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Wittwer C, Sharif C, Schöck I, Klimpel S. Mosquitoes on a chip-environmental DNA-based detection of invasive mosquito species using high-throughput real-time PCR. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17782. [PMID: 39364359 PMCID: PMC11448751 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The monitoring of mosquitoes is of great importance due to their vector competence for a variety of pathogens, which have the potential to imperil human and animal health. Until now mosquito occurrence data is mainly obtained with conventional monitoring methods including active and passive approaches, which can be time- and cost-consuming. New monitoring methods based on environmental DNA (eDNA) could serve as a fast and robust complementary detection system for mosquitoes. In this pilot study already existing marker systems targeting the three invasive mosquito species Aedes (Ae.) albopictus, Ae. japonicus and Ae. koreicus were used to detect these species from water samples via microfluidic array technology. We compared the performance of the high-throughput real-time PCR (HT-qPCR) system Biomark HD with real-time PCR (qPCR) and also tested the effect of different filter media (Sterivex® 0.45 µm, Nylon 0.22 µm, PES 1.2 µm) on eDNA detectability. By using a universal qPCR protocol and only 6-FAM-MGB probes we successfully transferred these marker systems on the HT-qPCR platform. All tested marker systems detected the target species at most sites, where their presence was previously confirmed. Filter media properties, the final filtration volume and observed qPCR inhibition did not affect measured Ct values via qPCR or HT-qPCR. The Ct values obtained from HT-qPCR were significantly lower as Ct values measured by qPCR due to the previous preamplification step, still these values were highly correlated. Observed incongruities in eDNA detection probability, as manifested by non-reproducible results and false positive detections, could be the result of methodological aspects, such as sensitivity and specificity issues of the used assays, or ecological factors such as varying eDNA release patterns. In this study, we show the suitability of eDNA-based detection of mosquito species from water samples using a microfluidic HT-qPCR platform. HT-qPCR platforms such as Biomark HD allow for massive upscaling of tested species-specific assays and sampling sites with low time- and cost-effort, thus this methodology could serve as basis for large-scale mosquito monitoring attempts. The main goal in the future is to develop a robust (semi)-quantitative microfluidic-based eDNA mosquito chip targeting all haematophagous culicid species occurring in Western Europe. This chip would enable large-scale eDNA-based screenings to assess mosquito diversity, to monitor species with confirmed or suspected vector competence, to assess the invasion progress of invasive mosquito species and could be used in pathogen surveillance, when disease agents are incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wittwer
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
- Conservation Genetics Group, Senckenberg Nature Research Society, Gelnhausen, Hessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Chinhda Sharif
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Isabelle Schöck
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
- Conservation Genetics Group, Senckenberg Nature Research Society, Gelnhausen, Hessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Sven Klimpel
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
- Branch Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Gießen, Hessen, Germany
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Machange JJ, Maasayi MS, Mundi J, Moore J, Muganga JB, Odufuwa OG, Moore SJ, Tenywa FC. Comparison of the Trapping Efficacy of Locally Modified Gravid Aedes Trap and Autocidal Gravid Ovitrap for the Monitoring and Surveillance of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes in Tanzania. INSECTS 2024; 15:401. [PMID: 38921116 PMCID: PMC11204168 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The study assessed the trapping efficacy of locally modified (1) Gravid Aedes Trap (GAT) lined with insecticide-treated net (ITN) as a killing agent and (2) Autocidal Gravid Ovitrap (AGO) with sticky board in the semi-field system (SFS) and field setting. Fully balanced Latin square experiments were conducted to compare GAT lined with ITN vs. AGO, both with either yeast or grass infusion. Biogent-Sentinel (BGS) with BG-Lure and no CO2 was used as a standard trap for Aedes mosquitoes. In the SFS, GAT outperformed AGO in collecting both nulliparous (65% vs. 49%, OR = 2.22, [95% CI: 1.89-2.60], p < 0.001) and gravid mosquitoes (73% vs. 64%, OR = 1.67, [95% CI: 1.41-1.97], p < 0.001). Similar differences were observed in the field. Yeast and grass infusion did not significantly differ in trapping gravid mosquitoes (OR = 0.91, [95% CI: 0.77-1.07], p = 0.250). The use of ITN improved mosquito recapture from 11% to 70% in the SFS. The same trend was observed in the field. Yeast was chosen for further evaluation in the optimized GAT due to its convenience and bifenthrin net for its resistance management properties. Mosquito density was collected when using 4× GATs relative to BGS-captured gravid mosquitoes 64 vs. 58 (IRR = 0.82, [95% CI: 0.35-1.95], p = 0.658) and showed no density dependence. Deployment of multiple yeast-baited GAT lined with bifenthrin net is cost-effective (single GAT < $8) compared to other traps such as BGS ($160).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Johnson Machange
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tengeru P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; (M.S.M.); (S.J.M.)
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania; (J.M.); (J.M.); (J.B.M.); (O.G.O.); (F.C.T.)
| | - Masudi Suleiman Maasayi
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tengeru P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; (M.S.M.); (S.J.M.)
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania; (J.M.); (J.M.); (J.B.M.); (O.G.O.); (F.C.T.)
| | - John Mundi
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania; (J.M.); (J.M.); (J.B.M.); (O.G.O.); (F.C.T.)
| | - Jason Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania; (J.M.); (J.M.); (J.B.M.); (O.G.O.); (F.C.T.)
- Vector Biology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Barnabas Muganga
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania; (J.M.); (J.M.); (J.B.M.); (O.G.O.); (F.C.T.)
| | - Olukayode G. Odufuwa
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania; (J.M.); (J.M.); (J.B.M.); (O.G.O.); (F.C.T.)
- Vector Biology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Sarah J. Moore
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tengeru P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; (M.S.M.); (S.J.M.)
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania; (J.M.); (J.M.); (J.B.M.); (O.G.O.); (F.C.T.)
- Vector Biology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Chelestino Tenywa
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania; (J.M.); (J.M.); (J.B.M.); (O.G.O.); (F.C.T.)
- Vector Biology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
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Newman EA, Feng X, Onland JD, Walker KR, Young S, Smith K, Townsend J, Damian D, Ernst K. Defining the roles of local precipitation and anthropogenic water sources in driving the abundance of Aedes aegypti, an emerging disease vector in urban, arid landscapes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2058. [PMID: 38267474 PMCID: PMC10808563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding drivers of disease vectors' population dynamics is a pressing challenge. For short-lived organisms like mosquitoes, landscape-scale models must account for their highly local and rapid life cycles. Aedes aegypti, a vector of multiple emerging diseases, has become abundant in desert population centers where water from precipitation could be a limiting factor. To explain this apparent paradox, we examined Ae. aegypti abundances at > 660 trapping locations per year for 3 years in the urbanized Maricopa County (metropolitan Phoenix), Arizona, USA. We created daily precipitation layers from weather station data using a kriging algorithm, and connected localized daily precipitation to numbers of mosquitoes trapped at each location on subsequent days. Precipitation events occurring in either of two critical developmental periods for mosquitoes were correlated to suppressed subsequent adult female presence and abundance. LASSO models supported these analyses for female presence but not abundance. Precipitation may explain 72% of Ae. aegypti presence and 90% of abundance, with anthropogenic water sources supporting mosquitoes during long, precipitation-free periods. The method of using kriging and weather station data may be generally applicable to the study of various ecological processes and patterns, and lead to insights into microclimates associated with a variety of organisms' life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Newman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | | | - Kathleen R Walker
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, 1140 E South Campus Drive, Forbes 410, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Steven Young
- Maricopa County Environmental Services Vector Control Division, 3220 W Gibson Ln, Phoenix, AZ, 85009, USA
| | - Kirk Smith
- Maricopa County Environmental Services Vector Control Division, 3220 W Gibson Ln, Phoenix, AZ, 85009, USA
| | - John Townsend
- Maricopa County Environmental Services Vector Control Division, 3220 W Gibson Ln, Phoenix, AZ, 85009, USA
| | - Dan Damian
- Maricopa County Office of Enterprise Technology, 301 S 4Th Ave #200, Phoenix, AZ, 85003, USA
| | - Kacey Ernst
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Villena OC, McClure KM, Camp RJ, LaPointe DA, Atkinson CT, Sofaer HR, Berio Fortini L. Environmental and geographical factors influence the occurrence and abundance of the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, in Hawai'i. Sci Rep 2024; 14:604. [PMID: 38182650 PMCID: PMC10770078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hawaiian honeycreepers, a group of endemic Hawaiian forest birds, are being threatened by avian malaria, a non-native disease that is driving honeycreepers populations to extinction. Avian malaria is caused by the parasite Plasmodium relictum, which is transmitted by the invasive mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. Environmental and geographical factors play an important role in shaping mosquito-borne disease transmission dynamics through their influence on the distribution and abundance of mosquitoes. We assessed the effects of environmental (temperature, precipitation), geographic (site, elevation, distance to anthropogenic features), and trap type (CDC light trap, CDC gravid trap) factors on mosquito occurrence and abundance. Occurrence was analyzed using classification and regression tree models (CART) and generalized linear models (GLM); abundance (count data) was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs). Models predicted highest mosquito occurrence at mid-elevation sites and between July and November. Occurrence increased with temperature and precipitation up to 580 mm. For abundance, the best model was a zero-inflated negative-binomial model that indicated higher abundance of mosquitoes at mid-elevation sites and peak abundance between August and October. Estimation of occurrence and abundance as well as understanding the factors that influence them are key for mosquito control, which may reduce the risk of forest bird extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo C Villena
- Hawai'i Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
- The Earth Commons Institute, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Katherine M McClure
- Hawai'i Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai'i National Park, HI, 96718, USA
| | - Richard J Camp
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai'i National Park, HI, 96718, USA
| | - Dennis A LaPointe
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai'i National Park, HI, 96718, USA
| | - Carter T Atkinson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai'i National Park, HI, 96718, USA
| | - Helen R Sofaer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai'i National Park, HI, 96718, USA
| | - Lucas Berio Fortini
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai'i National Park, HI, 96718, USA.
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Huang X, Athrey GN, Kaufman PE, Fredregill C, Slotman MA. Effective population size of Culex quinquefasciatus under insecticide-based vector management and following Hurricane Harvey in Harris County, Texas. Front Genet 2023; 14:1297271. [PMID: 38075683 PMCID: PMC10702589 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1297271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Culex quinquefasciatus is a mosquito species of significant public health importance due to its ability to transmit multiple pathogens that can cause mosquito-borne diseases, such as West Nile fever and St. Louis encephalitis. In Harris County, Texas, Cx. quinquefasciatus is a common vector species and is subjected to insecticide-based management by the Harris County Public Health Department. However, insecticide resistance in mosquitoes has increased rapidly worldwide and raises concerns about maintaining the effectiveness of vector control approaches. This concern is highly relevant in Texas, with its humid subtropical climate along the Gulf Coast that provides suitable habitat for Cx. quinquefasciatus and other mosquito species that are known disease vectors. Therefore, there is an urgent and ongoing need to monitor the effectiveness of current vector control programs. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the impact of vector control approaches by estimating the effective population size of Cx. quinquefasciatus in Harris County. We applied Approximate Bayesian Computation to microsatellite data to estimate effective population size. We collected Cx. quinquefasciatus samples from two mosquito control operation areas; 415 and 802, during routine vector monitoring in 2016 and 2017. No county mosquito control operations were applied at area 415 in 2016 and 2017, whereas extensive adulticide spraying operations were in effect at area 802 during the summer of 2016. We collected data for eighteen microsatellite markers for 713 and 723 mosquitoes at eight timepoints from 2016 to 2017 in areas 415 and 802, respectively. We also investigated the impact of Hurricane Harvey's landfall in the Houston area in August of 2017 on Cx. quinquefasciatus population fluctuation. Results: We found that the bottleneck scenario was the most probable historical scenario describing the impact of the winter season at area 415 and area 802, with the highest posterior probability of 0.9167 and 0.4966, respectively. We also detected an expansion event following Hurricane Harvey at area 802, showing a 3.03-fold increase in 2017. Discussion: Although we did not detect significant effects of vector control interventions, we found considerable influences of the winter season and a major hurricane on the effective population size of Cx. quinquefasciatus. The fluctuations in effective population size in both areas showed a significant seasonal pattern. Additionally, the significant population expansion following Hurricane Harvey in 2017 supports the necessity for post-hurricane vector-control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Huang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Giridhar N. Athrey
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Phillip E. Kaufman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Chris Fredregill
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito & Vector Control Division, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michel A. Slotman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Yeo H, Tan HZ, Tang Q, Tan TRH, Puniamoorthy N, Rheindt FE. Dense residential areas promote gene flow in dengue vector mosquito Aedes albopictus. iScience 2023; 26:107577. [PMID: 37680477 PMCID: PMC10481301 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes albopictus is a successful disease vector due to its ability to survive in a wide range of habitats. Despite its ubiquity and impact on public health, little is known about its differential gene flow capabilities across different city habitats. We obtained a comprehensive dataset of >27,000 genome-wide DNA markers across 105 wild-caught Ae. albopictus individuals from Singapore, a dengue-endemic tropical city with heterogeneous landscapes from densely populated urban areas to forests. Despite Singapore's challenging small-scale heterogeneity, our landscape-genomic approach indicated that dense urban areas are characterized by higher Aedes gene flow rates than managed parks and forests. We documented the incidence of Wolbachia infections of Ae. albopictus involving two strains (wAlbA and wAlbB). Our results dispel the misconception that substantial dispersal of Ae. albopictus is limited to urban greenery, with wide implications for vector management and critical insights into urban planning strategies to combat dengue transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Yeo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Hui Zhen Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Qian Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Tyrone Ren Hao Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Nalini Puniamoorthy
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Frank E. Rheindt
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
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Vajda ÉA, Saeung M, Ross A, McIver DJ, Tatarsky A, Moore SJ, Lobo NF, Chareonviriyaphap T. A semi-field evaluation in Thailand of the use of human landing catches (HLC) versus human-baited double net trap (HDN) for assessing the impact of a volatile pyrethroid spatial repellent and pyrethroid-treated clothing on Anopheles minimus landing. Malar J 2023; 22:202. [PMID: 37400831 PMCID: PMC10318828 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mosquito landing rate measured by human landing catches (HLC) is the conventional endpoint used to evaluate the impact of vector control interventions on human-vector exposure. Non-exposure based alternatives to the HLC are desirable to minimize the risk of accidental mosquito bites. One such alternative is the human-baited double net trap (HDN), but the estimated personal protection of interventions using the HDN has not been compared to the efficacy estimated using HLC. This semi-field study in Sai Yok District, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand, evaluates the performance of the HLC and the HDN for estimating the effect on Anopheles minimus landing rates of two intervention types characterized by contrasting modes of action, a volatile pyrethroid spatial repellent (VSPR) and insecticide-treated clothing (ITC). METHODS Two experiments to evaluate the protective efficacy of (1) a VPSR and (2) ITC, were performed. A block randomized cross-over design over 32 nights was carried out with both the HLC or HDN. Eight replicates per combination of collection method and intervention or control arm were conducted. For each replicate, 100 An. minimus were released and were collected for 6 h. The odds ratio (OR) of the released An. minimus mosquitoes landing in the intervention compared to the control arm was estimated using logistic regression, including collection method, treatment, and experimental day as fixed effects. RESULTS For the VPSR, the protective efficacy was similar for the two methods: 99.3%, 95% CI (99.5-99.0) when measured by HLC, and 100% (100, Inf) when measured by HDN where no mosquitoes were caught (interaction test p = 0.99). For the ITC, the protective efficacy was 70% (60-77%) measured by HLC but there was no evidence of protection when measured by HDN [4% increase (15-27%)] (interaction test p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Interactions between mosquitoes, bite prevention tools and the sampling method may impact the estimated intervention protective efficacy. Consequently, the sampling method must be considered when evaluating these interventions. The HDN is a valid alternative trapping method (relative to the HLC) for evaluating the impact of bite prevention methods that affect mosquito behaviour at a distance (e.g. VPSR), but not for interventions that operate through tarsal contact (e.g., ITC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Élodie A Vajda
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, 550 16th street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-2003, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Manop Saeung
- Kasetsart University, 50 Thanon Ngamwongwan, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Amanda Ross
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-2003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David J McIver
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, 550 16th street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, 550 16th street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-2003, Basel, Switzerland
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Tengeru, Tanzania
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, 550 16th street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Guarido MM, Fourie I, Meno K, Mendes A, Riddin MA, MacIntyre C, Manyana S, Johnson T, Schrama M, Gorsich EE, Brooke BD, Almeida APG, Venter M. Alphaviruses Detected in Mosquitoes in the North-Eastern Regions of South Africa, 2014 to 2018. Viruses 2023; 15:414. [PMID: 36851627 PMCID: PMC9965626 DOI: 10.3390/v15020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and distribution of African alphaviruses such as chikungunya have increased in recent years. Therefore, a better understanding of the local distribution of alphaviruses in vectors across the African continent is important. Here, entomological surveillance was performed from 2014 to 2018 at selected sites in north-eastern parts of South Africa where alphaviruses have been identified during outbreaks in humans and animals in the past. Mosquitoes were collected using a net, CDC-light, and BG-traps. An alphavirus genus-specific nested RT-PCR was used for screening, and positive pools were confirmed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. We collected 64,603 mosquitoes from 11 genera, of which 39,035 females were tested. Overall, 1462 mosquito pools were tested, of which 21 were positive for alphaviruses. Sindbis (61.9%, N = 13) and Middelburg (28.6%, N = 6) viruses were the most prevalent. Ndumu virus was detected in two pools (9.5%, N = 2). No chikungunya positive pools were identified. Arboviral activity was concentrated in peri-urban, rural, and conservation areas. A range of Culicidae species, including Culex univittatus, Cx. pipiens s.l., Aedes durbanensis, and the Ae. dentatus group, were identified as potential vectors. These findings confirm the active circulation and distribution of alphaviruses in regions where human or animal infections were identified in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milehna M. Guarido
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0031, South Africa
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0031, South Africa
| | - Isabel Fourie
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0031, South Africa
| | - Kgothatso Meno
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0031, South Africa
| | - Adriano Mendes
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0031, South Africa
| | - Megan A. Riddin
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0031, South Africa
- UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control (UP ISMC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0007, South Africa
| | - Caitlin MacIntyre
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0031, South Africa
| | - Sontaga Manyana
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0031, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Department of Virology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Todd Johnson
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0031, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Copperbelt University, Kitwe 21692, Zambia
| | - Maarten Schrama
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erin E. Gorsich
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Basil D. Brooke
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases/NHLS, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Antonio Paulo G. Almeida
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0031, South Africa
- Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (IHMTNOVA), Medical Parasitology Unit/GHTM, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0031, South Africa
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9
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MacIntyre C, Guarido MM, Riddin MA, Johnson T, Braack L, Schrama M, Gorsich E, Almeida APG, Venter M. Survey of West Nile and Banzi Viruses in Mosquitoes, South Africa, 2011-2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:164-169. [PMID: 36573591 PMCID: PMC9796198 DOI: 10.3201/eid2901.220036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We collected >40,000 mosquitoes from 5 provinces in South Africa during 2011-2018 and screened for zoonotic flaviviruses. We detected West Nile virus in mosquitoes from conservation and periurban sites and potential new mosquito vectors; Banzi virus was rare. Our results suggest flavivirus transmission risks are increasing in South Africa.
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Alexander J, Wilke ABB, Mantero A, Vasquez C, Petrie W, Kumar N, Beier JC. Using machine learning to understand microgeographic determinants of the Zika vector, Aedes aegypti. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265472. [PMID: 36584050 PMCID: PMC9803113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There are limited data on why the 2016 Zika outbreak in Miami-Dade County, Florida was confined to certain neighborhoods. In this research, Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of Zika virus, are studied to examine neighborhood-level differences in their population dynamics and underlying processes. Weekly mosquito data were acquired from the Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division from 2016 to 2020 from 172 traps deployed around Miami-Dade County. Using random forest, a machine learning method, predictive models of spatiotemporal dynamics of Ae. aegypti in response to meteorological conditions and neighborhood-specific socio-demographic and physical characteristics, such as land-use and land-cover type and income level, were created. The study area was divided into two groups: areas affected by local transmission of Zika during the 2016 outbreak and unaffected areas. Ae. aegypti populations in areas affected by Zika were more strongly influenced by 14- and 21-day lagged weather conditions. In the unaffected areas, mosquito populations were more strongly influenced by land-use and day-of-collection weather conditions. There are neighborhood-scale differences in Ae. aegypti population dynamics. These differences in turn influence vector-borne disease diffusion in a region. These results have implications for vector control experts to lead neighborhood-specific vector control strategies and for epidemiologists to guide vector-borne disease risk preparations, especially for containing the spread of vector-borne disease in response to ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagger Alexander
- University of Miami Department of Public Health, Miami, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - André Barretto Bruno Wilke
- Laboratory for Computational Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Mantero
- University of Miami Department of Public Health, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Chalmers Vasquez
- Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - William Petrie
- Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Naresh Kumar
- University of Miami Department of Public Health, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - John C. Beier
- University of Miami Department of Public Health, Miami, FL, United States of America
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11
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Eckert J, Oladipupo S, Wang Y, Jiang S, Patil V, McKenzie BA, Lobo NF, Zohdy S. Which trap is best? Alternatives to outdoor human landing catches for malaria vector surveillance: a meta-analysis. Malar J 2022; 21:378. [PMID: 36494724 PMCID: PMC9733232 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human landing catches (HLC) are an entomological collection technique in which humans are used as attractants to capture medically relevant host-seeking mosquitoes. The use of this method has been a topic of extensive debate for decades mainly due to ethical concerns. Many alternatives to HLC have been proposed; however, no quantitative review and meta-analysis comparing HLC to outdoor alternative trapping methods has been conducted. METHODS A total of 58 comparisons across 12 countries were identified. We conducted a meta-analysis comparing the standardized mean difference of Anopheles captured by HLC and alternative traps. To explain heterogeneity, three moderators were chosen for analysis: trap type, location of study, and species captured. A meta-regression was fit to understand how the linear combination of moderators helped in explaining heterogeneity. The possibility of biased results due to publication bias was also explored. RESULTS Random-effects meta-analysis showed no statistically significant difference in the mean difference of Anopheles collected. Moderator analysis was conducted to determine the effects of trap type, geographical location of study, and the species of Anopheles captured. On average, tent-based traps captured significantly more Anopheles than outdoor HLC (95% CI: [- .9065, - 0.0544]), alternative traps in Africa captured on average more mosquitoes than outdoor HLC (95% CI: [- 2.8750, - 0.0294]), and alternative traps overall captured significantly more Anopheles gambiae s.l. than outdoor HLC (95% CI: [- 4.4613, - 0.2473]) on average. Meta-regression showed that up to 55.77% of the total heterogeneity found can be explained by a linear combination of the three moderators and the interaction between trap type and species. Subset analysis on An. gambiae s.l. showed that light traps specifically captured on average more of this species than HLC (95% CI: [- 18.3751, - 1.0629]). Publication bias likely exists. With 59.65% of studies reporting p-values less than 0.025, we believe there is an over representation in the literature of results indicating that alternative traps are superior to outdoor HLC. CONCLUSIONS Currently, there is no consensus on a single "magic bullet" alternative to outdoor HLC. The diversity of many alternative trap comparisons restricts potential metrics for comparisons to outdoor HLC. Further standardization and specific question-driven trap evaluations that consider target vector species and the vector control landscape are needed to allow for robust meta-analyses with less heterogeneity and to develop data-driven decision-making tools for malaria vector surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Eckert
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Auburn University, 221 Parker Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Seun Oladipupo
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Yifan Wang
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Vivek Patil
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Benjamin A. McKenzie
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Geospatial Research, Analysis and Services Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Neil F. Lobo
- grid.131063.60000 0001 2168 0066Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753College of Forestry, Wildlife, and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA ,grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069US President’s Malaria Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
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12
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Kittayapong P, Kittayapong R, Ninphanomchai S, Limohpasmanee W. The MosHouse ® Trap: Evaluation of the Efficiency in Trapping Sterile Aedes aegypti Males in Semi-Field Conditions. INSECTS 2022; 13:1050. [PMID: 36421953 PMCID: PMC9693147 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Arbovirus diseases, such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, are important public health problems. Controlling the major vector, Aedes aegypti, is the only approach to suppressing these diseases. The surveillance of this mosquito species needs effective collecting methods. In this study, a simple MosHouse sticky trap was evaluated in a semi-field condition. Our results demonstrated the efficiency of this trap in collecting Ae. aegypti males, and no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the numbers of males was detected when compared with the widely used BG- Sentinel trap. However, there were significantly lower numbers of females (p < 0.05) collected using the MosHouse trap when compared to the BG-Sentinel trap. We also found a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the collected numbers between irradiated and non-irradiated males. More irradiated males were collected in the MosHouse traps. The improvement of male collection was achieved with the addition of a sugar stick and sticky flags. Significantly higher numbers of males were collected in the MosHouse trap with sticky flags compared to the original one when they were released independently of females, but both were collected in higher numbers when they were released together (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our experiments demonstrated that the MosHouse trap could sample Ae. aegypti, especially males, as efficiently as the established BG-Sentinel trap, while the cost was more than 50 times lower, showing the potential of the MosHouse trap for improved Ae. aegypti male and female surveillance with very large numbers of traps at affordable costs. In addition, significantly (p < 0.001) increased male sampling was achieved by adding an external sticky flag on the MosHouse trap, providing an avenue for further development of the novel male-trapping strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattamaporn Kittayapong
- Center of Excellence for Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University at Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Go Green Company Limited, Science Building 2, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University at Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Rungrith Kittayapong
- Go Green Company Limited, Science Building 2, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University at Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Suwannapa Ninphanomchai
- Center of Excellence for Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University at Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Wanitch Limohpasmanee
- Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand
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13
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Carvalho DO, Morreale R, Stenhouse S, Hahn DA, Gomez M, Lloyd A, Hoel D. A sterile insect technique pilot trial on Captiva Island: defining mosquito population parameters for sterile male releases using mark-release-recapture. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:402. [PMID: 36320036 PMCID: PMC9628054 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sterile insect technique (SIT), which involves area-wide inundative releases of sterile insects to suppress the reproduction of a target species, has proven to be an effective pest control method. The technique demands the continuous release of sterilized insects in quantities that ensure a high sterile male:wild male ratio for the suppression of the wild population over succeeding generations. Methods For these releases, it is important to determine several ecological and biological population parameters, including the longevity of the released males in the field, the dispersal of the released males and the wild pest population size. The Lee County Mosquito Control District initiated a study in a 47-ha portion of Captiva Island (Florida, USA), an island with a total area of 230 ha, to define biological SIT parameters for Aedes aegypti (L.), an invasive disease-vectoring mosquito known to be difficult to control due to a combination of daytime biting activity, use of cryptic breeding habitats that are difficult to target with conventional night-time ultra-low volume methods, and emerging resistance to commonly used insecticides. Another goal was to assess patterns of dispersal and survival for laboratory-reared sterile Ae. aegypti males released over time in the pilot site. These parameters will be used to evaluate the efficacy of a SIT suppression program for Ae. aegypti on Captiva Island. Results Over the course of seven mark-release-recapture studies using single- and multiple-point releases, 190,504 sterile marked males were released, for which the recapture rate was 1.5% over a mean period of 12 days. The mean distance traveled by sterile males of the local strain of Ae. aegypti that has colonized Captiva Island was 201.7 m from the release point, with an observed maximum traveled distance of 404.5 m. The released sterile mosquitoes had a probability of daily survival of 0.67 and an average life expectancy of ~ 2.46 days. Conclusions These data together with the population size estimate and sterile:wild ratio provide a solid basis for planning the SIT operational phase which is aimed at mosquito population suppression. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05512-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo O. Carvalho
- grid.420221.70000 0004 0403 8399Insect Pest Control Subprogramme, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rachel Morreale
- Lee County Mosquito Control District, 15191 Homestead Road, Lehigh Acres, FL 33971 USA
| | - Steven Stenhouse
- Lee County Mosquito Control District, 15191 Homestead Road, Lehigh Acres, FL 33971 USA
| | - Daniel A. Hahn
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Maylen Gomez
- grid.420221.70000 0004 0403 8399Insect Pest Control Subprogramme, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Aaron Lloyd
- Lee County Mosquito Control District, 15191 Homestead Road, Lehigh Acres, FL 33971 USA
| | - David Hoel
- Lee County Mosquito Control District, 15191 Homestead Road, Lehigh Acres, FL 33971 USA
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14
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Pan CY, Cheng L, Liu WL, Su MP, Ho HP, Liao CH, Chang JH, Yang YC, Hsu CC, Huang JJ, Chen CH. Comparison of Fan-Traps and Gravitraps for Aedes Mosquito Surveillance in Taiwan. Front Public Health 2022; 10:778736. [PMID: 35372249 PMCID: PMC8968103 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.778736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A key component of integrated vector management strategies is the efficient implementation of mosquito traps for surveillance and control. Numerous trap types have been created with distinct designs and capture mechanisms, but identification of the most effective trap type is critical for effective implementation. For dengue vector surveillance, previous studies have demonstrated that active traps utilizing CO2 attractant are more effective than passive traps for capturing Aedes mosquitoes. However, maintaining CO2 supply in traps is so labor intensive as to be likely unfeasible in crowded residential areas, and it is unclear how much more effective active traps lacking attractants are than purely passive traps. In this study, we analyzed Aedes capture data collected in 2019 from six urban areas in Kaohsiung City to compare Aedes mosquito catch rates between (passive) gravitraps and (active) fan-traps. The average gravitrap index (GI) and fan-trap index (FI) values were 0.68 and 3.39 respectively at peak catch times from June to August 2019, with consistently higher FI values calculated in all areas studied. We compared trap indices to reported cases of dengue fever and correlated them with weekly fluctuations in temperature and rainfall. We found that FI trends aligned more closely with case numbers and rainfall than GI values, supporting the use of fan-traps for Aedes mosquito surveillance and control as part of broader vector management strategies. Furthermore, combining fan-trap catch data with rapid testing for dengue infections may improve the early identification and prevention of future disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ying Pan
- Department of Health, Kaohsiung City Government, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Lie Cheng
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Liu
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Matthew P. Su
- Institute of Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Biological Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hui-Pin Ho
- Department of Health, Kaohsiung City Government, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hun Liao
- Department of Health, Kaohsiung City Government, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hun Chang
- Environmental Protection Bureau, Kaohsiung City Government, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Yang
- Environmental Protection Bureau, Kaohsiung City Government, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chun Hsu
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Joh-Jong Huang
- Department of Health, Kaohsiung City Government, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chun-Hong Chen
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Joh-Jong Huang
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15
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Goi J, Koinari M, Muker S, Vinit R, Pomat W, Williams DT, Karl S. Comparison of Different Mosquito Traps for Zoonotic Arbovirus Vectors in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:823-827. [PMID: 35026726 PMCID: PMC8922509 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector surveillance is important to control mosquito-borne diseases. We compared the efficacies of three mosquito-trapping devices: the CDC light trap with incandescent light (CDC_I), the CDC light trap with ultraviolet light (CDC_UV), and the Biogents-sentinel (BG) trap, to identify a suitable and cost-effective surveillance tool for key vectors of neglected zoonotic arboviral diseases in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Of 13,788 female mosquitoes, CDC_I caught 7.9%, BG caught 14.5%, and CDC_UV caught 77.6%. Culex was the most predominant genus caught in all the traps. Centers for Disease Control light trap with ultraviolet light trap captured the highest abundance, highest species richness of mosquitoes and exhibited the highest overall Culex mosquito capture rates compared with BG and CDC_l. This study represents the first assessment of trapping devices for zoonotic arbovirus vectors in PNG. We recommend the CDC _UV trap for future monitoring and surveillance of infectious arboviral vector programs in PNG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelyn Goi
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Melanie Koinari
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Australia;,Address correspondence to Melanie Koinari, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, 1/14-88 McGregor Rd., Smithfield, Queensland, Australia. E-mail:
| | - Sakur Muker
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Rebecca Vinit
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - William Pomat
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - David T. Williams
- CSIRO, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Australia
| | - Stephan Karl
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea;,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Australia
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16
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Wilke ABB, Vasquez C, Carvajal A, Moreno M, Petrie WD, Beier JC. Evaluation of the effectiveness of BG-Sentinel and CDC light traps in assessing the abundance, richness, and community composition of mosquitoes in rural and natural areas. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:51. [PMID: 35135589 PMCID: PMC8822692 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector-borne diseases are a major burden to public health. Controlling mosquitoes is considered the most effective way to prevent vector-borne disease transmission. Mosquito surveillance is a core component of integrated vector management, as surveillance programs are often the cornerstone for the development of mosquito control operations. Two traps are the most commonly used for the surveillance of adult mosquitoes: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light trap (CDC light trap) and BG-Sentinel trap (BioGents, Regensburg, Germany). However, despite the importance of the BG-Sentinel trap in surveillance programs in the United States, especially in the Southern states, its effectiveness in consistently and reliably collecting mosquitoes in rural and natural areas is still unknown. We hypothesized that BG-Sentinel and CDC light traps would be more attractive to specific mosquito species present in rural and natural areas. Therefore, our objective was to compare the relative abundance, species richness, and community composition of mosquitoes collected in natural and rural areas by BG-Sentinel and CDC light traps. METHODS Mosquitoes were collected from October 2020 to March 2021 using BG-Sentinel and CDC light traps baited with dry ice, totaling 105 trap-nights. RESULTS The BG-Sentinel traps collected 195,115 mosquitoes comprising 23 species from eight genera, and the CDC light traps collected 188,594 mosquitoes comprising 23 species from eight genera. The results from the permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and generalized estimating equation model for repeated measures indicate the BG-Sentinel and CDC light traps had similar sampling power. CONCLUSION Even though BG-Sentinel traps had a slightly better performance, the difference was not statistically significant indicating that both traps are suitable to be used in mosquito surveillance in rural and natural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- André B B Wilke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 Northwest 14th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | | | | | - Maday Moreno
- Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - John C Beier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 Northwest 14th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
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17
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Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Enayati A. Population Fluctuations and Abundance Indices of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicid), as the Potential Bridge Vectors of Pathogens to Humans and Animals in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2022; 15:207-224. [PMID: 35111859 PMCID: PMC8782748 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v15i2.7490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seasonal activity patterns of mosquitoes are essential as baseline knowledge to understand the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the monthly dynamics of the mosquito populations and their relation to meteorological factors in Mazandaran Province, north of Iran. Methods Mosquito adults and larvae were collected from 16 counties of Mazandaran Province using different sampling techniques, once a month from May to December 2014. "Index of Species Abundance" (ISA) along with "Standardized ISA" (SISA) was used for assessing the most abundant species of mosquitoes based on the explanations of Robert and Hsi. Pearson's correlation coefficient (R) was used to assess the relationships between the monthly population fluctuations and meteorological variables. Results Overall, 23750 mosquitoes belonging to four genera and nineteen species were collected and identified. The highest population density of mosquitoes was in July and the lowest in May. The ISA/SISA indices for Culex pipiens were both 1 for larvae and 1.25/0.973 for adults in total catch performed in human dwellings. For Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, the ISA/SISA were 1.68/0.938 in pit shelter method. A significant positive correlation was observed between population fluctuations of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and mean temperature (R: 0.766, P< 0.027). Conclusion The results indicated that the mosquitoes are more active in July, and Cx. pipiens and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were the most abundant species. Considering the potential of these species as vectors of numerous pathogens, control programs can be planed based on their monthly activity pattern in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmadali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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18
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Guarido MM, Motlou T, Riddin MA, MacIntyre C, Manyana SC, Johnson T, Schrama M, Gorsich EE, Brooke BD, Almeida APG, Venter M. Potential Mosquito Vectors for Shuni Virus, South Africa, 2014-2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3142-3146. [PMID: 34808093 PMCID: PMC8632193 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.203426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shuni virus is associated with neurologic and febrile illness in animals and humans. To determine potential vectors, we collected mosquitoes in South Africa and detected the virus in species of the genera Mansonia, Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles. These mosquitoes may be associated with Shuni virus outbreaks in Africa and emergence in other regions.
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19
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Jared Owiti Y. Efficacy of a simply resting box baited with crude fruit and leaf ethanol extracts of Phytolaccadodecandra (L' Herit) in capturing and killing of indoor mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) at Korando, Western Kenya. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5221-5228. [PMID: 34466100 PMCID: PMC8380997 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective capture and elimination of indoor resting mosquito population is important in the fight against mosquito borne diseases. This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of a simply resting box baited with crude fruit and leaf ethanol extracts of Phytolacca dodecandra in attracting and killing indoor mosquitoes at Korando, Western Kenya. The study was conducted in three phases: pre-intervention, intervention and post intervention. Simple resting boxes made from galvanized wire frame measuring 30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm, covered in blue and black tunic in and out and lined with carton boards were used. The boxes were baited with socks with strong human odour and 80 ml/100mls (e/w) solution of either crude ethanol fruit or leaf extracts of P. dodecandra, ethanol leaf extracts of Azadiracta indica or Deltamethrin. Deltamethrin and Azadiracta indica were used as positive and water as negative control. The treatments were applied at the intervention phase only. The boxes were left overnight in the houses and mosquitoes collected by 6.30 h. It was observed that more Culicines than Anopheline were captured irrespective of phase or treatment used. Mosquito densities reduced with phase of activity. P. dodecandra leaf extracts killed more mosquitoes than fruit or A. indica leaf extracts though the number were less than that of Deltamethrin or WHO threshold of >80% mortality. In conclusion, the simple resting boxes were effective in collecting and killing indoor mosquitoes though lethality did not matched the WHO threshold. With improved structural set up and use of pure extracts of P. dodecandra, the resting boxes can serve as effective tools for capture, elimination and management of mosquito borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugi Jared Owiti
- School of Science and Technology, University of Kabianga, P. O. Box 20230-20300, Kericho, Kenya
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Damos PT, Dorrestijn J, Thomidis T, Tuells J, Caballero P. A Temperature Conditioned Markov Chain Model for Predicting the Dynamics of Mosquito Vectors of Disease. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080725. [PMID: 34442291 PMCID: PMC8396828 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding and predicting mosquito population dynamics is crucial for gaining insight into the abundance of arthropod disease vectors and for the design of effective vector control strategies. In this work, a climate-conditioned Markov chain (CMC) model was developed and applied for the first time to predict the dynamics of vectors of important medical diseases. Temporal changes in mosquito population profiles were generated to simulate the probabilities of a high population impact. The simulated transition probabilities of the mosquito populations achieved from the trained model are very near to the observed data transitions that have been used to parameterize and validate the model. Thus, the CMC model satisfactorily describes the temporal evolution of the mosquito population process. In general, our numerical results, when temperature is considered as the driver of change, indicate that it is more likely for the population system to move into a state of high population level when the former is a state of a lower population level than the opposite. Field data on frequencies of successive mosquito population levels, which were not used for the data inferred MC modeling, were assembled to obtain an empirical intensity transition matrix and the frequencies observed. Our findings match to a certain degree the empirical results in which the probabilities follow analogous patterns while no significant differences were observed between the transition matrices of the CMC model and the validation data (ChiSq = 14.58013, df = 24, p = 0.9324451). The proposed modeling approach is a valuable eco-epidemiological study. Moreover, compared to traditional Markov chains, the benefit of the current CMC model is that it takes into account the stochastic conditional properties of ecological-related climate variables. The current modeling approach could save costs and time in establishing vector eradication programs and mosquito surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros T. Damos
- Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine, Public Health and History of Science, Faculty of Health Science, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raispeig, ALC, Spain; (J.T.); (P.C.)
- Pharmacy Department, University General Infectious Disease Hospital of Thessaloniki AHEPA, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54136 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University of Thessaloniki, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Correspondence: or
| | - Jesse Dorrestijn
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands;
| | - Thomas Thomidis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University of Thessaloniki, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - José Tuells
- Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine, Public Health and History of Science, Faculty of Health Science, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raispeig, ALC, Spain; (J.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Pablo Caballero
- Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine, Public Health and History of Science, Faculty of Health Science, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raispeig, ALC, Spain; (J.T.); (P.C.)
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21
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Guarido MM, Riddin MA, Johnson T, Braack LEO, Schrama M, Gorsich EE, Brooke BD, Almeida APG, Venter M. Aedes species (Diptera: Culicidae) ecological and host feeding patterns in the north-eastern parts of South Africa, 2014-2018. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:339. [PMID: 34174956 PMCID: PMC8235819 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of recent data and knowledge on mosquito diversity and potential vectors of arboviruses in South Africa, with most of the available data dating back to the 1950s-1970s. Aedes and Culex species are the major vectors of some of the principal arboviruses which have emerged and re-emerged in the past few decades. METHODS In this study we used entomological surveillance in selected areas in the north-eastern parts of South Africa from 2014 to 2018 to assess mosquito diversity, with special emphasis on the Aedes species. The impact of trap types and environmental conditions was also investigated. Identification of the blood meal sources of engorged females collected during the study period was carried out, and DNA barcodes were generated for selected species. RESULTS Overall, 18.5% of the total Culicidae mosquitoes collected belonged to the genus Aedes, with 14 species recognised or suspected vectors of arboviruses. Species belonging to the Neomelaniconion subgenus were commonly collected in the Bushveld savanna at conservation areas, especially Aedes mcintoshi and Aedes circumluteolus. Aedes aegypti was present in all sites, albeit in low numbers. Temperature was a limiting factor for the Aedes population, and they were almost exclusively collected at temperatures between 18 °C and 27 °C. The cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) barcode fragment was amplified for 21 Aedes species, and for nine of these species it was the first sequence information uploaded on GenBank. CONCLUSION This study provides a better understanding of the diversity and relative abundance of Aedes species in the north-east of South Africa. The information provided here will contribute to future arboviral research and implementation of efficient vector control and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Guarido
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Department Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria, Pathology Building, Prinshof Campus South, Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0031, South Africa
| | - M A Riddin
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Department Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria, Pathology Building, Prinshof Campus South, Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0031, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - T Johnson
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Department Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria, Pathology Building, Prinshof Campus South, Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0031, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - L E O Braack
- Faculty of Health Sciences, UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Malaria Consortium, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - M Schrama
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E E Gorsich
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - B D Brooke
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases/NHLS, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - A P G Almeida
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Department Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria, Pathology Building, Prinshof Campus South, Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0031, South Africa
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (IHMTNOVA), Medical Parasitology Unit/GHTM, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Department Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria, Pathology Building, Prinshof Campus South, Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0031, South Africa.
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22
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Bellekom B, Hackett TD, Lewis OT. A Network Perspective on the Vectoring of Human Disease. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:391-400. [PMID: 33419670 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Blood-sucking insects are important vectors of disease, with biting Diptera (flies) alone transmitting diseases that cause an estimated 700 000 human deaths a year. Insect vectors also bite nonhuman hosts, linking them into host-biting networks. While the major vectors of prominent diseases, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and Zika, are intensively studied, there has been limited focus on the wider interactions of biting insects with nonhuman hosts. Drawing on network analysis and visualisation approaches from food-web ecology, we discuss the value of a network perspective for understanding host-insect-disease interactions, with a focus on Diptera vectors. Potential applications include highlighting pathways of disease transmission, highlighting reservoirs of infection, and identifying emerging and previously unrecognised vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Bellekom
- Department of Zoology, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK.
| | - Talya D Hackett
- Department of Zoology, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Owen T Lewis
- Department of Zoology, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
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Schrama M, Hunting ER, Beechler BR, Guarido MM, Govender D, Nijland W, van 't Zelfde M, Venter M, van Bodegom PM, Gorsich EE. Human practices promote presence and abundance of disease-transmitting mosquito species. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13543. [PMID: 32782318 PMCID: PMC7421943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans alter the environment at unprecedented rates through habitat destruction, nutrient pollution and the application of agrochemicals. This has recently been proposed to act as a potentially significant driver of pathogen-carrying mosquito species (disease vectors) that pose a health risk to humans and livestock. Here, we use a unique set of locations along a large geographical gradient to show that landscapes disturbed by a variety of anthropogenic stressors are consistently associated with vector-dominated mosquito communities for a wide range of human and livestock infections. This strongly suggests that human alterations to the environment promote the presence and abundance of disease vectors across large spatial extents. As such, it warrants further studies aimed at unravelling mechanisms underlying vector prevalence in mosquito communities, and opens up new opportunities for preventative action and predictive modelling of vector borne disease risks in relation to degradation of natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Schrama
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Ellard R Hunting
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Brianna R Beechler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Milehna M Guarido
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Danny Govender
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Scientific Services, SANPARKS, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Wiebe Nijland
- Department of Physical Geography, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marietjie Venter
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Peter M van Bodegom
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erin E Gorsich
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Johnson T, Braack L, Guarido M, Venter M, Gouveia Almeida AP. Mosquito community composition and abundance at contrasting sites in northern South Africa, 2014-2017. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2020; 45:104-117. [PMID: 32492270 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most data on species associations and vector potential of mosquitoes in relation to arboviral infections in South Africa date back from the 1940s to late 1990s. Contextual information crucial for disease risk management and control, such as the sampling effort, diversity, abundance, and distribution of mosquitoes in large parts of South Africa still remains limited. Adult mosquitoes were collected routinely from two horse farms in Gauteng Province; two wildlife reserves in Limpopo Province, at Orpen Gate in Kruger National Park (KNP) and Mnisi Area in Mpumalanga Province between 2014-2017, using carbon dioxide-baited light and tent traps. Mosquito diversity and richness are greater in untransformed natural and mixed rural settings. In untransformed wilderness areas, the most dominant species were Culex poicilipes, Anopheles coustani, and Aedes mcintoshi, while in mixed rural settings such as the Mnisi area, the two most abundant species were Cx. poicilipes and Mansonia uniformis. However, in peri-urban areas, Cx. theileri, Cx. univittatus, and Cx. pipiens sensu lato were the most dominant. Aedes aegypti, Ae. mcintoshi, Ae. metallicus, Ae. vittatus, Cx. pipiens s.l., Cx. theileri, and Cx. univittatus had the widest geographical distribution in northern South Africa. Also collected were Anopheles arabiensis and An. vaneedeni, both known malaria vectors in South Africa. Arbovirus surveillance and vector control programs should be augmented in mixed rural and peri-urban areas where the risk for mosquito-borne disease transmission to humans and domestic stock is greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Medical Virology, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Leo Braack
- Malaria Consortium, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Milehna Guarido
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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