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Singh US, Amdep FL, Kshiar A, Acharya P, Karumuthil T, Kale S, Mishra S, Khan N, Kharbisnop B, Kessler A, Carlton JM, Das A, Walton C, Albert S. Characterisation of Anopheles species composition and genetic diversity in Meghalaya, northeast India, using molecular identification tools. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 112:105450. [PMID: 37230159 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Malaria in India is declining, in part due to the use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and vector control. Historically, the north-eastern region of India has contributed ~10%-12% of the nation's malaria burden. The important mosquito vectors in northeast India have long been considered to be Anopheles baimaii and An. minimus, both associated with forest habitats. Local deforestation and increased rice cultivation, along with widespread LLIN use, may be changing vector species composition. Understanding if and how vector species composition is changing is critical to successful malaria control. In Meghalaya state, malaria is now at a low level of endemicity with occasional seasonal outbreaks. In a biodiverse setting like Meghalaya, where >24 Anopheles mosquito species have been recorded, accurate morphological identification of all species is logistically challenging. To accurately determine Anopheles species richness in the West Khasi Hills (WKH) and West Jaintia Hills (WJH) districts, adult and larval mosquitoes were collected and identified using molecular methods of allele-specific PCR and cytochrome oxidase I DNA barcoding. In 14 villages across both districts, we identified high species richness, 19 species in total. Molecular findings indicated that An. minimus and An. baimaii were rare, while four other species (An. maculatus, An. pseudowillmori, An. jeyporiensis and An. nitidus) were abundant. Anopheles maculatus was highly prevalent in WKH (39% of light trap collections) and An. pseudowillmori in WJH (45%). Larvae of these four species were found in rice fields, suggesting that land cover change is influencing species composition change. Our results suggest that rice fields might be contributing to the observed abundance of An. maculatus and An. pseudowillmori, which could be playing a role in malaria transmission, either independently due to their high abundance, or in combination with An. baimaii and/or An. minimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Shyamsunder Singh
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | | | - Alman Kshiar
- Indian Institute of Public Health Shillong, Shillong, Meghalaya 793001, India
| | - Preeti Acharya
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Tulasi Karumuthil
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Sonal Kale
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Nikhat Khan
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Bankerdonbor Kharbisnop
- Meghalaya State Programme Management Unit (Malaria), National Centre for Vector Borne Disease Control, Department of Health, Government of Meghalaya, Lawmali, Pasteur Hill, Shillong, Meghalaya 793001, India
| | - Anne Kessler
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, NY 10003, USA
| | - Jane M Carlton
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, NY 10003, USA
| | - Aparup Das
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Catherine Walton
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Sandra Albert
- Indian Institute of Public Health Shillong, Shillong, Meghalaya 793001, India; National Lutheran Health and Medical Board, MLCU, Meghalaya, India
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Al-Amin HM, Rodriguez I, Phru CS, Khan WA, Haque R, Nahlen BL, Burton TA, Alam MS, Lobo NF. Composition of Anopheles species and bionomic characteristics over the peak malaria transmission season in Bandarban, Bangladesh. Malar J 2023; 22:176. [PMID: 37280591 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joint efforts by government and non-government organizations have helped to reduce malaria in Bangladesh and set the country on a clear path to eventual malaria elimination. However, achieving that goal would be challenging without a comprehensive understanding of vector bionomics. METHODS Targeted capturing of Anopheles mosquitoes over a rainy season, utilizing specific sampling methods, including human landing catches (HLCs), CDC-light traps (CDC-LTs), and pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs) were aimed to characterize entomological drivers of transmission in four sites of Bandarban, Bangladesh. RESULTS Molecular characterization of a subset of 4637 mosquitoes has demonstrated the presence of at least 17 species whose capture rates were representative of the rainy season. Species compositions and bionomic traits did not vary between sites with Anopheles maculatus having the highest landing rate by HLCs and Anopheles vagus having the highest capture rate with CDC-LTs. Interestingly, Anopheles species compositions and capture rates varied significantly (p < 0.05) for An. vagus, between HLCs and its often-used proxy-CDC-LTs- suggesting impacts on downstream analysis. CDC-LTs capture rates demonstrated differing compositions with indoor and outdoor biting rates. For example, Anopheles nigerrimus and Anopheles nivipes were more endophagic by HLCs and more exophagic by CDC-LTs. The use of a cow-baited CDC-LT also demonstrated significantly different results when compared to a human-baited CDC-LT considering the high degree of anthropophily in these species. The exception to both zoophily and indoor resting was An. vagus, which demonstrated both anthropophily and high resting rates indoors-pointing to this species being a possible primary vector at this site. CONCLUSION A diverse Anopheles fauna in Bandarban has been confirmed through molecular methods, highlighting the potential impact of sampling techniques. Given the complexity of the local ecosystem, a better understanding of mosquito behaviour and ecology is required to achieve the goal of malaria elimination in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Isabella Rodriguez
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Ching Swe Phru
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wasif A Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bernard L Nahlen
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Survey of malaria vectors on the Cambodia, Thailand and China-Laos Borders. Malar J 2022; 21:399. [PMID: 36585690 PMCID: PMC9801360 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04418-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles minimus and Anopheles dirus are the major vectors of malaria transmission in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). The malaria burden in this region has decreased significantly in recent years as all GMS countries progress towards malaria elimination. It is necessary to investigate the Anopheles diversity and abundance status and assess the Plasmodium infection rates to understand the malaria transmission potential of these vector species in GMS countries to guide the development of up-to-date vector control strategies and interventions. METHODS A survey of mosquitoes was conducted in Stung Treng, Sainyabuli and Phongsaly Provinces on the Cambodia-Laos, Thailand-Laos and China-Laos borders, respectively. Mosquito collection was done by overnight trapping at sentinel sites in each province. After morphological identification, the 18S rRNA-based nested-PCR was performed to detect malaria parasites in the captured Anopheles mosquitoes. RESULTS A total of 18 965 mosquitoes comprising of 35 species of 2 subgenera (Subgenus Anopheles and Subgenus Cellia) and 4 tribes (Tribes Culicini, Aedini, Armigerini and Mansoniini) were captured. Tribe Culicini accounted for 85.66% of captures, followed by Subgenus Anopheles (8.15%). Anopheles sinensis dominated the Subgenus Anopheles by 99.81%. Plasmodium-infection was found in 25 out of the 1 683 individual or pooled samples of Anopheles. Among the 25 positive samples, 19, 5 and 1 were collected from Loum, Pangkhom and Siem Pang village, respectively. Eight Anopheles species were found infected with Plasmodium, i.e., An. sinensis, Anopheles kochi, Anopheles vagus, An. minimus, Anopheles annularis, Anopheles philippinensis, Anopheles tessellatus and An. dirus. The infection rates of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and mixture of Plasmodium parasite species were 0.12% (2/1 683), 1.31% (22/1 683) and 0.06% (1/1 683), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this survey re-confirmed that multiple Anopheles species carry malaria parasites in the international border areas of the GMS countries. Anopheles sinensis dominated the Anopheles collections and as carriers of malaria parasites, therefore may play a significant role in malaria transmission. More extensive investigations of malaria vectors are required to reveal the detailed vector biology, ecology, behaviour, and genetics in GMS regions in order to assist with the planning and implementation of improved malaria control strategies.
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Aubourg MA, Al-Amin HM, Sunkara A, Chetan S, Monroe A, Phru CS, Haque R, Khan WA, Hendershot A, Alam MS, Lobo NF. Human behaviour directs household-level exposure to malaria vectors in Bandarban, Bangladesh. Malar J 2022; 21:355. [PMID: 36443751 PMCID: PMC9706855 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bangladesh has reduced malaria incidence and mortality by over 75% between 2010 and 2020. Widespread long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) distribution and use is one of the measures responsible for this success. Recalcitrant malaria hotspots within the Chittagong Hill Tracts districts suggest important drivers of malaria risk may remain uncharacterized. METHODS Towards understanding how household-level human behaviour impacts exposure to mosquitoes, parallel human landing catches and human behavioural observations were conducted in four households for 6 months (May-October) over the rainy season in the Bandarban District. Analysis quantifies spatiotemporal human behaviour-adjusted exposure to Anopheles with and without LLINs. RESULTS This small-scale operational study demonstrates that human spatial and temporal presence along with LLIN use drives exposure to Anopheles. Though the four households had both outdoor and indoor exposure, especially in the evening (1800-2000 h) and early morning (0400-0500 h), data points to household-based heterogeneity in malaria exposure even with similar LLIN access. CONCLUSION Incorporating human behaviour into exposure estimates can be used to understand the efficacy and limitations of local vector control strategies and identify gaps in protection, as well as where present intervention strategies may be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Aubourg
- Department of Biological Sciences, 321 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anoop Sunkara
- Department of Biological Sciences, 321 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Sanjna Chetan
- Department of Biological Sciences, 321 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - April Monroe
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ching Swe Phru
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wasif A Khan
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Allison Hendershot
- Department of Biological Sciences, 321 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, 321 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Zhang C, Luo C, Yang R, Yang Y, Guo X, Deng Y, Zhou H, Zhang Y. Morphological and molecular identification reveals a high diversity of Anopheles species in the forest region of the Cambodia-Laos border. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:94. [PMID: 35303948 PMCID: PMC8933986 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To develop an effective malaria vector intervention method in forested international border regions within the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), more in-depth studies should be conducted on local Anopheles species composition and bionomic features. There is a paucity of comprehensive surveys of biodiversity integrating morphological and molecular species identification conducted within the border of Laos and Cambodia. Methods A total of 2394 adult mosquitoes were trapped in the Cambodia–Laos border region. We first performed morphological identification of Anopheles mosquitoes and subsequently performed molecular identification using 412 recombinant DNA–internal transcribed spacer 2 (rDNA-ITS2) and 391 mitochondrial DNA–cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (mtDNA-COII) sequences. The molecular and morphological identification results were compared, and phylogenetic analysis of rDNA-ITS2 and mtDNA-COII was conducted for the sequence divergence among species. Results Thirteen distinct species of Anopheles were molecularly identified in a 26,415 km2 border region in Siem Pang (Cambodia) and Pathoomphone (Laos). According to the comparisons of morphological and molecular identity, the interpretation of local species composition for dominant species in the Cambodia–Laos border (An. dirus, An. maculatus, An. philippinensis, An. kochi and An. sinensis) achieved the highest accuracy of morphological identification, from 98.37 to 100%. In contrast, the other species which were molecularly identified were less frequently identified correctly (0–58.3%) by morphological methods. The average rDNA-ITS2 and mtDNA-COII interspecific divergence was respectively 318 times and 15 times higher than their average intraspecific divergence. The barcoding gap ranged from 0.042 to 0.193 for rDNA-ITS2, and from 0.033 to 0.047 for mtDNA-COII. Conclusions The Cambodia–Laos border hosts a high diversity of Anopheles species. The morphological identification of Anopheles species provides higher accuracy for dominant species than for other species. Molecular methods combined with morphological analysis to determine species composition, population dynamics and bionomic characteristics can facilitate a better understanding of the factors driving malaria transmission and the effects of interventions, and can aid in achieving the goal of eliminating malaria. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05167-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canglin Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665099, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhai Luo
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665099, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665099, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaming Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665099, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665099, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Deng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665099, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongning Zhou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665099, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yilong Zhang
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Sagna AB, Kibria MG, Naher S, Islam S, Aktaruzzaman MM, Alam MS, Koepfli C. Stratifying malaria receptivity in Bangladesh using archived rapid diagnostic tests. Malar J 2020; 19:345. [PMID: 32967671 PMCID: PMC7513508 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Surveillance of low-density infections and of exposure to vectors is crucial to understand where malaria elimination might be feasible, and where the risk of outbreaks is high. Archived rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), used by national malaria control and elimination programs for clinical diagnosis, present a valuable, yet rarely used resource for in-depth studies on malaria epidemiology. Methods 1022 RDTs from two sub-Districts in Bangladesh (Alikadam and Kamalganj) were screened by qPCR for low-density Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections, and by ELISA for Anopheles salivary gland antibodies as a marker for exposure to vectors. Results Concordance between RDT and qPCR was moderate. qPCR detected 31/1022 infections compared to 36/1022 diagnosed by RDT. Exposure to Anopheles was significantly higher in Kamalganj despite low transmission, which could be explained by low bed net use. Conclusions Archived RDTs present a valuable source of antibodies for serological studies on exposure to vectors. In contrast, the benefit of screening archived RDTs to obtain a better estimate of clinical case numbers is moderate. Kamalganj could be prone to outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Barembaye Sagna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556-0369, USA
| | - Mohammad Golam Kibria
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr, b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Shamsun Naher
- Communicable Diseases Programme (Malaria), BRAC, BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Shayla Islam
- Communicable Diseases Programme (Malaria), BRAC, BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - M M Aktaruzzaman
- National Malaria Elimination Program, Communicable Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr, b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556-0369, USA.
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Alam MS, Al-Amin HM, Khan WA, Haque R, Nahlen BL, Lobo NF. Preliminary Report of Pyrethroid Resistance in Anopheles vagus, an Important Malaria Vector in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:810-811. [PMID: 32394878 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO, unmanaged insecticide resistance may lead to increases in malaria-related mortality and morbidity. Bangladesh, having made significant progress in malaria control efforts, has recently seen an upswing in malaria cases-58% of which occurred in Bandarban district. Toward identifying entomological drivers of increased malaria, an entomological survey including Anopheles susceptibility to the insecticides in use was conducted in Bandarban. Anopheles vagus, the primary vector of malaria, was found to be resistant to both permethrin and deltamethrin-with only 29% and 55% mortality at 30 minutes, respectively. Intervention strategies in this area-all based on pyrethroids, may need to be reevaluated toward closing this gap in protection and increasing intervention efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (QIMR Berghofer), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wasif A Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bernard L Nahlen
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
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Systematic studies of Anopheles (Cellia) kochi (Diptera: Culicidae): Morphology, cytogenetics, cross-mating experiments, molecular evidence and susceptibility level to infection with nocturnally subperiodic Brugia malayi. Acta Trop 2020; 205:105300. [PMID: 31846614 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles kochi Dӧnitz (Diptera: Culicidae) is a malaria vector in some countries in South and Southeast Asia. This is the first report to provide clear evidence that two different cytological forms of An. kochi are conspecific based on systematic studies. Two karyotypic forms, i.e., Form A (X1, X2, Y1) and a novel Form B (X1, X2, Y2) were obtained from a total of 15 iso-female lines collected from five provinces in Thailand. Form A was common in all provinces, whereas Form B was restricted to Ubon Ratchathani province. This study determined whether the two karyotypic variants of An. kochi exist as a single or cryptic species by performing cross-mating experiments in association with the sequencing of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Cross-mating experiments between the two karyotypic forms revealed genetic compatibility by providing viable progenies through F2 generations. The two forms showed a high sequence similarity of those two DNA regions (average genetic distances: ITS2 = 0.002-0.005, COI = 0.000-0.009). The phylogenetic trees based on ITS2 and COI sequences also supported that four strains (from Bhutan, Cambodia, Indonesia, and Thailand) were all of the same species. Five sensilla types housed on the antennae of female An. kochi were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, this study found that An. kochi was a refractory vector, revealed by 0% susceptibility rates to infection with nocturnally subperiodic Brugia malayi. The cibarial armature was a resistant mechanism, as it killed the microfilariae in the foregut before they penetrated into the developmental site.
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Sinha I, Sayeed AA, Uddin D, Wesolowski A, Zaman SI, Faiz MA, Ghose A, Rahman MR, Islam A, Karim MJ, Saha A, Rezwan MK, Shamsuzzaman AKM, Jhora ST, Aktaruzzaman MM, Chang HH, Miotto O, Kwiatkowski D, Dondorp AM, Day NPJ, Hossain MA, Buckee C, Maude RJ. Mapping the travel patterns of people with malaria in Bangladesh. BMC Med 2020; 18:45. [PMID: 32127002 PMCID: PMC7055101 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-1512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spread of malaria and antimalarial resistance through human movement present major threats to current goals to eliminate the disease. Bordering the Greater Mekong Subregion, southeast Bangladesh is a potentially important route of spread to India and beyond, but information on travel patterns in this area are lacking. METHODS Using a standardised short survey tool, 2090 patients with malaria were interviewed at 57 study sites in 2015-2016 about their demographics and travel patterns in the preceding 2 months. RESULTS Most travel was in the south of the study region between Cox's Bazar district (coastal region) to forested areas in Bandarban (31% by days and 45% by nights), forming a source-sink route. Less than 1% of travel reported was between the north and south forested areas of the study area. Farmers (21%) and students (19%) were the top two occupations recorded, with 67 and 47% reporting travel to the forest respectively. Males aged 25-49 years accounted for 43% of cases visiting forests but only 24% of the study population. Children did not travel. Women, forest dwellers and farmers did not travel beyond union boundaries. Military personnel travelled the furthest especially to remote forested areas. CONCLUSIONS The approach demonstrated here provides a framework for identifying key traveller groups and their origins and destinations of travel in combination with knowledge of local epidemiology to inform malaria control and elimination efforts. Working with the NMEP, the findings were used to derive a set of policy recommendations to guide targeting of interventions for elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Sinha
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Didar Uddin
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amy Wesolowski
- John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Sazid Ibna Zaman
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- BRAC (Building Resources Across Communities), BRAC Centre, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Abul Faiz
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- Dev Care Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Aniruddha Ghose
- Chittagong Medical College and Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | | | - Akramul Islam
- BRAC (Building Resources Across Communities), BRAC Centre, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Jahirul Karim
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- Communicable Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Filariasis Elimination, STH Control, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anjan Saha
- National Malaria Elimination Programme, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Kamar Rezwan
- Vector-Borne Disease Control, World Health Organization, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Sanya Tahmina Jhora
- Communicable Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M M Aktaruzzaman
- Communicable Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- National Malaria Elimination Programme, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hsiao-Han Chang
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Olivo Miotto
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominic Kwiatkowski
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas P J Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Amir Hossain
- Chittagong Medical College and Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Caroline Buckee
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Richard J Maude
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA
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10
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Al-Amin HM, Kafi MAH, Chakma S, Mohon AN, Khan WA, Haque R, Sullivan DJ, Norris DE, Alam MS. Host Selection of Field-Collected Anopheles jeyporiensis and Anopheles nivipes in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:1421-1423. [PMID: 30994103 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles jeyporiensis and Anopheles nivipes appear to play an important role in contemporary malaria transmission in Bangladesh. However, very little is known about the natural host selection of these vectors. Therefore, host selection of these two species was investigated in Bandarban, the most malarious region of Bangladesh. A total of 480 engorged mosquitoes were analyzed. The human blood index (HBI) of An. jeyporiensis varied from 4.17% in outdoor to 19.17% in indoor collections. Similarly, HBI of An. nivipes ranged between 0.83% and 22.50% from outdoor to indoor. For both species, cow blood indices were significantly higher than HBI in both indoor and outdoor collections. These data demonstrate the opportunistic and zoophilic nature of An. jeyporiensis and An. nivipes, which suggests that approaches such as zooprophylasis may prove beneficial as a control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Abu Naser Mohon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wasif A Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David J Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas E Norris
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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11
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Noé A, Zaman SI, Rahman M, Saha AK, Aktaruzzaman MM, Maude RJ. Mapping the stability of malaria hotspots in Bangladesh from 2013 to 2016. Malar J 2018; 17:259. [PMID: 29996835 PMCID: PMC6042289 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria claims hundreds of thousands of lives each year, most of them children. A "malaria-free world" is the World Health Organization's vision, but elimination from the southeast Asian Region is hampered by factors including anti-malarial resistance and systematic underreporting. Malaria is a significant public health problem in Bangladesh and while there have been recent gains in control, there is large spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the disease burden. This study aims to determine the pattern and stability of malaria hotspots in Bangladesh with the end goal of informing intervention planning for elimination. RESULTS Malaria in Bangladesh exhibited highly seasonal, hypoendemic transmission in geographic hotspots, which remained conserved over time. The southeast areas of the Chittagong Hill Tracts were identified as malaria hotspots for all 4 years examined. Similarly, areas in Sunamganj and Netrakona districts in the Northeast were hotspots for 2013-2016. Highly stable hotspots from 1 year predicted the following year's hotspot locations in the southeast of Bangladesh. Hotspots did not appear to act as sources of spread with no evidence of consistent patterns of contiguous spread or recession of hotspots as high or low transmission seasons progressed. CONCLUSIONS Areas were identified with temporal and spatial clustering of high malaria incidence in Bangladesh. Further studies are required to understand the vector, sociodemographic and disease dynamics within these hotspots. Given the low caseloads occurring in the low transmission seasons, and the conserved nature of malaria hotspots, directing resources towards these areas may be an efficient way to achieve malaria elimination in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Noé
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 3/F, 60th Anniversary Chalermprakiat Building, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sazid Ibna Zaman
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 3/F, 60th Anniversary Chalermprakiat Building, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Mosiqure Rahman
- National Malaria Elimination Programme, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anjan Kumar Saha
- National Malaria Elimination Programme, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M M Aktaruzzaman
- National Malaria Elimination Programme, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Richard James Maude
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 3/F, 60th Anniversary Chalermprakiat Building, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA.
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12
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Irish SR, Al-Amin HM, Paulin HN, Mahmood ASMS, Khan RK, Muraduzzaman AKM, Worrell CM, Flora MS, Karim MJ, Shirin T, Shamsuzzaman AKM, Tahmina S, Lenhart A, Dubray C. Molecular xenomonitoring for Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex quinquefasciatus in two districts in Bangladesh supports transmission assessment survey findings. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006574. [PMID: 30048460 PMCID: PMC6062013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Careful monitoring for recrudescence of Wuchereria bancrofti infection is necessary in communities where mass drug administration (MDA) for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) as a public health problem has been stopped. During the post-MDA period, transmission assessment surveys (TAS) are recommended by the World Health Organization to monitor the presence of the parasite in humans. Molecular xenomonitoring (MX), a method by which parasite infection in the mosquito population is monitored, has also been proposed as a sensitive method to determine whether the parasite is still present in the human population. The aim of this study was to conduct an MX evaluation in two areas of Bangladesh, one previously endemic district that had stopped MDA (Panchagarh), and part of a non-endemic district (Gaibandha) that borders the district where transmission was most recently recorded. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Mosquitoes were systematically collected from 180 trap sites per district and mosquito pools were tested for W. bancrofti using real-time PCR. A total of 23,436 intact mosquitoes, representing 31 species, were collected from the two districts, of which 10,344 (41%) were Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of W. bancrofti in Bangladesh. All of the 594 pools of Cx. quinquefasciatus tested by real-time PCR were negative for the presence of W. bancrofti DNA. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study suggested the absence of W. bancrofti in these districts. MX could be a sensitive tool to confirm interruption of LF transmission in areas considered at higher risk of recrudescence, particularly in countries like Bangladesh where entomological and laboratory capacity to perform MX is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth R. Irish
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- President’s Malaria Initiative, Bureau for Global Health, Office of Infectious Disease, United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | | | - Heather N. Paulin
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - A. S. M. Sultan Mahmood
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Communicable Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rajaul K. Khan
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Communicable Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Caitlin M. Worrell
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Meerjady S. Flora
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control & Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed J. Karim
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Communicable Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control & Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A. K. M. Shamsuzzaman
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Communicable Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sanya Tahmina
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Communicable Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christine Dubray
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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13
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Alam MS, Al-Amin HM, Elahi R, Chakma S, Kafi MAH, Khan WA, Haque R, Sack DA, Sullivan DJ, Norris DE. Abundance and Dynamics of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae in a Malaria Endemic Area of Bangladesh. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:382-391. [PMID: 29182782 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a major health burden in the border-belt areas of Bangladesh. There are recent data from adult mosquito collections that a number of vectors are involved in the transmission cycle. However, little information regarding the larval habitats of Anopheles mosquitoes are available in Bangladesh. To start filling this gap, a cross-sectional larval survey was conducted in Bandarban, Bangladesh from October 2011 to September 2012. Descriptive analysis, Poisson regression, spearman correlations and zero-inflated Poisson regression were used to calculate the degree of association between the abundance of larval Anopheles species and environmental factors. From the 300 larval habitats sampled, 5,568 Anopheles larvae were collected and of these, 2,263 (40.6%) were identified to species. Collections represented 16 Anopheles species with Anopheles vagus (26.4%, n = 598) as the dominant species. A total of 16 Anopheles larval habitat types were identified. Larval abundance was significantly different (P < 0.05) among habitats with pond (40%, n = 914) and rice field (34%, n = 779) implicated to be the most utilized. Larval abundance varied significantly (P < 0.05) with habitat characteristics. Most of the larvae were collected from sites with a range of pH from 7.0 to 8.0. Data obtained from this study revealed both natural and human-created larval habitats were favorable for anopheline larval survival and development. Such information elucidates plausible drivers of high anopheline diversity, high vector abundance, changes in relative species abundance from historic data, and sustained transmission of malaria in endemic areas of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rubayet Elahi
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Sumit Chakma
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- EngenderHealth Bangladesh, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Abdullah Heel Kafi
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wasif A Khan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David A Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - David J Sullivan
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Douglas E Norris
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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14
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Alam MS, Ley B, Nima MK, Johora FT, Hossain ME, Thriemer K, Auburn S, Marfurt J, Price RN, Khan WA. Molecular analysis demonstrates high prevalence of chloroquine resistance but no evidence of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. Malar J 2017; 16:335. [PMID: 28806961 PMCID: PMC5557264 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1995-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemisinin resistance is present in the Greater Mekong region and poses a significant threat for current anti-malarial treatment guidelines in Bangladesh. The aim of this molecular study was to assess the current status of drug resistance in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh near the Myanmar border. METHODS Samples were obtained from patients enrolled into a Clinical Trial (NCT02389374) conducted in Alikadam, Bandarban between August 2014 and January 2015. Plasmodium falciparum infections were confirmed by PCR and all P. falciparum positive isolates genotyped for the pfcrt K76T and pfmdr1 N86Y markers. The propeller region of the kelch 13 (k13) gene was sequenced from isolates from patients with delayed parasite clearance. RESULTS In total, 130 P. falciparum isolates were available for analysis. The pfcrt mutation K76T, associated with chloroquine resistance was found in 81.5% (106/130) of cases and the pfmdr1 mutation N86Y in 13.9% (18/130) cases. No single nucleotide polymorphisms were observed in the k13 propeller region. CONCLUSION This study provides molecular evidence for the ongoing presence of chloroquine resistant P. falciparum in Bangladesh, but no evidence of mutations in the k13 propeller domain associated with artemisinin resistance. Monitoring for artemisinin susceptibility in Bangladesh is needed to ensure early detection and containment emerging anti-malarial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Benedikt Ley
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Maisha Khair Nima
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Fatema Tuj Johora
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Ramna, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Kamala Thriemer
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Sarah Auburn
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Jutta Marfurt
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Ric N. Price
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wasif A. Khan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
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15
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Alam MS, Kabir MM, Hossain MS, Naher S, Ferdous NEN, Khan WA, Mondal D, Karim J, Shamsuzzaman AKM, Ahmed BN, Islam A, Haque R. Reduction in malaria prevalence and increase in malaria awareness in endemic districts of Bangladesh. Malar J 2016; 15:552. [PMID: 27836016 PMCID: PMC5105313 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is endemic in 13 districts of Bangladesh. A baseline malaria prevalence survey across the endemic districts of Bangladesh was conducted in 2007, when the prevalence was reported around 39.7 per 1000 population. After two rounds of Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM)-funded intervention by the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) and a BRAC-led NGO consortium, a follow-up survey was conducted across the malaria-endemic districts of Bangladesh to measure the change in prevalence rate and in people's knowledge of malaria. METHODS The survey was carried out from August to November 2013 in 70 upazilas (sub-districts) of 13 malaria-endemic districts of Bangladesh, following the same multi-stage cluster sampling design and the same number of households enrolled during the baseline prevalence survey in 2007, to collect 9750 randomly selected blood samples. For on-the-spot diagnosis of malaria, a rapid diagnostic test was used. The household head or eldest person available was interviewed using a pre-coded structured questionnaire to collect data on the knowledge and awareness of malaria in the household. RESULTS Based on a weighted calculation, the overall malaria prevalence was found to be 1.41 per 1000 population. The proportion of Plasmodium falciparum mono-infection was 77.78% while both Plasmodium vivax mono-infection and mixed infection of the two species were found to be 11.11%. Bandarban had the highest prevalence (6.67 per 1000 population). Knowledge of malaria signs, symptoms and mode of transmission were higher in the follow-up survey (97.26%) than the baseline survey. Use of bed nets for prevention of malaria was found to be high (90.15%) at respondent level. People's knowledge of selected parameters increased significantly during the follow-up survey compared to the baseline survey conducted in 2007. CONCLUSIONS A reduced prevalence rate of malaria and increased level of knowledge were observed in the present malaria prevalence survey in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wasif Ali Khan
- icddr,b, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- icddr,b, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | - Rashidul Haque
- icddr,b, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
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16
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Irish SR, Al-Amin HM, Alam MS, Harbach RE. A review of the mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:559. [PMID: 27770829 PMCID: PMC5075421 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diseases caused by mosquito-borne pathogens remain an important source of morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh. To better control the vectors that transmit the agents of disease, and hence the diseases they cause, and to appreciate the diversity of the family Culicidae, it is important to have an up-to-date list of the species present in the country. Original records were collected from a literature review to compile a list of the species recorded in Bangladesh. Results Records for 123 species were collected, although some species had only a single record. This is an increase of ten species over the most recent complete list, compiled nearly 30 years ago. Collection records of three additional species are included here: Anopheles pseudowillmori, Armigeres malayi and Mimomyia luzonensis. Conclusions While this work constitutes the most complete list of mosquito species collected in Bangladesh, further work is needed to refine this list and understand the distributions of those species within the country. Improved morphological and molecular methods of identification will allow the refinement of this list in years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth R Irish
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Ralph E Harbach
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
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17
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Wangdi K, Gatton ML, Kelly GC, Banwell C, Dev V, Clements ACA. Malaria elimination in India and regional implications. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 16:e214-e224. [PMID: 27527748 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The malaria situation in India is complex as a result of diverse socio-environmental conditions. India contributes a substantial burden of malaria outside sub-Saharan Africa, with the third highest Plasmodium vivax prevalence in the world. Successful malaria control in India is likely to enhance malaria elimination efforts in the region. Despite modest gains, there are many challenges for malaria elimination in India, including: varied patterns of malaria transmission in different parts of the country demanding area-specific control measures; intense malaria transmission fuelled by favourable climatic and environment factors; varying degrees of insecticide resistance of vectors; antimalarial drug resistance; a weak surveillance system; and poor national coordination of state programmes. Prevention and protection against malaria are low as a result of a weak health-care system, as well as financial and socioeconomic constraints. Additionally, the open borders of India provide a potential route of entry for artesunate-resistant parasites from southeast Asia. This situation calls for urgent dialogue around tackling malaria across borders-between India's states and neighbouring countries-through sharing of information and coordinated control and preventive measures, if we are to achieve the aim of malaria elimination in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinley Wangdi
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Phuentsholing General Hospital, Phuentsholing, Bhutan.
| | - Michelle L Gatton
- School of Public Health & Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gerard C Kelly
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Cathy Banwell
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Vas Dev
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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18
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Dayanand KK, Punnath K, Chandrashekar VN, Kakkilaya SB, Ghosh SK, Tiwari SN, Achur RN, Kadambi SS, Gowda DC. Malaria Transmission Under an Unusual Circumstance Causing Death in Two Siblings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:155-7. [PMID: 27139444 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Two school-going siblings from a family residing in a presumed malaria non-endemic locality ∼90 km from Mangalore city in southwestern India contracted Plasmodium falciparum infection. In both cases, misunderstanding of initial clinical symptoms as due to viral hepatitis resulted in progression to severe malaria before malaria treatment was initiated. Despite treatment at a tertiary hospital, the children died of cerebral malaria and multi-organ dysfunction. Active case detection in the affected locality suggested that the infection was transmitted from infected individuals who worked in nearby malaria-endemic areas and periodically visited their families. A lesson from this study is that lethal falciparum malaria can be transmitted in regions of India, believed to be non-endemic for the disease, resulting in fatal outcomes if diagnosis is missed or delayed. Implementation of effective surveillance and control measures as well as preparedness for malaria detection and diagnosis are necessary in areas that are potentially disposed to malaria transmission even though they are presumed to be non-endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran K Dayanand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania. Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India
| | - Kishore Punnath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Valleesha N Chandrashekar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Srinivas B Kakkilaya
- Light House Polyclinic, Spandana Center for Metabolic Medicine, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Susanta K Ghosh
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Bangalore Field Station, ICMR Complex, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sathyanarayan N Tiwari
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Bangalore Field Station, ICMR Complex, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajeshwara N Achur
- Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudarshan S Kadambi
- Directorate of Health and Family Welfare Services, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - D Channe Gowda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
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Laporta GZ, Linton YM, Wilkerson RC, Bergo ES, Nagaki SS, Sant'Ana DC, Sallum MAM. Malaria vectors in South America: current and future scenarios. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:426. [PMID: 26283539 PMCID: PMC4539674 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a significant public health issue in South America. Future climate change may influence the distribution of the disease, which is dependent on the distribution of those Anopheles mosquitoes competent to transmit Plasmodium falciparum. Herein, predictive niche models of the habitat suitability for P. falciparum, the current primary vector Anopheles darlingi and nine other known and/or potential vector species of the Neotropical Albitarsis Complex, were used to document the current situation and project future scenarios under climate changes in South America in 2070. METHODS To build each ecological niche model, we employed topography, climate and biome, and the currently defined distribution of P. falciparum, An. darlingi and nine species comprising the Albitarsis Complex in South America. Current and future (i.e., 2070) distributions were forecast by projecting the fitted ecological niche model onto the current environmental situation and two scenarios of simulated climate change. Statistical analyses were performed between the parasite and each vector in both the present and future scenarios to address potential vector roles in the dynamics of malaria transmission. RESULTS Current distributions of malaria vector species were associated with that of P. falciparum, confirming their role in transmission, especially An. darlingi, An. marajoara and An. deaneorum. Projected climate changes included higher temperatures, lower water availability and biome modifications. Regardless of future scenarios considered, the geographic distribution of P. falciparum was exacerbated in 2070 South America, with the distribution of the pathogen covering 35-46% of the continent. As the current primary vector An. darlingi showed low tolerance for drier environments, the projected climate change would significantly reduce suitable habitat, impacting both its distribution and abundance. Conversely, climate generalist members of the Albitarsis Complex showed significant spatial and temporal expansion potential in 2070, and we conclude these species will become more important in the dynamics of malaria transmission in South America. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that climate and landscape effects will elevate the importance of members of the Albitarsis Complex in malaria transmission in South America in 2070, highlighting the need for further studies addressing the bionomics, ecology and behaviours of the species comprising the Albitarsis Complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Zorello Laporta
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Informática Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Setor de Pós-graduação, Pesquisa e Inovação, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA. .,Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Museum Support Center, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA. .,Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA. .,Department of Preventative Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Richard C Wilkerson
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA. .,Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Museum Support Center, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA. .,Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Eduardo Sterlino Bergo
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias (SUCEN), Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sandra Sayuri Nagaki
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Denise Cristina Sant'Ana
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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