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Trotta E, Serio G, Monacis L, Carlucci L, Marinelli CV, Petito A, Celia G, Bonvino A, Calvio A, Stallone R, Esposito C, Fantinelli S, Sulla F, Di Fuccio R, Salvatore G, Quarto T, Palladino P. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on Italian primary school children's learning: A systematic review through a psycho-social lens. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303991. [PMID: 38875255 PMCID: PMC11178219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic drastically affected many areas and contexts of today's society, including school and family. Several studies focused on the worldwide effects of school closures on students' learning outcomes, context, and well-being. However, the data emerging from these studies are often inconsistent and fragmentary, highlighting the need of a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon. This need is especially urgent for the countries with the most severe school closure, like Italy. This systematic review aims to collect the opinions of parents, teachers, and students on: other dimensions of Italian primary school students affected by school closures, beyond academic performance; hypothetical agreement between the opinions of parents, teachers, and students regarding the different effects of school closures on Italian primary school students; possible differences between the effects of school closures on Italian primary school students and the students in other countries. Our search was conducted using PRISMA 2020 guidelines on Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus, and EBSCOHost. The results obtained from 34 articles revealed a strong concern on the part of all stakeholders involved in learning during the pandemic, with evident negative effects for Italian school students. The constraint on distance learning led to a drastic change in everyone's routine, and a negative emotional change on the part of young students. Parents and teachers generally considered distance learning to be ineffective for the education of their children and students; they encountered technical-practical difficulties in the use of electronic devices for participation in school activities; overall learning deficits on the part of students, especially in mathematics, as confirmed by INVALSI results were also found. The investigation reveals a condition of shared emotional and academic performance difficulty, and a further challenging circumstance for students previously at risk of marginalization. Further research in this field is paramount to identify new and adequate recovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Trotta
- Department of Humanities (DISTUM), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Serio
- Department of Humanities (DISTUM), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Lucia Monacis
- Department of Humanities (DISTUM), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Carlucci
- Department of Humanities (DISTUM), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Annamaria Petito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Celia
- Department of Humanities (DISTUM), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Aurora Bonvino
- Department of Humanities (DISTUM), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonella Calvio
- Department of Humanities (DISTUM), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Roberta Stallone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Ciro Esposito
- Department of Humanities (DISTUM), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Sulla
- Department of Humanities (DISTUM), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Di Fuccio
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Education and Sport, Pegaso University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Tiziana Quarto
- Department of Humanities (DISTUM), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Paola Palladino
- Department of Humanities (DISTUM), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Scardina A, Tabacchi G, Thomas E, Navarra GA, Petrigna L, Caramazza G, Palma A, Bellafiore M. Relationship between Lifestyle Determinants and Perceived Mental and Physical Health in Italian Nursery and Primary School Teachers after the COVID-19 Lockdown. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:33. [PMID: 38390933 PMCID: PMC10885123 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 lockdown and the consequent distance school learning made epochal changes in children's lifestyles; however, little is known about the lockdown effects on school teacher habits. The aim of this observational study is to examine differences in the lifestyle of nursery (NS) and primary (PS) school teachers after one of the COVID-19 lockdowns and investigate the relationship between perceived physical/mental health and demographics, weight status and lifestyle determinants, such as adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) and physical activity level (PAL). A total sample of 265 participants (49.22 ± 6.95 years) filled out an online information questionnaire and standardized questionnaires to collect data on the Physical Component Summary (PCS), Mental Component Summary (MCS), PAL and MD-adherence. A t-test or ANOVA analysis was used to assess differences between quantitative variables: Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis tests for qualitative variables. Spearman's correlations and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to identify categorical factors associated with classes of PCS and MCS. Teachers showed sufficient/high PAL, with a significantly higher level in the PS group (p < 0.05). This last showed a higher PCS score (p < 0.05). No differences between groups were found for MD-adherence, which was moderate/fair in both groups, and MCS, which was sufficient/good. Logistic regression showed that the only positive predictor of a high PCS was being physically active (OR 2.10, 95%CI 1.05-4.2, p < 0.05), while MCS was positively associated with normal weight status (OR 0.48, 95%CI 0.33-0.78, p = 0.020). This study highlights that PS teachers are more active than the NS group and perceive a higher physical health level. Mere predictors of physical and mental well-being are PA practice and being normal weight, respectively. This suggests that interventions to improve perceived health in this work category should be focused on the promotion of physical activity practice and on the maintenance of an optimal weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Scardina
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy
| | - Garden Tabacchi
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Angelo Navarra
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Petrigna
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Caramazza
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy
- Regional School Office of Sicily (USR Sicilia), 90144 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marianna Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy
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Blanta M, Karathanasi A, Tzonichaki I. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children's occupations. Hong Kong J Occup Ther 2023; 36:69-83. [PMID: 38027048 PMCID: PMC10680856 DOI: 10.1177/15691861231204905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic changed the daily lives and limited everyday activities of children worldwide. Objectives To document the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children's occupations, the associated factors, and the impact on children's health, wellbeing, and development. Methods A narrative review was conducted by searching four databases (Scopus, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews). Results A total of 35 articles met the inclusion criteria. Out of the 34 articles, 23 were relevant to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on occupations related to leisure (n = 17), productivity (n = 11), and self-care (n = 9). Ten articles highlighted specific factors that had been linked to changes in occupational engagement and child behavior. Ten articles focused on the impact of occupational disruption during COVID-19 on health, wellbeing, and general development. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic seems to have had a negative impact on children's occupations, while the restrictions were still in effect. Further research is needed to establish reliable conclusions.
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Bonvino A, Calvio A, Stallone R, Marinelli CV, Quarto T, Petito A, Palladino P, Monacis L. Emotions in Times of Pandemic Crisis among Italian Children: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6168. [PMID: 37372755 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20126168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Several studies underlined the negative effects of forced social isolation on emotional processes in younger population. The current study aimed to review existing evidence of the pandemic's impact on the emotional regulation of Italian children aged 0-12 years in order to identify personal and contextual factors that may adversely impact their developmental process. Different electronic databases (Web of Science, APA PsycInfo, APA PsycArticles, MEDLINE, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, and Scopus) were used to identify peer-reviewed studies published in English and Italian. Thirteen studies were included in the review, covering a total of 18.843 children. All studies reported negative effects of the lockdown on a child's emotional processes. The most affected were children aged 3-5 years, those living in Northern Italy, and those with low socioeconomic status (SES) families. Alterations in emotional processes were associated with sleep disturbances, quality of family relationships, personality structures, the coping strategies used, and time spent with technological devices. Finally, two- (time × parenting) and three-way (time × parenting × environmental sensitivity) interactions resulted significantly in predicting a child's emotional regulation, respectively, in terms of externalizing and internalizing behaviors. This review remarks that children's emotional processes were negatively impacted during social lockdown, especially where acute social isolation interacted with a set of dispositional and situational risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Bonvino
- Department of Humanities, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonella Calvio
- Department of Humanities, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Roberta Stallone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Tiziana Quarto
- Department of Humanities, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Annamaria Petito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Paola Palladino
- Department of Humanities, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Lucia Monacis
- Department of Humanities, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy
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Picca M, Manzoni P, Corsello A, Ferri P, Bove C, Braga P, Mariani D, Marinello R, Mezzopane A, Senaldi S, Macchi M, Cugliari M, Agostoni C, Milani GP. Persistence of Lockdown Consequences on Children: A Cross-sectional Comparative Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121927. [PMID: 36553370 PMCID: PMC9776603 DOI: 10.3390/children9121927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant psychological impact on children and adolescents. This study compared lockdown effects on children aged 1-10 years in 2020 and 2021. Two structured questionnaires were administered to 3392 parents in 2020, and 3203 in 2021. Outcomes considered for the data analysis included sleep changes, episodes of irritability, attention disturbances, distance learning and number of siblings. For data analysis, children were divided into two groups: pre-scholar (1-5 years old) and older ones. The lockdown was associated with a significant increase in sleep disturbances in 2020 and persisted after a year. The high prevalence of mood changes persisted unchanged in children under the age of 10 in 2020 and in 2021. Even if strengthened family ties seemed to mitigate the negative impact of lockdowns in 2020, this effect appeared absent or at least reduced in 2021. Irritability and rage in children were perceived to have increased in 2021 compared to 2020. A significant reduction in digital device use was observed in 2021 compared to 2020. Overall, the most harmful consequences of the lockdown in 2020 were still observed in 2021. Further studies are needed to analyze possible psychological effects that the generation who experienced the pandemic during early childhood may have, particularly in their future adolescence, in order to identify possible intervention practices to support families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Picca
- SICuPP—Lombardia: Italian Primary Care Paediatrics Society—Lombardy, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Manzoni
- SICuPP—Lombardia: Italian Primary Care Paediatrics Society—Lombardy, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Corsello
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Paolo Ferri
- Department of Human Sciences, State University Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bove
- Department of Human Sciences, State University Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Piera Braga
- Department of Human Sciences, State University Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Danila Mariani
- SICuPP—Lombardia: Italian Primary Care Paediatrics Society—Lombardy, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Marinello
- SICuPP—Lombardia: Italian Primary Care Paediatrics Society—Lombardy, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Mezzopane
- SICuPP—Lombardia: Italian Primary Care Paediatrics Society—Lombardy, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Senaldi
- SICuPP—Lombardia: Italian Primary Care Paediatrics Society—Lombardy, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Macchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Cugliari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda–Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Area, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gregorio Paolo Milani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda–Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Area, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Bozzola E, Caffarelli C, Santamaria F, Corsello G. The year 2021 in COVID-19 pandemic in children. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:161. [PMID: 36064605 PMCID: PMC9444079 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, the developments in the field of COVID-19 pandemic published in the Italian Journal of Pediatrics in 2021 are reflected. We describe progresses in SARS-CoV-2 transmission route, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and access to health care facilities in children. They led to substantial changes in the clinical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bozzola
- Department of Pediatric, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Pediatric Diseases Unit, Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Caffarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinica Pediatrica, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Santamaria
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsello
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Lecce M, Milani GP, Agostoni C, D'Auria E, Banderali G, Biganzoli G, Castellazzi L, Paramithiotti C, Salvatici E, Tommasi P, Zuccotti GV, Marchisio P, Castaldi S. Caregivers' Intention to Vaccinate Their Children Under 12 Years of Age Against COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Multi-Center Study in Milan, Italy. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:834363. [PMID: 35712618 PMCID: PMC9196897 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.834363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the pediatric population is increasingly recognized. A widespread vaccination in childhood would provide benefits for children and might help ending the pandemic by enhancing community protection. Following recent approval by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) of Comirnaty (Pfizer-BioNTech) for children aged 5-11 years, we aimed to investigate caregivers' intention to vaccinate their children <12 years of age against COVID-19. A structured questionnaire was administered to caregivers of children aged <12 years visiting the Emergency Department or the outpatient clinics in three major hospitals of Milan, Italy, from 20 September to 17 October 2021. A total of 612 caregivers were invited to participate and 604 accepted (response rate >98%). Three questionnaires were excluded due to compiling errors and 601 were included in the analysis. A total of 311 (51.7%) caregivers stated they would have their child vaccinated, 138 (23%) would refuse to vaccinate their child and 152 (25.3%) were unsure. The intention to vaccinate the child was higher in caregivers vaccinated against COVID-19, in those with a bachelor's degree or higher level of education, and in those with friends/acquaintances who became ill or died due to COVID-19. This study shows that increasing efforts are necessary to provide evidence-based tailored information to caregivers and to promote vaccination in this pediatric age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Lecce
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gregorio Paolo Milani
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Enza D'Auria
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini Vittore Buzzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banderali
- Department of Pediatrics, AO San Paolo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Biganzoli
- Unit of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC) “L. Sacco” & DSRC, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Castellazzi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Costanza Paramithiotti
- Department of Pediatrics, AO San Paolo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Salvatici
- Department of Pediatrics, AO San Paolo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Tommasi
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini Vittore Buzzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini Vittore Buzzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences – L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Marchisio
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Castaldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Buonsenso D, Valentini P, Macchi M, Folino F, Pensabene C, Patria MF, Agostoni C, Castaldi S, Lecce M, Giannì ML, Marchisio P, Milani GP. Caregivers' Attitudes Toward COVID-19 Vaccination in Children and Adolescents With a History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:867968. [PMID: 35463893 PMCID: PMC9021633 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.867968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Limited data are available on the attitudes of caregivers toward COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection or Long Covid symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the vaccine hesitancy among caregivers of children and adolescents with a documented history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to explore the possible associations between COVID-19 manifestations and the acceptance of the vaccine. Methods Caregivers of children or adolescents with a microbiologically confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection evaluated in two University Hospitals were interviewed. Results We were able to contact 132 caregivers and 9 declined to participate. 68 caregivers (56%) were in favor of COVID-19 vaccination for their child. In the multiple logistic regression, child's age (OR 1.17, 95%CI 1.06-1.28) and hospitalization due to COVID-19 (OR 3.25, 95%CI 1.06-9.95) were positively associated with being in favor of COVID-19 vaccination. On the contrary, the occurrence of child's Long Covid was associated with a higher likelihood of being against the vaccination (OR 0.28, 95%CI 0.10-0.80). Conclusions This preliminary study shows that only about half of the interviewed parents of children and adolescents with a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection are willing to vaccinate them to prevent a repeated COVID-19 infection. These findings might help healthcare workers to provide tailored information to caregivers of children with a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Buonsenso
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, Rome, Italy
- Center for Global Health Research and Studies, Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Valentini
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, Rome, Italy
- Center for Global Health Research and Studies, Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Macchi
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Folino
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carola Pensabene
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Unit, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Castaldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Lecce
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Lorella Giannì
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Marchisio
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Unit, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gregorio P. Milani
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Unit, Milan, Italy
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