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Ribeiro-Jr G, Reis J, Vaccarezza F, Silva ACDO, Lanza FC, Miranda DLP, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, dos Reis MG. Sometimes, the size matters: Wing geometric morphometrics as a tool to assess domiciliation by Triatoma sordida (Stäl 1859). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2024; 57:e007092024. [PMID: 39140583 PMCID: PMC11315410 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0516-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domiciliation by Triatoma sordida is a public health concern in South America. This study aimed to evaluate the morphometric changes in the domestic and peridomestic populations of T. sordida. METHODS Specimen hemelytra were mounted, digitized, and processed for geometric morphometric analyses. RESULTS The specimens captured in houses were smaller than those captured in peridomiciles. A large size reduction effect was observed in female peridomicile populations compared with female house populations. CONCLUSIONS T. sordida house populations were smaller than peridomestic populations. Wing geometric morphometry can be used as a tool to indicate T. sordida domiciliation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamylle Reis
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Diego Lopes Paim Miranda
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, BA, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Mitermayer Galvão dos Reis
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, BA, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, BA, Brasil
- Yale University, Connecticut, USA
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Carbajal-de-la-Fuente AL, Piccinali RV, Porcasi X, Marti GA, de Arias AR, Abrahan L, Suárez FC, Lobbia P, Medina G, Provecho Y, Cortez MR, Soria N, Gonçalves TC, Nattero J. Variety is the spice: The role of morphological variation of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) at a macro-scale. Acta Trop 2024; 256:107239. [PMID: 38735448 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909). One of the primary vectors of T. cruzi in South America is Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834). This triatomine species is distributed across a huge latitudinal gradient, inhabiting domiciliary , peridomiciliary , and wild environments. Its wide geographic distribution provides an excellent opportunity to study the relationships between environmental gradients and intraspecific morphological variation. In this study, we investigated variations in wing size and shape in T. infestans across six ecoregions. We aimed to address the following questions: How do wing size and shape vary on a regional scale, does morphological variation follow specific patterns along an environmental or latitudinal gradient, and what environmental factors might contribute to wing variation? Geometric morphometric methods were applied to the wings of 162 females belonging to 21 T. infestans populations, 13 from Argentina (n = 105), 5 from Bolivia (n = 42), and 3 from Paraguay (n = 15). A comparison of wing centroid size across the 21 populations showed significant differences. Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) revealed significant differences in wing shape between the populations from Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay, although there was a considerable overlap, especially among the Argentinian populations. Well-structured populations were observed for the Bolivian and Paraguayan groups. Two analyses were performed to assess the association between wing size and shape, geographic and climatic variables: multiple linear regression analysis (MRA) for size and Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression for shape. The MRA showed a significant general model fit. Six temperature-related variables, one precipitation-related variable, and the latitude showed significant associations with wing size. The PLS analysis revealed a significant correlation between wing shape with latitude, longitude, temperature-related, and rainfall-related variables. Wing size and shape in T. infestans populations varied across geographic distribution. Our findings demonstrate that geographic and climatic variables significantly influence T. infestans wing morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Carbajal-de-la-Fuente
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-epidemias (CENDIE/ ANLIS-Malbrán). Av. Paseo Colón 568, CP 1063, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, CP 1425, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Romina V Piccinali
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, DEGE (FCEN, UBA), IEGEBA (UBA/CONICET), Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - Ciudad Universitaria - Pabellón 2, CP 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ximena Porcasi
- Instituto Gulich (CONAE UNC), Ruta C45 Km 8, CP 5187, Falda del Cañete, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Aníbal Marti
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE) CCT-La Plata CONICET-UNLP-asociado a CIC, Blvd. 120 y 60 CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonieta Rojas de Arias
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Manduvirá 635 entre 15 de agosto y Oleary, CP 1255, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Luciana Abrahan
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR), UNLAR, SEGEMAR, UNCa, CONICET, Entre Ríos y Mendoza s/n, Anillaco, CP 5301, La Rioja, Provincia de La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Florencia Cano Suárez
- Programa Provincial Control de Vectores, Ministerio de Salud Pública San Juan. Santa Fe 977 (este) predio Hospital Dr Guillermo Rawson, CP 5400, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Patricia Lobbia
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, CP 1425, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Unidad Operativa de Vectores y Ambiente (UNOVE), Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-epidemias (CENDIE / ANLIS-Malbrán), Pabellón Rawson s/n. Hospital Colonia, CP 2423, Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Medina
- Dirección de Control Integral de Vectores y Zoonosis. Laboratorio Entomológico y Parasitológico. Ministerio de Salud de Catamarca, Chacabuco 169, CP 4700, San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Argentina
| | - Yael Provecho
- Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Dirección de Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores. Av. 9 de Julio 1925, CP 1073, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirko Rojas Cortez
- Fundación Salud Naturaleza Integral (SANIT), Pasaje Fidelia de Sanchez 433, CP 00591, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Nicolás Soria
- División Manejo Integrado de Vectores, Departamento de Zoonosis, Dirección de Jurisdicción de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Córdoba, Santiago Cáceres 1885, CP 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Teresa C Gonçalves
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/ Fundação Oswaldo Cruz). Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Julieta Nattero
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, DEGE (FCEN, UBA), IEGEBA (UBA/CONICET), Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - Ciudad Universitaria - Pabellón 2, CP 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Fiad FG, Cardozo M, Nattero J, Gigena GV, Gorla DE, Rodríguez CS. Association between environmental gradient of anthropization and phenotypic plasticity in two species of triatomines. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:169. [PMID: 38566228 PMCID: PMC10986143 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06258-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triatoma garciabesi and T. guasayana are considered secondary vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi and frequently invade rural houses in central Argentina. Wing and head structures determine the ability of triatomines to disperse. Environmental changes exert selective pressures on populations of both species, promoting changes in these structures that could have consequences for flight dispersal. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between a gradient of anthropization and phenotypic plasticity in flight-related traits. METHODS The research was carried out in Cruz del Eje and Ischilín departments (Córdoba, Argentina) and included 423 individuals of the two species of triatomines. To measure the degree of anthropization, a thematic map was constructed using supervised classification, from which seven landscapes were selected, and nine landscape metrics were extracted and used in a hierarchical analysis. To determine the flight capacity and the invasion of dwellings at different levels of anthropization for both species, entomological indices were calculated. Digital images of the body, head and wings were used to measure linear and geometric morphometric variables related to flight dispersion. One-way ANOVA and canonical variate analysis (CVA) were used to analyze differences in size and shape between levels of anthropization. Procrustes variance of shape was calculated to analyze differences in phenotypic variation in heads and wings. RESULTS Hierarchical analysis was used to classify the landscapes into three levels of anthropization: high, intermediate and low. The dispersal index for both species yielded similar results across the anthropization gradient. However, in less anthropized landscapes, the density index was higher for T. garciabesi. Additionally, in highly anthropized landscapes, females and males of both species exhibited reduced numbers. Regarding phenotypic changes, the size of body, head and wings of T. garciabesi captured in the most anthropized landscapes was greater than for those captured in less anthropized landscapes. No differences in body size were observed in T. guasayana collected in the different landscapes. However, males from highly anthropized landscapes had smaller heads and wings than those captured in less anthropized landscapes. Both wing and head shapes varied between less and more anthropogenic environments in both species. CONCLUSIONS Results of the study indicate that the flight-dispersal characteristics of T. garciabesi and T. guasayana changed in response to varying degrees of anthropization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico G Fiad
- Cátedra de Morfología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Miriam Cardozo
- Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Julieta Nattero
- Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisel V Gigena
- Cátedra de Morfología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - David E Gorla
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia S Rodríguez
- Cátedra de Morfología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Verly T, Pita S, Carbajal-de-la-Fuente AL, Burgueño-Rodríguez G, Piccinali RV, Fiad FG, Ríos N, Panzera F, Lobbia P, Sánchez-Casaccia P, Rojas de Arias A, Cavallo MJ, Gigena GV, Rodríguez CS, Nattero J. Relationship between genetic diversity and morpho-functional characteristics of flight-related traits in Triatoma garciabesi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:145. [PMID: 38500121 PMCID: PMC10949591 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triatoma garciabesi, a potential vector of the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which is the causative agent of Chagas disease, is common in peridomestic and wild environments and found throughout northwestern and central Argentina, western Paraguay and the Bolivian Chaco. Genetic differentiation of a species across its range can help to understand dispersal patterns and connectivity between habitats. Dispersal by flight is considered to be the main active dispersal strategy used by triatomines. In particular, the morphological structure of the hemelytra is associated with their function. The aim of this study was to understand how genetic diversity is structured, how morphological variation of dispersal-related traits varies with genetic diversity and how the morphological characteristics of dispersal-related traits may explain the current distribution of genetic lineages in this species. METHODS Males from 24 populations of T. garciabesi across its distribution range were examined. The cytochrome c oxidase I gene (coI) was used for genetic diversity analyses. A geometric morphometric method based on landmarks was used for morpho-functional analysis of the hemelytra. Centroid size (CS) and shape of the forewing, and contour of both parts of the forewing, the head and the pronotum were characterised. Length and area of the forewing were measured to estimate the aspect ratio. RESULTS The morphometric and phylogenetic analysis identified two distinct lineages, namely the Eastern and Western lineages, which coincide with different ecological regions. The Eastern lineage is found exclusively in the eastern region of Argentina (Chaco and Formosa provinces), whereas the Western lineage is prevalent in the rest of the geographical range of the species. CS, shape and aspect ratio of the hemelytra differed between lineages. The stiff portion of the forewing was more developed in the Eastern lineage. The shape of both portions of the hemelytra were significantly different between lineages, and the shape of the head and pronotum differed between lineages. CONCLUSIONS The results provide preliminary insights into the evolution and diversification of T. garciabesi. Variation in the forewing, pronotum and head is congruent with genetic divergence. Consistent with genetic divergence, morphometry variation was clustered according to lineages, with congruent variation in the size and shape of the forewing, pronotum and head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiane Verly
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos Malbrán" (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Pita
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Ana Laura Carbajal-de-la-Fuente
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos Malbrán" (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Romina V Piccinali
- Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), CONICET/Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico G Fiad
- Cátedras de Introducción a la Biología y Morfología Animal, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Néstor Ríos
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Francisco Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Patricia Lobbia
- Unidad Operativa de Vectores y Ambiente (UnOVE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos Malbrán", Centro Nacional de Diagnostico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paz Sánchez-Casaccia
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos Malbrán" (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Asunción, Paraguay
| | | | - María José Cavallo
- Centro Regional de Energía y Ambiente Para el Desarrollo Sustentable (CREAS-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Catamarca (UNCA), San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Catamarca, Argentina
| | - Gisel V Gigena
- Cátedras de Introducción a la Biología y Morfología Animal, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia S Rodríguez
- Cátedras de Introducción a la Biología y Morfología Animal, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Julieta Nattero
- Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), CONICET/Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Shokoohi E. First molecular observation on Mylonchulus hawaiiensis from South Africa. Helminthologia 2024; 61:99-108. [PMID: 38659467 PMCID: PMC11038276 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2024-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
During a survey of soil nematodes in South Africa, a species of predatory nematodes, namely Mylonchulus hawaiiensis was recovered from soil in the Magoebaskloof mountain of Limpopo Province, South Africa. The morphology of the material studied fit well with the previous populations of the same species. A molecular study of 18S rDNA region of M. hawaiiensis indicated a 100% similarity between the South African population and the Japanese population of M. hawaiiensis (AB361438; AB361439; AB361440; AB361442). In addition, phylogenetic analysis placed all M. hawaiiensis in a group with 0.97 posterior probability. Additionally, ITS rDNA of M. hawaiiensis amplified for the first time. However, Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a morphological variation among the different populations of M. hawaiiensis. In addition, haplotype analysis also revealed that the South African population is close to the Japanese population. In conclusion, 18S rDNA was a good marker for detecting M. hawaiiensis. Measurement, photographs, and phylogenetic position of South African M. hawaiinesis are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Shokoohi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
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Téllez-Rendón J, Esteban L, Rengifo-Correa L, Díaz-Albiter H, Huerta H, Dale C. Triatoma yelapensis sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from Mexico, with a Key of Triatoma Species Recorded in Mexico. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14040331. [PMID: 37103146 PMCID: PMC10142269 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-four species of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) are recorded in Mexico, Triatoma Laporte, 1832 the most speciose genus in this country. Here, we describe Triatoma yelapensis sp. nov. from the Pacific coast of Jalisco (Mexico). The most similar species to T. yelapensis sp. nov. is T. recurva (Stål, 1868), but they differ in head longitude, the proportion of labial segments, coloration pattern of corium and connexivum, spiracles location, and male genitalia. To provide statistical support for the morphological distinctiveness of the new species, we performed a geometric morphometric analysis of T. yelapensis sp. nov., T. dimidiata s.s. (Latreille, 1811), T. gerstaeckeri (Stål, 1859), and T. recurva (Stål, 1868), considering head morphology. We also provide an updated key of the genus Triatoma for species recorded in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Téllez-Rendón
- Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference (InDRE), Mexico City 01480, Mexico
| | - Lyda Esteban
- Tropical Diseases Research Center (CINTROP), Universidad Industrial de Santander, Piedecuesta 681012, Colombia
| | - Laura Rengifo-Correa
- Tropical Diseases Research Center (CINTROP), Universidad Industrial de Santander, Piedecuesta 681012, Colombia
| | - Héctor Díaz-Albiter
- Department of Health, The School of the Southern Border (ECOSUR), Villahermosa 86280, Mexico
| | - Herón Huerta
- Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference (InDRE), Mexico City 01480, Mexico
| | - Carolina Dale
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 4365, Brazil
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Cruz DD, Ospina-Garces SM, Arellano E, Ibarra-Cerdeña CN, Nava-García E, Alcalá R. Geometric morphometrics and ecological niche modelling for delimitation of Triatoma pallidipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) haplogroups. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2023; 3:100119. [PMID: 37009555 PMCID: PMC10064238 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
A recent phylogenetic analysis of Triatoma pallidipennis, an important Chagas disease vector in Mexico, based on molecular markers, revealed five monophyletic haplogroups with validity as cryptic species. Here, we compare T. pallidipennis haplogroups using head and pronotum features, environmental characteristics of their habitats, and ecological niche modeling. To analyze variation in shape, images of the head and pronotum of the specimens were obtained and analyzed using methods based on landmarks and semi-landmarks. Ecological niche models were obtained from occurrence data, as well as a set of bioclimatic variables that characterized the environmental niche of each analyzed haplogroup. Deformation grids for head showed a slight displacement towards posterior region of pre-ocular landmarks. Greatest change in head shape was observed with strong displacement towards anterior region of antenniferous tubercle. Procrustes ANOVA and pairwise comparisons showed differences in mean head shape in almost all haplogroups. However, pairwise comparisons of mean pronotum shape only showed differences among three haplogroups. Correct classification of all haplogroups was not possible using discriminant analysis. Important differences were found among the environmental niches of the analyzed haplogroups. Ecological niche models of each haplogroup did not predict the climatic suitability areas of the other haplogroups, revealing differences in environmental conditions. Significant differences were found between at least two haplogroups, demonstrating distinct environmental preferences among them. Our results show how the analysis of morphometric variation and the characterization of the environmental conditions that define the climatic niche can be used to improve the delimitation of T. pallidipennis haplogroups that constitute cryptic species.
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da Silva LA, Belintani T, de Paiva VF, Nascimento JD, Ribeiro AR, Gardim S, Rocha CS, de Mello F, Obara MT, de Oliveira J, da Rosa JA. Integrative taxonomy and phylogenetic systematics of the Triatoma rubrovaria subcomplex (Hemiptera, Triatominae). Acta Trop 2022; 237:106699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Molecular Character of Mylonchulus hawaiiensis and Morphometric Differentiation of Six Mylonchulus (Nematoda; Order: Mononchida; Family: Mylonchulidae) Species Using Multivariate Analysis. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononchida members are predatory nematodes with the potential to reduce the number of plant-parasitic nematodes in the soil. During a survey on Mononchida in Iran, several populations of Mylonchulus were recovered from various localities. A population of M. hawaiiensis was studied using 18S rDNA. The phylogenetic analysis using Bayesian inference placed the sequenced M. hawiinesis (OP210758) together with other M. hawaiiensis from Japan (AB361438-AB361442) with a 1.00 posterior probability support. In addition, morphological differences between six Mylonchulus (Nematoda; order: Mononchida; Family: Mylonchulidae) populations were investigated in Iran using discriminant analyses (DA), PERMANOVA, and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). The purpose was to evaluate the efficacy of PCoA and DA in separating the Mylonchulus species, namely M. sigmaturus, M. paitensis, M. lacustris, M. brachyuris, M. kermaninesis, and M. hawaiiensis. To achieve this, 16 morphometric measurements (body length, a, b, c, c′, V, G1, G2, buccal cavity length, buccal cavity width, dorsal tooth apex, dorsal tooth length, neck length, amphid from anterior end, rectum, and tail length) were made on 160 specimens. The analysis of variance showed that all features were significantly different among the species, except a, b, and the amphid position from the anterior end and tail length. The stepwise discriminant analysis revealed that body length, tail length, neck length, and c′ value were the four most discriminating variables useful to distinguish clearly the six species of Mylonchulus. The variables with strong discriminatory power correctly classified 98.87% of individuals from Iran’s sample of known Mylonchulus species. The results provide a morphometric basis for effectively distinguishing Mylonchulus species.
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Morphological Stasis in Time? A Triatoma brasiliensis brasiliensis Study Using Geometric Morphometrics in the Long Run. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111362. [PMID: 35681826 PMCID: PMC9179344 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Triatomines are vector insects capable of transmitting the protozoan that causes Chagas disease, thus representing a health risk in several countries, especially in Central and South America. Triatoma brasiliensis brasiliensis, the main triatomine vector in northeastern Brazil, needs frequent monitoring as it is able to colonize various natural and artificial ecotopes as well as to infest domiciles. This research uses geometric morphometrics as a tool to evaluate changes in the morphology and analyze a large temporal dataset of 102 years of collections of T. b. brasiliensis. Finding novelty results which indicate a morphological stasis in the morphology. Abstract Triatoma brasiliensis brasiliensis Neiva, 1911 is one of the most important vectors of Chagas disease in the Brazilian semiarid regions in the north-east. The risk imposed by T. b. brasiliensis to the human populations, due to frequent invasions and/or colonization of the domiciles, demands constant monitoring and control actions as well as an understanding of its evolutionary process. In this context, the following research studies the pattern of shape adaptation over time using a large dataset from 102 years of specimen collections in order to identify the morphological plasticity of this vector in Brazil. This dataset was analyzed using geometric morphometrics tools and the timescale was divided into eight different groups, containing specimens from 1912 to 2014. Geometric morphometrics analysis showed an interesting morphological stasis in the wing shape of T. b. brasiliensis, which allowed us to understand the high capacity of adaptation to changes in climate condition through time, and the invasive status which Triatoma species have around the world. Moreover, these results showed novel findings as an interesting phenotypic pattern, with no modifications in more than 100 years, leading us to understand the shape evolution in Triatominae as a vector species of diseases.
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Montes de Oca-Aguilar AC, González-Martínez A, Chan-González R, Ibarra-López P, Smith-Ávila S, Córdoba-Aguilar A, Ibarra-Cerdeña CN. Signs of Urban Evolution? Morpho-Functional Traits Co-variation Along a Nature-Urban Gradient in a Chagas Disease Vector. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.805040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental change (i.e., urbanization) impacts species in contrasting ways, with some species experiencing benefits given their way of life (i.e., blood-sucking insects). How these species respond to such change is not well understood and for species involved in human diseases, this “how” question is particularly important. Most Triatominae bug species inhabit tropical and subtropical forests where their vertebrate hosts’ temporal abundance depends on climate seasonality. However, in human encroached landscapes, triatomines can benefit from resource stability which may lead to adaptive phenotypic change to track novel hosts. We tested for an association between different landscapes and morpho-functional traits linked to sensory, motion, and feeding functions in Triatoma dimidiata and compared fecundity (i.e., number of eggs) in each landscape as a proxy of fitness. Using geometric and traditional morphometric tools, we predicted a morphological simplification in bugs inhabiting urbanized areas. While wing morphology or proboscis were not influenced by landscape class, the opposite occurred for thorax morphology and number of sensilla. Wing and thorax morphology did not covary under modified landscape scenarios, yet we detected a morpho-functional convergence for thorax size and antennal phenotype in both sexes, with a simplification trend, from nature to urban settings. Given no fecundity differences across landscapes, there is no potential reproductive costs. Moreover, the convergence of thorax size and antennal phenotype suggests differences in flight/locomotion performance and host/environment perception, as a possible adaptive response to relaxed selective pressures of the bug’s native habitat. These results imply that T. dimidiata could be adapting to urbanized areas.
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Moriconi DE, Macedo-Lopes C, Sartorio A, Juárez MP, Girotti JR, Calderón-Fernández GM. Chemotaxonomy of Five South American Species of the Triatoma genus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) Based on Their Cuticle Hydrocarbon Pattern. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:554-564. [PMID: 34893852 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Triatoma sordida subcomplex traditionally included four triatomine species, T. sordida, Triatoma garciabesi, Triatoma guasayana, and Triatoma patagonica, distributed in the Southern Cone of South America. These species have a large intraspecific variability together with an overall similarity, making difficult to establish their taxonomic status. Many cytogenetic, morphometric, and molecular markers have been applied to address this. Recent studies have posed concerns on the inclusion of T. guasayana and T. patagonica within the subcomplex. Also, T. sordida from Argentina has been designed as a new species, Triatoma rosai. Using the cuticular hydrocarbon pattern as chemotaxonomic marker, the relationships among several populations of these species were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and linear discriminant analysis along 25 collection sites in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. T. sordida and T. rosai populations were differentially clustered in two CHC-based groups: "Group 1" included T. sordida from Eastern Brazil, Eastern Paraguay, and the Bolivian populations from La Paz and Izozog G1; "Group 2" included T. rosai, and T. sordida from Izozog G2 (Bolivia), and Western Paraguay. Whereas T. garciabesi remained closely related to T. sordida and T. rosai, T. guasayana, and T. patagonica were clearly separated from the species of the T. sordida subcomplex. Our results agree with those from other several techniques suggesting that the taxonomy of the T. sordida subcomplex should be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora E Moriconi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Catarina Macedo-Lopes
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Sartorio
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - M Patricia Juárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan R Girotti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gustavo M Calderón-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina
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13
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Insect Fluctuating Asymmetry: An Example in Bolivian Peridomestic Populations of Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14030526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is a morphometric tool used to measure developmental instability in organisms which have been exposed to stress or other adverse conditions. Phenotypic variability in response to stressors are the result of interactions between genomes and the environment, acting in a noisy developmental system. Most of the organisms have bilateral symmetry with a repetition of structures in different positions or orientations; asymmetrical variation has been a morphological response associated with insecticide application inducing disturbances in endocrinal system product of the chemicals. Triatoma infestans (is the main vector of Chagas disease in South America. The availability of food sources varies for populations of T. infestans living in different habitats; insects that inhabit the intradomicile feed preferentially on human blood, whereas insects that develop in the peridomicile feed on the blood of the other mammals and birds. The following research evaluate the FA to the different ecotopes in two geographical areas of Chuquisaca Bolivia; Yamparáez/Sotomayor of the high inter-Andean valleys and Huacaya/Imbochi of the boreal Chaco and a CIPEIN laboratory strain population. A combination of advanced morphometrics tools and multivariate analysis were used to quantify the levels of asymmetry produced by pyretroid near to the peridomiciles in Bolivia. Populations from Yamparáez/Sotomayor were found to have higher levels of FA which the combination of environmental conditions such as low temperatures avoid greater permanence in the habitat and more exposition to insecticide. A better understanding of the combination of these tools will allow researchers to implement better public policies to regulate insecticide applications and to understand how certain organisms adapt to multiple stressors.
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Gutiérrez-Cabrera AE, Montaño RB, González L, Ospina-Garcés SM, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Body shape and fluctuating asymmetry following different feeding sources and feeding time in a triatomine, Triatoma pallidipennis (Stål, 1892). INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105199. [PMID: 34974200 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Even when an animal has a generalist diet, different food sources can impact its body shape and fluctuating asymmetry (a stress indicator; FA). To test this, we varied the food source (mammalian, avian or defibrinated mammalian blood; and control animals - ad libitum feeding) and the time of feeding (every 8 days, 45 days and ad libitum) having the Chagas triatomine vector, Triatoma pallidipennis (Stål, 1892), as a study animal which has presumable generalist feeding habits. This factorial design was applied since first instar animals until adulthood. As response variables, we measured body shape and FA in adults of both sexes, using a two-dimensional geometric morphometrics protocol. The highest variance in body shape was explained by diet (17%), followed by sex nested within diet (12%). Males had less morphological differentiation than females: females with defibrinated blood provided every 45 days differentiated more, while those that fed on mammalian blood every 8 days differed less. Distances among the averages of the FA component related to shape indicated greater distances between avian blood provided every 45 days and mammalian blood provided every 8 days, as well as between the two groups fed on avian blood (feeding every 8 and 45 days), followed by avian and defibrinated blood, both fed every 8 days. These results indicate that blood source and feeding time have significant effects on the body shape, and FA in females and both sexes. Thus, despite general feeding habits, avian blood showed a greater impact on shape and FA in triatomines. This may select for triatomines to use mammal blood rather than avian blood if they have the chance to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Gutiérrez-Cabrera
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Avenida Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Raúl Badillo Montaño
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados. Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, 91070, México
| | - Lorena González
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Avenida Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Sandra M Ospina-Garcés
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, José María Morelos No. 44 y 46. Col. Centro, C.P. 91000 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico..
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico.
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15
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Alevi KCC, de Oliveira J, da Silva Rocha D, Galvão C. Trends in Taxonomy of Chagas Disease Vectors (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae): From Linnaean to Integrative Taxonomy. Pathogens 2021; 10:1627. [PMID: 34959582 PMCID: PMC8706908 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted mainly by members of the subfamily Triatominae. There are currently 157 species, grouped into 18 genera and five tribes. Most descriptions of triatomine species are based on classical taxonomy. Facing evolutionary (cryptic speciation and phenotypic plasticity) and taxonomic (more than 190 synonymizations) problems, it is evident that integrative taxonomy studies are an important and necessary trend for this group of vectors. Almost two-and-a-half centuries after the description of the first species, we present for the first time the state-of-the-art taxonomy of the whole subfamily, covering from the initial classic studies to the use of integrative taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14801-902, Brazil; (K.C.C.A.); (J.d.O.)
- Laboratório de Entomologia em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, Sala 505, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | - Jader de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14801-902, Brazil; (K.C.C.A.); (J.d.O.)
- Laboratório de Entomologia em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Dayse da Silva Rocha
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, Sala 505, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | - Cleber Galvão
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, Sala 505, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
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16
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Madeira FF, Delgado LMG, Bittinelli IDF, de Oliveira J, Ravazi A, Dos Reis YV, de Oliveira ABB, Cristal DC, Galvão C, de Azeredo-Oliveira MTV, da Rosa JA, Alevi KCC. Triatoma sordida (Hemiptera, Triatominae) from La Paz, Bolivia: an incipient species or an intraspecific chromosomal polymorphism? Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:553. [PMID: 34706767 PMCID: PMC8555079 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triatoma sordida is one of the main Chagas disease vectors in Brazil. In addition to Brazil, this species has already been reported in Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. It is hypothesized that the insects currently identified as T. sordida are a species subcomplex formed by three cytotypes (T. sordida sensu stricto [s.s.], T. sordida La Paz, and T. sordida Argentina). With the recent description of T. rosai from the Argentinean specimens, it became necessary to assess the taxonomic status of T. sordida from La Paz, Bolivia, since it was suggested that it may represent a new species, which has taxonomic, evolutionary, and epidemiological implications. Based on the above, we carried out molecular and experimental crossover studies to assess the specific status of T. sordida La Paz. Methods To evaluate the pre- and postzygotic barriers between T. sordida La Paz and T. sordida s.s., experimental crosses and intercrosses between F1 hybrids and between F2 hybrids were conducted. In addition, cytogenetic analyses of the F1 and F2 hybrids were applied with an emphasis on the degree of pairing between the homeologous chromosomes, and morphological analyses of the male gonads were performed to evaluate the presence of gonadal dysgenesis. Lastly, the genetic distance between T. sordida La Paz and T. sordida s.s. was calculated for the CYTB, ND1, and ITS1 genes. Results Regardless of the gene used, T. sordida La Paz showed low genetic distance compared to T. sordida s.s. (below 2%). Experimental crosses resulted in offspring for both directions, demonstrating that there are no prezygotic barriers installed between these allopatric populations. Furthermore, postzygotic barriers were not observed either (since the F1 × F1 and F2 × F2 intercrosses resulted in viable offspring). Morphological and cytogenetic analyses of the male gonads of the F1 and F2 offspring demonstrated that the testes were not atrophied and did not show chromosome pairing errors. Conclusion Based on the low genetic distance (which configures intraspecific variation), associated with the absence of prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriers, we confirm that T. sordida La Paz represents only a chromosomal polymorphism of T. sordida s.s. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Fernandez Madeira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brasil
| | - Luiza Maria Grzyb Delgado
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brasil
| | - Isadora de Freitas Bittinelli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brasil
| | - Jader de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brasil.,Laboratório de Entomologia em Saúde Pública, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Amanda Ravazi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brasil
| | - Yago Visinho Dos Reis
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brasil
| | - Ana Beatriz Bortolozo de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brasil
| | - Daniel Cesaretto Cristal
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brasil
| | - Cleber Galvão
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, sala 505, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brasil.
| | - Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brasil
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brasil
| | - Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brasil.,Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brasil
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Characterization of Female External Genitalia and Eggs of Four South American Species of the Triatoma Laporte, 1832 Genus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060537. [PMID: 34200545 PMCID: PMC8229054 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary We present a morphological and morphometric study with T. garciabesi, T. guasayana, T. patagonica, and T. sordida sensu stricto species within the Triatoma genus. This group of species is important for the eco-epidemic scenario of Chagas disease in the Americas; their species have morphological, biological, and behavioral similarities that make diagnosis difficult. For the first time, the description of the female external genitalia by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), a character that has helped with the delimitation of species and genera in Triatominae, is published, in addition to presenting an extensive study with eggs, covering morphology and morphometry. The study with eggs is an important tool in taxonomic studies of the subfamily. In addition to taxonomic contributions, it was possible through the descriptions to corroborate the validity of T. garciabesi and confirm the current classification of these species. Abstract Triatoma is the most diversified and one of the most important genera from an epidemiological perspective. Given the difficulty in identifying some species of the Triatoma genus, morphological, histological, and morphometric studies were performed to provide new characters that make it possible to differentiate T. garciabesi, T. guasayana, T. patagonica, and T. sordida sensu stricto, triatomines that overlap geographically and have vector potential. Through the external female genitalia, as well as morphology, morphometry, and histology of eggshells, it was possible to discriminate the four species. In addition, this study reinforces the taxonomic validity of T. garciabesi and provides new data for discussion on systematic issues of T. guasayana and T. patagonica.
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18
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Rabinovich JE. Morphology, Life Cycle, Environmental Factors and Fitness – a Machine Learning Analysis in Kissing Bugs (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.651683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations are permanently evolving and their evolution will influence their survival and reproduction, which will then alter demographic parameters. Several phenotypic, life history and environmental variables are known to be related to fitness measures. The goal of this article was to look into the possible types of those relationships in insects of the subfamily Triatominae, vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. After an exhaustive literature review of 7,207 records of publications referring exclusively to all possible features of the triatomines, using 15 keywords those records were reduced to 2,968 publications, that were analyzed individually; after deleting those publications that did not have the data in quantitative form as needed for the objective of this article, I found that 171 papers were adequate for the present analysis. From them I compiled a dataset of 11 variables and 90 cases from 36 triatomine species. Those variables included four environmental, two life cycle, and four morphological variables, and one demographic parameter: a fitness measure (the population intrinsic rate of natural increase, r0), used as dependent variable. However, the relationship between T. cruzi and its vector host was not included in this analysis despite triatomine-T. cruzi interactions constitute an important factor in the evolution of triatomine’s life history. I resorted to the Random Forest method as a machine learning approach for the analysis of this dataset, and found that –in addition to the triatomine species themselves– only the two life cycle variables (mean development time from egg to adult, and mean fecundity, expressed as the average number of female eggs laid per female per day) were statistically significant in determining fitness (r0). The machine learning approach used in the analysis provided a similar but deeper insight into these relationships than classical regression. Except for an analysis on senescence, this is the first study in triatomines addressing these questions. These results will be useful for other theoretical optimization approaches (frequency-dependence, density-dependence, evolutionary game theory, and adaptive dynamics), thus contributing to the theoretical framework for interpreting the succession of stages in insect adaptations, a framework yet to be constructed.
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Cruz DD, Denis D, Arellano E, Ibarra-Cerdeña CN. Quantitative imagery analysis of spot patterns for the three-haplogroup classification of Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), an important vector of Chagas disease. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:90. [PMID: 33514419 PMCID: PMC7847135 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spots and coloring patterns evaluated quantitatively can be used to discriminate and identify possible cryptic species. Species included in the Triatoma dimidiata (Reduviidae: Triatominae) complex are major disease vectors of Chagas disease. Phylogenetic studies have defined three haplogroups for Mexico and part of Central America. We report here our evaluation of the possibility of correctly discriminating these three T. dimidiata haplogroups using the pattern of the dorsal spots. Methods Digital images of the dorsal region of individuals from the three haplogroups were used. Image processing was used to extract primary and secondary variables characterizing the dorsal spot pattern. Statistical analysis of the variables included descriptive statistics, non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis tests, discriminant function analysis (DFA) and a neural classification network. Results A distinctive spot pattern was found for each haplogroup. The most differentiated pattern was presented by haplogroup 2, which was characterized by its notably larger central spots. Haplogroups 1 and 3 were more similar to each other, but there were consistent differences in the shape and orientation of the spots. Significant differences were found among haplogroups in almost all of the variables analyzed, with the largest differences seen for relative spot area, mean relative area of central spots, central spots Feret diameter and lateral spots Feret diameter and aspect ratio. Both the DFA and the neural network had correct discrimination values of > 90%. Conclusions Based on the results of this analysis, we conclude that the spot pattern can be reliably used to discriminate among the three haplogroups of T. dimidiata in Mexico, and possibly among triatomine species. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl D Cruz
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación (CIByC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
| | - Dennis Denis
- Departamento de Biología Animal y Humana, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Elizabeth Arellano
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación (CIByC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Carlos N Ibarra-Cerdeña
- Departamento de Ecología Humana, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Unidad Mérida, Yucatán, México
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Rivas N, Sánchez-Cordero V, Camacho AD, Alejandre-Aguilar R. Morphological and Chromatic Variation in Four Populations of Triatoma mexicana (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:274-285. [PMID: 32901265 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triatoma mexicana is an endemic species of Mexico and is distributed in the states of Hidalgo, Queretaro, Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi, being naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, which increases its importance in the region. The species description was made in 1848, but there are only a few studies on its morphology, biology, and behavior. The present manuscript shows the presence of morphological and chromatic variations among populations of T. mexicana from the states of Hidalgo (Valle del Mezquital and Meztitlan), Guanajuato and Queretaro. The study employed 136 specimens collected in four locations. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphological characteristics of the head, pronotum, and scutellum; also, we measured the width of the abdomen and the total length in the specimens of each population. The morphometric analysis considered 19 variables in the previous structures. Significant differences were found in the dimensions of the head and pronotum, but not in the scutellum; there is clear discrimination among the four proposed populations. The chromatic patterns observed in the connexivum go from yellow to brown and show some significant differences related to geographical origin. The set of evaluated characters showed a higher degree of difference in the population of Guanajuato, clearly separating from the rest of the populations, indicating the possibility of a divergence process. The characteristics observed in the remaining populations could be adaptive responses to their habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Rivas
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Victor Sánchez-Cordero
- Laboratorio de Sistemas de Información Geográfica, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Zona Deportiva s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Alejandro D Camacho
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Alejandre-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX, Mexico
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21
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Belintani T, Oliveira J, Pinotti H, Silva LA, Alevi KCC, Galvão C, Rosa JAD. Phylogenetic and phenotypic relationships of the Triatoma sordida subcomplex (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Acta Trop 2020; 212:105679. [PMID: 32860747 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, whose etiological agent is the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, affects millions of people worldwide and it is mainly transmitted by infected triatomine feces. Triatoma is the most diverse genus and one of the most important from an epidemiological point of view. Species of this genus are grouped into eight complexes and nine subcomplexes. Triatoma sordida subcomplex consists of T. garciabesi, T. guasayana, T. patagonica, and, T. sordida. Given the recent discussions on their phylogenetic status, this study aims to evaluate morphometric and genetics characters that group and distinguish T. garciabesi, T. guasayana, T. patagonica, and T. sordida, as well as to infer the phylogenetic relationships within the group and evaluate the proximity with T. rubrovaria subcomplex. The results corroborate the phylogenetic relationship of T. guasayana and T. patagonica with the T. rubrovaria subcomplex. Molecular data confirm the proximity of T. jurbergi, T. matogrossensis, T. vandae as T. garciabesi, and T. sordida. Together, genetic variability was shown between T. sordida populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Belintani
- Institute of Biology, Campinas State University (Unicamp), Block O, Bertrand Russel Avenue, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-865, Brazil..
| | - Jader Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Campos Ville, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Pinotti
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Campos Ville, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Lucas Abrantes Silva
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Campos Ville, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Campos Ville, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Cleber Galvão
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Institute of Biology, Campinas State University (Unicamp), Block O, Bertrand Russel Avenue, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-865, Brazil.; São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Campos Ville, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil
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Alevi KCC, de Oliveira J, Garcia ACC, Cristal DC, Delgado LMG, de Freitas Bittinelli I, dos Reis YV, Ravazi A, de Oliveira ABB, Galvão C, de Azeredo-Oliveira MTV, Madeira FF. Triatoma rosai sp. nov. (Hemiptera, Triatominae): A New Species of Argentinian Chagas Disease Vector Described Based on Integrative Taxonomy. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11120830. [PMID: 33255910 PMCID: PMC7759825 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Although all triatomines are potential vectors of Chagas' disease, there are species with greater or lesser vectorial importance. Therefore, the correct identification of triatomines species is essential for the vector control programs. In general, triatomines are identified by external morphological characters. However, some species are very similar or even morphologically identical, being important the use of complementary analyses for the correct identification of species. For this reason, this study focused on the use of morphological, morphometric, molecular data, and experimental crosses to describe Triatoma rosai sp. nov., a new species of Argentinian Chagas disease vector. Significant morphological and morphometric differences, associated with phylogenetic support and high mortality rate of the hybrids made it possible to confirm the specific status of T. rosai sp. nov., emphasizing the importance of integrative analyses for the taxonomy of triatomines. Abstract Chagas disease is the most prevalent neglected tropical disease in the Americas and makes an important contribution to morbidity and mortality rates in countries where it is endemic since 30 to 40% of patients develop cardiac diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, or both. In this paper, a new species of the genus Triatoma is described based on specimens collected in the Department San Miguel, Province of Corrientes, Argentina. Triatoma rosai sp. nov. is closely related to T. sordida (Stål, 1859), and was characterized based on integrative taxonomy using morphological, morphometric, molecular data, and experimental crosses. These analyses, combined with data from the literature (cytogenetics, electrophoresis pattern, molecular analyses, cuticular hydrocarbons pattern, geometric morphometry, cycle, and average time of life as well as geographic distribution) confirm the specific status of T. rosai sp. nov. Natural Trypanosoma cruzi infection, coupled with its presence mostly in peridomestic habitats, indicates that this species can be considered as an important Chagas disease vector from Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil; (K.C.C.A.); (J.d.O.); (D.C.C.)
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Junior, 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil; (A.C.C.G.); (L.M.G.D.); (I.d.F.B.); (Y.V.d.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Jader de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil; (K.C.C.A.); (J.d.O.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Ariane Cristina Caris Garcia
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Junior, 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil; (A.C.C.G.); (L.M.G.D.); (I.d.F.B.); (Y.V.d.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Daniel Cesaretto Cristal
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil; (K.C.C.A.); (J.d.O.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Luiza Maria Grzyb Delgado
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Junior, 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil; (A.C.C.G.); (L.M.G.D.); (I.d.F.B.); (Y.V.d.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Isadora de Freitas Bittinelli
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Junior, 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil; (A.C.C.G.); (L.M.G.D.); (I.d.F.B.); (Y.V.d.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Yago Visinho dos Reis
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Junior, 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil; (A.C.C.G.); (L.M.G.D.); (I.d.F.B.); (Y.V.d.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Amanda Ravazi
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Junior, 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil; (A.C.C.G.); (L.M.G.D.); (I.d.F.B.); (Y.V.d.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Ana Beatriz Bortolozo de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Letras e Ciências Exatas, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil; (A.B.B.d.O.); (M.T.V.d.A.-O.); (F.F.M.)
| | - Cleber Galvão
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Brazil 4365, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, sala 505, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Letras e Ciências Exatas, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil; (A.B.B.d.O.); (M.T.V.d.A.-O.); (F.F.M.)
| | - Fernanda Fernandez Madeira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Letras e Ciências Exatas, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil; (A.B.B.d.O.); (M.T.V.d.A.-O.); (F.F.M.)
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Breaking Symmetry: Fluctuating Asymmetry and Geometric Morphometrics as Tools for Evaluating Developmental Instability under Diverse Agroecosystems. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), in contrast with other asymmetries, is the bilateral asymmetry that represents small, random developmental differences between right and left sides. After nearly a century of using traditional morphometrics in the estimation of FA, geometric morphometrics (GM) now provides new insights into the use of FA as a tool, especially for assessing environmental and developmental stress. Thus, it will be possible to assess adaptation to various environmental stressors as particular triggers for unavoidable selection pressures. In this review, we describe measures of FA that use geometric morphometrics, and we include a flow chart of the methodology. We also describe how this combination (GM + FA) has been tested in several agroecosystems. Nutritional stress, temperature, chemical pollution, and population density are known stressors experienced by populations in agroecosystems.
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Identifying Chagas disease vectors using elliptic Fourier descriptors of body contour: a case for the cryptic dimidiata complex. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:332. [PMID: 32611375 PMCID: PMC7329423 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triatoma dimidiata (Reduviidae: Triatominae) is an important vector of Chagas disease in various countries in the Americas. Phylogenetic studies have defined three lineages in Mexico and part of Central America. While there is a marked genetic differentiation, methods for identifying them using morphometric analyses with landmarks have not yet been fully resolutive. Elliptical Fourier descriptors (EFDs), which mathematically describe the shape of any closed two-dimensional contours, could be a potentially useful alternative method. Our objective was to validate the use of EFDs for the identification of three lineages of this species complex. METHOD A total of 84 dorsal view images of individuals of the three lineages were used. Body contours were described with EFDs using between 5 and 30 harmonics. The number of obtained coefficients was reduced by a principal components analysis and the first axis scores were used as shape variables. A linear discriminant function analysis and an ordination plot of the discriminant analysis were performed using the shape variables. A confusion matrix of the ordination plot of the discriminant analysis was obtained to estimate the classification errors, the first five PC scores were statistically compared, and a neural network were then performed using the shape variables. RESULTS The first principal component explained 50% of the variability, regardless the number of harmonics used. The results of discriminant analysis get improved by increasing the number of harmonics and components considered. With 25 harmonics and 30 components, the identification of haplogroups was achieved with an overall efficiency greater than 97%. The ordering diagram showed the correct discrimination of haplogroups, with only one error of discrimination corroborated by the confusion matrix. When comparing the first five PC scores, significant differences were found among at least two haplogroups. The 30 multilayer perceptron neural networks were also efficient in identification, reaching 91% efficiency with the validation data. CONCLUSIONS The use of EFD is a simple and useful method for the identification of the main lineages of Triatoma dimidiata, with high values of correct identification.
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