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Romig T, Wassermann M. Echinococcus species in wildlife. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 23:100913. [PMID: 38405672 PMCID: PMC10884515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Transmission of Echinococcus spp. in life cycles that involve mainly wildlife is well recognized for those species with small mammals as intermediate hosts (e. g. E. multilocularis), as well as for E. felidis and the 'northern' genotypes of E. canadensis (G8 and G10). In contrast, the remaining taxa of E. granulosus sensu lato are best known for their domestic life cycles, and the numerous wild mammal species (mainly ungulates) that have been recorded with cystic echinococcosis in the past were mainly considered a result of spill-over from the dog-livestock transmission system. This view was challenged with the advent of molecular characterization, allowing discrimination of the metacestodes, although the contribution of wild mammals to various Echinococcus life cycles has remained uncertain for scarcity of wildlife studies. Numerous records of cysts in wild ungulates date back to the 20th century, but cannot with certainty be allocated to the Echinococcus species and genotypes that are recognized today. This means that our current knowledge is largely restricted to studies of the past two decades that kept adding gradually to our concepts of transmission in various geographic regions. In particular, new insights were gathered in the past years on E. granulosus s.l. in wildlife of sub-Saharan Africa, but also on transmission patterns of E. multilocularis in previously neglected regions, e. g. North America. Here, an update is provided on the current state of knowledge on wild mammals as hosts for all Echinococcus species, listing >150 species of wild hosts with references, as well as estimates on their epidemiological impact and our current gaps of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marion Wassermann
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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Wassermann M, Addy F, Kokolova L, Okhlopkov I, Leibrock S, Oberle J, Oksanen A, Romig T. High genetic diversity of Echinococcus canadensis G10 in northeastern Asia: is it the region of origin? Parasitology 2024; 151:93-101. [PMID: 38018122 PMCID: PMC10941046 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus canadensis consists of 4 genotypes: G6, G7, G8 and G10. While the first 2 predominantly infect domestic animals, the latter are sylvatic in nature involving mainly wolves and cervids as hosts and can be found in the northern temperate to Arctic latitudes. This circumstance makes the acquisition of sample material difficult, and little information is known about their genetic structure. The majority of specimens analysed to date have been from the European region, comparatively few from northeast Asia and Alaska. In the current study, Echinococcus spp. from wolves and intermediate hosts from the Republic of Sakha in eastern Russia were examined. Echinococcus canadensis G10 was identified in 15 wolves and 4 cervid intermediate hosts. Complete mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) sequences were obtained from 42 worm and cyst specimens from Sakha and, for comparison, from an additional 13 G10 cysts from Finland. For comparative analyses of the genetic diversity of G10 of European and Asian origin, all available cox1 sequences from GenBank were included, increasing the number of sequences to 99. The diversity found in northeast Asia was by far higher than in Europe, suggesting that the geographic origin of E. canadensis (at least of G10) might be northeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Wassermann
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Francis Addy
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Ludmila Kokolova
- Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Innokentiy Okhlopkov
- Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Sarah Leibrock
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jenny Oberle
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Authority, Animal Health Diagnostic Unit (FINPAR), Oulu, Finland
| | - Thomas Romig
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Shumuye NA, Li L, Li WH, Zhang NZ, Wu YT, Wu YD, Tian WJ, Zhang LS, Nian XF, Dai GD, Chen WG, Gao SZ, Tian XQ, Liu JS, Li B, Kebede N, Fu BQ, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Infection of sheep by Echinococcus multilocularis in Gansu, China: evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analysis. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:72. [PMID: 37563679 PMCID: PMC10413491 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the normal life cycle of the parasite (Echinococcus multilocularis) that causes alveolar echinococcosis, domestic and wild carnivores act as definitive hosts, and rodents act as intermediate hosts. The presented study contributes to the research on the distribution and transmission pattern of E. multilocularis in China having identified sheep as an unusual intermediate host taking part in the domestic transmission of alveolar echinococcosis in Gansu Province, China. METHODS From 2020 to 2021, nine whitish different cyst-like were collected from the liver of sheep in Gansu Province for examination. A near complete mitochondrial (mt) genome and selected nuclear genes were amplified from the cyst-like lesion for identification. To confirm the status of the specimen, comparative analysis with reference sequences, phylogenetic analysis, and network analysis were performed. RESULTS The isolates displayed ≥ 98.87% similarity to E. multilocularis NADH dehydrogenase sub-unit 1 (nad1) (894 bp) reference sequences deposited in GenBank. Furthermore, amplification of the nad4 and nad2 genes also confirmed all nine samples as E. multilocularis with > 99.30% similarity. Additionally, three nuclear genes, pepck (1545 bp), elp-exons VII and VIII (566 bp), and elp-exon IX (256 bp), were successfully amplified and sequenced for one of the isolates with 98.42% similarity, confirming the isolates were correctly identified as E. multilocularis. Network analysis also correctly placed the isolates with other E. multilocularis. CONCLUSIONS As a result of the discovery of E. multilocularis in an unusual intermediate host, which is considered to have the highest zoonotic potential, the result clearly demonstrated the necessity for expanded surveillance in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigus Abebe Shumuye
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Epidemiology, Mekelle University, College of Veterinary Sciences, Kalamino Campus, P.O.Box: 2084, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Wen-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Nian-Zhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yan-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yao-Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Wen-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Lin-Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Nian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Guo-Dong Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Wei-Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Sheng-Zhi Gao
- Gansu Animal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xue-Qi Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Jun-Shi Liu
- Jingyuan County Animal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan County Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Technical Service Center, Jingyuan, 730600, Gansu Province, China
| | - Bin Li
- Jingyuan County Animal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan County Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Technical Service Center, Jingyuan, 730600, Gansu Province, China
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Update on the genetic diversity and population structure of Echinococcus granulosus in Gansu Province, Tibet Autonomous Region, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Western China, inferred from mitochondrial cox1, nad1, and nad5 sequences. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1107-1126. [PMID: 36933066 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The identification of additional Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) complex species/genotypes in recent years raises the possibility that there might be more variation among this species in China than is currently understood. The aim of this study was to explore intra- and inter-species variation and population structure of Echinococcus species isolated from sheep in three areas of Western China. Of the isolates, 317, 322, and 326 were successfully amplified and sequenced for cox1, nad1, and nad5 genes, respectively. BLAST analysis revealed that the majority of the isolates were E. granulosus s.s., and using the cox1, nad1, and nad5 genes, respectively, 17, 14, and 11 isolates corresponded to Elodea canadensis (genotype G6/G7). In the three study areas, G1 genotypes were the most prevalent. There were 233 mutation sites along with 129 parsimony informative sites. A transition/transversion ratio of 7.5, 8, and 3.25, respectively, for cox1, nad1, and nad5 genes was obtained. Every mitochondrial gene had intraspecific variations, which were represented in a star-like network with a major haplotype with observable mutations from other distant and minor haplotypes. The Tajima's D value was significantly negative in all populations, indicating a substantial divergence from neutrality and supporting the demographic expansion of E. granulosus s.s. in the study areas. The phylogeny inferred by the maximum likelihood (ML) method using nucleotide sequences of cox1-nad1-nad5 further confirmed their identity. The nodes assigned to the G1, G3, and G6 clades as well as the reference sequences utilized had maximal posterior probability values (1.00). In conclusion, our study confirms the existence of a significant major haplotype of E. granulosus s.s. where G1 is the predominant genotype causing of CE in both livestock and humans in China.
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Wei Y, Li W, Shao C, Zhao H, Hu Y, Liu H, Cao J. The polymorphic analysis of cox1 and cob genes of Echinococcus granulosus in the Ngari region of Tibet in China. Acta Trop 2023; 239:106803. [PMID: 36566892 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus). CE seriously threatens human health and the development of animal husbandry. The Ngari region is one of the world's highest endemic regions for CE, while genetic polymorphisms of E. granulosus were unclear. Paraffin slices of liver Cyst were collected from seventy-nine surgical patients with echinococcosis in the Ngari region. DNA was extracted from samples. The cox1 and cob genes of mitochondrial DNA of E. granulosus were simultaneously amplified and sequenced. The sequencing results were compared with the standard sequence (KU925397.1and HF947574.1). Phylogenetic trees and the haplotype network of cob and cox1 genes were constructed and analyzed genotypes of E. granulosus isolated from humans in the Ngari Region of Tibet. Out of 79 hydatid cyst samples collected from surgery patients, 60 isolates were identified as G1/ G3, and two isolates were identified as G6/ G7. Analysis of the cob/ cox1 genes revealed 9/7 mutations resulting in 8/6 haplotypes, respectively. The cob and cox1 neutrality indices computed by Tajima's D and Fu's Fs tests showed high negative values in Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (E. granulosus s. s.). The result suggested that E. granulosus in the Ngari region experienced population expansion or a negative selection. We found that G1/ G3 was still the main genotype, and G6/ G7 was found occasionally in humans of the Ngari region. Therefore, we recommend future surveys and control efforts to investigate G1/ G3 and G6/ G7 transmission in the Ngari region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Wei
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of People's Republic of China, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Nutrition, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wujun Li
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xian 710077, China
| | - Chunhai Shao
- Department of Nutrition, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory Department of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xian 710068, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of People's Republic of China, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Hua Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of People's Republic of China, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of People's Republic of China, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
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Fan S, Zhao X, Danqulamu, Shi B, Tang W, Dong H, Xia C. Genetic diversity and haplotype analysis of yak and sheep echinococcal cysts isolates from the mitochondrial cox1 gene in parts of Tibet, China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1016972. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1016972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease, is caused by the metacestode stage of the species cluster Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus s.l.). It is almost widespread worldwide, especially in countries and regions dominated by animal husbandry. It is a major parasitic disease that seriously endangers human health, public health safety, environmental safety, and the development of animal husbandry production in western China. In this study, the mitochondrial cox1 gene was used to analyze the genetic diversity and haplotype of bovine and sheep echinococcal cysts isolated in Tibet. Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (E. granulosus s.s., G1, G3) was still the dominant species in the infected samples of yak and sheep in some parts of Tibet. Through haplotype analysis, Hap_1 was deemed the dominant haplotype, 14 of the 20 haplotypes were similar to the reference sequence previously published in Genbank, and the rest of the 6 haplotypes were found for the first time. Through Tajima's D value, neutral test Fu's Fs analysis, and haplotype network map, it can be concluded that Echinococcus population expansion has occurred in Xigaze, Tibet. This study provides basic data for understanding the genetic characteristics, epidemiology, and control of echinococcosis in this area.
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Fu MH, Wang X, Han S, Guan YY, Bergquist R, Wu WP. Advances in research on echinococcoses epidemiology in China. Acta Trop 2021; 219:105921. [PMID: 33878307 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcoses are serious zoonotic diseases in China's vast, western and north-western pastoral areas that has one of the highest prevalence in the world. The two most common forms, cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), are co-epidemic in some areas causing a grave threat to people's health and economic development. Echinococcus spp. are transmitted through domestic, sylvatic and mixed cycles involving many kinds of host. Successful transmission requires a favourable environment for the growth of the parasites and survival of their eggs, while the unique customs and religious beliefs in the endemic areas pose a challenge to the prevention and control of these parasites. Based on previous epidemiological studies, this paper reviews the particular factors affecting the transmission of Echinococcus parasites in China, with a focus on biological (parasite genotype and the species, age, sex and density of hosts), environmental (landscape and climate) and social (age, gender, ethnicity, education, occupation, life style, cultural customs, living conditions and hygiene practices of humans in the endemic areas). These three factors interact with each other and jointly determine the parasites' transmission intensity, the study of which supports the formulation of the strategies and measures that are significant for control of these infections.
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Alvi MA, Ohiolei JA, Saqib M, Li L, Tayyab MH, Alvi AA, Wu YT, Fu BQ, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) (G1, G3) and E. ortleppi (G5) in Pakistan: phylogeny, genetic diversity and population structural analysis based on mitochondrial DNA. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:347. [PMID: 32660553 PMCID: PMC7359271 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a serious tapeworm infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) which infects a wide range of animals and humans worldwide. Despite the millions of livestock heads reared in Pakistan, only a few reports on CE prevalence and even fewer on the genetic diversity are available for the country. Meanwhile, the available reports on the genetic diversity are predominantly based on short sequences of the cox1 gene. Methods To close this knowledge gap, this study was designed to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of Echinococcus spp. in Pakistan using the complete mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes. Results Based on BLAST searches of the generated cox1 and nad1 gene sequences from a total of 60 hydatid cysts collected from cattle (n = 40) and buffalo (n = 20), 52 isolates were identified as E. granulosus (s.s.) (G1, G3) and 8 as E. ortleppi (G5). The detection of the G5 genotype represents the first in Pakistan. The phylogeny inferred by the Bayesian method using nucleotide sequences of cox1-nad1 further confirmed their identity. The diversity indices indicated a high haplotype diversity and a low nucleotide diversity. The negative values of Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs test demonstrated deviation from neutrality suggesting a recent population expansion. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this report described the genetic variation of E. granulosus population for the first time in Pakistan using the complete cox1 and nad1 mitochondrial genes and confirms E. ortleppi as one of the causative agents of CE among livestock in Pakistan. While this report will contribute to baseline information for CE control, more studies considering species diversity and distribution in different hosts across unstudied regions of Pakistan are highly needed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - John Asekhaen Ohiolei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Haleem Tayyab
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Anum Aizaz Alvi
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yan-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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Dell B, Newman SJ, Purple K, Miller B, Ramsay E, Donnell R, Gerhold RW. Retrospective investigation of Echinococcus canadensis emergence in translocated elk (Cervus canadensis) in Tennessee, USA, and examination of canid definitive hosts. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:330. [PMID: 32605660 PMCID: PMC7325358 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few reports of Echinococcus spp. have been described in the USA; however, the geographical distribution of Echinococcus spp. in wild hosts is increasing consequent to human activities. In the early 2000's, 253 elk (Cervus canadensis) originating from Alberta, Canada were released into the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and North Cumberland Wildlife Management Area in an effort to re-establish their historical range. METHODS We investigated the prevalence of Echinococcus spp. in re-established elk populations in the North Cumberland Wildlife Management Area and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park via a retrospective analysis of banked elk tissues and helminth examinations on intestinal contents from coyotes (Canis latrans) from the North Cumberland Wildlife Management Area. RESULTS Four elk were PCR and sequence positive for E. canadensis. Each sequence had 98% or greater coverage and identity to multiple E. canadensis genotypes on GenBank. Adult Echinococcus spp. were not detected in any of the coyotes examined in this study. CONCLUSIONS Continued surveillance of this disease in susceptible species in these areas is warranted, and these data further underscore the risk of zoonotic pathogen introduction secondary to wildlife translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- BreeAnna Dell
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Shelley J. Newman
- Long Island University College of Veterinary Medicine, 720 Northern Boulevard, Brookville, NY 11548 USA
| | - Kathryn Purple
- Department of Biology, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752 USA
| | - Brad Miller
- Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, 3030 Wildlife Way, Morristown, TN 37814 USA
| | - Edward Ramsay
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Robert Donnell
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Richard W. Gerhold
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
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Ohiolei JA, Li L, Yan HB, Fu BQ, Jia WZ. Complete mitochondrial genome analysis confirms the presence of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotype G6 in Nigeria. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104377. [PMID: 32470629 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is common in Africa especially in northern and eastern countries where it is highly prevalent and mainly caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (G6/7). In a recent epidemiological survey in Nigeria, the G6/7 genotype was reportedly responsible for the majority of CE infection. In this study, considering the taxonomic challenges of the G6/7 genotype and the limitation of the cox1/nad1 genes in resolving the differences, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of seven larval isolates of E. granulosus s.l. G6/7 haplotypes recently reported in Nigeria to correctly assign them to either (G6/7) genotype and to understand the mt genome variation with isolates from other geographical regions. On analysis, a total of 13,731 bp in a covalently closed circular molecule were realized. The total mt length was ≥10 bp than previously reported G6 and G7 mt genome sequences. Also, the median-joining network and phylogeny based on the 12 protein-coding sequences correctly identified them as G6 genotype. Since longer mt genome sequences have shown some advantage over individual genes in resolving taxonomic challenges, we confirm that the genotype responsible for the majority of CE infection in livestock in Nigeria is the G6 genotype and the availability of the complete mt genome from different Nigerian intermediate hosts will prove useful in future genetic population studies across the country and the West African sub-region.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Asekhaen Ohiolei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, PR China.
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11
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Muku RJ, Yan HB, Ohiolei JA, Saaid AA, Ahmed S, Jia WZ, Fu BQ. Molecular Identification of Taenia hydatigena from Sheep in Khartoum, Sudan. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:93-97. [PMID: 32145734 PMCID: PMC7066435 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cestode Taenia hydatigena uses canids, primarily dogs, as definitive hosts, while the metacestode larval stage cysticercus infects a range of intermediate hosts, including domestic animals such as goats, sheep, and pigs. Cysticercosis due to T. hydatigena has large veterinary and economic drawbacks. Like other taeniids, e.g., Echinococcus, intraspecific variation is found among the members of the genus Taenia. In Africa, few studies are available on the epidemiology and distribution of T. hydatigena, and even fewer studies are available on its genetic variation. In this study, we molecularly identified 11 cysticerci from sheep in Sudan and demonstrated the genetic variation based on the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) mitochondrial genes. The isolates were correctly identified as T. hydatigena with more than 99% similarity to those in the GenBank database. Low diversity indices and insignificant neutrality indices were observed, with 3 and 2 haplotypes for the nad1 and cox1 genes, respectively. The results suggest the presence of unique T. hydatigena haplotypes in Sudan, as haplotypes with 100% similarity were not found in the GenBank database. With few available studies on the genetic variation of T. hydatigena in Africa, this report represents the first insights into the genetic variation of T. hydatigena in Sudan and constitutes useful data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosline James Muku
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, P.R. China
| | - John Asekhaen Ohiolei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, P.R. China
| | - Abubakar Ahmed Saaid
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Animal Resources Research Corporation, P.O. Box 8067 El-Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sara Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, P.R. China
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, P.R. China
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12
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Ohiolei JA, Xia CY, Li L, Liu JZ, Tang WQ, Wu YT, Danqulamu, Zhu GQ, Shi B, Fu BQ, Yin H, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Genetic variation of Echinococcus spp. in yaks and sheep in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China based on mitochondrial DNA. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:608. [PMID: 31881922 PMCID: PMC6935104 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3857-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans and livestock is caused by Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato). In China where CE is endemic, a number of studies have shown that Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) is majorly responsible for CE. However, E. canadensis (G6) which is the second leading cause of CE is now being detected in most parts of the country. In this study, the species diversity and genetic variation of Echinococcus granulosus (s.l.) in four counties in Tibet Autonomous Region of China were investigated. Methods Infection with Echinococcus granulosus (s.s.) in yaks and sheep was identified using NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 and 5 (nad1 and nad5) mitochondrial genes while the genotype G6 of E. canadensis initially diagnosed with NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) was further confirmed by analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome and a phylogenetic network constructed based on the nad2 and nad5 genes. Results Out of 85 hydatid cyst samples collected from slaughtered sheep (n = 54) and yaks (n = 31), 83 were identified as E. granulosus (s.s.) G1 (n = 77), G3 (n = 6) and 2 were identified as E. canadensis G6. Analysis of the nad1/nad5 genes revealed 16/17 mutations with 9/14 parsimony informative sites resulting in 15/14 haplotypes, respectively. Haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (π) of E. granulosus (s.s.) population were 0.650 and 0.00127 for nad1 and 0.782 and 0.00306 for nad5, respectively, with an overall negative Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs. A low FST indicated no genetic difference between isolates from sheep and yaks. Conclusion Pockets of infection with E. canadensis (G6, G7, G8 and G10) have been previously reported in sheep, goats, yaks and/or humans in different parts of China. While the G6 genotype has been previously reported in sheep in the Tibet Autonomous Region, the detection in a yak in the present study represents the first to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, we recommend future surveys and control efforts to comprehensively investigate other potential intermediate hosts for the prevalence and genetic diversity of the E. canadensis group (G6, G7, G8 and G10) across the country and their inclusion into the existing CE control programme.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- John Asekhaen Ohiolei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yang Xia
- Institute of Animal Science of Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 854000, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Zhi Liu
- Institute of Animal Science of Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 854000, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qiang Tang
- Institute of Animal Science of Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 854000, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Danqulamu
- Institute of Animal Science of Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 854000, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Shi
- Institute of Animal Science of Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 854000, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto is regarded to have the highest zoonotic potential of all Echinococcus taxa. Globally, human infection due to this species constitutes over 88.44% of the total cystic echinococcosis (CE) burden. Here, we report a CE infection in a Nigerian camel caused by E. granulosus G1 genotype. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first encounter of the G1 genotype in the West Africa sub-region where the G6 genotype is reportedly prevalent, suggesting that the epidemiology of this highly zoonotic group could have a wider host range and distribution in the sub-region, and emphasizes the need for further investigation into the genetic diversity of Echinococcus spp. in Nigeria and across the sub-region.
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14
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Fu YT, Jin YC, Liu GH. The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Caecal Fluke of Poultry, Postharmostomum commutatum, as the First Representative from the Superfamily Brachylaimoidea. Front Genet 2019; 10:1037. [PMID: 31708971 PMCID: PMC6823182 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Postharmostomum commutatum (Platyhelminthes: Brachylaimoidea), a parasite of the caeca of poultry, has been frequently reported from many countries and regions, including China. However, the molecular epidemiology, population genetics and phylogenetics of this parasite are poorly understood. In the present study, we determined and characterized the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of P. commutatum, as the first representative from the superfamily Brachylaimoidea. The mt genome of P. commutatum is a circular DNA molecule of 13,799 bp in size and encodes the complete set of 36 genes (12 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes) as well as a typical control region. The mt genome of P. commutatum presents a clear bias in nucleotide composition with a negative AT-skew on average (-0.306) and a positive GC-skew on average (0.466). Phylogenetic analyses showed that P. commutatum (superfamily Brachylaimoidea) and other ten members of the order Diplostomida were recovered as sister groups of the order Plagiorchiida, indicating that the order Diplostomida is paraphyletic. This is the first mt genome of any member of the superfamily Brachylaimoidea and should represent a rich source of genetic markers for molecular epidemiological, population genetic and phylogenetic studies of parasitic flukes of socio-economic importance in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tian Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan-Chun Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
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15
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Ohiolei JA, Yan HB, Li L, Magaji AA, Luka J, Zhu GQ, Isaac C, Odoya ME, Wu YT, Alvi MA, Muku RJ, Fu BQ, Jia WZ. Cystic echinococcosis in Nigeria: first insight into the genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus in animals. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:392. [PMID: 31391113 PMCID: PMC6686243 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by cestodes of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) complex. In Nigeria, reports on the prevalence of CE, although limited, have been found to vary with location and host with higher prevalence and fertility rate observed in camels than other livestock. Until now, information regarding the molecular characteristics, genetic population structure, and genotypes of Echinococcus is lacking. Therefore, this study was aimed at addressing these gaps in knowledge. Methods We describe the genetic status of 31 Echinococcus isolates collected from slaughtered livestock (camels, cattle and goats) based on the full-length mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes. Results The resulting nucleotide sequences via the NCBI BLAST algorithm and Bayesian phylogeny of cox1 and cox1–nad1 genes using MrBayes v.3.1.2 showed that all isolates were clearly E. canadensis (G6/G7) and were 99–100% identical to previously reported G6/G7 haplotypes across Europe, Asia, North and East Africa. Conclusions Although, the G1 genotype is believed to be responsible for the majority of global CE burden, reports from a number of West African countries including Nigeria suggest that E. canadensis G6/G7 genotype could be the major causative agent of CE in the subregion. This study provides for the first time insight into the genetic population structure of Echinococcus species as well as implications for CE control in Nigeria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3644-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Asekhaen Ohiolei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Abdullahi Alhaji Magaji
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Joshua Luka
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Clement Isaac
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Manfred Ebube Odoya
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Yan-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Rosline James Muku
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China.
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16
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Shang JY, Zhang GJ, Liao S, Huang Y, Yu WJ, He W, Yang GY, Li TY, Chen XW, Zhong B, Wang Q, Wang Q, Li RR, Wang H. A multiplex PCR for differential detection of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto, Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus canadensis in China. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:68. [PMID: 31362789 PMCID: PMC6668063 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis caused by Echinococcus is one of the most major infectious diseases in north-west highland of China. E. granulosus sensu strict, E. multilocularis, and E. canadensis are known to be the only three species related to human health transmitting in the areas. To achieve targeted treatment and control of echinococcosis, the accurate identification and discrimination of the species are important. However, currently the available diagnostic approaches do not present ideal results either in accuracy or efficiency. METHODS In the study, a set of primers were designed to aim at the three human-pathogenic Echinococcus species in China. The one-step multiplex PCR assay was developed and evaluated for the specificity and sensitivity. A total of 73 parasitic lesions and 41 fecal materials obtained from human and various animals collected in the clinic and the field were tested to assess the applicability of this method. RESULTS The multiplex PCR effectively detected the individual DNA from the targeted species and their random mixtures generating with distinguishable expected size of products. The detection limit of the assay for each of the three species was 5 pg/μl when they were tested separately. When DNA mixtures of the targeted species containing the same concentration were used as templates, the lowest amount of DNA which can be detected was 50 pg/μl, 10 pg/μl and 5 pg/μl for E. granulosus s. s., E. multilocularis, and E. canadensis respectively. No cross-reactivity was observed when DNA from eight genetically close species was used as control templates. The multiplex PCR identifications of all samples were in line with the original sequencing results except for those infected with E. shiquicus, which showed negative signals in the developed assay. Of all the tested stool materials, 16 were previously found positive for Echinococcus by visual and microscopic examination. Among these 16 samples, 13 were confirmed by the multiplex PCR, and the other three tested negative. Additionally, the multiplex PCR identified another 14 positive feces from the remained 25 stool samples which absence of worms. CONCLUSIONS The developed multiplex PCR shows advantages in fast diagnosis and large-scale epidemiological investigation, which proven to be a promising tool utilized in clinic and surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ye Shang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Jia Zhang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Liao
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Jie Yu
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei He
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-You Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiao-Ying Li
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Wang Chen
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Rui Li
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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17
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Craig PS, Giraudoux P, Wang ZH, Wang Q. Echinococcosis transmission on the Tibetan Plateau. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 104:165-246. [PMID: 31030769 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the mid-1990s detailed studies and field investigations on the Tibetan Plateau have revealed human echinococcosis to be an under-reported major public health problem, particularly in the dominant pastoral communities in the eastern and central regions. Human prevalence surveys showed that cystic echinococcosis (CE, caused by Echinococcus granulosus) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE, caused by Echinococcus multilocularis) are co-endemic with higher burdens of each disease than other endemic world regions. Epidemiological investigations identified some major risk factors for human CE and AE including dog ownership, husbandry practices and landscape features. Dogs appear to be the major zoonotic reservoir for both E. granulosus and E. multilocularis, but the latter is also transmitted in complex wildlife cycles. Small mammal assemblages especially of vole and pika species thrive on the Plateau and contribute to patterns of E. multilocularis transmission which are influenced by landscape characteristics and anthropogenic factors. Tibetan foxes are a principal definitive host for both E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus. In 2006 a national echinococcosis control programme was initiated in Tibetan communities in northwest Sichuan Province and rolled out to all of western China by 2010, and included improved surveillance (and treatment access) of human disease and regular deworming of dogs with annual copro-testing. Control of echinococcosis in Tibetan pastoral communities poses a difficult challenge for delivery and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil S Craig
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Department of Chrono-Environment, UMR UFC/CNRS, Université de Franche-Comté, Besancon, France; Laboratory of Wildlife Management and Ecosystem Health, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, China.
| | - Zheng Huan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Ecological Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Joint Translational Science and Technology Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
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