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Carbonara M, Iatta R, Miró G, Montoya A, Benelli G, Mendoza-Roldan JA, Papadopoulos E, Lima C, Bouhsira E, Nachum-Biala Y, Decaro N, Schunack B, Baneth G, Otranto D. Feline leishmaniosis in the Mediterranean Basin: a multicenter study. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:346. [PMID: 39160611 PMCID: PMC11331770 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cats are now recognized as competent hosts for Leishmania infantum and a blood source for sand fly vectors. Although canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is endemic in Mediterranean Basin countries, large-scale epidemiological studies are lacking for feline leishmaniosis (FeL). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of L. infantum infections, associated risk factors, clinical signs, and clinicopathological abnormalities in domestic cat populations from six Mediterranean Basin countries. METHODS From 2019 to 2022, blood and serum samples of cats (n = 2067) living in Italy (n = 300), Greece (n = 297), Portugal (n = 295), France (n = 231), Israel (n = 313), and Spain (n = 631) were collected along with animal data (i.e., age, sex, breed, housing conditions, and geographical origin), clinical signs, and laboratory blood test parameters. Cats were grouped according to their age as kittens (up to 1 year), young (older than 1 and younger than 7 years), mature (between 7 and 10 years), and senior (older than 10 years). Serum samples were tested for L. infantum by immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and blood samples of seropositive cats were tested for L. infantum kinetoplast deoxyribonucleic acid (kDNA). Viral infection by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) was molecularly addressed in all cats enrolled. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the association between the risk of L. infantum infection and independent variables, and among co-infection of L. infantum with FIV and/or FeLV, clinical signs, and clinicopathological abnormalities. RESULTS Overall, 17.3% (358/2067) of cats scored positive for L. infantum by serological tests. Specifically, 24.7% were from Portugal, 23.2% from Greece, 16.6% from Israel, 15% from Spain, 13.3% from France, and 12.6% from Italy. Leishmania infantum DNA was detected in 15 seropositive animals. Housing condition and FIV infection proved to be risk factors for FeL. Leishmania seropositivity was significantly associated with weight loss, lymphadenomegaly, gingivostomatitis, and oral ulcers, as well as with reduced albumin and albumin/globulin ratio, increased total globulins and total proteins, leukocytosis, and thrombocytosis. CONCLUSIONS This study provides, for the first time, a large-scale epidemiological survey on FeL and its clinical presentation, revealing that L. infantum circulates among domestic cats, especially shelter/free-roaming and FIV-infected animals, living in CanL endemic countries of the Mediterranean Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Iatta
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montoya
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases and Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Clara Lima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Emilie Bouhsira
- InTheres, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Gad Baneth
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Geisen V, Pantchev N, Zablotski Y, Kim O, Globokar Vrhovec M, Hartmann K, Bergmann M. Molecular Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Cats in Europe and Associated Risk Factors. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2368. [PMID: 39199902 PMCID: PMC11350889 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections with Anaplasma (A.) phagocytophilum in cats seem to be rare. The study aimed to determine whether infections in cats are underestimated and to identify the risk factors for infection. Blood samples of 1015 cats across Europe (2017-2022), sent to IDEXX Laboratories, Germany, were tested for A. phagocytophilum DNA. The influence of the cats' origin on A. phagocytophilum infection was assessed by univariable analysis, while multivariable logistic regression evaluated associations with the cats' sex and age, and the years, and seasonality of the samples' submission. Furthermore, univariable linear regression was used to determine patterns in PCR orders. The number of submitted samples increased significantly during the 6 years (p = 0.042). Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA was detected in 76/1015 of cats (7.5%, 95% CI 6.0-9.3%). Infections were significantly more common in Northern compared to Central (p < 0.001, OR: 8.70) and Southern Europe (p < 0.001, OR: 39.94). A significantly higher likelihood for infections during the summer compared with winter (p = 0.047, OR: 3.13) was found. Bacteremia with A. phagocytophilum in European cats is not uncommon. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection should be considered an important risk, particularly in Northern Europe. Effective tick prevention is crucial for managing feline health across Europe, not just in the Mediterranean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Geisen
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (Y.Z.); (K.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Nikola Pantchev
- IDEXX Laboratories, D-70806 Kornwestheim, Germany; (N.P.); (O.K.); (M.G.V.)
| | - Yury Zablotski
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (Y.Z.); (K.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Olga Kim
- IDEXX Laboratories, D-70806 Kornwestheim, Germany; (N.P.); (O.K.); (M.G.V.)
| | | | - Katrin Hartmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (Y.Z.); (K.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Michéle Bergmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (Y.Z.); (K.H.); (M.B.)
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3
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Morelli S, Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Colombo M, Grillini M, Paoletti B, Mondazzi A, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Iorio R, Astuti C, Tsokana CN, Diakou A. Geographical isolation and hyperendemicity of Hepatozoon felis: Epidemiological scenario in Skopelos, Greece, and phylogenetic analysis. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2024; 6:100202. [PMID: 39139660 PMCID: PMC11320469 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Feline hepatozoonosis is a vector-borne disease caused by different species of the genus Hepatozoon, i.e. Hepatozoon felis, Hepatozoon silvestris and Hepatozoon canis. Knowledge on the biology, epidemiology and taxonomy of Hepatozoon spp. is still limited, despite the fact that the number of documented Hepatozoon spp. infections in domestic cats increased in recent years in different countries. This study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence and the genetic profile of Hepatozoon spp. in cats living on the island of Skopelos, Greece. Individual blood samples were collected from 54 owned cats and were subjected to Giemsa-stained blood smear examination to investigate the presence of Hepatozoon spp. gamonts and to a specific PCR protocol targeting the 18S rRNA gene of Hepatozoon. A total of 45 cats (83.3%) were found infected by Hepatozoon spp. by at least one of the methods applied. In particular, 43 (79.6%) of the cats were PCR-positive, and in 6 (11.1%) cats gamonts of Hepatozoon spp. were found in the blood smears. A total of 26 H. felis sequences were obtained and the presence of three undescribed single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected. The present results indicate that H. felis species complex may be hyperendemic in isolated/confined areas. In such contexts, geographical isolation may favor the origin of new genotypes or haplotypes or even new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Morelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d’Accio snc, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Donato Traversa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d’Accio snc, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d’Accio snc, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Mariasole Colombo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d’Accio snc, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Marika Grillini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Paoletti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d’Accio snc, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Aurora Mondazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d’Accio snc, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Iorio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d’Accio snc, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Chiara Astuti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d’Accio snc, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Constantina N. Tsokana
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Dickson R, Adam A, Garcia Rubio D, Cinti F, Singh A, Mayhew P, Case JB, Fransson BA. Outcome of video-assisted thoracoscopic treatment of idiopathic chylothorax in 15 cats. Vet Surg 2024; 53:852-859. [PMID: 38695732 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.14098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the outcomes and complications of video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) treatment of chylothorax in cats. STUDY DESIGN Multi-institutional retrospective study. ANIMALS Fifteen client-owned cats. METHODS The medical records of cats undergoing thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation (TDL) for treatment of idiopathic chylothorax were reviewed. Cats undergoing additional procedures including thoracoscopic pericardectomy and/or laparoscopic cisterna chyli ablation (CCA)_were included. Follow up was obtained through communication with the referring veterinarian or owner. RESULTS All cats underwent thoracoscopic TDL. Thirteen cats underwent simultaneous pericardectomy and two cats underwent laparoscopic CCA without pericardectomy. Conversion from a thoracoscopic to open approach was necessary in 2/15 (13%) of thoracic duct ligations and 1/11 (9%) of pericardectomies. The most common postoperative complication was persistent pleural effusion in five cats (33%). Four of 15 cats (27%) died or were euthanized prior to hospital discharge following surgery. Recurrence of effusion occurred in 1/7 (14%) of cats that sustained resolution of the effusion at the time of surgery with a median follow up of 8 months. The overall mortality attributed to chylothorax was 47%. CONCLUSION Thoracoscopic treatment of idiopathic chylothorax resulted in a low incidence of intraoperative complications or conversion in the study population; however, mortality related to feline idiopathic chylothorax remained high. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE While VATS treatment of idiopathic chylothorax is technically feasible, further consideration of the underlying pathology and current treatment algorithm is needed to improve outcomes as this remains a frustrating disease to treat in the feline population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Dickson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Filippo Cinti
- Apuana Veterinary Clinic, Marina di Carrara, Italy
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory, Veggiano, Italy
| | - Ameet Singh
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philipp Mayhew
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - J Brad Case
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Boel A Fransson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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5
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Nascimento LFDJ, Amado-Gomes AC, Dantas-Torres F, Santos FLN, Neres WDS, Filho PEDS, Santos MT, Silva JRS, Resende CF, Dos Reis JKP, Jain S, Cunha JLR, Fujiwara RT, Dolabella SS. Feline leishmaniasis in an animal shelter in northeastern Brazil: Clinical aspects, coinfections, molecular detection, and serological study of a new recombinant protein. Res Vet Sci 2024; 172:105256. [PMID: 38613921 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Infection and clinical cases of leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in cats have been increasingly reported in several countries, including Brazil. In this study, we used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an immunochromatographic test (ICT) based on a recombinant antigen (rKDDR-plus) to detect anti-Leishmania antibodies in cats from an animal shelter in northeastern Brazil. We compared the results with an ELISA using L. infantum crude antigen (ELISA-CA). We also investigated the presence of Leishmania DNA in blood or ocular conjunctival samples as well as the association between Leishmania PCR positivity and serological positivity to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and Toxoplasma gondii. Concerning serological assays, a higher positivity was detected using the ICT-rKDDR-plus (7.5%; 7/93) as compared to ELISA-rKDDR-plus (5.4%; 5/93) and ELISA-CA (4.3%; 4/93). Upon PCR testing, 52.7% (49/93) of the ocular conjunctival swabs and 48.3% (44/91) of the blood samples were positive. Together, PCR and serological testing revealed overall positivities of 73.1% (68/93) and 12.9% (12/93), respectively. Among PCR-positive samples, 45.5% (31/68) showed co-infection with FIV, 17.6% (12/68) with FeLV, and 82.3% (56/68) with T. gondii. More than half of the PCR-positive cats showed at least one clinical sign suggestive of leishmaniasis (58.8%; 40/68) and dermatological signs were the most frequent ones (45.5%; 31/68). Both tests employing the recombinant antigen rKDDR-plus (i.e., ICT-rKDDR-plus and ELISA-rKDDR-plus) detected more positive cats than the ELISA-CA but presented low overall accuracy. PCR testing using either blood or ocular conjunctival samples detected much more positive cats than serological tests.
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MESH Headings
- Cats
- Animals
- Cat Diseases/diagnosis
- Cat Diseases/parasitology
- Cat Diseases/virology
- Cat Diseases/blood
- Cat Diseases/epidemiology
- Brazil/epidemiology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/isolation & purification
- Coinfection/veterinary
- Coinfection/parasitology
- Coinfection/epidemiology
- Coinfection/virology
- Leishmania infantum/isolation & purification
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/genetics
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins
- Male
- Female
- Toxoplasma
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/blood
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/diagnosis
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/epidemiology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/blood
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fred Luciano Neves Santos
- Integrated Translational Program in Chagas Disease from Fiocruz (Fio-Chagas), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Advanced Public Health Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Wemerson de Santana Neres
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Tibúrcio Santos
- Graduate Program in Parasite Biology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudia Fideles Resende
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Sona Jain
- Graduate Program in Parasite Biology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Industrial Biotechnology, Tiradentes University, SE, Brazil
| | - João Luís Reis Cunha
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Graduate Program in Parasite Biology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Ramarapu R, Wulcan JM, Chang H, Moore PF, Vernau W, Keller SM. Single cell RNA-sequencing of feline peripheral immune cells with V(D)J repertoire and cross species analysis of T lymphocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.21.595010. [PMID: 38826195 PMCID: PMC11142102 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.595010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The domestic cat (Felis catus) is a valued companion animal and a model for virally induced cancers and immunodeficiencies. However, species-specific limitations such as a scarcity of immune cell markers constrain our ability to resolve immune cell subsets at sufficient detail. The goal of this study was to characterize circulating feline T cells and other leukocytes based on their transcriptomic landscape and T-cell receptor repertoire using single cell RNA-sequencing. Methods Peripheral blood from 4 healthy cats was enriched for T cells by flow cytometry cell sorting using a mouse anti-feline CD5 monoclonal antibody. Libraries for whole transcriptome, alpha/beta T cell receptor transcripts and gamma/delta T cell receptor transcripts were constructed using the 10x Genomics Chromium Next GEM Single Cell 5' reagent kit and the Chromium Single Cell V(D)J Enrichment Kit with custom reverse primers for the feline orthologs. Results Unsupervised clustering of whole transcriptome data revealed 7 major cell populations - T cells, neutrophils, monocytic cells, B cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, mast cells and platelets. Sub cluster analysis of T cells resolved naive (CD4+ and CD8+), CD4+ effector T cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and gamma/delta T cells. Cross species analysis revealed a high conservation of T cell subsets along an effector gradient with equitable representation of veterinary species (horse, dog, pig) and humans with the cat. Our V(D)J repertoire analysis demonstrated a skewed T-cell receptor alpha gene usage and a restricted T-cell receptor gamma junctional length in CD8+ cytotoxic T cells compared to other alpha/beta T cell subsets. Among myeloid cells, we resolved three clusters of classical monocytes with polarization into pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes in addition to a cluster of conventional dendritic cells. Lastly, our neutrophil sub clustering revealed a larger mature neutrophil cluster and a smaller exhausted/activated cluster. Discussion Our study is the first to characterize subsets of circulating T cells utilizing an integrative approach of single cell RNA-sequencing, V(D)J repertoire analysis and cross species analysis. In addition, we characterize the transcriptome of several myeloid cell subsets and demonstrate immune cell relatedness across different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raneesh Ramarapu
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Judit M Wulcan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Haiyang Chang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Peter F Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - William Vernau
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Stefan M Keller
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Morelli S, Paoletti B, Grillini M, di Regalbono AF, da Silva de Mattos Queiroz A, Beugnet F, Brustenga L, Milillo P, Antunes Barros L. Hepatozoon spp. in stray cats from the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Parasite 2024; 31:24. [PMID: 38759154 PMCID: PMC11101202 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2024026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, the number of studies on feline hepatozoonosis has increased, but our knowledge on the actual species of Hepatozoon and/or different genotypes affecting felines is still incipient. At least three species, namely Hepatozoon felis, H. canis, and H. silvestris, have been isolated from domestic cats in various countries. Additionally, there are indications that other species and genotypes may affect felines in given geographic areas. This study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of Hepatozoon spp. in cats from Niterói, a municipality within the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Individual blood samples were collected from 28 cats enrolled in a spaying/castration program. DNA was extracted from all samples and subjected to sequencing specific for Hepatozoon spp. DNA of H. felis was found in 21/28 cats (75%), and four genetic polymorphisms never described thus far were detected. This is the first report of H. felis in cats living in the State of Rio de Janeiro, and the present data confirm that H. felis is a species complex encompassing different genotypes circulating within cat populations. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether different genotypes have different biology or pathogenicity for felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Traversa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo 64100 Teramo Italy
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo 64100 Teramo Italy
| | - Simone Morelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo 64100 Teramo Italy
| | - Barbara Paoletti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo 64100 Teramo Italy
| | - Marika Grillini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova 35020 Padova Italy
| | | | - Aline da Silva de Mattos Queiroz
- Veterinary University Hospital Universitário Professor Firmino Mársico Filho, Fluminense Federal University Niterói RJ 24230-321 Brazil
| | - Frederic Beugnet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health 29 Avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
| | - Leonardo Brustenga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia 06126 Perugia Italy
| | | | - Luciano Antunes Barros
- Department of Veterinary Collective Health and Public Health, Fluminense Federal University Niterói RJ 24220-000 Brazil
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8
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Ma X, Brinker E, Lea CR, Delmain D, Chamorro ED, Martin DR, Graff EC, Wang X. Evaluation of fecal sample collection methods for feline gut microbiome profiling: fecal loop vs. litter box. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1337917. [PMID: 38800749 PMCID: PMC11127567 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1337917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microbial population structures within fecal samples are vital for disease screening, diagnosis, and gut microbiome research. The two primary methods for collecting feline fecal samples are: (1) using a fecal loop, which retrieves a rectal sample using a small, looped instrument, and (2) using the litter box, which collects stool directly from the litter. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages and is suitable for different research objectives. Methods and results Whole-genome shotgun metagenomic sequencing were performed on the gut microbiomes of fecal samples collected using these two methods from 10 adult cats housed in the same research facility. We evaluated the influence of collection methods on feline microbiome analysis, particularly their impact on DNA extraction, metagenomic sequencing yield, microbial composition, and diversity in subsequent gut microbiome analyses. Interestingly, fecal sample collection using a fecal loop resulted in a lower yield of microbial DNA compared to the litterbox method (p = 0.004). However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the proportion of host contamination (p = 0.106), virus contamination (p = 0.232), relative taxonomy abundance of top five phyla (Padj > 0.638), or the number of microbial genes covered (p = 0.770). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in alpha-diversity, beta-diversity, the number of taxa identified at each taxonomic level, and the relative abundance of taxonomic units. Discussion These two sample collection methods do not affect microbial population structures within fecal samples and collecting fecal samples directly from the litterbox within 6 hours after defecation can be considered a reliable approach for microbiome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Ma
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Emily Brinker
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Christopher R. Lea
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Diane Delmain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Erin D. Chamorro
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Douglas R. Martin
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Emily C. Graff
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Center for Advanced Science, Innovation, and Commerce, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, AL, United States
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
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9
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Fietz SA, Grochow T, Schares G, Töpfer T, Heilmann RM. Fulminant Pneumonia Due to Reactivation of Latent Toxoplasmosis in a Cat-A Case Report. Pathogens 2023; 13:7. [PMID: 38276153 PMCID: PMC10818954 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma (T.) gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite with felids, including domestic cats, as definitive hosts. In immunocompetent individuals, T. gondii infection is usually asymptomatic. However, under immunosuppression, it may have severe pathological impacts, which often result from the reactivation of a chronic infection. In this case study, a 21-month-old female domestic shorthair cat-diagnosed with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia three months prior and treated with cyclosporine and prednisolone-presented with acute tachypnea, dyspnea, diarrhea, and anorexia. Thoracic radiography suggested severe pneumonia. Testing for Mycoplasma spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., and lungworm infection was negative. Serology for T. gondii revealed seroconversion of IgG, but not of IgM, indicating previous exposure to T. gondii. The cat remained stable but tachypneic for three days, followed by an acute onset of dyspnea and clinical deterioration, after which euthanasia was elected. Numerous protozoa were present in a postmortem transtracheal bronchoalveolar lavage and fine-needle aspiration of the lung. Microsatellite typing classified the extracted DNA as T. gondii type II variant TgM-A. This case demonstrates that T. gondii reactivation, leading to fulminant pneumonia, can be a sequela of immunosuppressive treatment in cats and should, therefore, be considered as a differential diagnosis in immunosuppressed cats with acute-onset respiratory signs. Rapid diagnosis may prevent fatal consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A. Fietz
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, DE-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.A.F.); (T.G.)
| | - Thomas Grochow
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, DE-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.A.F.); (T.G.)
| | - Gereon Schares
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, DE-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Tanja Töpfer
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, DE-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, DE-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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10
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Djokic V, Freddi L, de Massis F, Lahti E, van den Esker MH, Whatmore A, Haughey A, Ferreira AC, Garofolo G, Melzer F, Sacchini F, Koets A, Wyllie S, Fontbonne A, Girault G, Vicente AF, McGiven J, Ponsart C. The emergence of Brucella canis as a public health threat in Europe: what we know and what we need to learn. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2249126. [PMID: 37649455 PMCID: PMC10540651 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2249126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The zoonotic bacteria, Brucella canis, is becoming the leading cause of canine brucellosis in Europe. In dogs, it causes reproductive problems as well as non-specific lameness or discospondilitis. In humans, B. canis can be origin of chronic debilitating conditions characteristic to its genus such as undulant fever, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy. Although B. canis shows some pathogenic characteristics similar to B. abortus and B. melitensis, it lacks surface O-polysaccharide, like nonzoonotic B. ovis. This review shows that host-B. canis interactions are still poorly understood, with many knowledge and capability gaps, causing relatively poor sensitivity and specificity of existing diagnostic tools. Currently, there is no vaccine for this rough Brucella species. Besides, antimicrobial therapy does not guarantee bacterial elimination, and infection relapses are frequently reported, increasing the risks of antibiotic resistance development. B. canis has been detected in dogs in almost all European countries which increased human exposure, but currently there is no systematic surveillance. Moreover, B. canis caused brucellosis is not included in Animal Health Law, and therefore there is no legal framework to tackle this emerging infectious disease. To map out the diagnostic strategies, identify risks for human infections and propose management scheme for infected pet and kennel dogs, we present current understanding of canine B. canis caused brucellosis, outline major knowledge gaps and propose future steps. To address and highlight challenges veterinary and public health services encounter in Europe, we developed two B. canis infection scenarios: of a single household pet and of a kennel dog in larger group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitomir Djokic
- EU/WOAH & National Reference Laboratory for Animal Brucellosis, Animal Health Laboratory, Paris-Est University/ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Luca Freddi
- EU/WOAH & National Reference Laboratory for Animal Brucellosis, Animal Health Laboratory, Paris-Est University/ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fabrizio de Massis
- National and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise “G. Caporale”, Teramo, Italy
| | - Elina Lahti
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marielle H. van den Esker
- Department of Bacteriology, Host-Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Whatmore
- WOAH and FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, UK
| | - Anna Haughey
- WOAH and FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, UK
| | - Ana Cristina Ferreira
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, I.P. (INIAV, IP), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Giuliano Garofolo
- National and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise “G. Caporale”, Teramo, Italy
| | - Falk Melzer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Flavio Sacchini
- National and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise “G. Caporale”, Teramo, Italy
| | - Ad Koets
- Department of Bacteriology, Host-Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Wyllie
- WOAH and FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, UK
| | - Alain Fontbonne
- Unité de Médecine de L'Elevage et du Sport (UMES), École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Guillaume Girault
- EU/WOAH & National Reference Laboratory for Animal Brucellosis, Animal Health Laboratory, Paris-Est University/ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Acacia Ferreira Vicente
- EU/WOAH & National Reference Laboratory for Animal Brucellosis, Animal Health Laboratory, Paris-Est University/ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - John McGiven
- WOAH and FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, UK
| | - Claire Ponsart
- EU/WOAH & National Reference Laboratory for Animal Brucellosis, Animal Health Laboratory, Paris-Est University/ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
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11
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Hartmann G, Roman IJ, Lorenzetti DM, Herbichi AP, Mazaro RD, Dos Santos MY, Tonin AA, Vogel FSF, Fighera RA. Anti-Leishmania spp. antibody detection in domestic cats from a visceral leishmaniasis transmission area. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2631-2639. [PMID: 37668713 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07961-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Feline leishmanial infection is reported worldwide, but the epidemiological role of domestic cats in the leishmaniasis cycle remains unclear, and cats might act as cryptic reservoir hosts in endemic areas with no feline leishmaniosis cases. Considering that, a serological screening for anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies was performed by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) in 389 necropsied cats' serum samples from a new visceral leishmaniasis transmission area with no feline leishmanial infection reported to unveil if the cats are being exposed to the parasite. The overall seroprevalence for Leishmania spp. was 11.05% (43/389). No association was found between sex, neutering status, age group, breed, coat length, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection, and Leishmania spp. antibody detection. A positive association was found with coat color (cats within the orange spectrum with white [particolor]) (OR = 2.47, CI 95% 1 - 6.13, P = 0.044) and a negative association (OR = 0.38, CI 95% 0.18 - 0.79, P = 0.01) between feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection and IFAT positivity for Leishmania spp. Therefore, it is concluded that the seroprevalence found was greater than 10%, indicating contact of the protozoan with cats in the region served.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hartmann
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV), Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Building 97B, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Isac Junior Roman
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Building 63C, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Douglas Miotto Lorenzetti
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV), Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Building 97B, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Alana Pivoto Herbichi
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV), Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Building 97B, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Dalcol Mazaro
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV), Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Building 97B, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Matheus Yuri Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV), Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Building 97B, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Alberto Tonin
- Colégio Politécnico da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silveira Flôres Vogel
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Building 63C, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Almeida Fighera
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV), Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Building 97B, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
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12
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Aguiar DCF, Nascimento DDNDS, Penner DF, de Castro BDSL, Virgolino RR, Neves AMP, Siqueira ADS, Gonçalves EC. First molecular detection of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in a domestic cat ( Felis catus) from an urban area in eastern Amazon. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2023; 29:e20220048. [PMID: 37223440 PMCID: PMC10202461 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2022-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Domestic cats have been implicated as accidental hosts of Leishmania sp. However, in recent years, the recurrent description of new cases in endemic and nonendemic areas draw attention to the potential epidemiological role of cats as reservoir hosts. Although dogs are considered urban reservoirs, cats could act as a secondary natural reservoirs in these areas. Thus, feline leishmaniasis has become an emerging disease in several countries worldwide. Case presentation This study aimed to describe the first case of feline leishmaniasis in a stray animal that presented lesions compatible with the disease in Belém, Pará, Brazil, an important urban area in eastern Amazon. Serological tests for Leishmania infantum (ELISA and IFA) were nonreactive, whereas histopathological examination indicated infectious dermatitis caused by Leishmania spp. or Toxoplasma gondii. Cytopathological study of lesion aspirate confirmed the presence of Leishmania sp. amastigotes within macrophages. Finally, molecular analyses revealed that the feline infection was caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. Conclusion To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study reports the first case of natural infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in a feline from eastern Amazon. These findings suggest domestic cats as potential secondary reservoir hosts of Leishmania spp. in Belém, which reinforces the importance of further epidemiological investigation of feline leishmaniasis, especially in urban areas with human cases.
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13
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Melo TBD, Silva TRM, Almeida TLACD, Tutija JF, Silva AOD, Lira MDS, Amorim D, Giannelli A, Ramos CADN, Alves LC, Carvalho GAD, Ramos RAN. Molecular detection of vector-borne pathogens in cats tested for FIV and FeLV. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY: REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2023; 40:100857. [PMID: 37068860 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect molecularly vector borne pathogens (VBPs) in domiciled cats tested for Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and Feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Blood samples (n = 119) were analyzed microscopically and molecularly through PCR and sequenced for the detection of the following pathogens: piroplasmids., Bartonella henselae, Cytauxzoon felis, Ehrlichia canis, Leishmania spp., hemotropic Mycoplasma spp., Trypanosoma spp., and Ricketssia spp. Animals were also serological assessed for detection of antibodies against FIV and FeLV. Out of all animals, 20.16% (24/119) tested positive for at least one VBPs at molecular examination. Conversely, no animal resulted positive at microscopic analysis. The most prevalent pathogen was hemotropic Mycoplasma haemofelis (8.40%; 10/119), followed by Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum (5.88%; 7/119), E. canis (5.04%; 6/119), C. felis (0.84%; 1/119) and B. henselae (0.84%; 1/119). One animal (0.84%; 1/119) was co-infected with. E. canis and B. henselae. A total of 5.88% (7/119) and 1.68% (2/119) tested positive for FIV and FeLV, respectively. Data of this study demonstrate that owned cats can be at risk of hemotropic Mycoplasma spp., E. canis, C. felis and B. henselae. Therefore, preventive measures against vectors of these pathogens should be implemented in order to reduce the risk of exposition and consequently infection. Additionally, aggressive behaviors among cats should be avoided, especially because hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. may be transmitted through the bite of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thyara Bezerra de Melo
- Graduate Program of Animal Bioscience, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Tatiene Rossana Mota Silva
- Graduate Program of Animal Bioscience, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Laboratory of Parasitology, Federal University of the Agreste of Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Brazil
| | | | - Juliane Franciele Tutija
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Angélica Oliveira da Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Leucio Câmara Alves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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14
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Assessment of circulating immune complexes in canine leishmaniosis and dirofilariosis. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:707-712. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Morelli S, Diakou A, Di Cesare A, Colombo M, Traversa D. Canine and Feline Parasitology: Analogies, Differences, and Relevance for Human Health. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0026620. [PMID: 34378954 PMCID: PMC8404700 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00266-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cats and dogs are treated as family members by most pet owners. Therefore, a high quality of veterinary care and preventive medicine is imperative for animal health and welfare and for the protection of humans from zoonotic pathogens. There is a general perception of cats being treated as "small dogs," especially in the field of clinical parasitology. As a result, several important differences between the two animal species are not taken into proper consideration and are often overlooked. Dogs and cats are profoundly different under evolutionary, biological, ethological, behavioral, and immunological standpoints. These differences impact clinical features, diagnosis, and control of canine and feline parasites and transmission risk for humans. This review outlines the most common parasitoses and vector-borne diseases of dogs and cats, with a focus on major convergences and divergences, and discusses parasites that have (i) evolved based on different preys for dogs and cats, (ii) adapted due to different immunological or behavioral animal profiles, and (iii) developed more similarities than differences in canine and feline infections and associated diseases. Differences, similarities, and peculiarities of canine and feline parasitology are herein reviewed in three macrosections: (i) carnivorism, vegetarianism, anatomy, genetics, and parasites, (ii) evolutionary adaptation of nematodes, including veterinary reconsideration and zoonotic importance, and (iii) behavior and immune system driving ectoparasites and transmitted diseases. Emphasis is given to provide further steps toward a more accurate evaluation of canine and feline parasitology in a changing world in terms of public health relevance and One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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16
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Nascimento LFJ, Cirilo TM, Gomes DS, Gomes ACA, Lima VFS, Scher R, Jain S, Fujiwara RT, Dolabella SS. Epidemiological and diagnostic aspects of feline leishmaniasis with emphasis on Brazil: a narrative review. Parasitol Res 2021; 121:21-34. [PMID: 34761278 PMCID: PMC8580739 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The leishmaniases are a group of diseases caused by the protozoan parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania. In the New World, although dogs are considered the main parasite reservoir, in the last two decades, several studies have confirmed the role of cats (Felis catus) in the epidemiology of the disease and feline leishmaniasis (FeL) is now considered to be an emerging disease. The present review summarizes the current knowledge about FeL, focusing on important immunopathological aspects, epidemiology, and diagnostic methods applied for felines in Brazil. Cats are infected with the same species of Leishmania found in dogs (i.e., Leishmania infantum). Like dogs, skin lesions are the most common in cats with clinical FeL, mainly affecting the cephalic region and less frequently the legs which may be accompanied by generalized signs or visceral involvement. Information on the immune response of cats to Leishmania infection is scarce; however, efficient infection control is seen in most cases. For diagnosis, generally, the same methods as those in dogs are used, mainly serological tools. But there is a lack of studies focusing the performance of these methods for diagnosing FeL. The estimated overall prevalence of FeL in Brazil is 8%, with L. infantum being the most prevalent species. However, infections with Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania amazonensis have also been reported. In conclusion, although there has been an increase in the publication related to FeL in Brazil in recent years, there is a lack of research relating immune response and diagnosis of these animals. Cats have been shown to be competent hosts for Leishmania parasites, and their role in the epidemiology of the disease cannot be underestimated, especially in areas of Brazil where the disease is historically endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F J Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Tatyane M Cirilo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Dharliton S Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina A Gomes
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Victor F S Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - R Scher
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - S Jain
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Industrial, Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil.
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Silvio S Dolabella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil.
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil.
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17
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Zanet S, Morelli S, Di Cesare A, Bò S, Traversa D, Lebon W, Beugnet F, Simonato G, Ferroglio E. Efficacy of fipronil/(S)-methoprene/eprinomectin/praziquantel (Broadline ®) against Thelazia callipaeda in naturally infected cats. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:477. [PMID: 34526129 PMCID: PMC8442459 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present clinical field trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of a broad-spectrum parasiticide spot-on formulation containing eprinomectin (Broadline®) against Thelazia callipaeda eyeworm in naturally infected cats. Methods Fifteen privately owned cats harboring at least one live adult T. callipaeda were included in the study. Cats were randomly allocated to an untreated control group of seven cats or to a Broadline®-treated group of eight cats. Cats were treated on Day 0; ocular examinations were performed at inclusion and on Days 7 and 14; eyeworms were recovered and counted on Day 14. The primary efficacy assessment was based on group comparison of number of T. callipaeda on Day 14. Results Seven days after treatment, six of eight treated cats were negative for eyeworm infection per visual examination, and on Day 14 no eyeworms were found in the treated cats while the seven untreated cats were still infected (geometric mean: 1.97). All cats had inflammatory ocular signs at inclusion; on Day 14, five of eight treated cats had recovered while all untreated control cats were still symptomatic. All collected parasites were confirmed to be T. callipaeda by morphology and molecular characterization. Conclusions A single treatment with Broadline® provided 100% efficacy against feline thelaziosis and improved related ocular inflammation signs. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Zanet
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Stefano Bò
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Bo-Ferro, Turin, Italy
| | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | - Giulia Simonato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ezio Ferroglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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18
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Exposure to Major Vector-Borne Diseases in Dogs Subjected to Different Preventative Regimens in Endemic Areas of Italy. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050507. [PMID: 33922459 PMCID: PMC8146437 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are globally widespread arthropod-transmitted diseases with a significant impact on animal and human health. Many drivers have recently spurred the geographic spread of VBDs in dogs. This study has evaluated the exposure to most important VBDs in dogs under different preventative treatments in different regions of Italy, i.e., Veneto, Friuli Venezia-Giulia, Umbria, Giglio Island (Tuscany), Abruzzo and Latium. Serological analyses were performed to detect antibodies against Leishmania infantum, Babesia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum/Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia canis/Ehrlichia ewingii, Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia conorii and the circulating antigen of Dirofilaria immitis. Dogs were categorized according to the treatment schedule usually received, and the association between seropositivity and possible risk factors was statistically evaluated. Overall, 124/242 (51.2%) dogs tested positive for at least one pathogen, while 34 (14.0%) were exposed to two or more pathogens. The most detected seropositivity was against R. conorii, followed by Anaplasma spp., L. infantum, B. canis, and the other pathogens under study. Significant statistical associations were found according to geographical provenance, history of tick infestation, lifestyle and inadequate prophylactic treatments. Random/irregular treatments have been identified as a clear risk factor. These results show that adequate prophylactic treatment protocols are overlooked by dog owners, despite the availability of several effective products, with possible implications in veterinary medicine and on public health.
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Avila HG, Maglioco A, Gertiser ML, Ferreyra MP, Ferrari F, Klinger E, Barbery Venturi MS, Agüero FA, Fuchs AG, Jensen O. First report of cystic echinococcosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto/G1 in Felis catus from the Patagonian region of Argentina. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:747-750. [PMID: 33442817 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two domestic cats from the Patagonia rural area in Argentina were found to be naturally infected with Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto/G1 genotype; so far, the only species/genotype of E. granulosus sensu lato complex described to infect domestic cats. The felines developed abdominal disseminated larval disease; the diagnosis was performed by ultrasound, exploratory laparotomy, and molecular techniques. These results indicate that cystic echinococcosis must be considered for differential diagnosis of felines with abdominal distension and/or observation of vesicles through ultrasound, from endemic areas. Even though cats and dogs are carnivores, differences in digestive physiology and immunological characteristics between them could allow the development of larval or adult worm parasites. Domestic cats with cystic echinococcosis show to be environmentally infected with E. granulosus s. s./G1 eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Gabriel Avila
- Universidad Católica de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, San Luis, Argentina. .,Laboratorio Provincial de Zoonosis de San Juan, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Tecnológicas, Ministerio de Salud Pública de San Juan, Universidad Católica de Cuyo, San Juan, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, (CONICET), CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Andrea Maglioco
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, (CONICET), CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad Abierta Interamericana (UAI), CAECIHS, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Enrique Klinger
- Hospital Regional de Comodoro Rivadavia, Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Melisa Silvana Barbery Venturi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, (CONICET), CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad Abierta Interamericana (UAI), CAECIHS, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo Ariel Agüero
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, (CONICET), CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad Abierta Interamericana (UAI), CAECIHS, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Graciela Fuchs
- Universidad Abierta Interamericana (UAI), CAECIHS, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,ANLIS-Malbrán, CABA, INP "Dr. Mario Fatala-Chaben", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar Jensen
- Centro de Investigación en Zoonosis, Sarmiento, Chubut, Argentina
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Morelli S, Colombo M, Dimzas D, Barlaam A, Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Russi I, Spoletini R, Paoletti B, Diakou A. Leishmania infantum Seroprevalence in Cats From Touristic Areas of Italy and Greece. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:616566. [PMID: 33363245 PMCID: PMC7759650 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.616566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniosis by Leishmania infantum is a major zoonotic Vector-Borne Disease (VBD) in terms of geographic distribution, pathogenicity and zoonotic potential. While dogs are the main reservoir of L. infantum, the infection in cats is poorly understood although increasingly reported from enzootic and non-enzootic areas. The Mediterranean basin is a key area for leishmaniosis and includes touristic spots that require continuous surveillance for VBDs in consideration of the growing tendency of tourists to travel with their pets. This study evaluated L. infantum seroprevalence in cats living in selected touristic localities of Italy and Greece. A total of 269 cat serum samples from three Sites i.e., 76, 40, and 153 from Adriatic Coast of Abruzzo, Italy (Site A), Giglio Island, Tuscany, Italy (Site B), and Mykonos Island, Greece (Site C), respectively, were included in the survey. Sera samples were subjected to an indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay for the detection of anti-L. infantum specific IgG. Associations between possible risk factors and seropositivity to L. infantum were statistically evaluated. Antibodies against L. infantum were detected in eight out of 269 (3.0%) cats tested i.e., 4/76 (5.3%), 1/40 (2.5%), and 3/153 (2.0%), from sites A, B, and C, respectively. A statistical association between anti-L. infantum antibodies and cohabitation with dogs was shown. This study indicates that feline populations living in the examined Italian and Greek touristic areas are exposed to L. infantum and that they may contribute to the circulation of L. infantum, enhancing the risk of infection for dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Dimitris Dimzas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alessandra Barlaam
- Department of Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Russi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Paoletti
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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21
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Mesa-Sanchez I, Ferreira RRF, Cardoso I, Morais M, Flamínio M, Vieira S, de Gopegui RR, de Matos AJF. Transfusion transmissible pathogens are prevalent in healthy cats eligible to become blood donors. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 62:107-113. [PMID: 33305378 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to determine the prevalence of subclinical infectious agents considered core pathogens for worldwide screening in healthy, client-owned, indoor cats eligible to become blood donors in Spain and Portugal. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples of healthy, indoor, domestic cats selected to be potential blood donors were tested for feline leukaemia virus antigens, feline immunodeficiency virus antibodies and polymerase chain reactions for Mycoplasma haemofelis, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum, Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis, feline leukaemia virus provirus, Leishmania spp. and Bartonella spp. Not all donors were tested for all agents. RESULTS Overall, 5105 healthy indoor cats were tested and 8.1% (414/5105) had at least one subclinical infectious agent that is transmissible through blood product transfusion. 1.5% (77/5105) were positive for feline leukaemia virus antigens and 2.9% (148/5105) were positive for feline immunodeficiency virus antibodies, therefore they were excluded as donors. The overall prevalence of haemoplasmas in feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus SNAP-negative feline blood donors was 3.7% (181/4880) [1.3% (63/4880) were positive for Mycoplasma haemofelis; 2.3% (112/4880) to Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum and 0.12% (6/4880) to Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis]. The prevalence of feline leukaemia provirus was 5.2% (9/173) and of Bartonella spp. was 0.2% (2/1122). None of the 173 cats were positive for Leishmania spp. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The prevalence of many transfusion transmissible pathogens was relatively high in this healthy, client-owned, indoor cats eligible to become blood donors. Performing an extended screening panel that includes at least polymerase chain reactions for Mycoplasma haemofelis, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum, Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis, feline leukaemia virus provirus, and Bartonella spp., in addition to feline leukaemia virus antigens and feline immunodeficiency virus antibodies, is recommended in pet blood banks from analogous regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mesa-Sanchez
- Animal Blood Bank, Passatge Rovira I Virgili No 9, Sabadell, 08205, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R R F Ferreira
- CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, 4050-083, Porto, Portugal.,Animal Blood Bank, Rua de João de Deus, n°741 4100-462, Porto, Portugal
| | - I Cardoso
- Animal Blood Bank, Rua de João de Deus, n°741 4100-462, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Morais
- Animal Blood Bank, Rua de João de Deus, n°741 4100-462, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Flamínio
- Animal Blood Bank, Rua de João de Deus, n°741 4100-462, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Vieira
- Animal Blood Bank, Rua de João de Deus, n°741 4100-462, Porto, Portugal
| | - R R de Gopegui
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A J F de Matos
- CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, 4050-083, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Clinics, Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-343, Porto, Portugal
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22
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Morelli S, Diakou A, Traversa D, Di Gennaro E, Simonato G, Colombo M, Dimzas D, Grillini M, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Beugnet F, Halos L, Paoletti B, Di Cesare A. First record of Hepatozoon spp. in domestic cats in Greece. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 12:101580. [PMID: 33113475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Feline hepatozoonosis is an emerging disease of domestic and wild felids though there is limited knowledge of this infection, e.g. regarding geographical distribution and parasite species involved. The present study evaluated microscopically and molecularly the occurrence of Hepatozoon spp. in domestic cats from insular (Crete, Mykonos and Skopelos) and continental (prefectures of Attica and Thessaloniki) Greece. Out of 282 cats examined, 72 (25.5 %) scored positive by PCR for Hepatozoon spp. and of them, 9 (12.5 %) showed gamonts on the blood smear microscopic examination. Sequences obtained from 35 of the amplicons proved the presence of two haplotypes of Hepatozoon felis. One, herein called H1 (34/35 amplicons) resulted 100 % identical with H. felis from Italy and isolates from other continents, and ∼98 % similar with a H. felis isolate causing severe clinical signs in Austria. The haplotype H2, found in a cat in Skopelos, had ∼94 % identity with H1, with H. felis isolates from Italy, Israel, Spain, a ∼92 % identity with the isolate from Austria, and ∼94-98 % with isolates from South Africa. These are the first records of H. felis in cat populations from Greece and indicate that the infection may be present at high prevalences in different regions of the country. Furthermore, the results of the molecular and phylogenetic analysis support a recent hypothesis indicating the existence of a species-complex classification for H. felis. Further studies aiming at elucidating the genetic make-up of Hepatozoon populations and possible variations in terms of geographic distribution and clinical relevance are necessary. The importance of a continuous epizootiological monitoring is crucial for the establishment of preventative and control measures protecting the health of cats living in or travelling to enzootic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Elisa Di Gennaro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giulia Simonato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy
| | - Mariasole Colombo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Dimitris Dimzas
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marika Grillini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Paoletti
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
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23
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The Influence of β-1,3-1,6-Glucans on Rabies Vaccination Titers in Cats. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030118. [PMID: 32859001 PMCID: PMC7559185 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucans have been shown to stimulate the immune system in several animal species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune stimulation capacity of a fully formulated diet with β-1,3-1,6-glucans in cats, by assessing the rabies antibody titer after vaccination. Thirty-five healthy cats were recruited. The cats were placed into two groups and fed a standard diet in accordance with body weight. One group had the β-glucans incorporated into the diet; the other group served as the control group. After two weeks of dietary adjustment; the rabies vaccine (Imrab® 3 TF; Merial) was administered on days 0 and 21. Blood samples were taken on days 0, 21, and 42. Titers were determined with the rapid fluorescent foci inhibition test (RFFIT). Titers at days 21 and 42 were compared between the two groups in a linear mixed effects model. This study showed that the animals receiving the non-supplemented feed had higher post-vaccination rabies antibody titers. This indicates that, in contrast to other animal species, the β-glucan supplemented diet did not have the expected positive effect on the rabies antibody titers in cats.
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24
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Entrican G, Lunney JK, Wattegedera SR, Mwangi W, Hope JC, Hammond JA. The Veterinary Immunological Toolbox: Past, Present, and Future. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1651. [PMID: 32849568 PMCID: PMC7399100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-recognized that research capability in veterinary species is restricted by a lack of immunological reagents relative to the extensive toolboxes for small rodent biomedical model species and humans. This creates a barrier to the strategic development of disease control solutions for livestock, companion animals and wildlife that not only affects animal health but can affect human health by increasing the risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens. There have been a number of projects aimed at reducing the capability gaps in the veterinary immunological toolbox, the majority of these focusing on livestock species. Various approaches have been taken to veterinary immunological reagent development across the globe and technological advances in molecular biology and protein biochemistry have accelerated toolbox development. While short-term funding initiatives can address specific gaps in capability, they do not account for long-term sustainability of reagents and databases that requires a different funding model. We review the past, present and future of the veterinary immunological toolbox with specific reference to recent developments discussed at the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) Veterinary Immunology Committee (VIC) Immune Toolkit Workshop at the 12th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium (IVIS) in Seattle, USA, 16–19 August 2019. The future availability of these reagents is critical to research for improving animal health, responses to infectious pathogens and vaccine design as well as for important analyses of zoonotic pathogens and the animal /human interface for One Health initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Entrican
- The Roslin Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Joan K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Sean R Wattegedera
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jayne C Hope
- The Roslin Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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25
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Exposure of client-owned cats to zoonotic vector-borne pathogens: Clinic-pathological alterations and infection risk analysis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 66:101344. [PMID: 31437677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic Vector-Borne Diseases (VBDs) represent a relevant health issue for pets and humans. Italy is a major epidemiological hub for feline VBDs, because of suitable conditions for vector biology and disease transmission patterns. The present study investigated the exposure to major zoonotic arthropod-borne pathogens of cats in Italy, along with the evaluation of clinic-pathological features and a risk factor analysis. Out of 167 examined cats, 52 (31.1%) were seropositive for at least one vector-borne pathogen, being positivity for Bartonella henselae the most recorded (18%). Also, various cats seroreacted for Rickettsia felis (10.8%) and Rickettisa typhi (4.2%), Leishmania infantum (3%), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (2.4%) and Ehrlichia canis (2.4%). Forty-six cats were tested also for antibodies against D. immitis and two (4.3%) scored positive. The statistical analysis showed a positive association between flea infestation and seropositivity to B. henselae, other than an association between the administration of monthly ectoparasiticide treatments and seronegativity for Rickettsia spp.; seropositive cats were older than negative animals and the lifestyle (i.e. indoor vs outdoor) was not correlated with exposure to vector-borne pathogens. The majority of seropositive cats appeared clinically healthy or showed aspecific clinical signs. Around 80% of seropositive cats had one or more biochemical and/or complete blood count abnormalities. The present data confirm the endemicity of zoonotic feline VBDs in Italy and indicate that awareness on arthropod infections and transmitted pathogens should be kept high and possible implemented, towards the protection of animal and human health with adequate surveillance plans.
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26
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Iatta R, Furlanello T, Colella V, Tarallo VD, Latrofa MS, Brianti E, Trerotoli P, Decaro N, Lorusso E, Schunack B, Mirò G, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. A nationwide survey of Leishmania infantum infection in cats and associated risk factors in Italy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007594. [PMID: 31306417 PMCID: PMC6667148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Though scantly investigated, Leishmania infantum infection and clinical cases of leishmaniasis in cats have been recently reported in several countries of the Mediterranean basin, with large variability in prevalence data. A major limitation in the comparability of the data available is attributed to the differences in diagnostic techniques employed and cat populations sampled. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of L. infantum infection in owned cats across Italy by serological and molecular tests and the identification of potential risk factors. Blood samples from 2,659 cats from northern (n = 1,543), central (n = 471) and southern (n = 645) Italy were tested for antibodies against L. infantum, by an immunofluorescence antibody test and for the parasites’ DNA, by real-time PCR. Samples were additionally screened for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) proviral DNAs. An overall cumulative L. infantum prevalence of 3.9% was recorded by serology (3.3%) and/or qPCR (0.8%), with a higher rate (10.5%) in southern Italy. The risk of L. infantum infection in cats was significantly associated to the geographical areas (South vs North and Centre; p<0.0001), age class (from 19 months to 6 years old vs ≤18 months old, p = 0.0003), neutering status (not neutered vs neutered, p = 0.0028) and FIV infection (p = 0.0051).Though the role of cats in the epidemiology of L. infantum is still debated, our findings indicate that cats are exposed to and/or infected by this protozoan, mainly in endemic regions of Italy. Hence, a standardization of procedures for a prompt diagnosis of L. infantum infection in cats and for screening cat population is crucial for a better understanding of the epidemiology of feline leishmaniasis, and of the potential role of cats in the transmission cycle of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially fatal parasitic disease, which is caused by Leishmania infantum. Its distribution is associated with the occurrence of the sand fly vectors and reservoir hosts. Since L. infantum infection can occur in cats with clinical or subclinical outcomes, the role of cats in the epidemiology of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis needs to be thoroughly assessed. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and associated risk factors for infection with L. infantum in a large subset of cats across Italy, a known endemic area with records of human cases of visceral leishmaniasis. Serum and blood samples from 2,659 cats from northern (n = 1,543), central (n = 471) and southern (n = 645) Italy were tested for antibodies against L. infantum and parasites’ DNA, respectively. A cumulative L. infantum prevalence of 3.9% was recorded by serology (3.3%) and/or real-time PCR (0.8%). The risk of L. infantum infection in cats was associated to the geographical areas, age class, neutering status and feline immunodeficiency virus infection. These findings reveal that cats are exposed to and/or infected by this protozoan across the country, warranting further investigation to assess their role in the epidemiology of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis to refine surveillance and prevention strategies against this veterinary and medically important ailment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Iatta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Vito Colella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | | | - Emanuele Brianti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paolo Trerotoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lorusso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Guadalupe Mirò
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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27
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Pereira C, Maia JP, Marcos R, Luzzago C, Puente-Payo P, Dall'Ara P, Faustino A, Lauzi S. Molecular detection of Hepatozoon felis in cats from Maio Island, Republic of Cape Verde and global distribution of feline hepatozoonosis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:294. [PMID: 31186033 PMCID: PMC6560739 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vector-borne diseases are emerging worldwide and have an important zoonotic relevance. In the last few years, the interest in vector-borne pathogens in cats has increased. However, studies on feline vector-borne pathogens on tropical islands are lacking. Islands differ from continental countries because they have an enclosed population of animals, with all year presence of the vectors and, most often, without vector control measures. This study focused on the molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of vector-borne pathogens in autochthonous cats with a mixed indoor–outdoor lifestyle from Maio Island, Cape Verde archipelago. Methods Blood samples were collected from 80 asymptomatic cats, representing almost a quarter of the total cat population of the island. The presence of DNA of protozoa of the genus Hepatozoon and bacteria belonging to family Anaplasmataceae and to genus Bartonella was assessed by PCR and phylogenetic analysis was conducted. Statistical analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with infection. For feline hepatozoonosis, a worldwide dataset of Hepatozoon felis sequences retrieved from mammal species and vectors along with Hepatozoon spp. sequences retrieved from felids was generated, phylogenetically analyzed and the geographical and host distribution was assessed. Results Hepatozoon felis genotype I was identified in 12 (15%) cats from Maio Island whereas none of the cats were PCR positive for the other pathogens tested. No significant association of H. felis infection with age, sex, location or presence of vectors was observed by statistical analysis in Cape Verde’s cats. Phylogenetic analysis on the worldwide dataset of feline Hepatozoon sequences showed two significant distinct clades for H. felis genotype I and II. Different geographical distributions were assessed: H. felis genotype I was the only genotype found in Africa and has been reported worldwide, with the exception of Japan and Brazil where only H. felis genotype II has been reported. Conclusions The identification of H. felis genotype I in cats in Maio Island highlights the need to further investigate the significance of H. felis genotypes and to clarify the epidemiological aspects of this infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3551-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pereira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Pedro Maia
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, Nº 7, Vila do Conde, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Marcos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Camilla Luzzago
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Coordinated Research Center "EpiSoMI", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pablo Puente-Payo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paola Dall'Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Augusto Faustino
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy.
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28
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Asfaram S, Fakhar M, Teshnizi SH. Is the cat an important reservoir host for visceral leishmaniasis? A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e20190012. [PMID: 31258555 PMCID: PMC6583674 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years feline leishmanial infections (FLI) have been studied more than
ever before in various parts of the world. However, evidence-based knowledge on
FLI has remained unavailable. The main objectives of this study were to
investigate the status of felines infected by Leishmania spp.
worldwide. Data were extracted from 10 available databases over the period of
1982 to 2017. Overall, 78 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were
used for data extraction in this systematic review. The overall FLI prevalence
by both serological and molecular methods was estimated at 10% (95% CI: 8%-14%).
In Italy, both the seroprevalence (24 %) and PCR prevalence (21 %) were found to
be higher than in other countries. The most common diagnostic test used was the
indirect fluorescent antibody test (38.5%). Studies on mixed-breed felines were
more common than those on other breeds, while the most common parasite species
was L. infantum (63%). Our findings suggest that cats act as
primary and/or secondary reservoir hosts in the transmission of the
Leishmania spp. to humans and also to dogs, by sandflies,
at least in endemic foci. Moreover, available data confirm the enzootic
stability situation of FLI in several countries including some in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Asfaram
- Student Research Committee, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saeed Hosseini Teshnizi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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29
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Martínez-Orellana P, Maristany C, Baxarias M, Álvarez-Fernández A, Baldassarre A, Ordeix L, Solano-Gallego L. Total serum IgD from healthy and sick dogs with leishmaniosis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:119. [PMID: 30909975 PMCID: PMC6434875 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) due to Leishmania infantum is characterized by the development of both cellular and humoral immune responses. The dysfunction of T cell-mediated immunity leads to a lack of proliferation of T cells in response to Leishmania antigens with the consequence of parasite dissemination that seems to be related to a T cell exhaustion mediated by regulatory B cells expressing immunoglobulin D (IgD). The aim of this study was to determine and compare the total serum IgD in dogs with clinical leishmaniosis and in clinically healthy dogs. Results A total of 147 dog sera were studied. All dogs were tested for L. infantum-specific antibodies by quantitative ELISA. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production was also determined by sandwich ELISA after blood stimulation with L. infantum soluble antigen (LSA) or concanavalin A (ConA). The quantification of total IgD was performed using a human IgD sandwich ELISA quantification set. Dogs were classified in three different groups. Group 1 included 40 clinically healthy non-infected dogs, all serologically negative to L. infantum-specific antibodies and non-producers of IFN-γ upon LSA stimulation. Group 2 included 63 clinically healthy infected dogs that were LSA IFN-γ producers (n = 61) and/or IFN-γ non-producers (n = 2) as well as negative to medium seropositive to L. infantum antigen. Finally, Group 3 included 44 dogs with clinical leishmaniosis (IFN-γ producers, n = 23; and IFN-γ non-producers, n = 21) that were negative to highly positive to L. infantum-specific antibodies. No significant differences were observed when the total IgD concentration was compared within groups. Additionally, total IgD of sick IFN-γ producers and IFN-γ non-producers was not significantly different. Finally, total IgD concentration was not statistically related to demographic parameters such as age, sex and breed. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrated that there were no differences between groups in total serum IgD. Total serum IgD does not appear to be a marker of disease in CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Martínez-Orellana
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Maristany
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Baxarias
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandra Álvarez-Fernández
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Laura Ordeix
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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30
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Priolo V, Martínez-Orellana P, Pennisi MG, Masucci M, Prandi D, Ippolito D, Bruno F, Castelli G, Solano-Gallego L. Leishmania infantum-specific IFN-γ production in stimulated blood from cats living in areas where canine leishmaniosis is endemic. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:133. [PMID: 30909952 PMCID: PMC6434818 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Feline leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum is considered a rare disease in endemic areas, whereas subclinical infections are common. Immune response plays a key role in driving the course of L. infantum infection in other host species; however, the feline cell-mediated immune response to L. infantum infection has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the cell-mediated immune response specific to L. infantum by means of interferon (IFN)-γ release in whole blood assay from cats living in endemic areas (66 in Sicily and 113 in Catalonia) and to compare with antibody levels to L. infantum [enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT)], blood parasite load and retroviral infections. Results Most cats (n = 140) were L. infantum antibody negative and only 22% (n = 39) were positive. Only 9 and 2% of tested cats had a feline immunodeficency virus (FIV) infection or a feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection, respectively. Thirty-two cats out of 179 (18%) produced IFN-γ after stimulation with L. infantum soluble antigen (LSA) while the majority of cats (93%) produced IFN-γ after stimulation with concanavalin A (ConA). Six LSA-IFN-γ-producer cats were seropositive (three to ELISA and five to IFAT) but they were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) negative, while only one cat was antibody- and PCR-positive. Significant positive correlations were found between IFN-γ concentrations after stimulation with LSA and ConA, and between serology and PCR testing. No association was found between FIV status and LSA or ConA-IFN-γ production. Combining PCR, serology and specific IFN-γ concentration results, we found that 36% of cats studied were exposed to L. infantum. Conclusions As expected, cats from endemic areas produce IFN-γ after ex vivo blood stimulation with LSA and therefore are able to activate a cell-mediated adaptive immune response against the parasite that is variably associated with antibody or blood PCR positivity. The association of this assay to serological and molecular tests provides a better estimate of cat exposure to L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Priolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Pamela Martínez-Orellana
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marisa Masucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - David Prandi
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dorotea Ippolito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Bruno
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Leishmaniosi (CReNaL), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Germano Castelli
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Leishmaniosi (CReNaL), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Rossa C, D'Silva NJ. Non-murine models to investigate tumor-immune interactions in head and neck cancer. Oncogene 2019; 38:4902-4914. [PMID: 30872793 PMCID: PMC6586515 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The immune response has important roles in the biology of solid tumors, including oncogenesis, tumor growth, invasion and metastasis, and response to treatment. Improved understanding of tumor-immune system interactions has provided promising therapeutic options that are based on the rescue and enhancement of the anti-tumoral host response. Immune-based treatments have been approved for clinical use in various types of cancer, including head and neck cancer (HNC); other strategies involving combination therapies are currently in development. These novel therapies were developed based on knowledge derived from in vitro, in silico, and in vivo pre-clinical studies. However, clinical trials seldom replicate the efficacy observed in pre-clinical animal studies. This lack of correlation between pre-clinical studies and clinical trials may be related to limitations of the models used; which highlights the relevance of considering immune-related aspects of different pre-clinical models. Murine models are the most frequently used pre-clinical models of HNC and are discussed elsewhere. Non-murine models have characteristics that offer unique opportunities for the study of HNC etiology, therapeutic strategies, and tumor-immune system interactions. The current review focuses on immune-related aspects of non-murine models, including dog, cat, pig, zebrafish, and frog, that could be used to investigate tumor-immune interactions in HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rossa
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, UNESP-State University of Sao Paulo, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Nisha J D'Silva
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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32
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Dalvi APR, Carvalho TDGD, Werneck GL. Is There an Association Between Exposure to Cats and Occurrence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Humans and Dogs? Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:335-342. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Razal Dalvi
- Department of Epidemiology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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33
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Marcondes M, Hirata KY, Vides JP, Sobrinho LSV, Azevedo JS, Vieira TSWJ, Vieira RFC. Infection by Mycoplasma spp., feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus in cats from an area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:131. [PMID: 29554969 PMCID: PMC5859654 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2716-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been increasingly recognized in cats living in areas endemic for the disease. Co-infection with Leishmania infantum and other infectious agents is well established in dogs. However, for cats, data on co-infections with L. infantum and other infectious agents are still sparse. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of vector-borne pathogens, Mycoplasma spp., feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) in cats from an area endemic for VL in southeastern Brazil. Results Of the 90 cats, eight (8.9%) were infected with Mycoplasma spp., five (5.5%) were FIV- positive and one (1.1%) was FeLV-positive. Co-infection with L. infantum and at least one other infectious agent was found in 9/50 (18.0%; CI: 8.6–31.4%) cats. In Group 1 (cats infected naturally by L. infantum), 4/50 (8.0%) cats were positive for FIV, 4/50 (8%) for Mycoplasma spp. and 1/50 (2.0%) was co-infected with FeLV and Mycoplasma spp. In Group 2 (cats non-infected with L. infantum), 2/40 (5.0%) cats were infected with Mycoplasma spp. and 1/40 (2.5%) was co-infected with FIV and Mycoplasma spp. All cats were negative for Ehrlichia spp., Babesia spp. and Anaplasma platys. Conclusion A low prevalence of co-infection in Leishmania-infected and non-infected cats was found. Co-infections with Leishmania and vector-borne diseases in cats are not common in this area endemic for VL in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Marcondes
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Karina Y Hirata
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Vides
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ludmila S V Sobrinho
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline S Azevedo
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thállitha S W J Vieira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael F C Vieira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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34
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Duplan F, Davies S, Filler S, Abdullah S, Keyte S, Newbury H, Helps CR, Wall R, Tasker S. Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella spp., haemoplasma species and Hepatozoon spp. in ticks infesting cats: a large-scale survey. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:201. [PMID: 29558992 PMCID: PMC5861659 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ticks derived from cats have rarely been evaluated for the presence of pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella spp., haemoplasma species and Hepatozoon spp. in ticks collected from cats in the UK. Methods Five hundred and forty DNA samples extracted from 540 ticks collected from cats presenting to veterinarians in UK practices were used. Samples underwent a conventional generic PCR assay for detection of Hepatozoon spp. and real-time quantitative PCR assays for detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and three feline haemoplasma species and a generic qPCR for detection of Bartonella spp. Feline 28S rDNA served as an endogenous internal PCR control and was assessed within the haemoplasma qPCR assays. Samples positive on the conventional and quantitative generic PCRs were submitted for DNA sequencing for species identification. Results Feline 28S rDNA was amplified from 475 of the 540 (88.0%) ticks. No evidence of PCR inhibition was found using an internal amplification control. Of 540 ticks, 19 (3.5%) contained DNA from one of the tick-borne pathogens evaluated. Pathogens detected were: A. phagocytophilum (n = 5; 0.9%), Bartonella spp. (n = 7; 1.3%) [including Bartonella henselae (n = 3; 0.6%) and Bartonella clarridgeiae (n = 1; 0.2%)], haemoplasma species (n = 5; 0.9%), “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum” (n = 3; 0.6%), Mycoplasma haemofelis (n = 1; 0.2%), “Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis” (n = 1; 0.2%), Hepatozoon spp. (n = 2; 0.4%), Hepatozoon felis (n = 1; 0.2%) and Hepatozoon silvestris (n = 1; 0.2%). Conclusion These data provide important information on the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ticks infesting cats, with the identification of haemoplasma species, A. phagocytophilum, H. felis and Bartonella spp. (including B. henselae and B. clarridgeiae). This study also documents the first report of H. silvestris in ticks collected from domestic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Duplan
- Small Animal Hospital, Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Saran Davies
- Veterinary Parasitology and Ecology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Serina Filler
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Swaid Abdullah
- Veterinary Parasitology and Ecology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Keyte
- Small Animal Hospital, Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Newbury
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Walton, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Chris R Helps
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Wall
- Veterinary Parasitology and Ecology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Small Animal Hospital, Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom. .,Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom.
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35
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Montoya A, García M, Gálvez R, Checa R, Marino V, Sarquis J, Barrera J, Rupérez C, Caballero L, Chicharro C, Cruz I, Miró G. Implications of zoonotic and vector-borne parasites to free-roaming cats in central Spain. Vet Parasitol 2018; 251:125-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Prevalence of ticks and tick-borne pathogens: Babesia and Borrelia species in ticks infesting cats of Great Britain. Vet Parasitol 2017; 244:129-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Feline and canine leishmaniosis and other vector-borne diseases in the Aeolian Islands: Pathogen and vector circulation in a confined environment. Vet Parasitol 2017; 236:144-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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