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Fereydooni S, Arfaee F, Youssefi MR, Gharib FZ, Tabari MA. In vitro toxicity of combination of amitraz and carvacrol on Demodex canis. Open Vet J 2023; 13:894-902. [PMID: 37614730 PMCID: PMC10443819 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i7.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Canine generalized demodicosis is an inflammatory skin disease, which usually has time-consuming and frustrating treatments. Aim The present study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal activity of carvacrol as a green drug and a combination of carvacrol and amitraz on Demodex canis mites and investigate mites' survival lifetime. Methods Mite samples were collected from a dog affected by demodicosis and had been diagnosed with deep skin scrapings. The motility of mites was examined by using optical microscopy. Samples were tested with 5% of carvacrol, the combination of Carvacrol 5% + Amitraz 0.05%, Amitraz 0.05% as a positive control, and mineral oil as a negative control. The interval time between the adding the test solutions and the moment the last mite ceased was defined as the survival time in the samples and the killing times of mites in each group were compared with each other. Results It was determined that after administration of a 5% concentration of carvacrol, lethal effects were faster than the combination solution of Carvacrol 5% + Amitraz 0.05%, and the survival times in the control groups were longer than in both treatment groups. Conclusion Carvacrol, as one of the most important bioactive terpenes, had the most effective in vitro miticidal activity, and it seems that carvacrol alone or in combination with amitraz can be suggested as a possible therapy in the treatment of canine demodicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Fereydooni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Arfaee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Youssefi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zahra Gharib
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
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do Vale TL, Costa AR, Miranda LM, Silva GF, Silva NCS, Lima TB, Chaves DP, Sager H, Lasmar PVF, Costa-Junior LM. Efficacy of lotilaner against myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in naturally infested dogs. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:86. [PMID: 36879347 PMCID: PMC9987041 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The New World screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax, is widely distributed across South America. This parasitic insect is a significant cause of primary myiasis in animals, including dogs. There is an urgent need for a rapid and efficient treatment to improve the recovery of affected animals. In the present study we evaluated the potential of lotilaner for the treatment of myiasis caused by C. hominivorax larvae in naturally infested dogs. Lotilaner belongs to the isoxazoline class of chemical compounds and is marketed as Credelio™ for use against ticks and fleas in dogs and cats. METHODS Eleven dogs with naturally acquired myiasis were enrolled in this study based on the severity of lesions and the number of identified larvae. All animals received a single oral administration of lotilaner at a minimum dose of 20.5 mg/kg body weight. After treatment, the number of expelled larvae, live or dead, was determined at 2, 6 and 24 h, and the larval expulsion rate, larvicidal effect and overall efficacy were calculated. After 24 h, the remaining larvae were removed, counted and identified. The lesions were cleaned, and palliative treatment was administered when necessary, according to the animal's health status. RESULTS All larvae were identified as C. hominivorax. The larval expulsion rate was 80.5% and 93.0% at 2 and 6 h post-treatment, respectively. Lotilaner showed an overall efficacy of 100% at 24 h post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS Lotilaner demonstrated a rapid onset of action and a high efficacy against C. hominivorax. We therefore recommend lotilaner for the effective treatment of myiasis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássia Lopes do Vale
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Alcyjara Rego Costa
- Department of Pathology, State University of Maranhão (UEMA), São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Tiago Barbalho Lima
- Department of Pathology, State University of Maranhão (UEMA), São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | - Heinz Sager
- Elanco Animal Health Inc, Basel, Switzerland
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Defalque VE. Isoxazolines for treating canine demodicosis, sarcoptic mange (scabies), and lice infestation. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2022; 63:1159-1162. [PMID: 36325416 PMCID: PMC9558591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Fluralaner 5.46% (w/w) flavored chewable tablet (Bravecto ® 1-Month) is effective for treatment of canine generalized demodicosis. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:83. [PMID: 35279216 PMCID: PMC8917636 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orally administered fluralaner (13.64% w/w) is effective for treating canine generalized demodicosis. A study was initiated to assess the efficacy of a novel 5.46% w/w fluralaner chewable tablet formulation for monthly administration in the treatment of this disease. Methods Client-owned dogs diagnosed with generalized demodicosis were acclimatized to laboratory conditions and randomized to receive either orally administered fluralaner (Bravecto® 1-Month) (10.0 to 14.4 mg/kg body weight) (n = 8) or topical imidacloprid-moxidectin (Advocate® for dogs, Elanco) applied per label on days 0, 28, and 56 (n = 8), or more frequently for ongoing severe demodicosis. On days −2, 28, 56, and 84, deep skin scrapings were taken from five sites on each dog for mite identification and counting, and semiquantitative clinical assessments of generalized demodicosis were recorded. Primary efficacy was based upon arithmetic mean mite count reductions relative to pre-treatment. Results By day 28, mean pre-treatment mite counts, > 600 in both groups, were significantly reduced by 99.7% and 89.5% (both P < 0.001) in the fluralaner and imidacloprid-moxidectin groups, respectively. Parasitological cure (100% reduction in mite counts on days 56 and 84) was achieved in all fluralaner-treated dogs (100%) and in two imidacloprid-moxidectin-treated dogs (25%). In the imidacloprid-moxidectin group, the reduction in mean mite counts was 89.5% (day 28), 94.4% (day 56), and 97.5% (day 84). All study dogs were free of crusts on days 56 and 84. Scales resolved by day 84 in all fluralaner-treated dogs and in three imidacloprid-moxidectin-treated dogs. All fluralaner-treated dogs and five imidacloprid-moxidectin-treated dogs had > 90% hair regrowth on day 84. Conclusion Three consecutive monthly orally administered treatments with fluralaner (5.46% w/w) flavored chewable tablets (minimum dose rate 10 mg/kg body weight) eliminated Demodex canis mites from dogs diagnosed with generalized demodicosis. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Forster S, Wiseman S, Snyder DE. Field study to investigate the effectiveness and safety of a novel orally administered combination drug product containing milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio ® Plus) against natural flea and tick infestations on dogs presented as veterinary patients in Europe. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:299. [PMID: 34088338 PMCID: PMC8178840 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A pivotal randomised, blinded, positive-controlled, multicentre, European field study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a novel combination tablet of lotilaner and milbemycin oxime (Credelio® Plus) administered orally to client-owned dogs naturally infested with fleas and/or ticks. METHODS In this field study, households with flea- or tick-infested dog(s) were enrolled on Day 0 into the study to provide data for either the tick or flea infestation cohorts. Households were randomised in a 2:1 ratio to receive either the combination investigational product (IP, Credelio Plus® tablets) or the control product (CP: Nexgard Spectra® tablets). Dogs were administered IP (flea cohort n = 135; tick cohort: n = 147) or CP (flea cohort: n = 67; tick cohort: n = 74) once every 4 weeks for a total of three times at a dose rate of 20.0-41.5 mg/kg bodyweight lotilaner and 0.75-1.53 mg/kg bodyweight milbemycin oxime (IP) or as recommended (CP). Percentage reduction was calculated by comparing individual dog flea and tick counts at each assessed post-treatment time point to their respective baseline (pre-treatment) infestation. Resolution of the clinical signs of flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) was assessed in flea-allergic dogs on the days that flea counts were performed. RESULTS Flea effectiveness of Credelio Plus® after 3 consecutive monthly treatments was 100% against Ctenocephalides felis, C. canis and Pulex irritans. Tick effectiveness of Credelio Plus® over the same time frame was 99.3% for Ixodes ricinus and 100% against Rhipicephalus sanguineus (s.l.). Flea effectiveness of the CP after three consecutive monthly treatments was 100% against C. felis, C. canis and P. irritans. Tick effectiveness of the CP over the same time frame was 99.8% for I. ricinus and 100% against R. sanguineus. Credelio Plus® was well tolerated based on the safety assessments in all treated dogs in this field study. Within both treatment groups there was a reduction in total FAD scores from baseline. CONCLUSIONS This pivotal European field study demonstrated the excellent effectiveness and safety of a combination of lotilaner and milbemycin oxime (Credelio Plus®) administered orally to dogs naturally infested with fleas and/or ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Forster
- Elanco Animal Health, Bartley Way, Bartley Wood Business Park, Hook, Hants, RG27 9XA, UK
| | - Scott Wiseman
- Elanco Animal Health, Bartley Way, Bartley Wood Business Park, Hook, Hants, RG27 9XA, UK
| | - Daniel E Snyder
- Daniel E. Snyder, DVM PhD. Consulting, LLC, Indianapolis, IN, 46229, USA.
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Riggs KL, Wiseman S. Long-term and acute safety of a novel orally administered combination drug product containing milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio ® Plus) in juvenile and adult dogs. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:285. [PMID: 34044853 PMCID: PMC8161958 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04760-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of milbemycin oxime (MO) and lotilaner (Credelio® Plus) is a novel systemic endectocide that provides month-long effectiveness in dogs after a single oral treatment. The safety of Credelio® Plus flavored chewable tablets was investigated in three target animal safety studies. Two studies (one in juveniles and one in adults) evaluated the long-term safety, and one study evaluated the acute safety of the product when administered orally at the upper end of the recommended dose range (0.75-1.53 mg/kg MO and 20-41 mg/kg lotilaner) and multiples of this dose. METHODS The objectives of these studies were to determine the long-term and acute safety of MO and lotilaner flavored chewable tablets in healthy dogs. All three studies were randomized, blinded, parallel-group design studies in healthy Beagle dogs. In each of the two long-term studies, 32 dogs were randomized among four groups to untreated controls or to treated groups at target doses of 1X, 3X, or 5X. Treatment was administered on seven (adult dogs) or nine (juvenile dogs) occasions with dosing every 4 weeks. In the acute study, 48 dogs were randomized among four groups to untreated controls or to treated groups at 1X, 3X, or 6X. In all three studies, the control group was administered placebo tablets. All dogs were fed 30 to 45 min prior to treatment and the assessment of safety was based on health observations, complete physical/neurological examinations, and food consumption. For the long-term safety studies, safety assessments also included clinical pathology evaluations (hematology, clinical chemistry and urinalysis), body weight, pharmacokinetic blood collections, and macroscopic and microscopic examinations of collected tissues. RESULTS MO and lotilaner did not induce any treatment-related adverse effects based on health observations, physical/neurological examinations, or food consumption in the long-term or acute studies. Additionally, in the long-term studies, MO and lotilaner did not induce any treatment-related effects on clinical pathology, body weight, and macroscopic and microscopic examinations. CONCLUSIONS These three studies demonstrate that Credelio® Plus has a wide safety margin when administered at monthly intervals to puppies and dogs at the high end of the commercial dose band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari L Riggs
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA.
| | - Scott Wiseman
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA
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Young LM, Wiseman S, Crawley E, Wallace K, Snyder DE. Field study to investigate the effectiveness and safety of a novel orally administered combination drug product containing milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio ® Plus) for the prevention of heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) in client-owned dogs in the USA. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:284. [PMID: 34044864 PMCID: PMC8161898 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dirofilaria immitis, a globally distributed filarial parasite of dogs, is known to cause serious or fatal cardiopulmonary disease. Client-owned dogs were enrolled in a clinical field study in the USA to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and field safety of an orally administered combination investigational product (IP) containing milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio® Plus) as compared to a control product (CP) for the prevention of heartworm disease when administered monthly for 11 consecutive months. METHODS In this 11-month field study, 319 dogs ≥ 8 weeks old confirmed to be heartworm-negative were enrolled from eight geographically distinct US veterinary clinics, including sites in the southern USA and Mississippi River Valley. The dogs were treated with either the IP combination product at 0.75-1.53 mg/kg milbemycin oxime and 20-41.5 mg/kg lotilaner (n = 159) or the CP (Sentinel® Flavor Tabs®; milbemycin oxime/lufenuron) at the label-recommended dose rate (n = 158.) On day 330, effectiveness was evaluated in each dog using antigen and microfilarial (modified Knott's) testing to assess the establishment of any patent adult heartworm infections. RESULTS All dogs treated with the IP combination product and the CP tested negative (100% prevention) for heartworm infection on day 330. The IP combination product tablets containing milbemycin oxime and lotilaner were well tolerated based on the safety assessments in all treated dogs. CONCLUSIONS This multi-site clinical study using client-owned dogs demonstrated that monthly use of flavored, chewable tablets containing a combination of milbemycin oxime and lotilaner administered orally under end use conditions is safe for dogs. None of the enrolled dogs developed heartworm infections. Eleven consecutive monthly treatments of the IP provided 100% prevention of heartworm disease caused by D. immitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Young
- Elanco Animal Health Research and Development, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Scott Wiseman
- Elanco Animal Health, Form 2, Bartley Way, Bartley Wood Business Park, Hook, RG27 9XA, Hants, UK
| | - Elizabeth Crawley
- Elanco Animal Health Research and Development, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Kim Wallace
- Elanco Animal Health Research and Development, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Daniel E Snyder
- Daniel E. Snyder, DVM PhD. Consulting, LLC, Indianapolis, IN, 46229, USA.
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Snyder DE, Wiseman S, Crawley E, Wallace K, Bowman DD, Reinemeyer CR. Effectiveness of a novel orally administered combination drug product containing milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio ® Plus) for the treatment of larval and immature adult stages of Ancylostoma caninum in experimentally infected dogs. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:255. [PMID: 34001200 PMCID: PMC8127199 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, is a common and important zoonotic intestinal nematode parasite that infects dogs globally. Both the immature and adult stages of A. caninum ingest large volumes of blood during the feeding process and can cause severe anemia and death in young dogs, even before patent infections can be diagnosed using routine faecal examination methods. Thus, effective treatment of any pre-patent stages of immature hookworms can reduce or eliminate the risk of clinical disease in infected dogs and additionally reduce environmental contamination of eggs and infective larvae. Two randomized, blinded, GCP-compliant, pivotal laboratory dose confirmation studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a new novel combination of lotilaner and milbemycin oxime tablets (Credelio Plus®) administered orally to dogs experimentally infected with immature (L4 and immature adult [L5]) stages of A. caninum. METHODS Treatments using the intended global commercial tablet formulation of Credelio Plus were administered in a time frame relative to inoculation with infective larvae so that effectiveness could be assessed against each specific immature stage of A. caninum. In each study, dogs were randomized to one of six (study 1) or four (study 2) treatment groups. Each treatment group contained 8 (study 1) or 10 (study 2) dogs that had been experimentally inoculated with infective A. caninum larvae on day 0 and were dosed once on day 7 or day 11. Enrolled subjects were administered placebo tablets, Credelio Plus tablets, or lotilaner mono tablets to provide minimum dosages of 0.75 mg/kg of milbemycin oxime and 20 mg/kg of lotilaner. All dogs were necropsied 5 days after their respective treatment. All nematodes recovered from the gastrointestinal tract at necropsy were counted by species and stage. RESULTS For both dose confirmation studies and based on geometric mean worm counts, efficacy of Credelio Plus was ≥ 97.3% against L4 larval stage of A. caninum and ≥ 98.7% against immature adult (L5) A. caninum. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrated that the orally administered Credelio Plus combination tablet was highly efficacious in treating immature (L4 and immature adult [L5]) stages of A. caninum in experimentally infected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Snyder
- Daniel E. Snyder DVM PhD. Consulting, LLC, Indianapolis, IN, 46229, USA.
| | - Scott Wiseman
- Elanco Animal Health, Priestley Road Basingstoke, Hants, RG24 9NL, UK
| | - Elizabeth Crawley
- Elanco Animal Health Research and Development, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Kim Wallace
- Elanco Animal Health Research and Development, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Dwight D Bowman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Young LM, Wiseman S, Crawley E, Bowman DD, Reinemeyer CR, Snyder DE. Effectiveness of Credelio ® Plus, a novel chewable tablet containing milbemycin oxime and lotilaner for the treatment of larval and immature adult stages of Toxocara canis in experimentally infected dogs. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:256. [PMID: 34001224 PMCID: PMC8127296 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ascarid, Toxocara canis, is a common and important zoonotic intestinal nematode parasite that infects dogs globally. An effective treatment that kills any pre-patent stages of immature T. canis could additionally reduce or eliminate the development of patent infections that can result in clinical disease in infected dogs and would further reduce environmental contamination of eggs. Two randomized, blinded, GCP-compliant, pivotal laboratory dose confirmation studies were conducted to assess the effectiveness and safety of a new novel combination of lotilaner and milbemycin oxime tablets (Credelio Plus) administered orally to dogs that were experimentally infected with immature (L4 or immature adult [L5]) stages of T. canis. METHODS The commercial tablet formulation of Credelio Plus® was administered in a time frame relative to inoculation with infective eggs. This allowed for effectiveness to be assessed against each specific immature stage of T. canis. In each study, dogs were randomized and allocated to one of four treatment groups. Each treatment group contained ten dogs that had been experimentally inoculated on Day 0 with infective T. canis eggs and then were dosed once on Day 14 or Day 24 using either placebo tablets or Credelio Plus tablets (IP) to provide minimum dosages of 0.75 mg/kg of milbemycin oxime and 20 mg/kg of lotilaner. All dogs were necropsied 5 or 6 days after their respective treatment. At necropsy, all nematodes recovered from the gastrointestinal tract were counted by species and stage. RESULTS In both dose confirmation studies using geometric mean worm counts, effectiveness of Credelio Plus was ≥ 98.6% and ≥ 96.8% against L4 larval stage T. canis and immature adult [L5] T. canis in both studies, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrated that the Credelio Plus combination tablet administered orally to dogs was highly efficacious against experimental infections with L4 and immature adult [L5] stages of T. canis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Young
- Elanco Animal Health Research and Development, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Scott Wiseman
- Elanco Animal Health, Priestley Road Basingstoke, Hants, RG24 9NL, UK
| | - Elizabeth Crawley
- Elanco Animal Health Research and Development, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Dwight D Bowman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Daniel E Snyder
- Daniel E. Snyder, DVM PhD. Consulting, LLC, Indianapolis, IN, 46229, USA.
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Hayes B, Wiseman S, Snyder DE. Field study to investigate the effectiveness and safety of a novel orally administered combination drug product containing milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio ® Plus) against natural intestinal nematode infections in dogs presented as veterinary patients in Europe. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:258. [PMID: 34001223 PMCID: PMC8127225 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A randomised, blinded, positive controlled, multicentre, Good Clinical Practice-compliant, pivotal field study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a new combination of lotilaner + milbemycin oxime tablets (Credelio® Plus; Elanco Animal Health) administered orally to client-owned dogs naturally infected with intestinal nematodes. METHODS Client-owned dogs presenting to veterinary clinics from households in France, Hungary and Germany were screened for intestinal nematodes. Dogs with an initial positive faecal egg count that was subsequently confirmed with a follow-up faecal examination to demonstrate the presence of naturally occurring mixed or mono-infections with Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis or Ancylostoma caninum were enrolled on Day 0 into the study. Households were randomised in an approximately 2:1 ratio to receive either an investigational product (IP; Credelio Plus tablets) or control product (CP; Nexgard Spectra® tablets) as treatment. Dogs were administered the IP (n = 278) or CP (n = 117) once on Day 0 at a dose rate of 0.75-1.56 mg/kg bodyweight milbemycin oxime and 20.0-41.5 mg/kg bodyweight lotilaner (IP) or as recommended (CP). Effectiveness of the IP and CP treatments was based on the post-treatment reduction in geometric mean faecal egg counts on Day 8 (range Day 7-10) after treatment as compared to their pre-treatment nematode faecal egg counts. RESULTS Geometric mean (GM) faecal egg counts for T. canis, A caninum and T. vulpis were reduced by ≥ 97.2% in the Credelio Plus group and by ≥ 95.3% in the afoxolaner + milbemycin oxime group. There were insufficient data to calculate a percentage reduction in GM faecal egg counts between Day 0 and Day 8 for T. leonina due to low prevalence. Credelio Plus was well tolerated in this field study. Of the 355 total doses administered, 82.3% were accepted free choice in the IP group compared to 80.8% in the CP group. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated effectiveness (≥ 97.2% reduction), safety and tablet acceptance of a combination of milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio Plus) administered orally to dogs with natural intestinal infections of T. canis, A. caninum and T. vulpis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Hayes
- Elanco Animal Health, Bartley Way, Hook, Hampshire, RG27 9XA, UK
| | - Scott Wiseman
- Elanco Animal Health, Bartley Way, Hook, Hampshire, RG27 9XA, UK
| | - Daniel E Snyder
- Daniel E. Snyder DVM PhD Consulting, LLC, Indianapolis, IN, 46229, USA.
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Zhou X, Hohman AE, Hsu WH. Current review of isoxazoline ectoparasiticides used in veterinary medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 45:1-15. [PMID: 33733534 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The isoxazolines are a novel class of ectoparasiticides with potent inhibitory activity on glutamate- and gamma-aminobutyric acid-gated chloride channel located in nervous system of invertebrates. In recent years, studies have been performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of isoxazolines against various types of ectoparasites, including fleas, ticks, and mites. As more single and combined isoxazoline products have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency, a more comprehensive understanding of isoxazolines becomes essential for veterinary clinical practitioners. This article provides a complete review of isoxazolines with respect to pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, ectoparasiticidal efficacy, and safety, which will provide veterinarians information to allow them to make the best choice of ectoparasiticide for their clients' specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Alexandra E Hohman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Moog F, Brun J, Bourdeau P, Cadiergues MC. Clinical, Parasitological, and Serological Follow-Up of Dogs with Sarcoptic Mange Treated Orally with Lotilaner. Case Rep Vet Med 2021; 2021:6639017. [PMID: 33575060 PMCID: PMC7857930 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6639017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine sarcoptic mange is a highly pruritic and contagious skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis. This case series describes the clinical, parasitological, and serological follow-up of a cohort of eight adult Saint Bernard dogs with confirmed sarcoptic mange, treated orally with lotilaner. Dogs were evaluated initially and after 14 days and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 months for skin lesions, pruritus severity, presence of parasites, and Sarcoptes-IgG levels. A serological indoor allergy panel (IgE) was obtained for seven dogs at day 0 and repeated 12 months later in five dogs to assess potential cross-reactivity between S. scabiei and environmental allergens. Lotilaner was administered to each dog according to the manufacturer's instructions and was repeated after one and two months without any concurrent therapeutic measure or modification of the husbandry conditions. Pruritus ceased after two weeks. The cutaneous score was reduced by 47%, and skin scrapings were negative for all but three animals. All skin scrapings were negative after one month. Lesions were absent after two months. Serological levels decreased gradually, but more slowly than the skin lesions, and two dogs out of six remained positive in the absence of skin lesions or symptoms. All dogs initially tested positive for dust mites and/or storage mites. The IgE titres remained unchanged 12 months later in the five tested dogs. This case report demonstrates the efficacy of lotilaner on scabies in a cohort of infested dogs under natural conditions and the potential antigenic cross-reaction of S. scabiei with house dust and storage mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Moog
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - J. Brun
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - P. Bourdeau
- LUNAM, University-ONIRIS-DPMA Unit/NP3 Unit, Nantes, France
| | - M. C. Cadiergues
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- INFINITY, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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13
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Zhou X, Hohman A, Hsu WH. Review of extralabel use of isoxazolines for treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:1342-1346. [PMID: 32459587 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.12.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Amitraz is presently the only FDA-approved treatment for demodicosis in dogs in the United States. Amitraz treatment involves a protracted course of administration and risks of severe adverse effects such as sedation, bradycardia, and respiratory depression, which are caused by activation of α2-adrenergic receptors. Other treatment options include macrocyclic lactones and lime sulfur, but these products have varied efficacy and high risks of adverse effects. Several recent studies have indicated that isoxazolines are capable of reducing Demodex mite counts in canine and feline patients with demodicosis by ≥ 99% in as little as 1 month with few adverse effects. This article reviews the status of isoxazolines in regard to labeled uses in dogs and cats in the United States, extralabel clinical use for treatment of demodicosis in these species, and safety of orally administered formulations of these drugs.
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14
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Neves RDCDSM, Barros LA, Mendes SMC, Amorim TIDSWDAD, Ferraz VP, Mateus LADF, Leite JDS, Ferreira AMR. The sensitivity of Demodex canis (Acari: Demodicidae) to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia - an in vitro study. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2020; 29:e005220. [PMID: 32935769 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The essential oil of the Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) (tea tree oil) has been effective in previous studies, in the treatment of infestation by Demodex mites in humans. The present study aimed at evaluating the in vitro acaricidal effect of this herbal medicine on Demodex canis. For the parasitological examination, samples were collected from a dog's skin and examined using optical microscopy. Only samples with intact mites and with evident movement of chelicerae and tarsi were selected. Twenty-one samples were tested with the oil, in seven different concentrations: 100%; 50%; 25%; 12.5%; 6.25%; 5.0% and 3.13%. Three samples were tested with the positive control amitraz, and three with the negative control neutral shampoo. The interval between the time the solution was added and the moment the movement of the last mite ceased defined the survival time in the sample. By comparing the times at different concentrations and controls, the results showed that the higher the concentration of the oil, the more quickly its lethal effect occurred, and that the survival times in the controls were longer than in the different concentrations of melaleuca oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cássia da Silva Machado Neves
- Área de Concentração em Clínica e Reprodução Animal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil.,Hospital Veterinário Professor Firmino Marsico Filho, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Luciano Antunes Barros
- Área de Concentração em Clínica e Reprodução Animal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil.,Departamento de Saúde Coletiva e Saúde Pública Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Shihane Mohamad Costa Mendes
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva e Saúde Pública Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Vany Perpétua Ferraz
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Juliana da Silva Leite
- Área de Concentração em Clínica e Reprodução Animal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil.,Hospital Veterinário Professor Firmino Marsico Filho, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil.,Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ana Maria Reis Ferreira
- Área de Concentração em Clínica e Reprodução Animal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil.,Hospital Veterinário Professor Firmino Marsico Filho, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil.,Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
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15
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Mueller RS, Rosenkrantz W, Bensignor E, Karaś-Tęcza J, Paterson T, Shipstone MA. Diagnosis and treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats: Clinical consensus guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:5-27. [PMID: 31957202 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demodicosis is a common disease in small animal veterinary practice worldwide with a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic options. OBJECTIVES To provide consensus recommendations on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats. METHODS AND MATERIALS The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available before December 2018. The GP prepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. A draft of the document was presented at the North American Veterinary Dermatology Forum in Maui, HI, USA (May 2018) and at the European Veterinary Dermatology Congress in Dubrovnik, Croatia (September 2018) and was made available via the World Wide Web to the member organizations of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology for a period of three months. Comments were solicited and responses were incorporated into the final document. CONCLUSIONS In young dogs with generalized demodicosis, genetic and immunological factors seem to play a role in the pathogenesis and affected dogs should not be bred. In old dogs and cats, underlying immunosuppressive conditions contributing to demodicosis should be explored. Deep skin scrapings are the diagnostic gold standard for demodicosis, but trichograms and tape squeeze preparations may also be useful under certain circumstances. Amitraz, macrocyclic lactones and more recently isoxazolines have all demonstrated good efficacy in the treatment of canine demodicosis. Therapeutic selection should be guided by local drug legislation, drug availability and individual case parameters. Evidence for successful treatment of feline demodicosis is strongest for lime sulfur dips and amitraz baths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf S Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Emmanuel Bensignor
- Dermatology Referral Service, 75003, Paris, 35510 Cesson-Sévigné, and 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Joanna Karaś-Tęcza
- Dermawet Dermatology Service for Dogs and Cats, Odyńca 37 lok.1/2, 02-606, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Tara Paterson
- Small Animal Medicine & Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, PO Box #7, St George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Michael A Shipstone
- Dermatology for Animals, 263 Appleby Road, Stafford Heights, Brisbane, Queensland, 4053, Australia
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16
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Petersen I, Chiummo R, Zschiesche E, Karas-Tecza J, Rapti D, Roepke R, Thomas E. A European field assessment of the efficacy of fluralaner (Bravecto ®) chewable and spot-on formulations for treatment of dogs with generalized demodicosis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:304. [PMID: 32527282 PMCID: PMC7291464 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent reports indicate that the isoxazoline compounds have the potential to provide safe and effective treatment of canine generalized demodicosis, a condition that has been traditionally difficult to cure. Controlled field studies are needed to confirm this potential. A study was therefore initiated to investigate the efficacy of a single oral or spot-on treatment with fluralaner, an isoxazoline, compared with multiple topical treatments with imidacloprid-moxidectin, in dogs naturally affected by generalized demodicosis. Methods Veterinary clinics in 5 European countries enrolled 134 dogs diagnosed with generalized demodicosis. Dogs were randomized to treatment with either fluralaner chewables, fluralaner spot-on, or topical imidacloprid-moxidectin in a 2:2:1 ratio. Both fluralaner formulations were administered once, at the approved dose rate, on Day 0. Imidacloprid-moxidectin was administered per label on Day 0, and every 4 weeks, more frequently if necessary. At each visit (Days 0, 28, 56, 84), dogs were monitored for demodectic mites using deep skin scrapings and observed for health and for severity of skin lesions. Treatment was considered efficacious if more than 90% of the dogs were free of live mites at both Days 56 and 84. Results Of 124 dogs completing the study, 57 were diagnosed with juvenile-onset demodicosis and 67 with the adult-onset form. A single treatment with oral or spot-on fluralaner was efficacious, each eliminating mites from at least 98.0% of treated dogs on Days 56 and 84. Against juvenile-onset demodicosis, efficacy of the oral and spot-on formulations was 96.0% and 100%, respectively, and against adult-onset demodicosis 100% and 96.7%. Multiple administrations of imidacloprid-moxidectin were not efficacious, eliminating mites from 87.5% of dogs (92.0% with juvenile-onset demodicosis cured; 81.8% with adult-onset demodicosis). All groups showed a marked reduction in skin lesions by Day 28, with continuing clinical improvement at each subsequent visit through Day 84. There were no treatment-related adverse events. Conclusions A single administration of fluralaner chewables or fluralaner spot-on is highly effective against with juvenile-onset and adult-onset forms of generalized canine demodicosis. Topically applied imidacloprid-moxidectin at weekly to monthly intervals over the 84-day study did not achieve the proportion of mite-free dogs required to demonstrate efficacy. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Petersen
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270, Schwabenheim, Germany.
| | - Rafael Chiummo
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270, Schwabenheim, Germany
| | - Eva Zschiesche
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270, Schwabenheim, Germany
| | | | - Dhimiter Rapti
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Rainer Roepke
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270, Schwabenheim, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Thomas
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270, Schwabenheim, Germany
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17
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Foley R, Kelly P, Gatault S, Powell F. Demodex: a skin resident in man and his best friend. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 35:62-72. [PMID: 32294279 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Demodex mites are microscopic arachnids found in the normal skin of many mammals. In humans, it is well established that Demodex mite density is higher in patients with the skin condition rosacea, and treatment with acaricidal agents is effective in resolving symptoms. However, pathophysiology of rosacea is complex and multifactorial. In dogs, demodicosis is a significant veterinary issue, particularly the generalized form of the disease which can be fatal if untreated. In each species, clinical and molecular studies have shown that the host's immunological interactions with Demodex mites are an important, but not fully understood, aspect of how Demodex can live in the skin either as a harmless commensal organism or as a pathogenic agent. This review outlines the role of Demodex mites in humans and dogs, considering morphology, prevalence, symptoms, diagnosis, histology treatment and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Foley
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Kelly
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Gatault
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - F Powell
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Burke A, Kottwitz J, Wang C, White A. Use of oral fluralaner (Bravecto) to successfully manage adult‐onset generalised demodicosis in a silver fox (
Vulpes vulpes
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Burke
- Clinical SciencesAuburn University College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Jack Kottwitz
- Clinical Pharmacology LaboratoryAuburn University College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
- Noah's ArkLocust GroveGeorgiaUSA
| | - Chengming Wang
- PathobiologyAuburn University College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Amelia White
- Clinical SciencesAuburn University College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
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19
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Pinsenschaum L, Chan DHL, Vogelnest L, Weber K, Mueller RS. Is there a correlation between canine adult-onset demodicosis and other diseases? Vet Rec 2019; 185:729. [PMID: 31409752 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Demodicosis is frequently seen in small animal practice. In older dogs, it is often associated with immunosuppression and immunosuppressive diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate a larger number of dogs with adult-onset demodicosis (AOD) at the veterinary teaching hospitals of the University of Sydney/Australia and the University of Munich/Germany. Breed predispositions were compared with the two control populations. Of more than 20 000 dogs and 15 000 in each respective hospital population, 54 dogs in Munich and 68 dogs in Sydney were diagnosed with AOD at a mean age of 8 years. Breed predispositions were seen for West Highland White Terriers in Munich (p<0.0001) and Maltese Terriers and Shih Tzus in Sydney (p<0.01). Concurrent diseases were confirmed in approximately 40% of the dogs both in Munich and Sydney. A significant association was only found between AOD and hyperglucocorticoidism, hypothyroidism and (in Munich) leishmaniosis. Neoplastic diseases were not significantly more common in dogs with demodicosis than in the total population at both locations (p>0.05). Consequently, dogs with AOD should be evaluated for concurrent hyperglucocorticoidism and hypothyroidism, and, in areas of the world where this is prevalent, also for leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pinsenschaum
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Don Heung Lam Chan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Linda Vogelnest
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karin Weber
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf S Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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20
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Djuric M, Milcic Matic N, Davitkov D, Glavinic U, Davitkov D, Vejnovic B, Stanimirovic Z. Efficacy of oral fluralaner for the treatment of canine generalized demodicosis: a molecular-level confirmation. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:270. [PMID: 31138280 PMCID: PMC6537169 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine generalized demodicosis is a common parasitic disease caused by the proliferation of Demodex mites. The introduction of isoxazoline class treatments in veterinary dermatology has resulted in apparently effective treatment of generalized demodicosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of fluralaner for the treatment of canine generalized demodicosis using real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of Demodex DNA. METHODS Twenty privately owned dogs with clinical symptoms of generalized demodicosis and deep skin scrapings positive for Demodex canis mites were enrolled in the study. Following diagnosis (day 0) each dog was treated with fluralaner at the recommended commercial dose for tick and flea treatment (25-56 mg/kg) based on body weight. Clinical and mite count assessments, and hair sampling for molecular analyses were performed on days 0, 28, 56, 84 and 112. Demodex DNA was detected and quantified using real-time PCR. RESULTS A single oral dose of fluralaner reduced Demodex mite counts in skin scrapings by an average of 98.9% in all dogs by day 28. No mites were recovered from skin scrapings from any treated dog by day 56, at which time the dog was considered to be clinically cured, with total hair regrowth. There were significant differences among examined dogs in qPCR cycle threshold (Ct) values on days 0, 28, 56, 84 and 112. Demodex DNA levels decreased (increasing Ct values) throughout the study. Mite DNA was present on day 112, possibly from dead mites, at values significantly lower than in samples taken on days 0, 28 and 56. Based on qPCR testing of diluted samples, the Demodex mite population was reduced by approximately 1000-fold on day 112. CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of fluralaner at the recommended dose to dogs with generalized demodicosis is highly effective for reducing Demodex mite populations and resolving clinical signs of generalized demodicosis. The presence of mite DNA may indicate that treatment did not kill all Demodex mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Djuric
- Department of Equine, Small Animal, Poultry and Wild Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natalija Milcic Matic
- Department of Equine, Small Animal, Poultry and Wild Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Darko Davitkov
- Department of Equine, Small Animal, Poultry and Wild Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Uros Glavinic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dajana Davitkov
- Department of Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branislav Vejnovic
- Department of Economics and Statistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Stanimirovic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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21
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Perego R, Spada E, Foppa C, Proverbio D. Critically appraised topic for the most effective and safe treatment for canine generalised demodicosis. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:17. [PMID: 30616591 PMCID: PMC6323682 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine generalised demodicosis is an inflammatory parasitic skin disease caused by an excessive proliferation of Demodex spp. Generalized demodicosis is a severe skin disease, that can be life threatening if not treated properly. Many of the current treatment options are not licensed for the treatment of generalised demodicosis, it have a low safety margin and may be poorly efficacious and time-consuming for the owner; there is a need for a safe, efficacious treatment for canine demodicosis. Our objective was to systematically review the literature to determine the most effective and safe topical or systemic therapy for canine generalised demodicosis. Single case reports and case series with fewer than five patients were not reviewed as they were considered to be poor quality evidence. A detailed literature search identified 21 relevant clinical trials and these were critically assessed. RESULTS The analysis of the best available evidence on March 5, 2018, suggests that six are the most effective and safe treatments for generalised canine demodicosis including (in alphabetical order): doramectin (oral or parenteral); fluralaner (oral); imidacloprid/moxidectin (topical); ivermectin (oral, not as first choice treatment); milbemycin oxime (oral); and sarolaner (oral). There was insufficient evidence to allow comment on the appropriateness of other treatment protocols for canine generalised demodicosis in this CAT. CONCLUSIONS In our critical appraisal of the best scientific literature, there is evidence for recommending the use of 6 therapeutic options against demodectic mange. Further, in vivo, controlled, randomized and blinded clinical trials are required, to evaluate new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Perego
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Spada
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Foppa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Proverbio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
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22
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Lebon W, Beccati M, Bourdeau P, Brement T, Bruet V, Cekiera A, Crosaz O, Darmon C, Guillot J, Mosca M, Pin D, Popiel J, Pomorska Handwerker D, Larsen D, Tielemans E, Beugnet F, Halos L. Efficacy of two formulations of afoxolaner (NexGard® and NexGard Spectra®) for the treatment of generalised demodicosis in dogs, in veterinary dermatology referral centers in Europe. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:506. [PMID: 30201031 PMCID: PMC6131853 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A multi-centre field trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of afoxolaner based chewables (NexGard® or NexGard Spectra®) for the treatment of generalised demodicosis caused by Demodex canis in dogs under field conditions in France, Italy and Poland. Methods Client-owned dogs, diagnosed positive for Demodex mites by pre-treatment skin scrapings and presenting clinical signs of generalised demodicosis were included. Dogs were orally treated with afoxolaner three times at monthly intervals. Of the 50 dogs enrolled, 48 completed the whole study. Efficacy of the treatments was assessed monthly by Demodex mite counts and physical examination with special regard to the severity and extension of skin lesions. Results Treatments were well tolerated in all dogs and resulted in a rapid reduction of mites, with all post-treatment mite counts significantly lower than baseline. The number of mites was reduced by 87.6%, 96.5% and 98.1% on Days 28, 56 and 84, respectively. In addition, the skin lesion severity and extent scores as well as the pruritus were all significantly lower at all post-treatment visits compared to the pre-treatment assessment. Conclusions This clinical field study demonstrated that monthly administrations of afoxolaner in NexGard® or NexGard Spectra®, offered a convenient and reliable solution for the treatment of canine generalised demodicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Lebon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, CRSV, 805 Allée des Cyprès, 01150, Saint-Vulbas, France.,Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Massimo Beccati
- Centro Medico Veterinario ADDA, Via Roma, 3, 24042, Capriate San Gervasio, Italy
| | - Patrick Bourdeau
- Unité de Dermatologie, Parasitologie des Carnivores et des Equidés, Mycologie, Ecole Vétérinaire de Nantes, Site de la Chantrerie d'Oniris - LUNAM, CS 40706 - 44307, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Thomas Brement
- Unité de Dermatologie, Parasitologie des Carnivores et des Equidés, Mycologie, Ecole Vétérinaire de Nantes, Site de la Chantrerie d'Oniris - LUNAM, CS 40706 - 44307, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Vincent Bruet
- Unité de Dermatologie, Parasitologie des Carnivores et des Equidés, Mycologie, Ecole Vétérinaire de Nantes, Site de la Chantrerie d'Oniris - LUNAM, CS 40706 - 44307, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Agnieszka Cekiera
- Wroclaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Odile Crosaz
- Unité de Parasitologie, Mycologie, Dermatologie, CHUVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Céline Darmon
- Unité de Parasitologie, Mycologie, Dermatologie, CHUVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Unité de Parasitologie, Mycologie, Dermatologie, CHUVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marion Mosca
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Interaction Cellule Environnement, Unité de Dermatologie, 1, Avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Didier Pin
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Interaction Cellule Environnement, Unité de Dermatologie, 1, Avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Jaroslaw Popiel
- Wroclaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Diane Larsen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Duluth, GA, 30096-4640, USA
| | - Eric Tielemans
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, CRSV, 805 Allée des Cyprès, 01150, Saint-Vulbas, France
| | - Frédéric Beugnet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Lénaïg Halos
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France.
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23
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Nashat MA, Ricart Arbona RJ, Lepherd ML, Santagostino SF, Livingston RS, Riedel ER, Lipman NS. Ivermectin-compounded Feed Compared with Topical Moxidectin-Imidacloprid for Eradication of Demodex musculi in Laboratory Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018; 57:483-497. [PMID: 30185284 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Demodex musculi is a prostigmatid follicular mite that has rarely been reported in laboratory mice. Although prevalence of this species has not been assessed formally, we have found that many imported mouse strains from noncommercial sources harbor Demodex mites. To assess whether an acaricide can be used to eradicate this mite, infested immunocompromised mice were provided ivermectin-compounded (12 ppm) feed without restriction for 8 wk (n = 10), were treated topically with moxidectin and imidacloprid (MI; 3 and 13 mg/kg, respectively) weekly for 8 wk (n = 10), or remained untreated (n = 10). Mice were confirmed to be mite-infested before treatment and were tested after treatment by using fur plucks (FP), deep skin scrapes (DSS), and PCR analysis of fur swabs. In addition, the presence of mites was confirmed through skin biopsies at 2 study endpoints (1 wk [n = 5] and 12 wk [ n = 5] after treatment). Samples collected before treatment and from untreated mice were positive for D. musculi at all time points and by all test modalities. After treatment, all ivermectin-treated animals remained infested, whereas mice treated with MI were repeatedly negative by all test modalities. An additional shortened treatment trial revealed that 4 wk of MI (n = 7) was insufficient to eradicate mites. Neither treatment produced any evidence of adverse effects according to hematology, serum chemistry parameters, behavior, body weight, and histopathology. Of the 70 PCR assays performed in treated mice, 14 were positive when FP+DSS was negative. In 6 cases where PCR results were negative, 5 were positive by FP+DSS and a single sample was positive on skin biopsy. Although PCR analysis has a high detection rate for D. musculi, FP+DSS can further enhance the detection rate. In conclusion, topical MI administered for 8 consecutive weeks can safely eradicate D. musculi from an immunocompromised mouse strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Nashat
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Rodolfo J Ricart Arbona
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, Center for Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Michelle L Lepherd
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, Gribbles Veterinary, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sara F Santagostino
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Robert S Livingston
- IDEXX BioResearch, Columbia, Missouri, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elyn R Riedel
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Neil S Lipman
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, Center for Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York;,
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24
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Cavalleri D, Murphy M, Seewald W, Drake J, Nanchen S. Two randomized, controlled studies to assess the efficacy and safety of lotilaner (Credelio™) in preventing Dermacentor reticulatus transmission of Babesia canis to dogs. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:520. [PMID: 29089056 PMCID: PMC5664908 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs worldwide are at risk of Babesia spp. infections. Preventive efficacy of lotilaner tablets (Credelio™, Elanco) against Babesia canis was evaluated in two studies. METHODS Sixteen dogs in Study 1 and 12 dogs in Study 2, all seronegative and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) negative for B. canis, were randomized to a sham-treated control group or a lotilaner (20-43 mg/kg) treatment group, administered on Day 0 (Study 1: n = 8/group; Study 2: n = 6/group). Dogs were each infested with 50 Dermacentor reticulatus, a percentage of which (Study 1: 8.0-30.0%; Study 2: 12.2%) were infected with B. canis, in Study 1 on Days 2, 7, 14, 21 and 28, and in Study 2 on Day 28. Ticks were removed and counted on Day 30 in Study 1, and Day 34 in Study 2. Blood was collected for Babesia detection via smear, PCR and immunofluorescence assay (IFA) in Study 1 on Day 2, then approximately weekly through Day 56, and in Study 2 at weekly intervals between Days 28 to 49, and on Days 63 and 91. Additional samples were collected from dogs with body temperature > 39.4 °C (measured three times weekly, from Days 7 to 56 in Study 1 and from Days 35 to 56 in Study 2) and positive for B. canis on blood smear. Dogs with confirmed infections were rescue-treated, removed from the study and, in Study 1, replaced. RESULTS Across both studies B. canis infection of ticks ranged between 8.0-30.0%. In Study 1, all control dogs were positive for B. canis on blood smear and PCR on Day 10 and IFA on Day 21; on Day 21 seven of eight replacement control dogs were B. canis-positive; no replacement dogs were B. canis-positive following tick removal on Day 30. In Study 2, all control dogs were B. canis-positive on Day 56. All lotilaner-treated dogs remained B. canis-negative at all assessments in both studies. CONCLUSION Lotilaner efficacy was 100% in preventing establishment of B. canis infection, despite post-treatment challenge with infected ticks on Days 2, 7, 14, 21 and 28.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Murphy
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Seewald
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jason Drake
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN 46140 USA
| | - Steve Nanchen
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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