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Dasgupta U, Ghosh M, Chakraborty P, Park EY, Indra A, Chowdhury AD. Dual-Mode Virus Detection: Combining Electrochemical and Fluorescence Modalities for Enhanced Sensitivity and Reliability. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:4379-4388. [PMID: 38616360 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces a dual-mode biosensor specifically designed for the quantitative detection of viruses in rapid analysis. The biosensor is unique in its use of both optical (fluorescence) and electrochemical (impedance) detection methods using the same nanocomposites, providing a dual confirmation system for virus (norovirus-like particles) quantification. The system is based on using two antibody-conjugated nanocomposites: CdSeS quantum dots and Au-N,S-GQD nanocomposites. For optical detection, the principle relies on the fluorescence quenching of CdSeS by Au-N,S-GQD in a sandwich structure with the target. Conversely, electrochemical detection is based on the change in impedance caused by the formation of the same sandwich structure. The biosensor demonstrated exceptional sensitivity, capable of detecting norovirus at concentrations of as low as femtomolar in the electrochemical method and picomolar in the optical method. In the dual-responsive concentration range from 10-13 to 10-10 M, the sensor is highly sensitive in both methods, creating significant changes in fluorescence intensity and impedance in the presence of virus. Furthermore, the biosensor exhibits a high degree of specificity, with a negligible response to nontarget proteins, even within complex test solutions. This work represents a significant advancement in the field of biosensor technology, offering a fast, accurate, and reliable method for diagnosing viral infections and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddipan Dasgupta
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Kolkata, Major Arterial Road, AA II, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal 700135, India
| | - Malabika Ghosh
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Kolkata, Major Arterial Road, AA II, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal 700135, India
| | - Pampi Chakraborty
- Department of Microbiology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 5, Mahapalika Marg, Dhobi Talao, Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Area, Fort, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400001, India
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Arindam Indra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Ankan Dutta Chowdhury
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Kolkata, Major Arterial Road, AA II, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal 700135, India
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Mwanga EP, Kweyamba PA, Siria DJ, Mshani IH, Mchola IS, Makala FE, Seleman G, Abbasi S, Mwinyi SH, González-Jiménez M, Waynne K, Baldini F, Babayan SA, Okumu FO. Reagent-free detection of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infections in field-collected mosquitoes using mid-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12100. [PMID: 38802488 PMCID: PMC11130311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Field-derived metrics are critical for effective control of malaria, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where the disease kills over half a million people yearly. One key metric is entomological inoculation rate, a direct measure of transmission intensities, computed as a product of human biting rates and prevalence of Plasmodium sporozoites in mosquitoes. Unfortunately, current methods for identifying infectious mosquitoes are laborious, time-consuming, and may require expensive reagents that are not always readily available. Here, we demonstrate the first field-application of mid-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning (MIRS-ML) to swiftly and accurately detect Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in wild-caught Anopheles funestus, a major Afro-tropical malaria vector, without requiring any laboratory reagents. We collected 7178 female An. funestus from rural Tanzanian households using CDC-light traps, then desiccated and scanned their heads and thoraces using an FT-IR spectrometer. The sporozoite infections were confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), to establish references for training supervised algorithms. The XGBoost model was used to detect sporozoite-infectious specimen, accurately predicting ELISA and PCR outcomes with 92% and 93% accuracies respectively. These findings suggest that MIRS-ML can rapidly detect P. falciparum in field-collected mosquitoes, with potential for enhancing surveillance in malaria-endemic regions. The technique is both fast, scanning 60-100 mosquitoes per hour, and cost-efficient, requiring no biochemical reactions and therefore no reagents. Given its previously proven capability in monitoring key entomological indicators like mosquito age, human blood index, and identities of vector species, we conclude that MIRS-ML could constitute a low-cost multi-functional toolkit for monitoring malaria risk and evaluating interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel P Mwanga
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Prisca A Kweyamba
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Doreen J Siria
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Issa H Mshani
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Idrisa S Mchola
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Faraja E Makala
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Godian Seleman
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Said Abbasi
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Sophia H Mwinyi
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | - Klaas Waynne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Francesco Baldini
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Simon A Babayan
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
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3
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Connolly JB, Burt A, Christophides G, Diabate A, Habtewold T, Hancock PA, James AA, Kayondo JK, Lwetoijera DW, Manjurano A, McKemey AR, Santos MR, Windbichler N, Randazzo F. Considerations for first field trials of low-threshold gene drive for malaria vector control. Malar J 2024; 23:156. [PMID: 38773487 PMCID: PMC11110314 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04952-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Sustainable reductions in African malaria transmission require innovative tools for mosquito control. One proposal involves the use of low-threshold gene drive in Anopheles vector species, where a 'causal pathway' would be initiated by (i) the release of a gene drive system in target mosquito vector species, leading to (ii) its transmission to subsequent generations, (iii) its increase in frequency and spread in target mosquito populations, (iv) its simultaneous propagation of a linked genetic trait aimed at reducing vectorial capacity for Plasmodium, and (v) reduced vectorial capacity for parasites in target mosquito populations as the gene drive system reaches fixation in target mosquito populations, causing (vi) decreased malaria incidence and prevalence. Here the scope, objectives, trial design elements, and approaches to monitoring for initial field releases of such gene dive systems are considered, informed by the successful implementation of field trials of biological control agents, as well as other vector control tools, including insecticides, Wolbachia, larvicides, and attractive-toxic sugar bait systems. Specific research questions to be addressed in initial gene drive field trials are identified, and adaptive trial design is explored as a potentially constructive and flexible approach to facilitate testing of the causal pathway. A fundamental question for decision-makers for the first field trials will be whether there should be a selective focus on earlier points of the pathway, such as genetic efficacy via measurement of the increase in frequency and spread of the gene drive system in target populations, or on wider interrogation of the entire pathway including entomological and epidemiological efficacy. How and when epidemiological efficacy will eventually be assessed will be an essential consideration before decisions on any field trial protocols are finalized and implemented, regardless of whether initial field trials focus exclusively on the measurement of genetic efficacy, or on broader aspects of the causal pathway. Statistical and modelling tools are currently under active development and will inform such decisions on initial trial design, locations, and endpoints. Collectively, the considerations here advance the realization of developer ambitions for the first field trials of low-threshold gene drive for malaria vector control within the next 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Connolly
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Austin Burt
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - George Christophides
- Department of Life Sciences, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Abdoulaye Diabate
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Tibebu Habtewold
- Department of Life Sciences, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Penelope A Hancock
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony A James
- Departments of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Jonathan K Kayondo
- Entomology Department, Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Alphaxard Manjurano
- Malaria Research Unit and Laboratory Sciences, Mwanza Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Andrew R McKemey
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael R Santos
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nikolai Windbichler
- Department of Life Sciences, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Tokponnon TF, Ossè R, Yovogan B, Guidi E, Adoha CJ, Sominanhouin A, Ahouandjinou J, Sidick A, Akogbeto MC. Presence of Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles gambiae and absence in other malaria vectors in Cove-Zagnanando-Ouinhi health zone in southern Benin, West Africa. Malar J 2024; 23:20. [PMID: 38225627 PMCID: PMC10790420 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Benin. The present study aims to evaluate the different Plasmodium species transmitted by malaria vectors in the communes of Cove, Zagnanado and Ouinhi, Southern Benin. METHODS The study was conducted between December 2021 and October 2022 in 60 villages spread over the three study communes. Adult mosquitoes were collected from four houses in each village using human landing catches (HLCs). After morphological identification, a subsample of Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus and Anopheles nili was analysed by PCR to test for their infection to the different Plasmodium species. RESULTS Anopheles gambiae was collected at higher frequency in all the three study communes, representing 93.5% (95% CI 92.9-94) of all collected mosquitoes (n = 10,465). In total, five molecular species were found, An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles coluzzii of the Gambiae complex, An. funestus and Anopheles leesoni of the Funestus group, and An. nili s.s., the sole species of the Nili group. From the five molecular species, four (An. gambiae s.s., An. coluzzii, An. funestus s.s. and An. nili s.s.) were found to be infected. Plasmodium falciparum was the main Plasmodium species in the study area, followed by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale. Only An. gambiae s.s. was infected with all three Plasmodium species, while An. coluzzii was infected with two species, P. falciparum and P. vivax. CONCLUSIONS Plasmodium falciparum was the only species tested for in malaria vectors in Benin, and remains the only one against which most control tools are directed. It is, therefore, necessary that particular attention be paid to secondary Plasmodium species for an efficient control of the disease. The presence of P. vivax emphasizes the need for an update of case management for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatchémè Filémon Tokponnon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin.
- Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey Calavi, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Razaki Ossè
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin
- Ecole de Gestion et d'Exploitation des Systèmes d'Elevage, Université Nationale d'Agriculture, Ketou, Benin
| | - Boulais Yovogan
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Ella Guidi
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin
- Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey Calavi, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Constantin J Adoha
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - André Sominanhouin
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Juvenal Ahouandjinou
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Aboubakar Sidick
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Martin C Akogbeto
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin
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Emiru T, Getachew D, Murphy M, Sedda L, Ejigu LA, Bulto MG, Byrne I, Demisse M, Abdo M, Chali W, Elliott A, Vickers EN, Aranda-Díaz A, Alemayehu L, Behaksera SW, Jebessa G, Dinka H, Tsegaye T, Teka H, Chibsa S, Mumba P, Girma S, Hwang J, Yoshimizu M, Sutcliffe A, Taffese HS, Bayissa GA, Zohdy S, Tongren JE, Drakeley C, Greenhouse B, Bousema T, Tadesse FG. Evidence for a role of Anopheles stephensi in the spread of drug- and diagnosis-resistant malaria in Africa. Nat Med 2023; 29:3203-3211. [PMID: 37884028 PMCID: PMC10719088 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles stephensi, an Asian malaria vector, continues to expand across Africa. The vector is now firmly established in urban settings in the Horn of Africa. Its presence in areas where malaria resurged suggested a possible role in causing malaria outbreaks. Here, using a prospective case-control design, we investigated the role of An. stephensi in transmission following a malaria outbreak in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia in April-July 2022. Screening contacts of patients with malaria and febrile controls revealed spatial clustering of Plasmodium falciparum infections around patients with malaria in strong association with the presence of An. stephensi in the household vicinity. Plasmodium sporozoites were detected in these mosquitoes. This outbreak involved clonal propagation of parasites with molecular signatures of artemisinin and diagnostic resistance. To our knowledge, this study provides the strongest evidence so far for a role of An. stephensi in driving an urban malaria outbreak in Africa, highlighting the major public health threat posed by this fast-spreading mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadele Emiru
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Maxwell Murphy
- EPPIcenter program, Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Luigi Sedda
- Lancaster Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | | | - Isabel Byrne
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Melat Abdo
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wakweya Chali
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Aaron Elliott
- EPPIcenter program, Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Neubauer Vickers
- EPPIcenter program, Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrés Aranda-Díaz
- EPPIcenter program, Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lina Alemayehu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Gutema Jebessa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hunduma Dinka
- Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Tizita Tsegaye
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hiwot Teka
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, USAID, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sheleme Chibsa
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, USAID, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Peter Mumba
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, USAID, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Samuel Girma
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, USAID, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jimee Hwang
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Alice Sutcliffe
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah Zohdy
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jon Eric Tongren
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chris Drakeley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- EPPIcenter program, Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Aschale Y, Getachew A, Yewhalaw D, De Cristofaro A, Sciarretta A, Atenafu G. Systematic review of sporozoite infection rate of Anopheles mosquitoes in Ethiopia, 2001-2021. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:437. [PMID: 38008761 PMCID: PMC10680292 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles are important vectors of Plasmodium parasites, causative agents of malaria. The aim of this review was to synthesize the overall and species-specific proportion of Anopheles species infected with sporozoites and their geographical distribution in the last 2 decades (2001-2021). METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted using databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, African Journals OnLine) and manual Google search between January 1 and February 15, 2022. Original articles describing work conducted in Ethiopia, published in English and reporting infection status, were included in the review. All the required data were extracted using a standardized data extraction form, imported to SPSS-24, and analyzed accordingly. The quality of each original study was assessed using a quality assessment tool adapted from the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist. This study was registered on PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; registration no. CRD42022299078). RESULTS A search for published articles produced a total of 3086 articles, of which 34 met the inclusion criteria. Data on mosquito surveillance revealed that a total of 129,410 anophelines comprising 25 species were captured, of which 48,365 comprising 21 species were tested for sporozoites. Anopheles arabiensis was the dominant species followed by An. pharoensis and An. coustani complex. The overall proportion infected with sporozoites over 21 years was 0.87%. Individual proportions included Anopheles arabiensis (1.09), An. pharoensis (0.79), An. coustani complex (0.13), An. funestus (2.71), An. demeilloni (0.31), An. stephensi (0.70), and An. cinereus (0.73). Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites accounted 79.2% of Plasmodium species. Mixed infection of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum was only reported from one An. arabiensis sample. CONCLUSIONS Anopheles arebiensis was the dominant malaria vector over the years, with the highest sporozoite infection proportion of 2.85% and an average of 0.90% over the years. Other species contributing to malaria transmission in the area were An. pharoensis, An. coustani complex, An. funestus, An. stephensi, and An. coustani. The emergence of new vector species, in particular An. stephensi, is particularly concerning and should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
| | - Aklilu Getachew
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Antonio De Cristofaro
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Molise, Italy
| | - Andrea Sciarretta
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Molise, Italy
| | - Getnet Atenafu
- Department of Biology, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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7
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Tondossama N, Virgillito C, Coulibaly ZI, Pichler V, Dia I, della Torre A, Touré AO, Adja AM, Caputo B. A High Proportion of Malaria Vector Biting and Resting Indoors despite Extensive LLIN Coverage in Côte d'Ivoire. INSECTS 2023; 14:758. [PMID: 37754726 PMCID: PMC10532360 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is still a leading cause mortality in Côte d'Ivoire despite extensive LLINs coverage. We present the results of an entomological survey conducted in a coastal and in an inland village with the aim to estimate Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) female's abundance indoor/outdoor and Plasmodium falciparum infection rate and analyze the occurrence of blood-feeding in relation to LLINs use. Pyrethrum spray (PSC) and window exit traps (WT) collections were carried out to target endophagic/endophilic and endophagic/exophilic females, respectively. Data on LLINs use in sampled houses were collected. (1) high levels of malaria transmission despite LLINs coverage >70% (~1 An. gambiae s.l. predicted mean/person/night and ~5% Plasmodium falciparum infection rate); (2) 46% of females in the PSC sample were blood-fed, suggesting that they fed on an unprotected host inside the house; (3) 81% of females in WT were unfed, suggesting that they were leaving the house to find an available host. Model estimates that if everyone sleeps under LLINs the probability for a mosquito to bite decreases of 48% and 95% in the coastal and inland village, respectively. The results show a high proportion of mosquito biting and resting indoors despite extensive LLINs. The biological/epidemiological determinants of accounting for these results merit deeper investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naminata Tondossama
- Entomology and Herpetology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan 01 PB 490, Côte d’Ivoire; (N.T.); (Z.I.C.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny Cocody, Abidjan 01 BP V34, Côte d’Ivoire;
| | - Chiara Virgillito
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.V.)
| | - Zanakoungo Ibrahima Coulibaly
- Entomology and Herpetology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan 01 PB 490, Côte d’Ivoire; (N.T.); (Z.I.C.)
| | - Verena Pichler
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.V.)
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal;
| | - Alessandra della Torre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.V.)
| | - Andre Offianan Touré
- Unité de Paludologie, Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan 01 PB 490, Côte d’Ivoire;
| | - Akré Maurice Adja
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny Cocody, Abidjan 01 BP V34, Côte d’Ivoire;
- Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké 01 BP 1500, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Beniamino Caputo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.V.)
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Koffi AA, Camara S, Ahoua Alou LP, Oumbouke WA, Wolie RZ, Tia IZ, Sternberg ED, Yapo FHA, Koffi FM, Assi SB, Cook J, Thomas MB, N'Guessan R. Anopheles vector distribution and malaria transmission dynamics in Gbêkê region, central Côte d'Ivoire. Malar J 2023; 22:192. [PMID: 37349819 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A better understanding of vector distribution and malaria transmission dynamics at a local scale is essential for implementing and evaluating effectiveness of vector control strategies. Through the data gathered in the framework of a cluster randomized controlled trial (CRT) evaluating the In2Care (Wageningen, Netherlands) Eave Tubes strategy, the distribution of the Anopheles vector, their biting behaviour and malaria transmission dynamics were investigated in Gbêkê region, central Côte d'Ivoire. METHODS From May 2017 to April 2019, adult mosquitoes were collected monthly using human landing catches (HLC) in twenty villages in Gbêkê region. Mosquito species wereidentified morphologically. Monthly entomological inoculation rates (EIR) were estimated by combining the HLC data with mosquito sporozoite infection rates measured in a subset of Anopheles vectors using PCR. Finally, biting rate and EIR fluctuations were fit to local rainfall data to investigate the seasonal determinants of mosquito abundance and malaria transmission in this region. RESULTS Overall, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus, and Anopheles nili were the three vector complexes found infected in the Gbêkê region, but there was a variation in Anopheles vector composition between villages. Anopheles gambiae was the predominant malaria vector responsible for 84.8% of Plasmodium parasite transmission in the area. An unprotected individual living in Gbêkê region received an average of 260 [222-298], 43.5 [35.8-51.29] and 3.02 [1.96-4] infected bites per year from An. gambiae, An. funestus and An. nili, respectively. Vector abundance and malaria transmission dynamics varied significantly between seasons and the highest biting rate and EIRs occurred in the months of heavy rainfall. However, mosquitoes infected with malaria parasites remained present in the dry season, despite the low density of mosquito populations. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the intensity of malaria transmission is extremely high in Gbêkê region, especially during the rainy season. The study highlights the risk factors of transmission that could negatively impact current interventions that target indoor control, as well as the urgent need for additional vector control tools to target the population of malaria vectors in Gbêkê region and reduce the burden of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphonsine A Koffi
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR)/Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre (VCPEC), Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR)/INSP, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Soromane Camara
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR)/Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre (VCPEC), Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR)/INSP, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Ludovic P Ahoua Alou
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR)/Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre (VCPEC), Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR)/INSP, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Welbeck A Oumbouke
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre (VCPEC), Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR)/INSP, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
- Innovative Vector Control Consortium, IVCC, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rosine Z Wolie
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre (VCPEC), Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR)/INSP, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
- Unité de Recherche et de Pédagogie de Génétique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Innocent Z Tia
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre (VCPEC), Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR)/INSP, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
- Centre d'Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Allassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Florent H A Yapo
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre (VCPEC), Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR)/INSP, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Fernand M Koffi
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre (VCPEC), Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR)/INSP, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Serge B Assi
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR)/Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jackie Cook
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Matthew B Thomas
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Raphael N'Guessan
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR)/Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre (VCPEC), Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR)/INSP, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Perugini E, Guelbeogo WM, Guglielmo F, Poggi C, Gabrieli E, Ranson H, Della Torre A, Pombi M. The interplay between malaria vectors and human activity accounts for high residual malaria transmission in a Burkina Faso village with universal ITN coverage. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:101. [PMID: 36922855 PMCID: PMC10015820 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito and human behaviour interaction is a key determinant of the maximum level of protection against malaria that can be provided by insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Nevertheless, scant literature focuses on this interaction, overlooking a fundamental factor for efficient malaria control. This study aims to estimate malaria transmission risk in a Burkina Faso village by integrating vector biting rhythms with some key information about human habits. METHODS Indoor/outdoor human landing catches were conducted for 16 h (16:00-08:00) during 8 nights (September 2020) in Goden village. A survey about net usage and sleeping patterns was submitted to half the households (October-December 2020). A subsample of collected specimens of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato was molecularly processed for species identification, Plasmodium detection from heads-thoraxes and L1014F pyrethroid-resistance allele genotyping. Hourly mosquito abundance was statistically assessed by GLM/GAM, and the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was corrected for the actual ITN usage retrieved from the questionnaire. RESULTS Malaria transmission was mainly driven by Anopheles coluzzii (68.7%) followed by A. arabiensis (26.2%). The overall sporozoite rate was 2% with L1014F estimated frequency of 0.68 (N = 1070 out of 15,201 A. gambiae s.l. collected). No major shift in mosquito biting rhythms in response to ITN or differences between indoor and outdoor catches were detected. Impressive high biting pressure (mean 30.3 mosquitoes/person/hour) was exerted from 20:00 to 06:00 with a peak at 4:00. Human survey revealed that nearly all inhabitants were awake before 20:00 and after 7:00 and at least 8.7% had no access to bednets. Adjusting for anthropological data, the EIR dropped from 6.7 to 1.2 infective bites/person/16 h. In a scenario of full net coverage and accounting only for the human sleeping patterns, the daily malaria transmission risk not targetable by ITNs was 0.69 infective bites. CONCLUSIONS The high mosquito densities and interplay between human/vector activities means that an estimated 10% of residual malaria transmission cannot be prevented by ITNs in the village. Locally tailored studies, like the current one, are essential to explore the heterogeneity of human exposure to infective bites and, consequently, to instruct the adoption of new vector control tools strengthening individual and community protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Perugini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Wamdaogo M Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Federica Guglielmo
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cristiana Poggi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gabrieli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Marco Pombi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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10
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Bouraima A, Djènontin A, Dossou Y, Houessou L, Soares C, Anato M, Zinsou BE, Dechavanne C, Clain J, Massougbodji A, Cottrell G. Measuring entomological parameters before implementing a study on asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium falciparum in the Zè District in southern Benin. Malar J 2023; 22:24. [PMID: 36670482 PMCID: PMC9862539 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to estimate malaria transmission and insecticide resistance status in malaria vectors in Adjrako village from Zè District in Southern Benin. The present study was carried out prior to investigations on infectivity of blood from asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium falciparum to malaria vector mosquitoes. METHODS Human landing collections (HLCs) were performed in Adjrako village during the rainy season (September-November 2021). In this village, host-seeking mosquitoes were collected during three nights per survey from 22:00 to 06:00 in six randomly selected houses. Malaria vectors were dissected in orders to determinate their parity. Plasmodium falciparum infection in malaria vectors was determined by qPCR and the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was calculated. The World Health Organization (WHO) insecticide susceptibility test-kits were used to evaluate the susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) to deltamethrin at 0.05% and bendiocarb at 0.1%. RESULTS A total of 3260 females of mosquitoes belonging to 4 genera (Anopheles, Culex, Aedes and Mansonia) were collected. Most of the mosquitoes collected were An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.). The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) for the three collection months was 8.7 infective bites per person and the parity rate was 84%. Mortality rates of An. gambiae s.l. exposed to 0.05% deltamethrin and 0.1% bendiocarb were 18% and 96%, respectively, indicating that this vector population was resistant to deltamethrin and possibly resistant to bendiocarb in the study area. CONCLUSION This study showed that malaria transmission is effective in the study area and that An. gambiae s.l. is the main malaria vector. The entomological parameters indicate this study area is potentially favourable for investigations on P. falciparum asymptomatic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Bouraima
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Centre de Recherche Pour La Lutte Contre Les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales (CReMIT), Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), BP 526, Cotonou, Bénin ,grid.473220.0Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Armel Djènontin
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Centre de Recherche Pour La Lutte Contre Les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales (CReMIT), Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), BP 526, Cotonou, Bénin ,grid.473220.0Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Yannelle Dossou
- Institut de Recherche Clinique du Bénin (IRCB), 04 BP 1114, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Lenucthadius Houessou
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Centre de Recherche Pour La Lutte Contre Les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales (CReMIT), Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), BP 526, Cotonou, Bénin ,grid.473220.0Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Christophe Soares
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Centre de Recherche Pour La Lutte Contre Les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales (CReMIT), Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), BP 526, Cotonou, Bénin ,grid.473220.0Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Montchédé Anato
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Centre de Recherche Pour La Lutte Contre Les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales (CReMIT), Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), BP 526, Cotonou, Bénin ,grid.473220.0Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Boris-Enock Zinsou
- Institut de Recherche Clinique du Bénin (IRCB), 04 BP 1114, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Célia Dechavanne
- grid.464031.40000 0004 0508 7272Université Paris Cité, IRD, MERIT, 75006 Paris, France ,Centre d’Etude Et de Recherche Sur Les Pathologies Associées À La Grossesse Et À L’Enfance (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Jerome Clain
- grid.464031.40000 0004 0508 7272Université Paris Cité, IRD, MERIT, 75006 Paris, France ,Centre d’Etude Et de Recherche Sur Les Pathologies Associées À La Grossesse Et À L’Enfance (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Bénin
| | | | - Gilles Cottrell
- grid.464031.40000 0004 0508 7272Université Paris Cité, IRD, MERIT, 75006 Paris, France ,Centre d’Etude Et de Recherche Sur Les Pathologies Associées À La Grossesse Et À L’Enfance (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Bénin
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11
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He P, Chen Z, He Y, Chen J, Hayat K, Pan J, Lin H. A reliable and low-cost deep learning model integrating convolutional neural network and transformer structure for fine-grained classification of chicken Eimeria species. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102459. [PMID: 36682127 PMCID: PMC9876957 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken coccidiosis is a disease caused by Eimeria spp. and costs the broiler industry more than 14 billion dollars per year globally. Different chicken Eimeria species vary significantly in pathogenicity and virulence, so the classification of different chicken Eimeria species is of great significance for the epidemiological survey and related prevention and control. The microscopic morphological examination for their classification was widely used in clinical applications, but it is a time-consuming task and needs expertise. To increase the classification efficiency and accuracy, a novel model integrating transformer and convolutional neural network (CNN), named Residual-Transformer-Fine-Grained (ResTFG), was proposed and evaluated for fine-grained classification of microscopic images of seven chicken Eimeria species. The results showed that ResTFG achieved the best performance with high accuracy and low cost compared with traditional models. Specifically, the parameters, inference speed and overall accuracy of ResTFG are 1.95M, 256 FPS and 96.9%, respectively, which are 10.9 times lighter, 1.5 times faster and 2.7% higher in accuracy than the benchmark model. In addition, ResTFG showed better performance on the classification of the more virulent species. The results of ablation experiments showed that CNN or Transformer alone had model accuracies of only 89.8% and 87.0%, which proved that the improved performance of ResTFG was benefit from the complementary effect of CNN's local feature extraction and transformer's global receptive field. This study invented a reliable, low-cost, and promising deep learning model for the automatic fine-grain classification of chicken Eimeria species, which could potentially be embedded in microscopic devices to improve the work efficiency of researchers and extended to other parasite ova, and applied to other agricultural tasks as a backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengguang He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China,Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China,Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhonghao Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China,Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China,Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yefan He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China,Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China,Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jintian Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China,Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China,Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Khawar Hayat
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China,Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China,Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinming Pan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China,Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China,Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongjian Lin
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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12
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Katusi GC, Hermy MRG, Makayula SM, Ignell R, Govella NJ, Hill SR, Mnyone LL. Seasonal variation in abundance and blood meal sources of primary and secondary malaria vectors within Kilombero Valley, Southern Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:479. [PMID: 36539892 PMCID: PMC9768911 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05586-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing control tools have significantly reduced malaria over the past two decades. However, progress has been stalled due to increased resistance in primary vectors and the increasing role of secondary vectors. This study aimed to investigate the impact of seasonal change on primary and secondary vector abundance and host preference. Understanding the impact of seasonal dynamics of primary and secondary vectors on disease transmission will inform effective strategies for vector management and control. METHODS Vector abundance was measured through longitudinal collection of mosquitoes, conducted monthly during the wet and dry seasons, in Sagamaganga, a village in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. Mosquitoes were collected indoors using CDC light traps and backpack aspirators, and outdoors using resting buckets baited with cattle urine. In addition, a direct measure of host preference was taken monthly using human- and cattle-baited mosquito electrocuting traps. A host census was conducted to provide an indirect measure of host preference together with monthly blood meal source analysis. All collected mosquitoes were assayed for Plasmodium sporozoites. RESULTS A total of 2828 anophelines were collected, of which 78.5% and 21.4%, were primary and secondary vectors, respectively. The abundance of the primary vectors, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus, and of the secondary vectors varied seasonally. Indirect measures of host preference indicated that all vectors varied blood meal choice seasonally, with the direct measure confirming this for An. arabiensis. All anopheline mosquitoes tested negative for sporozoites. CONCLUSIONS At the study location, the abundance of both primary and secondary vectors changed seasonally. Indirect and direct measures of host preference demonstrated that An. arabiensis varied from being zoophilic to being more opportunistic during the wet and dry seasons. A similar trend was observed for the other vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey C. Katusi
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, Ifakara, P.O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania ,grid.11887.370000 0000 9428 8105Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Marie R. G. Hermy
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Disease Vector Group, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Samwely M. Makayula
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, Ifakara, P.O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Rickard Ignell
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Disease Vector Group, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Nicodem J. Govella
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, Ifakara, P.O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania ,grid.451346.10000 0004 0468 1595School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Sharon R. Hill
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Disease Vector Group, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Ladslaus L. Mnyone
- grid.11887.370000 0000 9428 8105Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3110, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Sukkanon C, Masangkay FR, Mala W, Kotepui KU, Wilairatana P, Chareonviriyaphap T, Kotepui M. Prevalence of Plasmodium spp. in Anopheles mosquitoes in Thailand: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:285. [PMID: 35933389 PMCID: PMC9357324 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) is one of the key indices used to evaluate malaria transmission and vector control interventions. One of the components of the EIR is the sporozoite rate in Anopheles vectors. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to identify the prevalence of Plasmodium spp. in field-collected Anopheles species across Thailand. Methods This systematic review was registered under the PROSPERO number CRD42021297255. Studies that focused on the identification of Plasmodium spp. in Anopheles mosquitoes were identified from the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The quality of the identified studies was determined using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology approach. The proportion of Anopheles mosquitoes collected, Anopheles vectors for Plasmodium species, and specificity of Anopheles vectors for Plasmodium species were analyzed. The pooled prevalence of Plasmodium species among the primary vectors (Anopheles dirus, Anopheles minimus, and Anopheles maculatus) was estimated using the random-effects model. Results Of the 1113 studies identified, 31 were included in the syntheses. Of the 100,910 Anopheles mosquitoes identified for species and sibling species, An. minimus (40.16%), An. maculatus (16.59%), and Anopheles epiroticus (9.18%) were the most prevalent Anopheles species. Of the 123,286 Anopheles mosquitoes identified, 566 (0.46%) were positive for Plasmodium species. The highest proportions of Plasmodium species were identified in Anopheles hodgkini (2/6, 33.3%), Anopheles nigerrimus (2/24, 8.33%), Anopheles balabacensis (4/84, 4.76%), An. dirus (114/4956, 2.3%), Anopheles annularis (16/852, 1.88%), Anopheles kochi (8/519, 1.54%), Anopheles vagus (3/215, 1.4%), and Anopheles baimaii (1/86, 1.16%). The pooled prevalence of Plasmodium species identified in the main Anopheles vectors was 0.4% of that of Plasmodium species identified in An. dirus was 2.1%, that of Plasmodium species identified in An. minimus was 0.4%, and that of Plasmodium species identified in An. maculatus was 0.4%. Conclusions We found a low prevalence of Plasmodium infection in Anopheles mosquitoes across Thailand. Therefore, the use of EIR to determine the impact of vector control intervention on malaria parasite transmission and elimination in Thailand must be undertaken with caution, as a large number of Anopheles specimens may be required. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05397-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutipong Sukkanon
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | | | - Wanida Mala
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Royal Society of Thailand, Sanam Suea Pa, Dusit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
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Methodological issues on evaluating agreement between two detection methods by Cohen's kappa analysis. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:270. [PMID: 35906628 PMCID: PMC9338630 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We read with great interest the article by Hendershot et al. (Parasit Vectors 14:473, 2021). The authors compared a PCR method for detecting Plasmodium vivax’s mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome oxidase I (COX-I) gene with the current “gold standard” circumsporozoite (CSP) ELISA for detecting circumsporozoite protein for identification of different life stages of Plasmodium vivax during development within Anopheles arabiensis. We found that Cohen’s kappa value for measuring the agreement between mt COX-I PCR and CSP ELISA was questionable. In addition, we recommend a more appropriate statistical method in this article. In short, any scientific conclusion requires support by the reasonable application of methodological and statistical methods.
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Boussougou-Sambe ST, Woldearegai TG, Doumba-Ndalembouly AG, Ngossanga B, Mba RB, Edoa JR, Zinsou JF, Honkpehedji YJ, Ngoa UA, Dejon-Agobé JC, Borrmann S, Kremsner PG, Mordmüller B, Adegnika AA. Assessment of malaria transmission intensity and insecticide resistance mechanisms in three rural areas of the Moyen Ogooué Province of Gabon. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:217. [PMID: 35725630 PMCID: PMC9208124 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vector control is considered to be the most successful component of malaria prevention programs and a major contributor to the reduction of malaria incidence over the last two decades. However, the success of this strategy is threatened by the development of resistance to insecticides and behavioural adaptations of vectors. The aim of this study was to monitor malaria transmission and the distribution of insecticide resistance genes in Anopheles populations from three rural areas of the Moyen Ogooué Province of Gabon. Methods Anopheles spp. were collected using human landing catches in Bindo, Nombakélé and Zilé, three villages located in the surroundings of Lambaréné, during both the rainy and dry seasons. Mosquitoes were identified morphologically, and DNA was extracted from heads and thoraces. Members of the Anopheles gambiae complex were identified by molecular methods using the PCR SINE200 protocol and by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 region. Taqman assays were used to determine Plasmodium infection and the presence of resistance alleles. Results Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (97.7%), An. moucheti (1.7%) and An. coustani (0.6%) were the three groups of species collected. Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (98.5%) and An. coluzzii (1.5%) were the only species of the An. gambiae complex present in the collection. Of the 1235 Anopheles collected, 1193 were collected during the rainy season; these exhibited an exophagic behaviour, and consistently more mosquitoes were collected outdoor than indoor in the three study areas. Of the 1166 Anopheles screened, 26 (2.2%) were infected with Plasmodium species, specifically Plasmodium falciparum (66.7%), P. malariae (15.4%), P. ovale curtisi (11.5%) and P. ovale wallikeri (3.8%). Malaria transmission intensity was high in Zilé, with an average annual entomological inoculation rate (aEIR) of 243 infective bites per year, while aEIRs in Bindo and Nombakélé were 80.2 and 17 infective bites per year, respectively. Both the L1014F and L1014S mutations were present at frequencies > 95% but no Ace1G119S mutation was found. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that malaria transmission intensity is heterogeneous in these three rural areas of Moyen Ogooué Province, with areas of high transmission, such as Zilé. The exophagic behaviour of the mosquitoes as well as the high frequency of resistance mutations are serious challenges that need to be addressed by the deployment of control measures adapted to the local setting. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05320-9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamirat Gebru Woldearegai
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Romuald Beh Mba
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | | | - Jeannot Fréjus Zinsou
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yabo Josiane Honkpehedji
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Fondation pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Benin
| | | | - Jean Claude Dejon-Agobé
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center (UMC), 6524 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ayôla A Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Fondation pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Benin
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Escobar D, Archaga O, Reyes A, Palma A, Larson RT, Vásquez GM, Fontecha G. A Follow-Up to the Geographical Distribution of Anopheles Species in Malaria-Endemic and Non-Endemic Areas of Honduras. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13060548. [PMID: 35735885 PMCID: PMC9225189 DOI: 10.3390/insects13060548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Malaria is a tropical disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium. The parasite is transmitted to humans through the bite of the female mosquito Anopheles. Honduras is close to the goal of eliminating malaria, but the region called La Moskitia continues to concentrate almost all of the country’s malaria cases. One of the key factors in achieving malaria elimination is a thorough understanding of the mosquito vectors that transmit the disease. There are few studies related to malaria vectors in Honduras. This study aims to contribute to knowing which are the species of vector mosquitoes, mainly in the Department of Gracias a Dios and in other departments in which cases of malaria occur, in addition to describing molecularly for the first time the anophelines of the Bay Islands. The most abundant species found here were Anopheles albimanus, but seven other species were also identified, some of which may contribute to parasite transmission. Abstract Anopheles species are the vectors of malaria, one of the diseases with the greatest impact on the health of the inhabitants of the tropics. Due to their epidemiological relevance and biological complexity, monitoring of anopheline populations in current and former malaria-endemic areas is critical for malaria risk assessment. Recent efforts have described the anopheline species present in the main malaria foci in Honduras. This study updates and expands knowledge about Anopheles species composition, geographical distribution, and genetic diversity in the continental territory of Honduras as in the Bay Islands. Outdoor insect collections were carried out at 25 sites in eight municipalities in five departments of Honduras between 2018 and 2021. Specimens were identified using taxonomic keys. Partial COI gene sequences were used for molecular species identification and phylogenetic analyses. In addition, detection of Plasmodium DNA was carried out in 255 female mosquitoes. Overall, 288 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from 8 municipalities. Eight species were morphologically identified. Anopheles albimanus was the most abundant and widely distributed species (79.5%). A subset of 175 partial COI gene sequences from 8 species was obtained. Taxonomic identifications were confirmed via sequence analysis. Anopheles albimanus and An. apicimacula showed the highest haplotype diversity and nucleotide variation, respectively. Phylogenetic clustering was found for An. argyritarsis and An. neomaculipalpus when compared with mosquitoes from other Neotropical countries. Plasmodium DNA was not detected in any of the mosquitoes tested. This report builds upon recent records of the distribution and diversity of Anopheles species in malaria-endemic and non-endemic areas of Honduras. New COI sequences are reported for three anopheline species. This is also the first report of COI sequences of An. albimanus collected on the island of Roatán with apparent gene flow relative to mainland populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Escobar
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (D.E.); (O.A.)
| | - Osman Archaga
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (D.E.); (O.A.)
| | - Allan Reyes
- Unidad de Entomología, Región Sanitaria de Gracias a Dios, Secretaría de Salud de Honduras, Puerto Lempira, Gracias a Dios 33101, Honduras;
| | - Adalid Palma
- Vysnova Partners, Inc., Landover, MD 20785, USA;
| | - Ryan T. Larson
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Bellavista 07006, Peru; (R.T.L.); (G.M.V.)
| | - Gissella M. Vásquez
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Bellavista 07006, Peru; (R.T.L.); (G.M.V.)
| | - Gustavo Fontecha
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (D.E.); (O.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +504-33935443
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