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Giovanetti M, Pannella G, Altomare A, Rocchi G, Guarino M, Ciccozzi M, Riva E, Gherardi G. Exploring the Interplay between COVID-19 and Gut Health: The Potential Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Immune Support. Viruses 2024; 16:370. [PMID: 38543736 PMCID: PMC10975078 DOI: 10.3390/v16030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted global health, leading to extensive research focused on developing strategies to enhance outbreak response and mitigate the disease's severity. In the aftermath of the pandemic, attention has shifted towards understanding and addressing long-term health implications, particularly in individuals experiencing persistent symptoms, known as long COVID. Research into potential interventions to alleviate long COVID symptoms has intensified, with a focus on strategies to support immune function and mitigate inflammation. One area of interest is the gut microbiota, which plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses and maintaining overall health. Prebiotics and probiotics, known for their ability to modulate the gut microbiota, have emerged as potential therapeutic agents in bolstering immune function and reducing inflammation. This review delves into the intricate relationship between long COVID, the gut microbiota, and immune function, with a specific focus on the role of prebiotics and probiotics. We examine the immune response to long COVID, emphasizing the importance of inflammation and immune regulation in the persistence of symptoms. The potential of probiotics in modulating immune responses, including their mechanisms in combating viral infections such as COVID-19, is discussed in detail. Clinical evidence supporting the use of probiotics in managing long COVID symptoms is summarized, highlighting their role as adjunctive therapy in addressing various aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its aftermath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Giovanetti
- Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Roma, Italy; (G.P.); (A.A.)
- Climate Amplified Diseases and Epidemics (CLIMADE), Brasilia 70070-130, Brazil
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Gianfranco Pannella
- Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Roma, Italy; (G.P.); (A.A.)
- Department of Agricultural, Enviromental and Food Science, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Roma, Italy; (G.P.); (A.A.)
- Research Unit of Gastroenterology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Giulia Rocchi
- Research Unit of Gastroenterology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Michele Guarino
- Research Unit of Gastroenterology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (M.G.)
- Operative Research Unit of Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Roma, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Riva
- Unit of Virology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Applied Bacteriological Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gherardi
- Applied Bacteriological Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Silva MJA, Silva CS, Marinho RL, Cabral JG, Gurrão EPDC, dos Santos PAS, Casseb SMM, Lima KVB, Lima LNGC. Analysis of Epidemiological Factors and SNP rs3804100 of TLR2 for COVID-19 in a Cohort of Professionals Who Worked in the First Pandemic Wave in Belém-PA, Brazil. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1907. [PMID: 37895256 PMCID: PMC10606513 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by coronavirus 2 of the severe acute syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes, such as TLR2, responsible for an effective human immune response, can change the course of infection. The objective of this article was to verify associations between epidemiological factors and TLR2 SNP rs3804100 (Thymine [T] > Cytosine [C]) in professionals from Health Institutions (HI) who worked during the first pandemic wave and COVID-19. A case-control study was conducted with Belém-PA HI workers (Northern Brazil), divided into symptomatology groups (Asymptomatic-AS; n = 91; and Symptomatic-SI; n = 123); and severity groups classified by Chest Computerized Tomography data (symptomatic with pulmonary involvement-SCP; n = 35; symptomatic without pulmonary involvement-SSP; n = 8). Genotyping was performed by Sanger sequencing, and Statistical Analysis was conducted through the SPSS program. Bioinformatics servers predicted the biological functions of the TLR2 SNP. There were associations between the presence of comorbidities and poor prognosis of COVID-19 (especially between symptomatology and severity of COVID-19 and overweight and obesity) and between the sickness in family members and kinship (related to blood relatives). The homozygous recessive (C/C) genotype was not found, and the frequency of the mutant allele (C) was less than 10% in the cohort. No significant associations were found for this SNP in this cohort. The presence of SNP was indicated to be benign and causes a decrease in the stability of the TLR2 protein. These data can help the scientific community and medicine find new forms of COVID-19 containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Jessé Abrahão Silva
- Master Program in Epidemiology and Health Surveillance (PPGEVS), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Caroliny Soares Silva
- Master and PhD Program in Parasitic Biology in the Amazon (PPGBPA), University of State of Pará (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (P.A.S.d.S.)
| | - Rebecca Lobato Marinho
- Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (J.G.C.); (E.P.d.C.G.); (S.M.M.C.); (K.V.B.L.)
| | - Jeanne Gonçalves Cabral
- Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (J.G.C.); (E.P.d.C.G.); (S.M.M.C.); (K.V.B.L.)
| | - Ellen Polyana da Costa Gurrão
- Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (J.G.C.); (E.P.d.C.G.); (S.M.M.C.); (K.V.B.L.)
| | - Pabllo Antonny Silva dos Santos
- Master and PhD Program in Parasitic Biology in the Amazon (PPGBPA), University of State of Pará (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (P.A.S.d.S.)
| | - Samir Mansour Moraes Casseb
- Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (J.G.C.); (E.P.d.C.G.); (S.M.M.C.); (K.V.B.L.)
| | - Karla Valéria Batista Lima
- Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (J.G.C.); (E.P.d.C.G.); (S.M.M.C.); (K.V.B.L.)
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3
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El-Mohandes A, Wyka K, White TM, El-Sadr WM, Rauh L, Vasan A, Greene D, Rabin K, Ratzan SC, Chaudhri S, Kimball S, Lazarus JV. Comparison of Current Attitudes Toward COVID-19 Vaccination in New York City and the US Nationally. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2023; 28:34-44. [PMID: 37390011 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2023.2208071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination has resulted in decreased hospitalization and mortality, particularly among those who have received a booster. As new effective pharmaceutical treatments are now available and requirements for non-pharmaceutical interventions (e.g. masking) are relaxed, perceptions of the risk and health consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection have decreased, risking potential resurgence. This June 2022 cross-sectional comparative study of representative samples in New York City (NYC, n = 2500) and the United States (US, n = 1000) aimed to assess differences in reported vaccine acceptance as well as attitudes toward vaccination mandates and new COVID-19 information and treatments. NYC respondents reported higher COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and support for vaccine mandate than U.S. respondents, yet lower acceptance for the booster dose. Nearly one-third of both NYC and U.S. respondents reported paying less attention to COVID-19 vaccine information than a year earlier, suggesting health communicators may need innovation and creativity to reach those with waning attention to COVID-19-related information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman El-Mohandes
- Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York, USA
| | - Katarzyna Wyka
- Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York, USA
| | - Trenton M White
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lauren Rauh
- Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashwin Vasan
- Office of the Commissioner of Health, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA
| | - Danielle Greene
- Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth Rabin
- Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York, USA
| | - Scott C Ratzan
- Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York, USA
| | - Simran Chaudhri
- Office of the Commissioner of Health, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA
| | - Spencer Kimball
- Emerson Polling, Emerson College, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York, USA
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Hebel C, Thomsen AR. A survey of mechanisms underlying current and potential COVID-19 vaccines. APMIS 2023; 131:37-60. [PMID: 36394112 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 caught the world off guard resulting in a global health crisis. Even though COVID-19 have caused the death of millions of people and many countries are still battling waves of infections, the odds of the pandemic ending soon have turned significantly in our favor. The key has been the development and distribution of a broad range of vaccines in record time. In this survey, we summarize the immunology required to understand the mechanisms underlying current and potential COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, we provide an up to date (according to data from WHO May 27, 2022) overview of the vaccine landscape consisting of 11 approved vaccines in phase 4, and a pipeline consisting of 161 vaccine candidates in clinical development and 198 in preclinical development (World Health Organization, Draft landscape and tracker of COVID-19 candidate vaccines [Internet], WHO, 2022). Our focus is to provide an understanding of the underlying biological mode of action of different vaccine platform designs, their advantages and disadvantages, rather than a deep dive into safety and efficacy data. We further present arguments concerning why a broad range of vaccines are needed and discuss future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hebel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Kostarev S, Komyagina O, Fayzrakhmanov R, Kurushin D, Tatarnikova N, Novikova (Kochetova) O, Sereda T. Impact of the New Coronavirus Infection on the Immune System of Children and Adolescents in the Region of the Russian Federation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13669. [PMID: 36294250 PMCID: PMC9603771 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) has presented public health professionals with new challenges in the diagnosis of the disease and treatment of patients. Nowadays, the epidemiology, clinical features, prevention and treatment of the disease are studied poorly due to continuous mutation of the pathogen. One of the consequences of the new coronavirus infection could be changes in the immune system of the human population. A detailed analysis of the immunological status of different racial groups under the influence of the new coronavirus infection is currently studied insufficiently, making this work of particular relevance. There is also a reluctance among some Russian residents to be vaccinated, including the population of Perm Krai, due to a lack of research on possible deviations in cellular immunity due to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. At the start of the third wave caused by the new coronavirus infection, only 40% of the Russian population had been vaccinated, which was insufficient to acquire collective immunity. In the autumn of 2021, a QR code measure was introduced for vaccinated residents, which resulted in exceeding the necessary barrier for acquiring collective immunity. Due to the high growth and severity of the disease, we analysed the immunograms of children and adolescents, aged from 5 months to 17 years, in Perm Krai during the pandemic years 2020-2021. The patients' immunological status results were divided into three categories. Laboratory diagnosis of the human immune system was carried out using serological and flow cytophotometric analyses. A total of 247 samples were analysed. The aim of this work was to investigate changes in the immune system of children and adolescents during the pandemic caused by the new coronavirus infection. The methodology was based on the analysis of immunograms, including biochemical studies, immune status and flow cytophotometric analysis. The immunograms were pre-sorted by IgA, IgM, IgG immunoglobulin status into four categories: absence of disease-k1 in which IgA, IgM, IgG immunoglobulin values were within the reference interval, active disease stage-k2 in which IgA, IgM immunoglobulins had gone beyond the reference interval, passive disease stage-k3 characterised by IgG and IgM immunoglobulin status, and patient recovery process-k4. In the immunograms, three immune status indicators were selected for further investigation: phagocytosis absolute value, phagocytic number and phagocytic index and five flow cytometry indices: leukocytes, lymphocytes, NK cells (CD16+CD56+), T helpers (CD3+CD4+) and CD4+/CD8+ immunoregulation index. A quantitative analysis of the deviations of these indicators from the reference intervals was performed in the three studied age groups of children and adolescents living in Perm Krai of the Russian Federation during the pandemic of 2020-2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Kostarev
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29, Komsomolski Avenue, Perm 614990, Russia
- Perm State Agro-Technological University Named after Academician D N Pryanishnikov, 23, Petropavlovskaja St., Perm 614990, Russia
- Perm Institute of the FPS of Russia, 125, Karpinskogo St., Perm 614012, Russia
| | - Oksana Komyagina
- Medical Institution “Philosophy of Beauty and Health”, 64, KIM St., Perm 614990, Russia
| | - Rustam Fayzrakhmanov
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29, Komsomolski Avenue, Perm 614990, Russia
| | - Daniel Kurushin
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29, Komsomolski Avenue, Perm 614990, Russia
| | - Natalya Tatarnikova
- Perm State Agro-Technological University Named after Academician D N Pryanishnikov, 23, Petropavlovskaja St., Perm 614990, Russia
| | - Oksana Novikova (Kochetova)
- Perm State Agro-Technological University Named after Academician D N Pryanishnikov, 23, Petropavlovskaja St., Perm 614990, Russia
- Perm Institute of the FPS of Russia, 125, Karpinskogo St., Perm 614012, Russia
| | - Tatyana Sereda
- Perm State Agro-Technological University Named after Academician D N Pryanishnikov, 23, Petropavlovskaja St., Perm 614990, Russia
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6
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Brasu N, Elia I, Russo V, Montacchiesi G, Stabile SA, De Intinis C, Fesi F, Gizzi K, Macagno M, Montone M, Mussolin B, Grifoni A, Faravelli S, Marchese S, Forneris F, De Francesco R, Sette A, Barnaba V, Sottile A, Sapino A, Pace L. Memory CD8 + T cell diversity and B cell responses correlate with protection against SARS-CoV-2 following mRNA vaccination. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1445-1456. [PMID: 36138186 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines is of great interest, principally because of the poor knowledge about the mechanisms of protection. In the present study, we analyzed longitudinally B cell and T cell memory programs against the spike (S) protein derived from ancestral SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan-1), B.1.351 (beta), B.1.617.2 (delta) and B.1.1.529 (omicron) variants of concern (VOCs) after immunization with an mRNA-based vaccine (Pfizer). According to the magnitude of humoral responses 3 months after the first dose, we identified high and low responders. Opposite to low responders, high responders were characterized by enhanced antibody-neutralizing activity, increased frequency of central memory T cells and durable S-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Reduced binding antibodies titers combined with long-term specific memory T cells that had distinct polyreactive properties were found associated with subsequent breakthrough with VOCs in low responders. These results have important implications for the design of new vaccines and new strategies for booster follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Brasu
- G. Armenise-Harvard Immune Regulation Unit, IIGM, Candiolo, TO, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ines Elia
- G. Armenise-Harvard Immune Regulation Unit, IIGM, Candiolo, TO, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Valentina Russo
- G. Armenise-Harvard Immune Regulation Unit, IIGM, Candiolo, TO, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gaia Montacchiesi
- G. Armenise-Harvard Immune Regulation Unit, IIGM, Candiolo, TO, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Aversano Stabile
- G. Armenise-Harvard Immune Regulation Unit, IIGM, Candiolo, TO, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Carlo De Intinis
- G. Armenise-Harvard Immune Regulation Unit, IIGM, Candiolo, TO, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Francesco Fesi
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Gizzi
- G. Armenise-Harvard Immune Regulation Unit, IIGM, Candiolo, TO, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Marco Macagno
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Monica Montone
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | | | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Faravelli
- Armenise-Harvard Lab. of Structural Biology Dept. Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchese
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Forneris
- Armenise-Harvard Lab. of Structural Biology Dept. Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Francesco
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Pasteur Institute Italy-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.,Departement Scienze Cliniche, Interistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Sapino
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luigia Pace
- G. Armenise-Harvard Immune Regulation Unit, IIGM, Candiolo, TO, Italy. .,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy.
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7
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Stjepanovic MI, Stojanovic MR, Stankovic S, Cvejic J, Dimic-Janjic S, Popevic S, Buha I, Belic S, Djurdjevic N, Stjepanovic MM, Jovanovic D, Stojkovic-Laloševic M, Soldatovic I, Bonaci-Nikolic B, Miskovic R. Autoimmune and immunoserological markers of COVID-19 pneumonia: Can they help in the assessment of disease severity. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:934270. [PMID: 36106319 PMCID: PMC9464912 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.934270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune dysregulation and associated inefficient anti-viral immunity during Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause tissue and organ damage which shares many similarities with pathogenetic processes in systemic autoimmune diseases. In this study, we investigate wide range autoimmune and immunoserological markers in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Methods Study included 51 patients with confirmed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection and hospitalized due to COVID-19 pneumonia. Wide spectrum autoantibodies associated with different autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases were analyzed and correlated with clinical and laboratory features and pneumonia severity. Results Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) positivity was found in 19.6%, anti-cardiolipin IgG antibodies (aCL IgG) in 15.7%, and anti-cardiolipin IgM antibodies (aCL IgM) in 7.8% of patients. Positive atypical x anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (xANCA) were detected in 10.0% (all negative for Proteinase 3 and Myeloperoxidase) and rheumatoid factor was found in 8.2% of patients. None of tested autoantibodies were associated with disease or pneumonia severity, except for aCL IgG being significantly associated with higher pneumonia severity index (p = 0.036). Patients with reduced total serum IgG were more likely to require non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) (p < 0.0001). Serum concentrations of IgG (p = 0.003) and IgA (p = 0.032) were significantly lower in this group of patients. Higher total serum IgA (p = 0.009) was associated with mortality, with no difference in serum IgG (p = 0.115) or IgM (p = 0.175). Lethal outcome was associated with lower complement C4 (p = 0.013), while there was no difference in complement C3 concentration (p = 0.135). Conclusion Increased autoimmune responses are present in moderate and severe COVID-19. Severe pneumonia is associated with the presence of aCL IgG, suggesting their role in disease pathogenesis. Evaluation of serum immunoglobulins and complement concentration could help assess the risk of non-invasive mechanical ventilation NIMV and poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihailo I. Stjepanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Pulmonology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Mihailo I. Stjepanovic ;
| | - Maja R. Stojanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Allergy and Immunology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Stankovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Cvejic
- Clinic for Pulmonology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Dimic-Janjic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Pulmonology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Spasoje Popevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Pulmonology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Buha
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Pulmonology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Belic
- Clinic for Pulmonology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natasa Djurdjevic
- Clinic for Pulmonology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Dragana Jovanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Allergy and Immunology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Stojkovic-Laloševic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Soldatovic
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Bonaci-Nikolic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Allergy and Immunology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rada Miskovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Allergy and Immunology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
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8
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Richard D, Phillip S, Hosseinali A, Gracie DZ, Hai L, January W, Holtgrewe M, Charlotte T, Melina M, Xiaomin W, Zehra K, Jacopo S, Jan-Moritz D, Ralf-Harto H, Bernd H, Anja B, Sandra S, Dilduz T, Norbert S, Martin W, Stefan H, Carsten S, Wolfgang P, Leif E S, Dieter B, Florian K, Toumy G, Ulf L, Jan B, Khai L, Rubelt F, Bettina H. Highly multiplexed immune repertoire sequencing links multiple lymphocyte classes with severity of response to COVID-19. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 48:101438. [PMID: 35600330 PMCID: PMC9106482 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disease progression of subjects with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) varies dramatically. Understanding the various types of immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is critical for better clinical management of coronavirus outbreaks and to potentially improve future therapies. Disease dynamics can be characterized by deciphering the adaptive immune response. METHODS In this cross-sectional study we analyzed 117 peripheral blood immune repertoires from healthy controls and subjects with mild to severe COVID-19 disease to elucidate the interplay between B and T cells. We used an immune repertoire Primer Extension Target Enrichment method (immunoPETE) to sequence simultaneously human leukocyte antigen (HLA) restricted T cell receptor beta chain (TRB) and unrestricted T cell receptor delta chain (TRD) and immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) immune receptor repertoires. The distribution was analyzed of TRB, TRD and IgH clones between healthy and COVID-19 infected subjects. Using McFadden's Adjusted R2 variables were examined for a predictive model. The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of the adaptive immune repertoire on the severity of the disease (value on the World Health Organization Clinical Progression Scale) in COVID-19. FINDINGS Combining clinical metadata with clonotypes of three immune receptor heavy chains (TRB, TRD, and IgH), we found significant associations between COVID-19 disease severity groups and immune receptor sequences of B and T cell compartments. Logistic regression showed an increase in shared IgH clonal types and decrease of TRD in subjects with severe COVID-19. The probability of finding shared clones of TRD clonal types was highest in healthy subjects (controls). Some specific TRB clones seems to be present in severe COVID-19 (Figure S7b). The most informative models (McFadden´s Adjusted R2=0.141) linked disease severity with immune repertoire measures across all three cell types, as well as receptor-specific cell counts, highlighting the importance of multiple lymphocyte classes in disease progression. INTERPRETATION Adaptive immune receptor peripheral blood repertoire measures are associated with COVID-19 disease severity. FUNDING The study was funded with grants from the Berlin Institute of Health (BIH).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suwalski Phillip
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE 10117, Germany
| | | | | | - Lin Hai
- Roche Sequencing Solutions Pleasanton, CA 94588, United States
| | - Weiner January
- Core Unit Bioinformatics Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, DE 10178, Germany
| | - Manuel Holtgrewe
- Core Unit Bioinformatics Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, DE 10178, Germany
| | - Thibeault Charlotte
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, DE 12203, Germany
| | - Müller Melina
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE 10117, Germany
| | - Wang Xiaomin
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE 10117, Germany
| | - Karadeniz Zehra
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE 10117, Germany
| | - Saccomanno Jacopo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, DE 12203, Germany
| | - Doehn Jan-Moritz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, DE 12203, Germany
| | - Hübner Ralf-Harto
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, DE 12203, Germany
| | | | - Blüher Anja
- Signature Diagnostics GmbH, DE 14473, Germany
| | | | - Telman Dilduz
- Roche Sequencing Solutions Pleasanton, CA 94588, United States
| | - Suttorp Norbert
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, DE 12203, Germany
| | - Witzenrath Martin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, DE 12203, Germany
| | - Hippenstiel Stefan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, DE 12203, Germany
| | - Skurk Carsten
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE 10117, Germany
| | - Poller Wolfgang
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE 10117, Germany
| | - Sander Leif E
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, DE 12203, Germany
| | - Beule Dieter
- Core Unit Bioinformatics Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, DE 10178, Germany
| | - Kurth Florian
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, DE 12203, Germany
| | | | - Landmesser Ulf
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE 10117, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Berka Jan
- Roche Sequencing Solutions Pleasanton, CA 94588, United States
| | - Luong Khai
- Roche Sequencing Solutions Pleasanton, CA 94588, United States
| | | | - Florian Rubelt
- Roche Sequencing Solutions Pleasanton, CA 94588, United States
| | - Heidecker Bettina
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE 10117, Germany
- Corresponding authors.
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9
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Nasrollahi H, Molavi Vardanjani H, Pasalar M. Cancer treatment in the time of COVID-19 pandemics: A new concern. Cancer 2022; 128:2991. [PMID: 35499670 PMCID: PMC9348264 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Nasrollahi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Molavi Vardanjani
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Pasalar
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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10
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Mihaescu G, Chifiriuc MC, Vrancianu CO, Constantin M, Filip R, Popescu MR, Burlibasa L, Nicoara AC, Bolocan A, Iliescu C, Gradisteanu Pircalabioru G. Antiviral Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: From Protective to Deleterious Responses. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2578. [PMID: 34946179 PMCID: PMC8703918 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After two previous episodes, in 2002 and 2012, when two highly pathogenic coronaviruses (SARS, MERS) with a zoonotic origin emerged in humans and caused fatal respiratory illness, we are today experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic produced by SARS-CoV-2. The main question of the year 2021 is if naturally- or artificially-acquired active immunity will be effective against the evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants. This review starts with the presentation of the two compartments of antiviral immunity-humoral and cellular, innate and adaptive-underlining how the involved cellular and molecular actors are intrinsically connected in the development of the immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Then, the SARS-CoV-2 immunopathology, as well as the derived diagnosis and therapeutic approaches, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigore Mihaescu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.); (C.O.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.); (C.O.V.); (L.B.)
- Life, Environmental and Earth Sciences Division, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- The Romanian Academy, 25 Calea Victoriei, Sector 1, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Roxana Filip
- Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
- Regional County Emergency Hospital, 720284 Suceava, Romania
| | - Mihaela Roxana Popescu
- Department of Cardiology, Elias Emergency University Hospital “Carol Davila”, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Liliana Burlibasa
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.); (C.O.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Anca Cecilia Nicoara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Bolocan
- General Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ciprian Iliescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania;
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
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11
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Ren H, Ma C, Peng H, Zhang B, Zhou L, Su Y, Gao X, Huang H. Micronucleus production, activation of DNA damage response and cGAS-STING signaling in syncytia induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Biol Direct 2021; 16:20. [PMID: 34674770 PMCID: PMC8530504 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-021-00305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection could cause severe acute respiratory syndrome, largely attributed to dysregulated immune activation and extensive lung tissue damage. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we reported that viral infection could induce syncytia formation within cells expressing ACE2 and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, leading to the production of micronuclei with an average rate of about 4 per syncytium (> 93%). Remarkably, these micronuclei were manifested with a high level of activation of both DNA damage response and cGAS-STING signaling, as indicated by micronucleus translocation of γH2Ax and cGAS, and upregulation of their respective downstream target genes. Since activation of these signaling pathways were known to be associated with cellular catastrophe and aberrant immune activation, these findings help explain the pathological effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection at cellular and molecular levels, and provide novel potential targets for COVID-19 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ren
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Chaobing Ma
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Haoran Peng
- Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Lulin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yan Su
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China.
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12
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Fang J, Feng C, Chen W, Hou P, Liu Z, Zuo M, Han Y, Xu C, Melino G, Verkhratsky A, Wang Y, Shao C, Shi Y. Redressing the interactions between stem cells and immune system in tissue regeneration. Biol Direct 2021; 16:18. [PMID: 34670590 PMCID: PMC8527311 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-021-00306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has an extraordinary regenerative capacity reflecting the rapid activation and effective differentiation of muscle stem cells (MuSCs). In the course of muscle regeneration, MuSCs are reprogrammed by immune cells. In turn, MuSCs confer immune cells anti-inflammatory properties to resolve inflammation and facilitate tissue repair. Indeed, MuSCs can exert therapeutic effects on various degenerative and inflammatory disorders based on their immunoregulatory ability, including effects primed by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). At the molecular level, the tryptophan metabolites, kynurenine or kynurenic acid, produced by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), augment the expression of TNF-stimulated gene 6 (TSG6) through the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). In addition, insulin growth factor 2 (IGF2) produced by MuSCs can endow maturing macrophages oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-dependent anti-inflammatory functions. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of the immunomodulatory characteristics of MuSCs and the issues related to their potential applications in pathological conditions, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankai Fang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Feng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Wangwang Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengbo Hou
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Zhanhong Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Muqiu Zuo
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyi Han
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Chenchang Xu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changshun Shao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yufang Shi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Srivastava M, Hall D, Omoru OB, Gill HM, Smith S, Janga SC. Mutational Landscape and Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with Host Cellular Components. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1794. [PMID: 34576690 PMCID: PMC8464733 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its rapid evolution has led to a global health crisis. Increasing mutations across the SARS-CoV-2 genome have severely impacted the development of effective therapeutics and vaccines to combat the virus. However, the new SARS-CoV-2 variants and their evolutionary characteristics are not fully understood. Host cellular components such as the ACE2 receptor, RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), microRNAs, small nuclear RNA (snRNA), 18s rRNA, and the 7SL RNA component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) interact with various structural and non-structural proteins of the SARS-CoV-2. Several of these viral proteins are currently being examined for designing antiviral therapeutics. In this review, we discuss current advances in our understanding of various host cellular components targeted by the virus during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also summarize the mutations across the SARS-CoV-2 genome that directs the evolution of new viral strains. Considering coronaviruses are rapidly evolving in humans, this enables them to escape therapeutic therapies and vaccine-induced immunity. In order to understand the virus's evolution, it is essential to study its mutational patterns and their impact on host cellular machinery. Finally, we present a comprehensive survey of currently available databases and tools to study viral-host interactions that stand as crucial resources for developing novel therapeutic strategies for combating SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Srivastava
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Informatics and Communications Technology Complex, 535 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.S.); (D.H.); (O.B.O.); (H.M.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Dwight Hall
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Informatics and Communications Technology Complex, 535 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.S.); (D.H.); (O.B.O.); (H.M.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Okiemute Beatrice Omoru
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Informatics and Communications Technology Complex, 535 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.S.); (D.H.); (O.B.O.); (H.M.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Hunter Mathias Gill
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Informatics and Communications Technology Complex, 535 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.S.); (D.H.); (O.B.O.); (H.M.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Sarah Smith
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Informatics and Communications Technology Complex, 535 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.S.); (D.H.); (O.B.O.); (H.M.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Sarath Chandra Janga
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Informatics and Communications Technology Complex, 535 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.S.); (D.H.); (O.B.O.); (H.M.G.); (S.S.)
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Medical Research and Library Building, 975 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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14
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Low Admission Immunoglobulin G Levels Predict Poor Outcome in Patients with Mild-to-Critical COVID-19: A Prospective, Single-Center Study. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2021; 11:338-343. [PMID: 34734379 PMCID: PMC8353937 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-021-00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immunoglobulins (Igs) comprise a critical part of the immune response. Little information exists on Ig serum levels in COVID-19 patients. We, therefore, investigated whether hospital admission Igs in patients with mild-to-critical disease are associated with clinical outcome. Materials and Methods This prospective, observational, single-center, cross-sectional study included 126 consecutive non-critically ill and critically ill and COVID-19 patients, in whom IgG, IgM, and IgA were measured on hospital admission. Results The cohort was divided in survivors and non-survivors, based on in-hospital mortality. Median IgG levels of survivors were significantly higher than non-survivors (p < 0.01). The cohort was subsequently divided in IgG deficient (< 690 mg/dl) and sufficient (≥ 690 mg/dl) patients. IgG-deficient patients had a higher mortality rate (p < 0.01). The multivariate logistic regression model showed that subnormal IgG was significantly associated with increased mortality risk (p < 0.01). Conclusion In our COVID-19 cohort, admission subnormal IgG levels might be independently associated with reduced survival.
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15
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Low level of plasminogen increases risk for mortality in COVID-19 patients. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:773. [PMID: 34354045 PMCID: PMC8340078 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and especially of its complications is still not fully understood. In fact, a very high number of patients with COVID-19 die because of thromboembolic causes. A role of plasminogen, as precursor of fibrinolysis, has been hypothesized. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between plasminogen levels and COVID-19-related outcomes in a population of 55 infected Caucasian patients (mean age: 69.8 ± 14.3, 41.8% female). Low levels of plasminogen were significantly associated with inflammatory markers (CRP, PCT, and IL-6), markers of coagulation (D-dimer, INR, and APTT), and markers of organ dysfunctions (high fasting blood glucose and decrease in the glomerular filtration rate). A multidimensional analysis model, including the correlation of the expression of coagulation with inflammatory parameters, indicated that plasminogen tended to cluster together with IL-6, hence suggesting a common pathway of activation during disease's complication. Moreover, low levels of plasminogen strongly correlated with mortality in COVID-19 patients even after multiple adjustments for presence of confounding. These data suggest that plasminogen may play a pivotal role in controlling the complex mechanisms beyond the COVID-19 complications, and may be useful both as biomarker for prognosis and for therapeutic target against this extremely aggressive infection.
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16
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Thromboembolism after COVID-19 vaccine in patients with preexisting thrombocytopenia. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:762. [PMID: 34344867 PMCID: PMC8328816 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
While vaccination is the single most effective intervention to drastically reduce severe disease and death following SARS-CoV-2 infection, as shown in UK and Israel, some serious concerns have been raised for an unusual adverse drug reaction (ADR), including vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) with concurrent low platelets as well as capillary leak syndrome. In fact, the overall safety of the vaccine is highlighted by the low frequency of ADR considering that in UK, by the early June, 40 million first doses and 29 million second doses have been injected; nonetheless, 390 thrombotic events, including 71 fatal events have been reported. Interestingly, the cases reported low platelet counts with the presence of anti-platelet factor-4 (PF4) antibodies, indicating an abnormal clotting reaction. Here, out of three referred cases, we report a post-vaccine clinical case of fatal thrombosis with postmortem examination and whole exome sequencing (WES) analysis, whose pathogenesis appeared associated to a preexisting condition of thrombocytopenia due to myelodysplasia.
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17
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Evidences for lipid involvement in SARS-CoV-2 cytopathogenesis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:263. [PMID: 33712574 PMCID: PMC7952828 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 remains to be completely understood, and detailed SARS-CoV-2 cellular cytopathic effects requires definition. We performed a comparative ultrastructural study of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero E6 cells and in lungs from deceased COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV-2 induces rapid death associated with profound ultrastructural changes in Vero cells. Type II pneumocytes in lung tissue showed prominent altered features with numerous vacuoles and swollen mitochondria with presence of abundant lipid droplets. The accumulation of lipids was the most striking finding we observed in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells, both in vitro and in the lungs of patients, suggesting that lipids can be involved in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Considering that in most cases, COVID-19 patients show alteration of blood cholesterol and lipoprotein homeostasis, our findings highlight a peculiar important topic that can suggest new approaches for pharmacological treatment to contrast the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2.
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18
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Wang X, Melino G, Shi Y. Actively or passively deacidified lysosomes push β-coronavirus egress. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:235. [PMID: 33664221 PMCID: PMC7930523 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Yufang Shi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy.
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