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Naik BR, Tyagi BK, Xue RD. Mosquito-borne diseases in India over the past 50 years and their Global Public Health Implications: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2023; 39:258-277. [PMID: 38108431 DOI: 10.2987/23-7131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) pose a significant public health concern globally, and India, with its unique eco-sociodemographic characteristics, is particularly vulnerable to these diseases. This comprehensive review aims to provide an in-depth overview of MBDs in India, emphasizing their impact and potential implications for global health. The article explores distribution, epidemiology, control or elimination, and economic burden of the prevalent diseases such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, and lymphatic filariasis, which collectively contribute to millions of cases annually. It sheds light on their profound effects on morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic burdens and the potential for international transmission through travel and trade. The challenges and perspectives associated with controlling mosquito populations are highlighted, underscoring the importance of effective public health communication for prevention and early detection. The potential for these diseases to spread beyond national borders is recognized, necessitating a holistic approach to address the challenge. A comprehensive literature search was conducted, covering the past five decades (1972-2022), utilizing databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar, in addition to in-person library consultations. The literature review analyzed 4,082 articles initially identified through various databases. After screening and eligibility assessment, 252 articles were included for analysis. The review focused on malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, and lymphatic filariasis. The included studies focused on MBDs occurrence in India, while those conducted outside India, lacking statistical analysis, or published before 1970 were excluded. This review provides valuable insights into the status of MBDs in India and underscores the need for concerted efforts to combat these diseases on both national and global scales through consilience.
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Phasomkusolsil S, Tawong J, Monkanna N, Kornkan T, Jitbantrengphan T, Chaiyasab M, Pongda N, Kamram T, Lindroth EJ. The effects of human and rhesus macaque blood meal sources on mosquito reproduction and adult survival under laboratory conditions. Exp Parasitol 2023; 253:108591. [PMID: 37558194 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass rearing of mosquitoes as required to fulfil research studies is a technically challenging endeavor. Blood meal source has been recognized as a key consideration in mass rearing of mosquitoes that affects colony health and fecundity. Four species of laboratory-colonized mosquitoes from the Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate - Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS); Anopheles cracens, An. dirus, An. minimus and An. sawadwongporni were fed blood meals from human and rhesus macaque sources using an artificial membrane feeder. The effects of different blood meal sources were evaluated concerning blood-feeding, survival and reproduction (fecundity and hatching rates). Adult survival was monitored at days 7, 14 and 21 post blood-feeding. Although the mosquitoes fed on human blood exhibited higher rates of engorgement, there were no significant differences in blood-feeding rates in An. cracens (P = 0.08) and An. dirus (P = 0.91) between rhesus macaque and human blood sources. Twenty-one days post-feeding, no significant differences were observed in the survival rates of mosquitoes fed on human versus rhesus macaque blood. Except for An. dirus, which had better survival rates with human blood (97.5%) than after feeding on rhesus macaque blood (95.4%). All mosquito species fed on human blood produced significantly more eggs when compared to those fed on rhesus macaque blood. However, there was no statistical difference in hatching rates between blood sources, except for An. dirus, which had better hatching rates with human blood. These results indicate that human and rhesus macaque blood may be a viable alternative for maintaining Anopheles mosquitoes in colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriporn Phasomkusolsil
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Jaruwan Tawong
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nantaporn Monkanna
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tanaporn Kornkan
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Thanin Jitbantrengphan
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Marisa Chaiyasab
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Natchanida Pongda
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Thinadda Kamram
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Erica J Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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Khan N, Awasthi G, Das A. How can the complex epidemiology of malaria in India impact its elimination? Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:432-444. [PMID: 37031071 PMCID: PMC10175201 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a human health hazard in the tropical and subtropical zones of the globe and is poised to be eliminated by the year 2030. Despite a decrease in incidence in the past two decades, many endemic countries, including India, report cases regularly. The epidemiology of malaria in India is unique owing to several features of the Plasmodium parasites, Anopheles vectors, ecoepidemiological situations conducive to disease transmission, and susceptible humans living in rural and forested areas. Limitations in public health reach, and poor health-seeking behaviour of vulnerable populations living in hard-to-reach areas, add to the problem. We bring all of these factors together in a comprehensive framework and opine that, in spite of complexities, targeted elimination of malaria in India is achievable with planned programmatic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhat Khan
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | | | - Aparup Das
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India.
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Das R, Vashisht K, Pandey KC. A novel multiplex qPCR assay for clinical diagnosis of non-human malaria parasites- Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium cynomolgi. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1127273. [PMID: 36777671 PMCID: PMC9909747 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1127273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The imminent risk of zoonoses of non-human malaria parasites is not far from reality in India, as has been observed in the case of Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk), and so is possible with P. cynomolgi (Pc), already reported from South East Asian countries. Therefore, a novel multiplex qPCR assay was developed and evaluated for detection of non-human malaria parasites- Pk and Pc in populations at risk. Methods The qPCR primers were designed in-house with fluorescence labeled probes (HEX for Pk and FAM for Pc). DNA samples of Pk and Pc were used as templates and further the qPCR assay was evaluated in 250 symptomatic and asymptomatic suspected human blood samples from malaria endemic areas of North Eastern states of India. Results The qPCR assay successfully amplified the target 18S rRNA gene segment from Pk and Pc and was highly specific for Pk and Pc parasites only, as no cross reactivity was observed with P. falciparum (Pf), P. vivax (Pv), P. malariae (Pm), and P. ovale (Po). Standard curves were generated to estimate the limit of detection (LOD) of Pk and Pc parasites DNA (0.00275 & 0.075 ng/μl, respectively). Due to COVID-19 pandemic situation during 2020-21, the sample accessibility was difficult, however, we managed to collect 250 samples. The samples were tested for Pf and Pv using conventional PCR- 14 Pf and 11 Pv infections were observed, but no Pk and Pc infections were detected. For Pk infections, previously reported conventional PCR was also performed, but no Pk infection was detected. Discussion The multiplex qPCR assay was observed to be robust, quick, cost-effective and highly sensitive as compared to the currently available conventional PCR methods. Further validation of the multiplex qPCR assay in field setting is desirable, especially from the high-risk populations. We anticipate that the multiplex qPCR assay would prove to be a useful tool in mass screening and surveillance programs for detection of non-human malaria parasites toward the control and elimination of malaria from India by 2030.
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Population genomics reveal distinct and diverging populations of An. minimus in Cambodia. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1308. [PMID: 36443434 PMCID: PMC9705317 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles minimus is an important malaria vector throughout its wide geographic range across Southeast Asia. Genome sequencing could provide important insights into the unique malaria transmission dynamics in this region, where many vector species feed and rest outdoors. We describe results from a study using Illumina deep whole-genome sequencing of 302 wild-caught An. minimus collected from three Cambodian provinces over several years (2010, 2014, 2016) and seasons to examine the level of population structure and genetic diversity within this species. These specimens cluster into four distinct populations of An. minimus s.s., with two populations overlapping geographically. We describe the underlying genetic diversity and divergence of these populations and investigated the genetic variation in genes known to be involved in insecticide resistance. We found strong signals of selection within these An. minimus populations, most of which were present in the two Northeastern Cambodian populations and differ from those previously described in African malaria vectors. Cambodia is the focus of the emergence and spread of drug-resistant malaria parasites, so understanding the underlying genetic diversity and resilience of the vectors of these parasites is key to implementing effective malaria control and elimination strategies. These data are publicly available as part of the MalariaGEN Vector Observatory, an open access resource of genome sequence data.
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Ngoenklan R, Thanh Duong T, Duc Chinh V, Quang Thieu N, Hii J, Bangs MJ, Aum-Aung B, Suwonkerd W, Chareonviriyaphap T. Comparison of Vector Trapping Methods for Outdoor Biting Malaria Vector Surveillance in Thailand and Vietnam. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:2139-2149. [PMID: 36208216 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The performances of the human-baited double net trap (HDNT) and the human-baited host decoy trap (HDT) methods were compared against the outdoor human landing catch (OHLC) method in Thailand and Vietnam. Two study sites were selected in each country: a rural village and a nearby forest setting. The three outdoor trap methods were rotated nightly between three set trapping positions, in a pre-assigned Latin square design. Volunteers were rotated following the trap rotation to avoid bias. The greatest number of adult mosquitoes was collected from the forest sites in both countries, showing Anopheles minimus (s.s.) Theobald (96.54%) and Anopheles dirus (s.s.) Peyton & Harrison (25.71%) as the primary malaria vectors in Thailand and Vietnam, respectively. At the Thai forest site, OHLC collected significantly more anopheline mosquitoes per trap night than HDNT and HDT, with mean ± standard error values of 14.17 ± 4.42, 4.83 ± 1.56, and 4.44 ± 1.45, respectively, whilst HDNT and HDT were significantly less productive at 0.34 times and 0.31 times, respectively, than OHLC in capturing anopheline mosquitoes. However, there were no significant differences among the three methods of trapping malaria vectors for the village site. At the Vietnamese forest site, HDNT achieved the highest performance in collecting Anopheline mosquitoes at 1.54 times compared to OHLC, but there was no significant difference between the two traps. The results suggested HDNT could be a possible alternative trap to OHLC in this area. Although HDT was less efficient at attracting Anopheline mosquitoes, it was highly efficient at trapping culicine mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchadawan Ngoenklan
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tran Thanh Duong
- Department of Entomology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Duc Chinh
- Department of Entomology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Quang Thieu
- Department of Entomology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jeffrey Hii
- Malaria Consortium Asia, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J Bangs
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Public Health and Malaria Control Department, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Boonserm Aum-Aung
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Wannapa Suwonkerd
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ahmed RA, Shankar H, Hussain SSA, Swargiary A, Kumar A, Tarique M, Prabhakar P, Suri HS, Singh K, Chakma JK, Singh J, Begum A. Moderate Rainfall and High Humidity During the Monsoon Season, Negligence in Using Malaria Protection Methods and High Proportion of Mild Symptomatic Patients Were the Driving Forces for Upsurge of Malaria Cases in 2018 Among Tea Tribe Populations in Endemic Dolonibasti Health Sub-center, Udalguri District, Assam State, North-East India. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:913848. [PMID: 35847777 PMCID: PMC9280886 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.913848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria elimination is a global priority, which India has also adopted as a target. Despite the malaria control efforts like long-lasting insecticidal nets distribution, rounds of indoor residual spray, the introduction of bi-valent rapid diagnostic tests and artemisinin combination therapy, malaria remained consistent in Dolonibasti sub-center of Orang block primary health center (BPHC) under the district Udalguri, Assam state followed by abrupt rise in cases in 2018. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the factors driving the malaria transmission in the outbreak area of Dolonibasti sub-center. Malaria epidemiological data (2008–2018) of Udalguri district and Orang BPHC was collected. The annual (2011-2018) and monthly (2013–2018) malaria and meteorological data of Dolonibasti sub-center was collected. An entomological survey, Knowledge, Attitude and Practices study among malaria cases (n = 120) from Dolonibasti was conducted. In 2018, 26.1 % (2136/ 8188) of the population of Dolonibasti were found to be malaria positive, of which 55% were adults (n = 1176). Majority of cases were from tea tribe populations (90%), either asymptomatic or with fever only, 67.5 % (81/120) had experienced malaria infection during past years. The outbreak was characterized by a strong increase in cases in June 2018, high proportion of slide falciparum rate of 26.1% (other years average, 15.8%) and high proportion of P. falciparum of 81.2 % (other years average, 84.3%). Anopheles minimus s.l. was the major vector with 28.6% positivity and high larval density in paddy fields/ drainage area. Annual relative humidity was associated with rise in malaria cases, annual parasite incidence (rs = 0.69, 90%CI; p = 0.06) and slide positivity rate (rs = 0.83, 95%CI; p = 0.01). Older people were less educated (rs = −0.66; p < 0.001), had lesser knowledge about malaria cause (rs = −0.42; χ2=21.80; p < 0.001) and prevention (rs = −0.18; p = 0.04). Malaria control practices were followed by those having knowledge about cause of malaria (rs = 0.36; χ2 = 13.50; p < 0.001) and prevention (rs = 0.40; χ2 = 17.71; p < 0.001). Altogether, 84.6% (44/52) of the respondents did not use protective measures. We described a sudden increase in malaria incidence in a rural, predominantly tea tribe population group with high illiteracy rate and ignorance on protective measures against malaria. More efforts that are concerted needed to educate the community about malaria control practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ali Ahmed
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Guwahati, India
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Rahim Ali Ahmed
| | - Hari Shankar
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Hari Shankar
| | - Syed Shah Areeb Hussain
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Avdhesh Kumar
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health & FW, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Tarique
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Pankaj Prabhakar
- Department of Pharmacology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sheikhpura, India
| | | | - Kuldeep Singh
- Epidemiology & Environmental Biology Group, ICMR—National Institute of Malaria Research Field Station, Guwahati, India
- Kuldeep Singh
| | | | - Jyoti Singh
- Department of Zoology, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Afluza Begum
- Department of Chemistry, Bhattadev University, Guwahati, India
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Akeju AV, Olusi TA, Simon-Oke IA. Molecular identification and wing variations among malaria vectors in Akure North Local Government Area, Nigeria. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7674. [PMID: 35538208 PMCID: PMC9090839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Anopheles gambiae complex and Anophelesfunestus group are significant vectors of the malaria parasite Plasmodium species in the Afro-tropical region of the world. Molecular identification and variation in the wing were studied among female An.Gambiae complex and An. funestus group, to investigate morphological variations in the wing of local vectors populations of adult female mosquitoes found in five different locations in Akure North Local Government Area of Ondo State (Oba—Ile, Igoba, Isinigbo, Ita—Ogbolu and Iju). The variations in the wing character were found in the 3rd main dark spot area (Pre-apical dark spot—character 8) on the coastal region (Vein region I) of Anopheles gambiae complex wing; with two types (A and B) of wings identified with An. gambiae complex in the study area. Molecular study shows that all the wing type A are Anopheles gambiae s.s., they represent 53.39% of the total An. gambiae complex in the study area. Some of the Anopheles gambiae s.s. (28.30%) and all An. arabiensis (18.30%) were found with wing type B. Among 750 individual Anopheles mosquito species identified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR method), 433 samples representing 57.73% were An. gambiae s.s. while 97 (12.93%) samples were An. arabiensis. Anopheles leesoni was the only member of the An. funestus group identified in the study area. Anopheles leesoni mosquitoes identified in the study location were 182, representing 24.27% of the total Anopheles mosquito species identified using the molecular method. Anopheles gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis, and An. leesoni are only Anopheles mosquito species responsible for malaria transmission in the study area. Anopheles leesoni was the only member of the An. funestus group identified in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo Victor Akeju
- Parasitology and Public Health Unit, Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria.
| | - Titus Adeniyi Olusi
- Parasitology and Public Health Unit, Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Iyabo Adepeju Simon-Oke
- Parasitology and Public Health Unit, Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
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Vu NS, Hertz JC, Martin NJ, Tran TC, Fiorenzano JM, Tran PV, Nguyen HV, Dang AD, Tran DN, Motoki MT. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Villages and Forest Areas of Rural Communes in Khanh Hoa and Binh Phuoc Provinces, Vietnam. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:2264-2273. [PMID: 34144599 PMCID: PMC8577722 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the diversity of mosquitoes collected from communes, endemic with malaria and dengue, located in Khanh Hoa and Binh Phuoc Provinces, Vietnam. A total of 10,288 mosquitoes were collected in the village and forested sites using standard larval dippers, cow-baited traps, ultra-violet light traps, and mechanical aspirators. Mosquito taxa were identified morphologically and species complexes/groups were further characterized molecularly. Five genera of mosquitoes were morphologically identified: Anopheles Meigen (21 species), Aedes Meigen (2 species), Culex Linnaeus (5 species), Mansonia Blanchard sp., and Armigeres Theobald sp. The PCR-based identification methods allowed the distinction of members of Maculatus Group, Funestus Group, and Dirus Complex; and DNA barcodes enabled the further identification of the Barbirostris Complex. Data reported here include the first report of An. saeungae Taai & Harbach and An. wejchoochotei Taai & Harbach from Vietnam, and re-emphasizes the significance of using molecular data in an integrated systematic approach to identify cryptic species and better understand their role in disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam S Vu
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical Entomology and Zoology Department, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Tu C Tran
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical Entomology and Zoology Department, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | | | - Phong V Tran
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical Entomology and Zoology Department, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hoang V Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical Entomology and Zoology Department, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Anh D Dang
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical Entomology and Zoology Department, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Duong N Tran
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical Entomology and Zoology Department, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Maysa T Motoki
- Vysnova Partners Inc., Landover, MD, USA
- Department of Entomology, Natural Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, USA
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Dev V, Manguin S. Defeating malaria in the North-East region: the forerunner for malaria elimination in India. Acta Trop 2021; 222:106040. [PMID: 34252384 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
India is a malaria endemic country which is targeting malaria elimination by 2027. Transmission intensities are low-to-moderate depending on the region supported by multiple disease vectors. Among these, comparatively North-East India contributes to high proportions of malaria cases annually, the majority of which are due to Plasmodium falciparum (90%). Anopheles minimus and An. baimaii (sibling species in the An. dirus complex) are widely prevalent and incriminated as vectors of malaria. Number of intervention tools were field-evaluated beginning 1988 to date against disease vectors and causative parasites to contain the spread of malaria. These included (i) insecticide-treated netting materials (ITNs) for vector control, (ii) rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for in situ diagnosis, and (iii) therapeutic efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for improved drug-policy; all of which were incorporated in healthcare services resulting in substantial disease transmission reduction. Populations of both An. minimus and An. baimaii were observed depleting, instead An. culicifacies s.l. recorded to be fast invading degraded forests and assessed to be resistant to multiple insecticides. Of the two prevalent Plasmodium species, while P. vivax continued to be susceptible to chloroquine therapy, P. falciparum had emerged resistant to most available antimalarial drugs except ACTs over space and time and spreading to peninsular India threatening elimination efforts. Disease transmission trends were observed to be declining for which the state of Assam has made huge strides reporting steady fall in cases each passing year vis-à-vis Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura (all sharing international border with Bangladesh), in which malaria transmission remained uninterrupted. Consequently, control of malaria in the North-East region of India is of immediate importance and needs prioritization for intensified disease surveillance and control interventions coupled with improved access to healthcare services mitigating risk of disease outbreaks and spread of drug-resistant malaria helping realize the goal of malaria elimination in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vas Dev
- ICMR, National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, 110 077, India
| | - Sylvie Manguin
- HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34093 Montpellier, France.
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Ranjha R, Sharma A. Forest malaria: the prevailing obstacle for malaria control and elimination in India. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-005391. [PMID: 33990358 PMCID: PMC8127975 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the decrease in malaria mortality and morbidity, it remains a significant public health problem in India. India is targeting malaria elimination from the country by 2030. Different areas in India are in different phases of malaria elimination. The emerging resistance in vectors as well parasite have added necessity to accelerate the malaria elimination programme. Forested areas remain the foci for malaria transmission due to favourable human and environmental factors. Here, we analysed the longitudinal data from 2000 to 2019 to see the trends in forest malaria in India. Population living in forested areas are major malaria contributors. From 2000 to 2019, ~32% of malaria cases and 42% of malaria related deaths were reported from forested districts which represent only ~6.6% of the total Indian population. Increasing insecticide resistance, a high percentage of submicroscopic infections and challenging to test and treat communities are the crucial components of the prevailing obstacles of forested malaria. To achieve the elimination goal, efforts should be intensified with more resources diverted to the forested areas. Malaria control in forested areas will bring fruitful results for malaria control in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Ranjha
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, Delhi, India.,Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Hii J, Hustedt J, Bangs MJ. Residual Malaria Transmission in Select Countries of Asia-Pacific Region: Old Wine in a New Barrel. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:S111-S142. [PMID: 33906222 PMCID: PMC8079134 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite substantial reductions in malaria burden and improvement in case management, malaria remains a major public health challenge in the Asia-Pacific region. Residual malaria transmission (RMT) is the fraction of total transmission that persists after achievement of full operational coverage with effective insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs)/long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and/or indoor residual spray interventions. There is a critical need to standardize and share best practices for entomological, anthropological, and product development investigative protocols to meet the challenges of RMT and elimination goals. Methods A systematic review was conducted to describe when and where RMT is occurring, while specifically targeting ownership and usage of ITN/LLINs, indoor residual spray application, insecticide susceptibility of vectors, and human and vector biting behavior, with a focus on nighttime activities. Results Sixty-six publications from 1995 to present met the inclusion criteria for closer review. Associations between local vector control coverage and use with behaviors of human and mosquito vectors varied by locality and circumstance. Consequently, the magnitude of RMT is insufficiently studied and analyzed with sparse estimates of individual exposure in communities, insufficient or incomplete observations of ITN/LLIN use, and the local human population movement into and from high-risk areas. Conclusions This review identified significant gaps or deficiencies that require urgent attention, namely, developing standardized procedures and methods to estimate risk exposure beyond the peridomestic setting, analytical approaches to measure key human-vector interactions, and seasonal location-specific agricultural or forest use calendars, and establishing the collection of longitudinal human and vector data close in time and location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Hii
- Malaria Consortium Asia, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Michael J Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control Department, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Jl. Kertajasa, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia.,Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasertart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Sahu S, Patnaik M, Dash S, Thankachy S, Kumar A. Reappearance and disappearance of Anopheles minimus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) in West Singhbhum hills of Eastern India. J Vector Borne Dis 2021; 58:281-284. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.321741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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14
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Dhiman RC, Yadav Y, Singh P. Ecological change resulting in high density of Anopheles culicifacies in Karbi Anglong district, Assam, India. J Vector Borne Dis 2020; 57:371-374. [PMID: 34856720 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.311785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh C Dhiman
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8 Dwarka, Delhi 110077, India
| | - Yogesh Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8 Dwarka, Delhi 110077, India
| | - Poonam Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8 Dwarka, Delhi 110077, India
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15
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Sarma DK, Mohapatra PK, Bhattacharyya DR, Chellappan S, Karuppusamy B, Barman K, Senthil Kumar N, Dash AP, Prakash A, Balabaskaran Nina P. Malaria in North-East India: Importance and Implications in the Era of Elimination. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120673. [PMID: 31835597 PMCID: PMC6956115 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide and in India, malaria elimination efforts are being ramped up to eradicate the disease by 2030. Malaria elimination efforts in North-East (NE) India will have a great bearing on the overall efforts to eradicate malaria in the rest of India. The first cases of chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance were reported in NE India, and the source of these drug resistant parasites are most likely from South East Asia (SEA). NE India is the only land route through which the parasites from SEA can enter the Indian mainland. India’s malaria drug policy had to be constantly updated due to the emergence of drug resistant parasites in NE India. Malaria is highly endemic in many parts of NE India, and Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the majority of the cases. Highly efficient primary vectors and emerging secondary vectors complicate malaria elimination efforts in NE India. Many of the high transmission zones in NE India are tribal belts, and are difficult to access. The review details the malaria epidemiology in seven NE Indian states from 2008 to 2018. In addition, the origin and evolution of resistance to major anti-malarials are discussed. Furthermore, the bionomics of primary vectors and emergence of secondary malaria vectors, and possible strategies to prevent and control malaria in NE are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devojit Kumar Sarma
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462030, India;
| | | | | | | | | | - Keshab Barman
- State NVBDCP Unit, Directorate of Health Services, Govt. of Assam, Guwahati 781005, Assam, India;
| | | | | | - Anil Prakash
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462030, India;
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (P.B.N.)
| | - Praveen Balabaskaran Nina
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur 610005, India
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (P.B.N.)
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16
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Edwards HM, Chinh VD, Le Duy B, Thanh PV, Thang ND, Trang DM, Chavez I, Hii J. Characterising residual malaria transmission in forested areas with low coverage of core vector control in central Viet Nam. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:454. [PMID: 31533794 PMCID: PMC6751671 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite great success in significantly reducing the malaria burden in Viet Nam over recent years, the ongoing presence of malaria vectors and Plasmodium infection in remote forest areas and among marginalised groups presents a challenge to reaching elimination and a threat to re-emergence of transmission. Often transmission persists in a population despite high reported coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), the mainstay control method for malaria. To investigate what factors may contribute to this, a mixed-methods study was conducted in Son Thai commune, a community in south-central Viet Nam that has ongoing malaria cases despite universal LLIN coverage. A cross-sectional behavioural and net-coverage survey was conducted along with observations of net use and entomological collections in the village, farm huts and forest sites used by members of the community. RESULTS Most community members owned a farm hut plot and 71.9% of adults aged 18+ years sometimes slept overnight in the farm hut, while one-third slept overnight in the forest. Ownership and use of nets in the village households was high but in the farm huts and forest was much lower; only 44.4% reported regularly using a bednet in the farm and 12.1% in the forest. No primary anopheline species were captured in the village, but Anopheles dirus (s.l.) (n = 271) and An. maculatus (s.l.) (n = 14) were captured as far as 4.5 km away in farm huts and forest. A high proportion of biting was conducted in the early evening before people were under nets. Entomological inoculation rates (EIR) of An. dirus (s.l.) were 17.8 and 25.3 infectious bites per person per year in the outdoor farm hut sites and forest, respectively, for Plasmodium falciparum and 25.3 in the forest sites for P. vivax. CONCLUSIONS Despite high net coverage in the village, gaps in coverage and access appear in the farm huts and forest where risk of anopheline biting and parasite transmission is much greater. Since subsistence farming and forest activities are integral to these communities, new personal protection methods need to be explored for use in these areas that can ideally engage with the community, be durable, portable and require minimal behavioural change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Margaret Edwards
- Malaria Consortium Asia, Room No. 805, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajavidhi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vu Duc Chinh
- National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology (NIMPE), 34 Trung Văn, Nam Từ Liêm, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Bui Le Duy
- National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology (NIMPE), 34 Trung Văn, Nam Từ Liêm, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Vinh Thanh
- National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology (NIMPE), 34 Trung Văn, Nam Từ Liêm, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ngo Duc Thang
- National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology (NIMPE), 34 Trung Văn, Nam Từ Liêm, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Dao Minh Trang
- National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology (NIMPE), 34 Trung Văn, Nam Từ Liêm, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Irwin Chavez
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajavidhi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Jeffrey Hii
- Malaria Consortium Asia, Room No. 805, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajavidhi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
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Tananchai C, Manguin S, Bangs MJ, Chareonviriyaphap T. Malaria Vectors and Species Complexes in Thailand: Implications for Vector Control. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:544-558. [PMID: 31182384 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There are seven Anopheles species incriminated as important (primary) malaria vectors in Thailand. These vectors belong to species complexes or are in closely related groups that are difficult to separate morphologically. Precise species identification, using molecular methods, enables control operations to target only important vectors and to increase understanding of their specific ecological requirements, bionomic characteristics, and behavioral traits. This review focuses on adult mosquito behavior, vector transmission capacity, and geographical distribution of malaria vectors in Thailand identified using genetic and molecular identification methods between 1994 and 2019. A better understanding of Anopheles biodiversity, biology, behavior, vector capacity, and distribution in Thailand and neighboring countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) will facilitate more effective and efficient vector-control strategies and consequently contribute to a further decrease in the malaria burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchai Tananchai
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sylvie Manguin
- HydroSciences Montpellier (UMR-HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement France (IRD), CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael J Bangs
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Public Health and Malaria Control Department, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Jl. Kertajasa, Kuala Kencana, Papua 99920, Indonesia
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18
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Chen S, Qin Q, Zhong D, Fang X, He H, Wang L, Dong L, Lin H, Zhang M, Cui L, Yan G. Insecticide Resistance Status and Mechanisms of Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Wenzhou, an Important Coastal Port City in China. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:803-810. [PMID: 30715428 PMCID: PMC6467641 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although scaled-up interventions and effective control efforts have drastically reduced malaria morbidity and mortality, malaria remains a serious threat to public health worldwide. Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann 1828 is a historically important vector of Plasmodium vivax (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae) malaria in China. Insecticide resistance has become a major obstacle to vector-borne disease control. However, little is known about the insecticide resistance of An. sinensis in Wenzhou, an important coastal port city in Zhejiang province, China. The aim of this study was to examine insecticide resistance and mechanisms in An. sinensis field mosquito populations. Evidence of multiple insecticide resistance was found in An. sinensis adult female populations. Medium to high frequencies of target site kdr together with fixed ace-1 mutations was detected in both the Ruian and Yongjia populations. Both populations showed an association between kdr L1014 mutation and resistance phenotype when tested against deltamethrin and DDT. Significantly different metabolic enzyme activities were found between the susceptible laboratory strain and field-collected mosquitoes from both Ruian and Yongjia. Both field collected An. sinensis populations exhibited significantly higher P450 enzyme activity compared with the laboratory strain, while the field-collected resistant mosquitoes exhibited various GST and COE enzyme activities. These results indicate multiple resistance mechanisms in An. sinensis field populations. Effective implementation of insecticide resistance management strategies is urgently needed. The data collected in this study will be valuable for modeling insecticide resistance spread and vector-control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Chen
- College of Medical and Health, Lishui University, Lishui, China
| | - Qian Qin
- College of Medical and Health, Lishui University, Lishui, China
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Xia Fang
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hanjiang He
- College of Medical and Health, Lishui University, Lishui, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lingjun Dong
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haiping Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA
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19
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Wangdi K, Furuya-Kanamori L, Clark J, Barendregt JJ, Gatton ML, Banwell C, Kelly GC, Doi SAR, Clements ACA. Comparative effectiveness of malaria prevention measures: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:210. [PMID: 29587882 PMCID: PMC5869791 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. There are several preventive measures that are currently employed, including insecticide-treated nets (ITNs, including long-lasting insecticidal nets and insecticidal-treated bed nets), indoor residual spraying (IRS), prophylactic drugs (PD), and untreated nets (UN). However, it is unclear which measure is the most effective for malaria prevention. We therefore undertook a network meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of different preventive measures on incidence of malaria infection. Methods A systematic literature review was undertaken across four medical and life sciences databases (PubMed, Cochrane Central, Embase, and Web of Science) from their inception to July 2016 to compare the effectiveness of different preventive measures on malaria incidence. Data from the included studies were analysed for the effectiveness of several measures against no intervention (NI). This was carried out using an automated generalized pairwise modeling (GPM) framework for network meta-analysis to generate mixed treatment effects against a common comparator of no intervention (NI). Results There were 30 studies that met the inclusion criteria from 1998–2016. The GPM framework led to a final ranking of effectiveness of measures in the following order from best to worst: PD, ITN, IRS and UN, in comparison with NI. However, only ITN (RR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.32–0.74) showed precision while other methods [PD (RR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.004–15.43), IRS (RR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.20–1.56) and UN (RR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.28–1.90)] demonstrating considerable uncertainty associated with their point estimates. Conclusion Current evidence is strong for the protective effect of ITN interventions in malaria prevention. Even though ITNs were found to be the only preventive measure with statistical support for their effectiveness, the role of other malaria control measures may be important adjuncts in the global drive to eliminate malaria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2783-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinley Wangdi
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia.,Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Justin Clark
- Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice (CREBP), Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jan J Barendregt
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Epigear International Pty Ltd, Sunrise Beach, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle L Gatton
- School of Public Health & Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cathy Banwell
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia
| | - Gerard C Kelly
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia
| | - Suhail A R Doi
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia.,Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia
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20
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Zhang S, Guo S, Feng X, Afelt A, Frutos R, Zhou S, Manguin S. Anopheles Vectors in Mainland China While Approaching Malaria Elimination. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:889-900. [PMID: 28734898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
China is approaching malaria elimination; however, well-documented information on malaria vectors is still missing, which could hinder the development of appropriate surveillance strategies and WHO certification. This review summarizes the nationwide distribution of malaria vectors, their bionomic characteristics, control measures, and related studies. After several years of effort, the area of distribution of the principal malaria vectors was reduced, in particular for Anopheles lesteri (synonym: An. anthropophagus) and Anopheles dirus s.l., which nearly disappeared from their former endemic regions. Anopheles sinensis is becoming the predominant species in southwestern China. The bionomic characteristics of these species have changed, and resistance to insecticides was reported. There is a need to update surveillance tools and investigate the role of secondary vectors in malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaosen Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; Université de Montpellier, IES-Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes, UMR5214, CNRS-UM, 860 rue de Saint-Priest, Bât 5, 34095 Montpellier, France; Cirad, UMR 17, Intertryp, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD France), LIPMC, UMR-MD3, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Shaohua Guo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Aneta Afelt
- Interdisciplinary Center for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, University of Warsaw, Prosta 69, 00-838, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roger Frutos
- Université de Montpellier, IES-Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes, UMR5214, CNRS-UM, 860 rue de Saint-Priest, Bât 5, 34095 Montpellier, France; Cirad, UMR 17, Intertryp, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Shuisen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.
| | - Sylvie Manguin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD France), LIPMC, UMR-MD3, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34093 Montpellier, France
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