly used cytostatics. The presented line of research appears to provide a promising strategy for protecting and/or improving the ovarian reserve in the studied group of cancer patients. However, well-designed clinical trials are needed to unequivocally assess the effects of these agents on improving hormonal function and fertility in women treated with ovotoxic anticancer drugs.

Could polyphenols be an effective treatment in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome?

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), is a health problem observed in women of reproductive age. Different diets, physical activity recommendations and lifestyle changes can be effective in dealing with the symptoms of PCOS. Nutrition is indeed an essential part of the treatment of the disease as it directly affects body weight loss, insulin resistance, lipid profile, hormones, and dermatological complaints such as acne. Polyphenols, simply classified as flavonoids and non-flavonoids, are bioactive components found in plant-based foods. The most common polyphenols in the diet are flavanols, flavonols, flavanone, anthocyanins. In particular, polyphenols which are compounds naturally found in foods, have antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic benefits along with many other ones. In the treatment of PCOS, polyphenols may help reduce the symptoms, improve insulin resistance and poor lipid profile, and cure hormonal disorders. It has been reported that polyphenols are influential in menstrual cycle disorders and enable a decrease in body weight, hyperandrogenism, estrogen, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH)/follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) ratios and LH. For adequate daily intake of polyphenols, which are found in high amounts in fruits and vegetables, at least 5 portions of fruits and vegetables should be consumed in addition to a healthy nutrition pattern. In this review, the effects of various polyphenols on polycystic ovary syndrome are discussed.

Effects of Phytosterol Ester Supplementation on Egg Characteristics, Eggshell Ultrastructure, Antioxidant Capacity, Liver Function and Hepatic Metabolites of Laying Hens during Peak Laying Period

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary Phytosterol Ester (PSE) supplementation on egg characteristics, eggshell ultrastructure, antioxidant capacity, liver function, hepatic metabolites, and its mechanism of action in Hy-Line Brown laying hens during peak laying period. A total of 256 healthy Hy-Line Brown laying hens were randomly allocated into four groups. The hens in the control group were fed a basal diet, while those in the experimental groups were fed a basal diet further supplemented with 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg PSE, respectively. It was found that the addition of 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg PSE to the diets increased egg weight, but decreased egg breaking strength (p < 0.05). The addition of PSEs to the diets increased albumen height and Haugh unit in all experimental groups (p < 0.05). Electron microscopic observation revealed that the mammillary thickness increased significantly at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg, but the total thickness decreased, and the effective thickness also thinned (p < 0.05). The mammillary width narrowed in all experimental groups (p < 0.001). Dietary supplementation with 40 mg/kg PSE significantly increased egg yolk Phenylalanine, Leucine, and Isoleucine levels (p < 0.05). In untargeted liver metabolomic analyses, L-Phenylalanine increased significantly in all experimental groups. Leucyl-Lysine, Glutamyl-Leucyl-Arginine, and L-Tryptophan increased significantly at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg (p < 0.05), and L-Tyrosine increased significantly at doses of 10 and 40 mg/kg (p = 0.033). Aspartyl-Isoleucine also increased significantly at a dose of 10 mg/kg (p = 0.044). The concentration of total protein in the liver was significantly higher at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg than that of the control group, and the concentrations of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). The concentration of triglyceride and alkaline phosphatase were significantly reduced in all experimental groups (p < 0.05). Steatosis and hemorrhage in the liver were also improved by observing the H&E-stained sections of the liver. Concerning the antioxidant capacity in the liver, malondialdehyde concentration was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) at a dose of 40 mg/kg. In the ovary, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide concentrations were significantly reduced (p < 0.001). In all the experimental groups, plasma nitric oxide concentration was significantly decreased while superoxide dismutase was significantly increased, and total antioxidant capacity concentration was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the 10 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg doses. Metabolomics analyses revealed that PSEs play a role in promoting protein synthesis by promoting Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism, among other pathways. This study showed that the dietary addition of PSEs improved egg characteristics, antioxidant capacity, liver function, and symptoms of fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in Hy-Line Brown laying hens at peak laying stage. The changes in liver metabolism suggest that the mechanism of action may be related to pathways such as Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that PSEs are safe and effective dietary additives as an alternative to antibiotics.

Quercetin activates autophagy to protect rats ovarian granulosa cells from H2O2-induced aging and injury

Autophagy is closely related to the aging of various organ systems, including ovaries. Quercetin has a variety of biological activities, including potential regulation of autophagy. However, whether quercetin-regulated autophagy activity affects the process of ovarian aging and injury has not been clarified yet. This study explores whether quercetin can resist H2O2-induced aging and injury of granulosa cells by regulating autophagy and its related molecular mechanisms in vitro experiments. The cell viability, endocrine function, cell aging, and apoptosis were detected to evaluate the effects of quercetin and autophagy regulators like 3-methyladenine and rapamycin. The levels of autophagy markers Atg5, Atg12, Atg16L, Lc3B II/I, and Beclin1 were determined by Western blot to assess the effects of quercetin, 3-methyladenine and rapamycin on autophagy. Our results showed quercetin resisted H2O2-induced granulosa cell aging and injury by activating protective autophagy. The treatment of 3-methyladenine and rapamycin confirmed the protective function of autophagy in H2O2-induced granulosa cells. 3-methyladenine treatment inhibited the expression of autophagy markers Atg5, Atg12, Atg16L, Lc3B II/I, and Beclin1 and abolished the positive effects on cell viability, estradiol secretion, and cell apoptosis activated by quercetin. In conclusion, quercetin activates autophagy by upregulating the expression of autophagy-related proteins to resist H2O2-induced aging and injury, which is crucial for stabilizing the function of granulosa cells under oxidative injury conditions and delaying aging. This study may explain the protective effects of quercetin on ovarian aging and injury from the perspective of regulating autophagy.

Effects of supplemental vitamin A on reproduction and antioxidative status of aged laying hens, and growth, blood indices and immunity of their offspring

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the impacts of vitamin A (VA) supplementation in feed at levels of 0 (control), 2,000, 4,000, 6,000, and 8,000 IU VA/kg diet on the reproductive efficiency and antioxidative properties of aged Sinai laying hens at 52 wk of age (n = 300 females and 30 males) in 6 replicates (10 females + 1 male/replicate). As well as blood biochemical indicators, carcass characteristics, growth performance, immunity, and the antioxidative status of their chicks. Results showed that diets supplemented with 2,000 or 6,000 IU/kg of VA increased fertility rate and decreased early embryonic mortality (P < 0.05). Increasing VA from 4,000 to 6,000 IU/kg significantly boosted hatchability rates. All VA levels significantly enhanced glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and late embryonic mortality. In the shell gland, dietary supplementation of 6,000 or 8,000 IU/kg of VA enhanced actions of GPx actions, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In hatched chicks, all VA levels boosted (P < 0.05) hemoglobin, red blood cell count, and serum concentration of total proteins and IgA while decreasing eosinophils percentage and aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST) concentration. Dietary VA supplementations from 4,000 to 8,000 IU/kg improved lymphocytes, serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), SOD, and IgM, while decreasing heterophils, heterophils/lymphocytes ratio, and creatinine in hatched chicks. Serum triglyceride concentration was reduced by adding 6,000 or 8,000 IU/kg of VA, while globulin and high-density lipoprotein concentrations were heightened only by 8,000 IU/kg of VA. It could be concluded that the dietary supplementation of VA (6,000 IU/kg) improved reproductive efficiency and antioxidative status in the liver and the shell gland of aged laying hens and improved hemato-biochemicals parameters, antioxidative status, and immunity of their offspring.

Quercetin induces its chemoprotective effects via hormesis

Quercetin is a polyphenol present in numerous fruits and vegetables and therefore widely consumed by humans with average daily dietary intakes of 10-20 mg/day. It is also a popular dietary supplement of 250-1000 mg/day. However, despite the widespread consumer interest in quercetin, due to its possible chemopreventive properties, the extensively studied quercetin presents a highly diverse and complex array of biological effects. Consequently, the present paper provides the first assessment of quercetin-induced hormetic concentration/dose responses, their quantitative features and mechanistic foundations, and their biological, biomedical, clinical, and public health implications. The findings indicate that quercetin-induced hormetic dose responses are widespread, being independent of biological model, cell type, and endpoint. These findings have the potential to enlighten future experimental studies with quercetin especially with respect to study design parameters and may also affect the appraisal of possible public health benefits and risks associated with highly diverse consumer consumption practices.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): A Mini-Review of Lipid Profile, Blood Glucose, and Ovarian Histological Improvements

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women that is characterized by fluid-filled sacs in the ovaries and various symptoms, including high androgen levels, endometrial irregularities, and cysts. Although the main cause of PCOS remains unknown, it has been linked to genetic, endocrine, and metabolic factors, and there are several treatment options, including lifestyle modifications, medications, and surgery. Natural products such as medicinal plants and fruits are being explored as potential treatments for PCOS because of their bioactive compounds with pharmacological effects related to antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. Some of these compounds improve insulin sensitivity, reduce inflammation, and enhance glucose metabolism, thereby benefiting patients with PCOS. This mini-review examined the effects of natural products on PCOS, including their effects on ovarian histological changes, blood glucose, sex hormones, and lipid profiles, based on animal and human studies. This study suggests that the use of natural products as complementary medicines can be a promising resource for the development of effective therapeutics for PCOS; however, further research is needed to fully understand their benefits.

Interactions studies of CYP2D6 with quercetin and hyperoside by spectral analysis and molecular dynamics simulations

Some ingredients from herbal medicine can significantly affect the activity of CYP2D6, thus leading to serious interactions between herbs and drugs. Quercetin and hyperoside are active ingredients widely found in vegetables, fruits, and herbal medicines. Quercetin and hyperoside have many biological activities. In this work, the characteristic bindings of CYP2D6 with quercetin/hyperoside are revealed by multi-spectroscopy analysis, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. The fluorescence of CYP2D6 is statically quenched by quercetin and hyperoside. The binding constant (Ka ) values of CYP2D6-quercetin/hyperoside range from 104  L mol-1 , which indicates that these two flavonoids bind moderately to CYP2D6. Meanwhile, quercetin has a stronger quenching ability to CYP2D6 than that of hyperoside. The secondary structure of CYP2D6 is obviously changed by binding with quercetin/hyperoside. The docking results reveal that the quercetin/hyperoside enters the active site of CYP2D6 near heme and binds to CYP2D6 by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. The molecular dynamics simulation results indicate that the binding of quercetin/hyperoside can stabilize the two complexes, enhance the flexibility of CYP2D6 backbone atoms, and make a more unfolded and looser structure of CYP2D6.

Treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome and its associated psychiatric symptoms with the Mongolian medicine Nuangong Qiwei Pill and macelignan

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The Mongolian medicine Nuangong Qiwei Pill (NGQW) is a folk prescription with a long history of use by the Mongolian people. NGQW comprises seven Mongolian medicines, which have the effects of regulating and nourishing blood, warming the uterus, dispelling cold and relieving pain. For a long time, it has been used as a good remedy for gynecological diseases, with remarkable curative effects, favored by the majority of patients and recommended by doctors. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common gynecological endocrine disorder that can lead to menstrual disorders or infertility. In the gynecological classification of Mongolian medicine, polycystic ovary syndrome has not been distinguished in detail, and the mechanism of NGQW in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome has not been scientifically studied and standardized.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of action of NGQW and macelignan in the treatment of PCOS and to provide a reference for the clinical application of these drugs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The effect of intragastric administration of NGQW and macelignan on PCOS model mice was observed. The mental status of mice was examined behaviorally, and serum hormone levels and oxidative stress parameters were measured by ELISA. Giemsa staining was used to detect the reproductive cycle, and HE staining was used to observe the ovarian status. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to observe the proliferation and apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells. qRT‒PCR was conducted to measure the expression of IL-6, BAX, BCL-2, and estrogen synthesis-related genes in ovarian tissue and particle cells.

RESULTS

In the dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS model mice, both NGQW and macelignan improved the estrous cycle; increased the estradiol (E2) content; lowered testosterone (T), progesterone (P) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels; reduced the number of polycystic follicles; promoted granulosa cell proliferation; reduced granulosa cell apoptosis; and alleviated depression and anxiety. In addition, Nuangong Qiwei Pill and macelignan reduced the mRNA levels of the ovarian inflammatory factor IL-6; improved the disordered levels of the antioxidant indicators GSH, MDA, and SOD; and activated the TGF-β3 signaling pathway to increase the transcription of Cyp19a1, which increases estrogen secretion.

CONCLUSION

NGQW and macelignan can treat PCOS through the TGF-β3/Smad/Cyp19a1 signaling pathway to regulate the secretion ability of ovarian granulosa cells. Our research justifies the traditional use of NGQW to treat PCOS and enriches the scope of action of macelignan.

Taxifolin as a Metallo-β-Lactamase Inhibitor in Combination with Augmentin against Verona Imipenemase 2 Expressing Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Among the various mechanisms that bacteria use to develop antibiotic resistance, the multiple expression of β-lactamases is particularly problematic, threatening public health and increasing patient mortality rates. Even if a combination therapy-in which a β-lactamase inhibitor is administered together with a β-lactam antibiotic-has proven effective against serine-β-lactamases, there are no currently approved metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors. Herein, we demonstrate that quercetin and its analogs are promising starting points for the further development of safe and effective metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors. Through a combined computational and in vitro approach, taxifolin was found to inhibit VIM-2 expressing P. aeruginosa cell proliferation at <4 μg/mL as part of a triple combination with amoxicillin and clavulanate. Furthermore, we tested this combination in mice with abrasive skin infections. Together, these results demonstrate that flavonol compounds, such as taxifolin, may be developed into effective metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors.

Caffeic acid's role in mitigating polycystic ovary syndrome by countering apoptosis and ER stress triggered by oxidative stress

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder that affects women of reproductive age, characterized by androgen-induced oxidative stress leading to several metabolic disorders. In this study, we investigated the potential therapeutic effect of caffeic acid on PCOS and its underlying molecular mechanism. We used a human ovarian granulosa cell line (KGN cells) induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to examine how caffeic acid influences the protein expression of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis-related markers. Our results indicate that caffeic acid significantly inhibits intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and safeguards KGN cells against oxidative stress. For the in vivo aspect of our study, female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were utilized to induce the PCOS model using dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Caffeic acid was then administered to the rats for a duration of 6 weeks. The outcomes revealed that caffeic acid effectively improved irregular estrous cycles, fasting blood glucose levels, liver function, and lipid profiles in DHEA-induced PCOS rats. Additionally, it mitigated hyperandrogenism, enhanced steroidogenesis enzyme expression, and modulated apoptosis-related protein expression. Our findings strongly suggest that caffeic acid holds promising potential in reducing oxidative stress-induced damage and ameliorating PCOS-related complications by modulating ER stress.

Protective/preventive effects of quercetin against cyclophosphamide-induced hepatic inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis in rats

Background and Aim

The purpose of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of quercetin, a potent antioxidant, against hepatotoxicity caused by cyclophosphamide (CYC) in the rat liver using histopathological parameters.

Materials and Methods

Thirty female rats were divided into five groups - control, quercetin (Q), CYC, Q+CYC, and CYC+Q. At the end of the study, the liver tissues were removed and stained with routine histological hematoxylin and eosin, Periodic acid-Schiff, and Masson's trichrome. Caspase-3 (Cas-3), B-cell lymphoma protein 2-associated X (Bax), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) levels were investigated in immunohistochemically stained liver tissues.

Results

Histopathological examination showed that CYC caused impairment and degeneration in the structure of the hepatocyte cordon, necrosis in the periportal space, sinusoidal dilatation (p=0.000), congestion and edema (p=0.000), mononuclear cell infiltration, and increased connective tissue density (p=0.000). Cas-3, Bax, TNF-α, and IL-1β immunoreactivities were significantly higher in the CYC group (for all, p=0.000). Q administration gradually reduced histopathological structural damage and Cas-3, Bax, TNF-α (p=0.000), and IL-1β (p=0.000) intensity in the rat liver.

Conclusion

The administration of Q protected the liver tissue against CYC-induced damage, and successfully protected the liver against apoptosis, inflammation, and histopathological changes.

Quercetin Alleviates Toxicity Induced by High Levels of Copper in Porcine Follicular Granulosa Cells by Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species and Improving Mitochondrial Function

CuSO4 is the most commonly used feed additive in pig production at present, but long-term ingestion of excessive copper would lead to chronic copper toxicity. High copper could reduce the reproductive efficiency of sows and seriously affect the development of the pig industry. Quercetin (QUE), a powerful antioxidant, reduces toxicity of a number of heavy metals. Porcine granulosa cells (pGCs) are crucial to the fate of follicle development. The present study found that high concentrations of CuSO4 induced ROS production, which resulted in decreased mRNA expression of antioxidant-related genes GPX4, CAT, and SOD2 and increased mRNA expression of SOD1, TRX, and HO-1. The protein expression of antioxidant enzymes SOD2 and HO-1 decreased. Moreover, the concentration of MDA increased, the activity of CAT decreased, and the content of GSH decreased. After high copper treatment, the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was decreased and the morphological structure was changed. However, the combined treatment with Quercetin (QUE) reversed these changes, and the level of cellular oxidative stress decreased. Therefore, we conclude that high copper has oxidative toxicity to pGCs, and QUE could remove the ROS induced by high copper, protect mitochondria from oxidative stress damage, and improve the function of pGCs.

Recent Advances in Potential Health Benefits of Quercetin

Quercetin, a flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables, has been a part of human diets for centuries. Its numerous health benefits, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer properties, have been extensively studied. Its strong antioxidant properties enable it to scavenge free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and protect against cellular damage. Quercetin's anti-inflammatory properties involve inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, making it a potential therapeutic agent for various inflammatory conditions. It also exhibits anticancer effects by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Finally, quercetin has cardiovascular benefits such as lowering blood pressure, reducing cholesterol levels, and improving endothelial function, making it a promising candidate for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases. This review provides an overview of the chemical structure, biological activities, and bioavailability of quercetin, as well as the different delivery systems available for quercetin. Incorporating quercetin-rich foods into the diet or taking quercetin supplements may be beneficial for maintaining good health and preventing chronic diseases. As research progresses, the future perspectives of quercetin appear promising, with potential applications in nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and functional foods to promote overall well-being and disease prevention. However, further studies are needed to elucidate its mechanisms of action, optimize its bioavailability, and assess its long-term safety for widespread utilization.

Resveratrol Protects Rat Ovarian Luteinized Granulosa Cells from H2O2-Induced Dysfunction by Activating Autophagy

Resveratrol performs a variety of biological activities, including the potential regulation of autophagy. However, it is unclear whether resveratrol protects against luteal dysfunction and whether autophagy involves the regulation of resveratrol. This study aims to investigate whether resveratrol can regulate autophagy to resist H₂O₂-induced luteinized granulosa cell dysfunction in vitro. Our results showed that resveratrol can enhance cell viability, stimulate the secretion of progesterone and estradiol, and resist cell apoptosis in H₂O₂-induced luteinized granulosa cell dysfunction. Resveratrol can activate autophagy by stimulating the expression of autophagy-related genes at the transcriptional and translational levels and increasing the formation of autophagosomes and autophagolysosomes. Rapamycin, 3-methyladenine, and bafilomycin A1 regulated the levels of autophagy-related genes in H₂O₂-induced luteinized granulosa cell dysfunction and further confirmed the protective role of autophagy activated by resveratrol. In conclusion, resveratrol activates autophagy to resist H₂O₂-induced oxidative dysfunction, which is crucial for stabilizing the secretory function of luteinized granulosa cells and inhibiting apoptosis. This study may contribute to revealing the protective effects of resveratrol on resisting luteal dysfunction from the perspective of regulating autophagy.

Identification of the active ingredients and pharmacological effects of Kuntai capsules in the treatment of primary ovarian insufficiency: A review

Kuntai capsules are effective in controlling primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). However, the precise mechanisms underlying the pharmacological effects of Kuntai capsules remain unclear. This study aimed to screen the active components and underlying mechanisms of Kuntai capsules for POI treatment using network pharmacology protocols and molecular docking technology. Potential active constituents in the chemical composition of Kuntai capsules were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology Database. Targets for POI were obtained from the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man and Gene Cards database. All target data were integrated to identify the active ingredients of POI treatment. Enrichment analyses were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery database. The STRING database and Cytoscape software were used for protein-protein interaction network construction and core target identification. Finally, a molecular docking analysis of the active components and core targets was performed. A total of 157 ingredients related to POI were identified. Enrichment analysis showed that these components might participate in the mitogen-activated protein kinase, tumor necrosis factor, phosphoinositide-3-kinase/AKT serine/threonine kinase 1, and forkhead box O signaling pathways. Further protein-protein interaction network analysis revealed that the core targets were Jun proto-oncogene, AKT serine/threonine kinase 1, tumor protein P53, interleukin 6, and the epidermal growth factor receptor. Molecular docking analysis showed that baicalein was the most active ingredient with the highest affinity for the core targets. This study identified baicalein as the core functional component and elucidated the potential pharmacological effects of Kuntai capsule in the treatment of POI.

Antimicrobial effect of quercetin against Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterium that causes serious infections, including pneumonia. The limited range of available vaccines and the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria mean that new treatments are needed. This study looked at the potential of quercetin as an antimicrobial agent against S. pneumoniae in both isolation and in biofilms. The researchers used microdilution tests, checkerboard assays, and death curve assays, as well as in silico and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluations. They found that quercetin at a concentration of 125.0 μg/mL had both inhibitory and bactericidal effects against S. pneumoniae, and these effects were increased when quercetin was combined with ampicillin. Quercetin also reduced the growth of pneumococcal biofilms. In addition, quercetin (absence or in combination with ampicillin) reduced the death time of Tenebrio molitor larvae compared to the infection control. The study also demonstrated that quercetin had low toxicity in both in silico and in vivo assays, suggesting that it could be a promising treatment for infections caused by S. pneumoniae.

Advancements in lead therapeutic phytochemicals polycystic ovary syndrome: A review

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine diseases in women of reproductive age and features complex pathological symptoms and mechanisms. Existing medical treatments have, to some extent, alleviated the deterioration of PCOS. However, these strategies only temporarily control symptoms, with a few side effects and no preventive effect. Phytochemicals extracted from medicinal herbs and plants are vital for discovering novel drugs. In recent years, many kinds of research have proven that phytochemicals isolated from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and medicinal plants show significant potential in preventing, alleviating, and treating PCOS. Nevertheless, compared to the abundance of experimental literature and minimal specific-topic reviews related to PCOS, there is a lack of systematic reviews to summarize these advancements in this promising field. Under this background, we systematically document the progress of bioactive phytochemicals from TCM and medicinal plants in treating PCOS, including flavonoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids. According to the literature, these valuable phytochemicals demonstrated therapeutic effects on PCOS supported by in vivo and in vitro experiments, mainly depending on anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, improvement of hormone disorder and insulin resistance (IR), and alleviation of hyperinsulinemia. Based on the current progress, future research directions should emphasize 1) exploring bioactive phytochemicals that potentially mediate bone metabolism for the treatment of PCOS; 2) improving unsatisfactory bioavailability by using advanced drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles and antibody-conjugated drugs, as well as a chemical modification; 3) conducting in-depth research on the pathogenesis of PCOS to potentially impact the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the evolution of PCOS; 4) revealing the pharmacological effects of these bioactive phytochemicals on PCOS at the genetic level; and 5) exploring the hypothetical and unprecedented functions in regulating PCOS by serving as proteolysis-targeting chimeras and molecular glues compared with traditional small molecule drugs. In brief, this review aims to provide detailed mechanisms of these bioactive phytochemicals and hopefully practical and reliable insight into clinical applications concerning PCOS.

Quercetin alleviates cyclophosphamide-induced premature ovarian insufficiency in mice by reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress and pyroptosis in granulosa cells

BACKGROUND

Exposure to cyclophosphamide (CTX) induces premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). Quercetin is a natural flavonoid that exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and its antioxidant activity is correlated with POI. However, the mechanism underlying its protective role in CTX-induced ovarian dysfunction is unclear. This study aimed to explore whether quercetin can protect ovarian reserves by activating mitochondrial biogenesis and inhibiting pyroptosis.

METHODS

Thirty-six female C57BL/6 mice were randomly subdivided into six groups. Except for the control group, all groups were injected with 90 mg/kg CTX to establish a POI model and further treated with coenzyme 10 or various doses of quercetin. The mice were sacrificed 48 h after 10 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotropin was injected four weeks after treatments. We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect serum hormone expression and light and transmission electron microscopy to assess ovarian tissue morphology and mitochondria. Additionally, we tested oxidant and antioxidant levels in ovarian tissues and mitochondrial function in granulosa cells (GCs). The expression of mitochondrial biogenesis and pyroptosis-related proteins and mRNA was analyzed using western blotting and RT-qPCR.

RESULTS

Quercetin elevated serum anti-Müllerian hormone, estradiol, and progesterone levels, decreased serum follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels, and alleviated ovarian pathology. It reduced the mitochondrial DNA content and mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, it upregulated ATP levels and the mRNA and protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α), mitochondrial transcription factor A, and superoxide dismutase 2. In addition, it suppressed NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3, caspase-1, interleukin-1β, and gasdermin D levels in the GCs of POI mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Quercetin protected the ovarian reserve from CTX-induced ovarian damage by reversing mitochondrial dysfunction and activating mitochondrial biogenesis via the PGC1-α pathway. Moreover, quercetin may improve ovarian functions by downregulating pyroptosis in the CTX-induced POI model. Thus, quercetin can be considered a potential agent for treating POI.

The landscape of aging

Aging is characterized by a progressive deterioration of physiological integrity, leading to impaired functional ability and ultimately increased susceptibility to death. It is a major risk factor for chronic human diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurological degeneration, and cancer. Therefore, the growing emphasis on "healthy aging" raises a series of important questions in life and social sciences. In recent years, there has been unprecedented progress in aging research, particularly the discovery that the rate of aging is at least partly controlled by evolutionarily conserved genetic pathways and biological processes. In an attempt to bring full-fledged understanding to both the aging process and age-associated diseases, we review the descriptive, conceptual, and interventive aspects of the landscape of aging composed of a number of layers at the cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal levels.

Effects of Dietary Vitamin E Supplementation on Reproductive Performance, Egg Characteristics, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immune Status in Breeding Geese during the Late Laying Period

This study aimed to tentatively evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin E (VE) on goose reproductive physiology through the investigation of reproductive performance, egg characteristics, antioxidant capacity, and immune status in breeding geese. A total of 480 female and 96 male Jiangnan White breeding geese were randomly assigned to four treatments with four replicates, and each replicate had 30 females and six males. Four levels of VE were successively added to four treatment diets from 48 to 54 weeks of age, representing the effects of VE deficiency (0 IU/kg), basic-dose VE (40 IU/kg), middle-dose VE (200 IU/kg), and high-dose VE (2000 IU/kg). Neither the egg-laying rate nor the healthy-gosling rate were affected by any of the VE supplementations (p > 0.05). The qualified egg rate, hatchability of fertilized eggs, and spleen index were increased by each VE supplementation (p < 0.05). Egg fertility, the concentration of plasma reproductive hormones (i.e., the follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone), follicular development, and antioxidant enzyme activities—i.e., the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)—in the liver and ovary were improved by 200 IU/kg of dietary VE (p < 0.05). Plasma VE concentration, immunoglobulin A, and immunoglobulin G content were increased, whereas plasma vitamin D3 concentration was reduced by increasing dietary VE levels to 2000 IU/kg (p < 0.05). The VE deposition of yolk, the yolk color depth, and the albumen rate were increased by each VE supplementation (p < 0.05). Antioxidant enzyme activities (i.e., MDA concentration, T-AOC, SOD, and GSH) in yolk were improved by 200 IU/kg and 2000 IU/kg of dietary VE (p < 0.05), compared with 0 IU/kg. The VE deposition was significantly correlated with GSH activity and the MDA concentration in egg yolk (p < 0.05). However, the high intake of dietary VE (2000 IU/kg vs. 200 IU/kg) decreased egg fertility (p < 0.05) and reduced the antioxidant capacity in the liver and ovary (p < 0.05). The qualified egg rate was positively correlated to immunoglobulin production (p < 0.05). Egg fertility and hatchability were correlatively improved by increased antioxidant enzyme activity; decreased MDA in the liver and ovary; hatchability; and enhanced immune status (p < 0.05). To sum up, both VE deficiency and high-dose VE (2000 IU/kg) reduced reproductive performance, whereas a dose of 200 IU/kg VE achieved optimal fertility, possibly through enhancing antioxidant capacity and immune status.

Relationship between Body Composition and Biochemical Parameters with Antioxidant Status in a Healthy Cohort of Postmenopausal Women

An adequate prooxidant–antioxidant balance—which may be influenced by body composition and biochemical status—is essential to maintain human health, especially in circumstances under which the antioxidant defense decreases, such as menopause. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between body composition and biochemical parameters with antioxidant status in a healthy cohort of postmenopausal women. This cross-sectional study was carried out in a cohort of 78 postmenopausal women aged 44–76 years. The body composition profile was assessed through bioelectrical impedance. The determination of the total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity was conducted by the colorimetric method, and glutathione peroxidase activity was determined by the enzymatic immunological method. The vitamin D levels were measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The mineral status was assessed through flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The rest of the biochemical parameters were assessed through an immunoassay. The total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant gap were negatively influenced by body composition (all p ≤ 0.049) and positively related to protein metabolism parameters (all p ≤ 0.048), whereas circulating levels of different micronutrients (all p ≤ 0.048) and enzymes (all p ≤ 0.047) appeared to play an important role in the glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. In conclusion, the menopause-related antioxidant status changes may be influenced by key body composition and biochemical profiles. To confirm this statement, further trials aiming to evaluate the body composition and biochemical intervention-induced changes upon antioxidant defense are needed.

Network pharmacology analysis of molecular targets and related mechanisms of Guizhi decoction in treating of menopausal syndrome

Compared with hormone therapy, TCM had the advantages of overall adjustment and less side effects in the treatment of menopausal syndrome. But due to the complex pharmacodynamic composition of Guizhi decoction (GZD), the mechanism of TCM treating diseases was not clear. Network pharmacology could analyze drug action pathways through multi-pathway and multi-target, which provide a new direction for TCM mechanism research. The common targets of GZD and menopausal syndrome (MPS) were obtained by TCMSP and DisGeNET databases. And for the common targets, protein-protein interaction networks were established using the STRING database and analyzed by Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. (Our research does not require ethical approval). One hundred forty-six active ingredients with 283 targets were obtained from GZD by network pharmacological analysis. Besides, 230 target genes were found to have interactions with MPS, 52 of which were common targets between MPS and GZD and were predicted to be potential targets for MPS treatment of GZD. GO enrichment analysis revealed that GZD could affect 51 biological processes, 15 cellular components, and 13 molecular functions. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis yielded a total of 223. The pathways that are closely related to the pathogenesis of MPS are MAPK, PI3K-Akt. In this study, the relevant targets and mechanisms of GZD in the treatment of MPS were discussed from the perspective of network pharmacological analysis, reflecting the characteristics of multi-component, multi-target and multiple pathways, and it provides a good theoretical basis for the clinical application of GZD.

Dietary resveratrol improved production performance, egg quality, and intestinal health of laying hens under oxidative stress

Resveratrol (RV) is associated with protection against oxidative stress to improve health, however the effect of RV in layers under oxidative stress (OS) is limited. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the negative effect of OS and protective effects of RV against OS in laying hens. 40 Lohmann layers (25-wk-old; BW = 1.44±0.10 kg) were allocated to four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with either RV (0 or 600 mg/kg) or intraperitoneal injection of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) (0 or 800 μmol/kg BW) for 31 days. The results shown that the hens challenged with tBHP presented lower egg-laying rate, feed intake, feed efficiency and higher defective egg rate (P(tBHP)<0.05). The RV were also observed to attenuated egg laying rate and feed intake reduction together with decreased broken egg rate under t-BHP challenge (P(Interaction)≤0.01). The tBHP challenged layer demonstrated lower intestinal morphology (villus height in duodenum and jejunum), lower antioxidant enzymes activities [total superoxidase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC)], and glutathione (GSH) levels and higher malondialdehyde (MDA) level] (P(tBHP)<0.05). Dietary RV increased jejunal SOD, GSH-Px and T-AOC activities, and reduced MDA concentration (P(RV) ≤0.05). Layers under tBHP challenge up-regulated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine [interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] and nuclear factor NF-κB (P(tBHP)<0.05) in jejunum. Dietary RV supplementation down-regulated mRNA gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB (P(RV) ≤0.05). Dietary RV up-regulated mRNA expression of jejunal barrier-related proteins (claudin-1, claudin-2, mucin-1, and occludin) and ovarian reproductive hormone receptor [steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), and activin a receptor type 1 (ACVR1)] (P(RV) ≤0.05). Overall, the results indicate that tBHP induced oxidative stress to result in reducing production performance, intestinal health and induced ovarian inflammation; whereas dietary RV was able to maintain intestinal health and mitigate the negative impact of tBHP challenge on production performance and ovarian function.

Sesamol protects the function and structure of rat ovaries against side effects of cyclophosphamide by decreasing oxidative stress and apoptosis

AIM

Chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide can damage ovaries and cause infertility in girls and women. Sesamol is a phenolic antioxidant that can protect various organs from damage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sesamol on protecting the function and structure of rat ovaries against the side effects of a chemotherapy model with cyclophosphamide.

METHODS

Twenty-four adult female Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: (1) normal group, without any treatment, (2) control group, immediately after receiving cyclophosphamide, 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the solvent of sesamol was intraperitoneally injected for 14 consecutive days, (3) sesamol group, immediately after receiving cyclophosphamide, 50 mg/kg sesamol was intraperitoneally injected for 14 consecutive days. Four weeks after the last injection, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the ovary, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels in the serum, number of ovarian follicles in different stages, and expression of proteins growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9), Bcl-2, and Bax in the ovary were evaluated.

RESULTS

The results of SOD activity and MDA levels in the ovary, AMH levels in the serum, number of ovarian follicles in different stages, and expression of proteins GDF9, Bcl-2, and Bax in the ovary were significantly more favorable in the sesamol group than the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that sesamol may protect function and structure in the rat ovaries against side effects of the chemotherapy model with cyclophosphamide by decreasing oxidative stress and apoptosis in the ovary.

Role of the antioxidant pathway in the healing of peptic ulcers induced by ischemia-reperfusion in male and female rats treated with Eugenia punicifolia

Ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R)-induced gastrointestinal disorders are caused by free radicals, resulting in organ damage and functional disarrangement. This study aimed to investigate the healing effects of hydroalcoholic extracts from the leaves of Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC. (HEEP) in male and female Wistar rats with I/R-induced peptic injuries, and the role of antioxidants in improving this response. After I/R-induced gastric and duodenal injuries, male and female [intact (INT) and ovariectomized (OVZ)] rats were orally treated with HEEP for 6 days. Biochemical analysis was used to determine the catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, as well as malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels, to measure the gastric and duodenal healing process. Six days of HEEP treatment significantly decreased the I/R-induced gastric [male (73.68%), INT (52.83%), and OVZ (43.13%)] and duodenal damage [male (57.03%), INT (56.04%), and OVZ (54.83%)] in all groups. In OVZ rats, the healing effect of HEEP occurred because of the increased activity of SOD (2x) and CAT (1.16x) in the gastric mucosa. In the duodenal mucosa of INT rats, the extract reduced MPO (20.83%) activity. The 6-day HEEP treatment improved the healing of I/R-induced peptic ulcer injury, with the system acting differently in males and females. The antioxidant system is an important component of the HEEP activity during post-I/R mucosal recovery. This result revealed the importance of antioxidant compounds in minimizing the severity of I/R-related events.

Ultrastructural analysis of cadmium-induced toxicity and its alleviation by antioxidant quercetin in caprine testicular germ cells in vitro

Increasing evidence has demonstrated that cadmium (Cd), a common environmental toxicant, has been associated with testicular toxicity. Quercetin, an efficient flavonoid, has been shown to exert cytoprotective effect in numerous pathological processes. The current study has employed ultrastructural analysis to examine the Cd-induced toxicity in goat testicular tissue along with the ameliorative action of quercetin in a dose- and time-dependent manner in-vitro. Results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that at lower selected concentrations (10 and 50 µM), Cd induced apoptosis-mediated cytotoxicity in testicular tissue as supported by presence of various morphological attributes of apoptosis in testicular germ cells such as condensed and marginated chromatin followed by breakdown of chromatin material, swollen mitochondria, and vacuolization. At 100 µM concentration, along with apoptosis, Cd-induced cytotoxicity in testicular tissue was associated with induction of necrosis also. However, the simultaneous supplementation of antioxidant quercetin has markedly abrogated the testicular cytotoxicity as shown by restoration of Cd-evoked aberrant ultrastructure of testicular germ cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, providing a basis for future studies to involve quercetin in management of Cd-induced reproductive toxicity in males.

The role of cellular senescence in female reproductive aging and the potential for senotherapeutic interventions

BACKGROUND

Advanced maternal age is associated with decreased oocyte quantity and quality as well as uterine and placental dysfunctions. These changes lead to infertility, pregnancy complications and birth defects in the offspring. As the mean age of giving birth is increasing worldwide, prevention of age-associated infertility and pregnancy complications, along with the more frequent use of ART, become extremely important. Currently, significant research is being conducted to unravel the mechanisms underlying female reproductive aging. Among the potential mechanisms involved, recent evidence has suggested a contributing role for cellular senescence, a cellular state of irreversible growth arrest characterized by a hypersecretory and pro-inflammatory phenotype. Elucidating the role of senescence in female reproductive aging holds the potential for developing novel and less invasive therapeutic measures to prevent or even reverse female reproductive aging and increase offspring wellbeing.

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE

The review will summarize the positive and negative implications of cellular senescence in the pathophysiology of the female reproductive organs during aging and critically explore the use of novel senotherapeutics aiming to reverse and/or eliminate their detrimental effects. The focus will be on major senescence mechanisms of the ovaries, the uterus, and the placenta, as well as the potential and risks of using senotherapies that have been discovered in recent years.

SEARCH METHODS

Data for this review were identified by searches of MEDLINE, PubMed and Google Scholar. References from relevant articles using the search terms 'Cellular Senescence', 'Aging', 'Gestational age', 'Maternal Age', 'Anti-aging', 'Uterus', 'Pregnancy', 'Fertility', 'Infertility', 'Reproduction', 'Implant', 'Senolytic', 'Senostatic', 'Senotherapy' and 'Senotherapeutic' where selected. A total of 182 articles published in English between 2005 and 2020 were included, 27 of which focus on potential senotherapies for reproductive aging. Exclusion criteria were inclusion of the terms 'male' and 'plants'.

OUTCOMES

Aging is a major determinant of reproductive wellbeing. Cellular senescence is a basic aging mechanism, which can be exploited for therapeutic interventions. Within the last decade, several new strategies for the development and repurposing of drugs targeting senescent cells have emerged, such as modulators of the anti-inflammatory response, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and mitochondria and protein dysfunctions. Several studies of female reproductive aging and senotherapies have been discussed that show promising results for future interventions.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS

In most countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the average age at which women give birth is above 30 years. Currently, in countries such as the Netherlands, Australia, Spain, Finland, Germany and the UK, birth rates among 30- to 34-year-olds are now higher than in any other age groups. This review will provide new knowledge and scientific advancement on the senescence mechanisms during female reproductive aging, and benefit fundamental and clinical scientists and professionals in the areas of reproduction, cancer, immunobiology and fibrosis.

Yin Huo Tang, a traditional Chinese herbal formula, relives ovariectomy and empty bottle stimulation-induced menopause-like symptoms in mice

BACKGROUND

Yin Huo Tang (YHT), a traditional Chinese herbal formula, is effectively used for the clinical treatment of menopause-like symptoms in China. This study aimed to investigate its efficacy on menopause-like symptoms in mice using behavioral tests and histopathological assessment, and to determine its possible mechanism of action based on network pharmacology.

METHODS

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technology was used to identify the potential active ingredients of YHT. In mice, menopause-like symptoms were induced by combination of bilateral ovariectomy and empty bottle stimulation. The mice were then treated with the YHT aqueous extract for three weeks. Behavior, sleep state, body weight, organ index, and histomorphology were analyzed separately. Additionally, network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to predict the mechanisms underlying the action of YHT. Finally, serum estradiol was quantified to preliminarily verify the results of network pharmacology.

RESULTS

YHT not only improved the behavior of mice (attack and explore behavior reduced; modify behavior increased) but also ameliorated the sleep state (sleep time increased and incubation time reduced). YHT reduced body weight, increased uterine weight, and improved the histomorphology of some organs. Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses revealed that the estrogen signaling pathway might play a key role in attenuating menopause-like symptoms. Furthermore, YHT treatment reversed the reduction in serum estradiol levels.

CONCLUSIONS

YHT alleviates menopause-like symptoms in a mouse model, providing a rationale for using it as a potential therapeutic strategy.

Impact of the antioxidant quercetin on morphological integrity and follicular development in the in vitro culture of Bos indicus female ovarian fragments

We evaluated the effect of quercetin on the in vitro culture of bovine ovarian fragments in relation to morphology, development, and oxidative stress. Ovaries (n = 12) from Nelore heifers (n = 6) were used. Each pair of ovaries was divided into nine fragments, and one fragment from each animal was fixed in Bouin solution for 24 h (histology control) or frozen (- 80°C; control for oxidative stress). Other ovarian fragments (n = 8) were distributed into concentrations of 0, 10, 25, and 50 μg/mL of quercetin added to the culture medium for 5 or 10 d. Data were analyzed by chi-square test or ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (P < 0.05). Treatment with 25 μg/mL quercetin resulted in the highest proportion of total intact follicles for 5 (67.3%) and 10 d (57.1%); the concentration of 25 μg/mL also presented the best proportion of developing follicles for 5 d (68.7%) and 10 d (62.8%). Treatment with 25 μg/mL quercetin resulted in significant ferric reduction for 10 d of culture, but not for 5 d. No difference (P > 0.1) was observed in the production of reactive oxygen species or in the oxidative degradation of lipids between treatments and non-cultivated controls. Treatment with 25 μg/mL quercetin preserved the morphological integrity of the developing follicles for 5 and 10 d of culture, in addition to promoting the best antioxidant potential after 10 d of culture in bovine ovarian fragments.

Dietary tributyrin improves reproductive performance, antioxidant capacity, and ovary function of broiler breeders

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the influence of dietary tributyrin on reproduction performance and ovary function of broiler breeders with different egg laying rate. Two hundred fifty-six AA broiler breeders (48-wk-old) were allocated to 4 treatment in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the main effects of tributyrin supplementation (0 and 1,000 mg/kg tributyrin [TRI]) and 2 egg laying rate levels (average [AR, 81.01 ± 0.79%] and low [LR, 70.98 ± 0.95%]). The results shown that the LR breeders presented higher egg weight, but lower egg laying rate, qualified egg rate and feed efficiency than the AR breeders (P_(laying) < 0.05). Also, the superoxidase dismutase (SOD) activity in magnum was lower while malondialdehyde (MDA) was higher in ovary and magnum of LR breeders than that in the AR breeders (P_(laying) < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with tributyrin significantly enhanced egg weight (P_(TRI) < 0.05), increased albumen height as well as Haugh unit (HU) in AR breeders (P_{(interaction)} < 0.05), and also had higher total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and lower MDA in ovary (P_(TRI) < 0.05). The cell apoptosis rate and proapoptosis related gene expression (caspase 8, 9 and Bax) in the ovary of LR breeders was higher, while anti-apoptosis related gene (Bcl-2) expression were lower in LR breeders when compared with the AR breeders (P_(laying) < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with tributyrin decreased the cell apoptosis rate and downregulated caspase 9 expression in LR breeders (P_{(Interaction)} < 0.05), up-regulated the Bcl-2 expression in both 2 breeders (P_(TRI) < 0.05). These findings suggest that the breeders with lower egg laying rate also characterized by deteriorate ovary function indicated by lower antioxidant capacity and higher cell apoptosis rate. Dietary supplementation with tributyrin increased egg albumen quality, decreased ovarian proapoptosis related gene expression to improve reproductive tract function; and the positive effect on egg albumen quality is more pronounced in average reproductive breeders.

Quercetin mediated attenuation of cadmium-induced oxidative toxicity and apoptosis of spermatogenic cells in caprine testes in vitro

Cadmium (Cd), an environmental toxic heavy metal, has been reported to cause testicular toxicity, which contributes to the recent decline in male fertility worldwide. Quercetin (Qcn), a major dietary antioxidant, has been shown to have protective effects under various pathological conditions. However, whether Qcn provides protection against Cd-stimulated testicular toxicity remains obscured. The present study was therefore aimed at investigating the ameliorative effect of Qcn supplementation on Cd-induced toxicity in the goat testis in vitro in a dose-(10, 50, and 100 μM) and time-dependent (4 and 8 h) manner. Different cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and biochemical analyses have been carried out using appropriate methods. Cytotoxicity in testicular cells induced by Cd treatment was apparently mitigated by Qcn treatment, evidenced by decreased apoptotic attributes or frequency in Qcn plus Cd-treated groups compared to the only Cd-treated groups. Qcn treatment provides substantial protection to the Cd-triggered aggression in oxidative (increased MDA levels) and total antioxidant capacity (reduced FRAP activity) in testicular tissue, indicating the anti-oxidative function of Qcn against Cd exposure. Moreover, Cd-induced decline in antioxidant status (CAT, SOD, and GST activity) was markedly restored by Qcn supplementation in testicular tissue. In conclusion, this study shows that Qcn treatment significantly attenuated the Cd-evoked testicular damage, suggesting its beneficial potential in preventing or at least in managing the gonadotoxicity in males induced by steadily increasing Cd contamination in the environment.

Redox imbalance in age-related ovarian dysfunction and perspectives for its prevention

The age at which women have their first child is increasing. This change represents a major health problem to society because advanced maternal age is related with a decay in fertility and an increase in the incidence of a variety of pregnancy complications and offspring health issues. The ovary stands as the main contributor for female reproductive ageing because of the progressive age-related decrease in follicle number and oocyte quality. Loss of redox homeostasis and establishment of an ovarian oxidative microenvironment are seen as major underlying causes for such downfall and impairment of ovarian function. Thus, the use of antioxidants to preserve fertility became an important field of research. In this review, new insights on mechanisms underlying the establishment of oxidative stress and its repercussions on ovarian ageing are addressed, along with the current state of knowledge on antioxidant supplementation and its contribution for healthy ageing and extension of ovarian lifespan.

Quercetin upregulates CREM gene expression in cyanide-induced endocrine dysfunction

Cyanide is among the ubiquitous chemicals that humans are usually exposed to and it is well documented that cyanide induces infertility in humans and experimental rodents. However, the pathogenesis remains unknown. Likewise, quercetin is an important nutraceutical that detoxifies reactive oxygen species, but its effects on testicular damage is not clear. The present study investigated the role of nutraceutical, quercetin on cyanide-induced testicular toxicity and probable involvement of cAMP-response-element modulator (CREM) which is a transcription factor necessary for the process of spermatogenesis. Thus, this work hypothesized that quercetin will mitigate endocrine dysfunction induced by cyanide. Seventy-two adult male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups (A to G). Groups A, B, C, F and G comprised of eight (8) rats per group while groups D and E comprised of sixteen (16) rats per group. Group A was designated as control while Groups B and C were given 0.5 and 1 mg/kg of cyanide respectively for 56 days. Group D and E received 0.5 and 1 mg/kg body weight cyanide respectively for 30 days. At day 30, eight animals were sacrificed from Group D and E and the remaining eight (8) rats were subdivided into sub-groups (D1 and E1) and were given 20 and 40 mg/kg of quercetin respectively for twenty-six (26) days. Group F and G were given concurrent administration of cyanide and quercetin at a dose of 0.5 + 20 mg/kg and 1 + 40 mg/kg respectively for 56 days. Body and testicular weight were significantly reduced in cyanide treated groups while quercetin modulates the reduction. Significant down-regulation of CREM gene and reduction in serum level of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and zinc in cyanide-treated groups, whereas administration of quercetin concomitantly with cyanide exposure or post-treated significantly reversed the alterations.

Polyphenols: Natural compounds with promising potential in treating polycystic ovary syndrome

Polyphenols are natural compounds used by plants as a defense system against various stresses. In recent years, the importance of these polyhydroxyphenols has extensively increased due to their potent cardioprotection, anti-carcinogenic, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, various studies have reported promising results from the studies investigating their efficacy as a therapeutic strategy in various disorders such as human malignancies, cardiovascular diseases, nervous system impairments, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, aging, and inflammation-associated disorders, as well as a polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Since oxidative stress, hormonal, metabolic, and endocrine disturbances have been shown to play a crucial role in the initiation/progression of PCOS, polyphenols are suggested to be an effective treatment for this disorder. Therefore, this study aimed to discuss the therapeutic potential of multiple polyphenols in PCOS.

Quercetin: Its Main Pharmacological Activity and Potential Application in Clinical Medicine

Quercetin is a flavonoid compound widely present in plants and exhibits a variety of biological activities. Research on quercetin has shown its potential for medical application. In this research, we elucidate its antioxidant mechanism and the broad-spectrum antibacterial and antiparasite properties; summarise its potential application in antioncology and cardiovascular protection and anti-immunosuppression treatment; and demonstrate its ability to alleviate the toxicity of mycotoxins. This research is expected to offer some insights and inspirations for the further study of quercetin, its properties, and the scientific basis for its better application in clinical practice.

Quercetin promotes in vitro maturation of oocytes from humans and aged mice

Maternal fertility declines irreversibly with aging, and advanced maternal age is mostly related to impaired oocyte quality. The flavonol compound quercetin is considered to be an anti-aging agent due to its cytoprotective actions as an antioxidant. However, its role and mechanisms on aged oocytes are unclear. In this study, the quercetin promotes in vitro maturation (IVM) and early embryonic development of oocytes from aged mice. It is extended these findings in human oocytes, showing that quercetin promotes the IVM rate by 19.6% and increases the blastocyst formation rate by 15.5% compared to untreated controls. The overall oocyte quality of aged mice is improved by quercetin treatment, assessed as spindle/chromosome morphology and cortical granule distribution. Mitochondria is the primary endogenous source of age-related oxidative stress, and an RNA-seq analysis of quercetin-treated oocytes reveals molecular insights including scavenged mitochondrial-ROS, reduced apoptosis, and improved autophagy. Further, this study demonstrates that quercetin reduces ROS via SIRT3-mediated acetylation of SOD2's K68 residue. Thus, beyond demonstrating that quercetin confers beneficial mitochondria-related impacts in aged oocytes, this study illustrates a potential strategy to prevent or delay oocyte aging and to improve success rates of assisted human reproductive technologies (ART).

Molecular cloning and expression characterization of flavonol synthase genes in peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

Flavonol is an important functional bioactive substance in peanut seeds, and plays important roles responding to abiotic stress. The flavonol content is closely related to the activity and regulation of gene expression patterns of flavonol synthase (FLS). In this study, eight FLS genes, AhFLSs were cloned and their expression characterization in different peanut organ and seedling under different abiotic stress were conducted. The results showed that the expressions levels of AhFLSs were differed in all assayed peanut organs and seedlings under abiotic stress treatments. Expression levels of AhFLS2, AhFLS3, AhFLS4, and AhFLS6 were higher than those of other AhFLSs. The flavonol contents of peanut organs and seedlings under different abiotic stress were also determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Dried mature peanut seeds were the organ tissue with the highest flavonol content, and flavonol content increased with seed development. Under abiotic stress treatments, the types of flavonols induced differed among stress treatments. Correlation analysis results suggested that eight AhFLS genes may have different functions in peanut. Moreover, changes in the expression of the eight genes appear to has substrate preference. These results can lay the foundation for the study of improving nutritional value of peanut seed and resistance of peanut plant.

Ameliorating Effects of Natural Antioxidant Compounds on Female Infertility: a Review

The prevalence of female infertility cases has been increasing at a frightening rate, affecting approximately 48 million women across the world. However, oxidative stress has been recognized as one of the main mediators of female infertility by causing various reproductive pathologies in females such as endometriosis, PCOS, preeclampsia, spontaneous abortion, and unexplained infertility. Nowadays, concerned women prefer dietary supplements with antioxidant properties over synthetic drugs as a natural way to lessen the oxidative stress and enhance their fertility. Therefore, the current review is an attempt to explore the efficacy of various natural antioxidant compounds including vitamins, carotenoids, and plant polyphenols and also of some medicinal plants in improving the fertility status of females. Our summarization of recent findings in the current article would pave the way toward the development of new possible antioxidant therapy to treat infertility in females. Natural antioxidant compounds found in fruits, vegetables, and other dietary sources, alone or in combination with other antioxidants, were found to be effective in ameliorating the oxidative stress-mediated infertility problems in both natural and assisted reproductive settings. Numerous medicinal plants showed promising results in averting the various reproductive disorders associated with female infertility, suggesting a plant-based herbal medicine to treat infertility. Although optimum levels of natural antioxidants have shown favorable results, however, their excessive intake may have adverse health impacts. Therefore, larger well-designed, dose-response studies in humans are further warranted to incorporate natural antioxidant compounds into the clinical management of female infertility.

Evaluating the Therapeutic Efficacy of Si-Wu-Tang Decoction and Concentrated Extract in Follicular Maldevelopment-Related Menstrual Disorders Through Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Studies

Si-Wu-Tang (SWT), a traditional Chinese formula, is commonly used to relieve menstrual discomfort and climacteric syndrome. Water decoction (WD) and concentrated herbal extract (CHE) are the two most common formulations of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, few studies have reported the equivalency of these two formulations. In this study, 23 healthy volunteers were included to determine the pharmacokinetic (PK) equivalent dosage of WD and CHE, and 25 infertile women with follicular maldevelopment to evaluate the pharmacodynamic (PD) effects on menstrual disorders. The randomized, two-way crossover comparative PK study of SWT-WD and SWT-CHE analyzed the active component, ferulic acid. The results showed that clinical doses of 170 mL SWT-WD and 18 g SWT-CHE produced the same amount of ferulic acid in the blood. The PD study showed that patients who took both of these formulations had an initial luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio of <1; however, the value returned to normal and their symptoms all improved after taken SWT. Our results showed that WD and CHE, both prepared from 40 g of SWT, displayed bioequivalence upon PK/PD analysis.

Quercetin alleviated H2 O2 -induced apoptosis and steroidogenic impairment in goat luteinized granulosa cells

Quercetin (Que) is a natural flavonoid in most plants. Luteinized granulosa cell (LGC) culture is necessary for the study of follicle growth/differentiation. In the present study, we analyzed the role of Que in steroid production and apoptosis in hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-treated goat LGCs. The results showed that treatment with H2 O2 induced apoptosis in goat LGCs, and treatment with Que decreased LGC apoptosis induced by H2 O2 (P < .05), accompanied with the different expressions of BAX, BCL-2, Caspase 3, and Cleaved caspase 3. Meanwhile, the messenger RNA expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream genes were upregulated with H2 O2 +Que treatment, accompanied by the increased cellular viability (P < .05). Furthermore, Que alleviated H2 O2 -induced reduction in the secretion of progesterone (P4 ) (P < .05); however, it had no effect on the secretion of estrogen (E2 ). Simultaneously, the expressions of StAR and P450scc were increased when treated with Que +H2 O2 , compared with the group treated with only H2 O2 (P < .05). In conclusion, it is observed that Que could alleviate the H2 O2 -induced apoptosis and steroidogenic impairment in goat LGCs, which might be mediated by the Nrf2 pathway.

Primary and Secondary Markers of Doxorubicin-Induced Female Infertility and the Alleviative Properties of Quercetin and Vitamin E in a Rat Model

The incidence of cancer has recently risen among the women at the reproductive age. Therefore, exposure to doxorubicin (DOX) chemotherapy has become a cause of reproductive toxicity followed by secondary destructive effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of quercetin (QCT) and vitamin.E (Vit.E) on doxorubicin-induced toxicity in the ovary and uterus, and the secondary bone-related effects in a rat model. Animals were divided into six groups including control normal saline/corn oil (CON), QCT at 20 mg/Kg, Vit.E at 200 mg/Kg, DOX at accumulative 15 mg/Kg, DOX/QCT, and DOX/Vit.E. After 21 days of treatment, the alterations were analyzed in histoarchitecture, apoptosis, hormones secretion, the gene expression of aromatase and estrogen α-receptor (ER-α) in the uterine and ovarian tissues, and serum levels of bone-related factors. The results demonstrated the ameliorative effects of QCT and Vit.E on doxorubicin caused altered ovarian histology, increased apoptosis, decreased ovarian aromatase and ER-α gene expression (p-value<0.05), decreased estrogen and progesterone levels, decreased ALP (p-value<0.001), and increased osteocalcin (p-value<0.05). The findings suggested that the studied antioxidants administration could be a promising fertility preservation strategy in DOX-treated females.

Paeonia lactiflora improves ovarian function and oocyte quality in aged female mice

Although ovarian aging is a key cause of decreased ovarian function and oocyte quality, it remains a problem in infertility treatment. Therefore, this study is aimed to investigate whether Paeonia lactiflora (PL), a herb improves ovarian function and oocyte quality using aged female mice. C57BL/6 female mice aged 8 months were treated orally every day with PL of 26.5 mg/kg (n=7) and 53 mg/kg (n=7) of body weight for 4 weeks using an oral zoned needle. The control group (n=7) was treated with normal saline. Ovaries and serum were collected for the H&E stain and the evaluation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, respectively. In the second experiment, female mice were orally administered with PL (26.5 mg/kg: n=12, 53 mg/kg: n=12, control: n=12) and then superovulated with PMSG and hCG, and mated with male mice. Zygotes were retrieved and cultured for 4 days. Ovaries were provided for examination of expressions of genes associated with angiogenesis (VEGF and visfatin), anti-aging (Sirt1 and Sirt2), and follicular development (c-Kit, BMP-15, and GDF-9). PL significantly increased numbers of surviving follicles (primordial, primary, secondary, and antral), numbers of zygotes retrieved, embryo development rate, and ovarian expression of VEGF, visfatin, c-Kit, BMP-15, and GDF-9 at both doses. However, ovarian expression of Sirt1 and Sirt2 was increased at 53.0 mg/kg of PL. ROS levels were not affected by PL. These results suggest that PL may possess beneficial effects regarding ovarian function and oocyte quality, possibly by activation of ovarian angiogenesis and follicular development.

Overview of biological effects of Quercetin on ovary

Over the last few decades, using natural products has been increased to treat different diseases. Today, great attention has been pointed toward the usage of natural products such as flavonoids, especially Quercetin (QUR), in the treatment of diseases. QUR as a natural antioxidant has been traditionally used to prevent or treat a variety of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), obesity, chronic inflammation, and reproductive system dysfunction. Several studies demonstrated that QUR acts as an anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anticancer agent. With this in view, in this study, we intended to describe an overview of the biological effects of QUR on the ovary. QUR improves the quality of oocytes and embryos. It affects the proliferation and apoptosis and decreases the oxidative stress in granulosa cells (GCs). Furthermore, QUR can be used as a complementary and alternative therapy in ovarian cancer and it has beneficial effects in the treatment of PCOS patients. It seems that QUR as a supplementary factor has different activities for the treatment of different disorders and it also has bidirectional activities. However, further investigations are needed for understanding the efficacy of QUR in the treatment and improvement of gynecological patients.