1
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Huynh DT, Nolfi E, Medfai L, van Ulsen P, Jong WSP, Sijts AJAM, Luirink J. Intranasal delivery of Salmonella OMVs decorated with Chlamydia trachomatis antigens induces specific local and systemic immune responses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2330768. [PMID: 38517203 PMCID: PMC10962599 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2330768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen responsible for the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted disease globally. The high prevalence of chlamydial infections underscores the urgent need for licensed and effective vaccines to prevent transmission in populations. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have emerged as promising mucosal vaccine carriers due to their inherent adjuvant properties and the ability to display heterologous antigens. In this proof-of-concept study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of Salmonella OMVs decorated with C. trachomatis MOMP-derived CTH522 or HtrA antigens in mice. Following a prime-boost intranasal vaccination approach, two OMV-based C. trachomatis vaccines elicited significant humoral responses specific to the antigens in both systemic and vaginal compartments. Furthermore, we demonstrated strong antigen-specific IFN-γ and IL17a responses in splenocytes and cervical lymph node cells of vaccinated mice, indicating CD4+ Th1 and Th17 biased immune responses. Notably, the OMV-CTH522 vaccine also induced the production of spleen-derived CD8+ T cells expressing IFN-γ. In conclusion, these results highlight the potential of OMV-based C. trachomatis vaccines for successful use in future challenge studies and demonstrate the suitability of our modular OMV platform for intranasal vaccine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung T. Huynh
- R&D department, Abera Bioscience AB, Uppsala, Sweden
- Group of Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuele Nolfi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lobna Medfai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van Ulsen
- Group of Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alice J. A. M. Sijts
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joen Luirink
- R&D department, Abera Bioscience AB, Uppsala, Sweden
- Group of Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Wang Y, Han W, Wang N, Han M, Ban M, Dai J, Dong Y, Sun T, Xu J. The role of microbiota in the development and treatment of gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1224669. [PMID: 37841431 PMCID: PMC10572359 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1224669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The stomach was once considered a sterile organ until the discovery of Helicobacter pylori (HP). With the application of high-throughput sequencing technology and macrogenomics, researchers have identified fungi and fivemajor bacterial phyla within the stomachs of healthy individuals. These microbial communities exert regulatory influence over various physiological functions, including energy metabolism and immune responses. HP is a well-recognized risk factor for gastric cancer, significantly altering the stomach's native microecology. Currently, numerous studies are centered on the mechanisms by which HP contributes to gastric cancer development, primarily involving the CagA oncoprotein. However, aside from exogenous infections such as HP and EBV, certain endogenous dysbiosis can also lead to gastric cancer through multiple mechanisms. Additionally, gut microbiota and its metabolites significantly impact the development of gastric cancer. The role of microbial therapies, including diet, phages, probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation, in treating gastric cancer should not be underestimated. This review aims to study the mechanisms involved in the roles of exogenous pathogen infection and endogenous microbiota dysbiosis in the development of gastric cancer. Also, we describe the application of microbiota therapy in the treatment and prognosis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wang
- Department of Breast Medicine 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenjie Han
- Department of Breast Medicine 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Breast Medicine 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengzhen Han
- Department of Breast Medicine 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Meng Ban
- Department of Bioinformatics, Kanghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Jianying Dai
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuesheng Dong
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Breast Medicine 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Oncology Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Breast Cancer Research, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Junnan Xu
- Department of Breast Medicine 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Oncology Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Breast Cancer Research, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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3
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Sharafutdinov I, Tegtmeyer N, Linz B, Rohde M, Vieth M, Tay ACY, Lamichhane B, Tuan VP, Fauzia KA, Sticht H, Yamaoka Y, Marshall BJ, Backert S. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in Helicobacter pylori promotes gastric cancer development. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1345-1358.e6. [PMID: 37490912 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in various human genes are key factors in carcinogenesis. However, whether SNPs in bacterial pathogens are similarly crucial in cancer development is unknown. Here, we analyzed 1,043 genomes of the stomach pathogen Helicobacter pylori and pinpointed a SNP in the serine protease HtrA (position serine/leucine 171) that significantly correlates with gastric cancer. Our functional studies reveal that the 171S-to-171L mutation triggers HtrA trimer formation and enhances proteolytic activity and cleavage of epithelial junction proteins occludin and tumor-suppressor E-cadherin. 171L-type HtrA, but not 171S-HtrA-possessing H. pylori, inflicts severe epithelial damage, enhances injection of oncoprotein CagA into epithelial cells, increases NF-κB-mediated inflammation and cell proliferation through nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, and promotes host DNA double-strand breaks, collectively triggering malignant changes. These findings highlight the 171S/L HtrA mutation as a unique bacterial cancer-associated SNP and as a potential biomarker for risk predictions in H. pylori infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Sharafutdinov
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bodo Linz
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Vieth
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Klinikum Bayreuth, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alfred Chin-Yen Tay
- Helicobacter Research Laboratory, Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
| | - Binit Lamichhane
- Helicobacter Research Laboratory, Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
| | - Vo Phuoc Tuan
- Department of Endoscopy, Choray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam; Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Kartika Afrida Fauzia
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan; Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Barry J Marshall
- Helicobacter Research Laboratory, Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia; University of Western Australia, Marshall Centre, M504, Crawley, WA, Australia; Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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4
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Yamaoka Y, Saruuljavkhlan B, Alfaray RI, Linz B. Pathogenomics of Helicobacter pylori. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:117-155. [PMID: 38231217 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The human stomach bacterium Helicobacter pylori, the causative agent of gastritis, ulcers and adenocarcinoma, possesses very high genetic diversity. H. pylori has been associated with anatomically modern humans since their origins over 100,000 years ago and has co-evolved with its human host ever since. Predominantly intrafamilial and local transmission, along with genetic isolation, genetic drift, and selection have facilitated the development of distinct bacterial populations that are characteristic for large geographical areas. H. pylori utilizes a large arsenal of virulence and colonization factors to mediate the interaction with its host. Those include various adhesins, the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA, urease, serine protease HtrA, the cytotoxin-associated genes pathogenicity island (cagPAI)-encoded type-IV secretion system and its effector protein CagA, all of which contribute to disease development. While many pathogenicity-related factors are present in all strains, some belong to the auxiliary genome and are associated with specific phylogeographic populations. H. pylori is naturally competent for DNA uptake and recombination, and its genome evolution is driven by extraordinarily high recombination and mutation rates that are by far exceeding those in other bacteria. Comparative genome analyses revealed that adaptation of H. pylori to individual hosts is associated with strong selection for particular protein variants that facilitate immune evasion, especially in surface-exposed and in secreted virulence factors. Recent studies identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in H. pylori that are associated with the development of severe gastric disease, including gastric cancer. Here, we review the current knowledge about the pathogenomics of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu Oita, 879-5593, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Batsaikhan Saruuljavkhlan
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Ricky Indra Alfaray
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu Oita, 879-5593, Japan
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60286, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Bodo Linz
- Division of Microbiology, Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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5
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Sharafutdinov I, Ekici A, Vieth M, Backert S, Linz B. Early and late genome-wide gastric epithelial transcriptome response during infection with the human carcinogen Helicobacterpylori. CELL INSIGHT 2022; 1:100032. [PMID: 37193047 PMCID: PMC10120309 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2022.100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Infection of the stomach by Helicobacter pylori is a major risk factor for the development of gastric cancer. Colonization of the gastric epithelium leads to the activation of multiple disease-related signaling pathways. Serine protease HtrA represents an important secreted virulence factor that mediates cleavage of cellular junctions. However, its potential role in nuclear responses is unknown. Here, we performed a genome-wide RNA-seq analysis of polarized gastric epithelial cells infected by wild-type (wt) and ΔhtrA mutant bacteria. Fluorescence microscopy showed that H. pylori wt, but not ΔhtrA bacteria, preferably localized at cellular junctions. Our results pinpointed early (2 h) and late (6 h) transcriptional responses, with most differentially expressed genes at 6 h post infection. The transcriptomes revealed HtrA-dependent targeting of genes associated with inflammation and apoptosis (e.g. IL8, ZFP36, TNF). Accordingly, infection with the ΔhtrA mutant induced increased apoptosis rates in host cells, which was associated with reduced H. pylori CagA expression. In contrast, transcription of various carcinogenesis-associated genes (e.g. DKK1, DOCK8) was affected by H. pylori independent of HtrA. These findings suggest that H. pylori disturbs previously unknown molecular pathways in an HtrA-dependent and HtrA-independent manner, and provide valuable new insights of this significant pathogen in humans and thus potential targets for better controlling the risk of malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Sharafutdinov
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 10, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Vieth
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Klinikum Bayreuth, Preuschwitzer Str 101, D-95445, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bodo Linz
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Bernegger S, Hutterer E, Zarzecka U, Schmidt TP, Huemer M, Widlroither I, Posselt G, Skorko-Glonek J, Wessler S. E-Cadherin Orthologues as Substrates for the Serine Protease High Temperature Requirement A (HtrA). Biomolecules 2022; 12:356. [PMID: 35327548 PMCID: PMC8945801 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) expresses the serine protease and chaperone High temperature requirement A (HtrA) that is involved in periplasmic unfolded protein stress response. Additionally, H. pylori-secreted HtrA directly cleaves the human cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin leading to a local disruption of intercellular adhesions during pathogenesis. HtrA-mediated E-cadherin cleavage has been observed in response to a broad range of pathogens, implying that it is a prevalent mechanism in humans. However, less is known whether E-cadherin orthologues serve as substrates for bacterial HtrA. Here, we compared HtrA-mediated cleavage of human E-cadherin with murine, canine, and simian E-cadherin in vitro and during bacterial infection. We found that HtrA targeted mouse and dog E-cadherin equally well, whereas macaque E-cadherin was less fragmented in vitro. We stably re-expressed orthologous E-cadherin (Cdh1) in a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated cdh1 knockout cell line to investigate E-cadherin shedding upon infection using H. pylori wildtype, an isogenic htrA deletion mutant, or complemented mutants as bacterial paradigms. In Western blot analyses and super-resolution microscopy, we demonstrated that H. pylori efficiently cleaved E-cadherin orthologues in an HtrA-dependent manner. These data extend previous knowledge to HtrA-mediated E-cadherin release in mammals, which may shed new light on bacterial infections in non-human organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Bernegger
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Division of Microbial Infection and Cancer, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.B.); (E.H.); (T.P.S.); (M.H.); (I.W.); (G.P.)
| | - Evelyn Hutterer
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Division of Microbial Infection and Cancer, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.B.); (E.H.); (T.P.S.); (M.H.); (I.W.); (G.P.)
| | - Urszula Zarzecka
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (U.Z.); (J.S.-G.)
| | - Thomas P. Schmidt
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Division of Microbial Infection and Cancer, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.B.); (E.H.); (T.P.S.); (M.H.); (I.W.); (G.P.)
| | - Markus Huemer
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Division of Microbial Infection and Cancer, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.B.); (E.H.); (T.P.S.); (M.H.); (I.W.); (G.P.)
| | - Isabella Widlroither
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Division of Microbial Infection and Cancer, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.B.); (E.H.); (T.P.S.); (M.H.); (I.W.); (G.P.)
| | - Gernot Posselt
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Division of Microbial Infection and Cancer, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.B.); (E.H.); (T.P.S.); (M.H.); (I.W.); (G.P.)
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (U.Z.); (J.S.-G.)
| | - Silja Wessler
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Division of Microbial Infection and Cancer, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.B.); (E.H.); (T.P.S.); (M.H.); (I.W.); (G.P.)
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg and Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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7
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An Introduction to Bacterial Biofilms and Their Proteases, and Their Roles in Host Infection and Immune Evasion. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020306. [PMID: 35204806 PMCID: PMC8869686 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms represent multicellular communities embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances, conveying increased resistance against environmental stress factors but also antibiotics. They are shaped by secreted enzymes such as proteases, which can aid pathogenicity by degrading host proteins of the connective tissue or the immune system. Importantly, both secreted proteases and the capability of biofilm formation are considered key virulence factors. In this review, we focus on the basic aspects of proteolysis and protein secretion, and highlight various secreted bacterial proteases involved in biofilm establishment and dispersal, and how they aid bacteria in immune evasion by degrading immunoglobulins and components of the complement system. Thus, secreted proteases represent not only prominent antimicrobial targets but also enzymes that can be used for dedicated applications in biotechnology and biomedicine, including their use as laundry detergents, in mass spectrometry for the glycoprofiling of antibodies, and the desensitization of donor organs intended for positive crossmatch patients.
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8
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Prashar A, Capurro MI, Jones NL. Under the Radar: Strategies Used by Helicobacter pylori to Evade Host Responses. Annu Rev Physiol 2021; 84:485-506. [PMID: 34672717 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-061121-035930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The body depends on its physical barriers and innate and adaptive immune responses to defend against the constant assault of potentially harmful microbes. In turn, successful pathogens have evolved unique mechanisms to adapt to the host environment and manipulate host defenses. Helicobacter pylori (Hp), a human gastric pathogen that is acquired in childhood and persists throughout life, is an example of a bacterium that is very successful at remodeling the host-pathogen interface to promote a long-term persistent infection. Using a combination of secreted virulence factors, immune subversion, and manipulation of cellular mechanisms, Hp can colonize and persist in the hostile environment of the human stomach. Here, we review the most recent and relevant information regarding how this successful pathogen overcomes gastric epithelial host defense responses to facilitate its own survival and establish a chronic infection. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 84 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Prashar
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Mariana I Capurro
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Nicola L Jones
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; .,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Paediatrics and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Kriaa A, Jablaoui A, Rhimi S, Soussou S, Mkaouar H, Mariaule V, Gruba N, Gargouri A, Maguin E, Lesner A, Rhimi M. SP-1, a Serine Protease from the Gut Microbiota, Influences Colitis and Drives Intestinal Dysbiosis in Mice. Cells 2021; 10:2658. [PMID: 34685638 PMCID: PMC8534766 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased protease activity has been linked to the pathogenesis of IBD. While most studies have been focusing on host proteases in gut inflammation, it remains unclear how to address the potential contribution of their bacterial counterparts. In the present study, we report a functional characterization of a newly identified serine protease, SP-1, from the human gut microbiota. The serine protease repertoire of gut Clostridium was first explored, and the specificity of SP-1 was analyzed using a combinatorial chemistry method. Combining in vitro analyses and a mouse model of colitis, we show that oral administration of recombinant bacteria secreting SP-1 (i) compromises the epithelial barrier, (ii) alters the microbial community, and (ii) exacerbates colitis. These findings suggest that gut microbial protease activity may constitute a valuable contributor to IBD and could, therefore, represent a promising target for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Kriaa
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Amin Jablaoui
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Soufien Rhimi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Souha Soussou
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Héla Mkaouar
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Vincent Mariaule
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Natalia Gruba
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Uniwersytet Gdanski, Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63, PL80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (N.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Ali Gargouri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology of Eukaryotes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax Bp ‘1177’ 3018, Tunisia;
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Uniwersytet Gdanski, Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63, PL80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (N.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Moez Rhimi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute-UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (A.K.); (A.J.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (H.M.); (V.M.); (E.M.)
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Munoz-Pinto MF, Empadinhas N, Cardoso SM. The neuromicrobiology of Parkinson's disease: A unifying theory. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101396. [PMID: 34171417 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence confirms that PD is indeed a multifactorial disease with different aetiologies and prodromal symptomatology that likely depend on the initial trigger. New players with important roles as triggers, facilitators and aggravators of the PD neurodegenerative process have re-emerged in the last few years, the microbes. Having evolved in association with humans for ages, microbes and their products are now seen as fundamental regulators of human physiology with disturbances in their balance being increasingly accepted to have a relevant impact on the progression of disease in general and on PD in particular. In this review, we comprehensively address early studies that have directly or indirectly linked bacteria or other infectious agents to the onset and progression of PD, from the earliest suspects to the most recent culprits, the gut microbiota. The quest for effective treatments to arrest PD progression must inevitably address the different interactions between microbiota and human cells, and naturally consider the gut-brain axis. The comprehensive characterization of such mechanisms will help design innovative bacteriotherapeutic approaches to selectively shape the gut microbiota profile ultimately to halt PD progression. The present review describes our current understanding of the role of microorganisms and their endosymbiotic relatives, the mitochondria, in inducing, facilitating, or aggravating PD pathogenesis.
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Knorr J, Sharafutdinov I, Fiedler F, Soltan Esmaeili D, Rohde M, Rottner K, Backert S, Tegtmeyer N. Cortactin Is Required for Efficient FAK, Src and Abl Tyrosine Kinase Activation and Phosphorylation of Helicobacter pylori CagA. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116045. [PMID: 34205064 PMCID: PMC8199859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortactin is a well-known regulatory protein of the host actin cytoskeleton and represents an attractive target of microbial pathogens like Helicobacter pylori. H. pylori manipulates cortactin's phosphorylation status by type-IV secretion-dependent injection of its virulence protein CagA. Multiple host tyrosine kinases, like FAK, Src, and Abl, are activated during infection, but the pathway(s) involved is (are) not yet fully established. Among them, Src and Abl target CagA and stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of the latter at its EPIYA-motifs. To investigate the role of cortactin in more detail, we generated a CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of cortactin in AGS gastric epithelial cells. Surprisingly, we found that FAK, Src, and Abl kinase activities were dramatically downregulated associated with widely diminished CagA phosphorylation in cortactin knockout cells compared to the parental control. Together, we report here a yet unrecognized cortactin-dependent signaling pathway involving FAK, Src, and Abl activation, and controlling efficient phosphorylation of injected CagA during infection. Thus, the cortactin status could serve as a potential new biomarker of gastric cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Knorr
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (I.S.); (F.F.); (D.S.E.); (S.B.)
| | - Irshad Sharafutdinov
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (I.S.); (F.F.); (D.S.E.); (S.B.)
| | - Florian Fiedler
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (I.S.); (F.F.); (D.S.E.); (S.B.)
| | - Delara Soltan Esmaeili
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (I.S.); (F.F.); (D.S.E.); (S.B.)
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (I.S.); (F.F.); (D.S.E.); (S.B.)
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (I.S.); (F.F.); (D.S.E.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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HtrA family proteases of bacterial pathogens: pros and cons for their therapeutic use. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:559-564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Baj J, Forma A, Sitarz M, Portincasa P, Garruti G, Krasowska D, Maciejewski R. Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors-Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity in the Gastric Microenvironment. Cells 2020; 10:E27. [PMID: 33375694 PMCID: PMC7824444 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer constitutes one of the most prevalent malignancies in both sexes; it is currently the fourth major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The pathogenesis of gastric cancer is associated with the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, among which infection by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is of major importance. The invasion, survival, colonization, and stimulation of further inflammation within the gastric mucosa are possible due to several evasive mechanisms induced by the virulence factors that are expressed by the bacterium. The knowledge concerning the mechanisms of H. pylori pathogenicity is crucial to ameliorate eradication strategies preventing the possible induction of carcinogenesis. This review highlights the current state of knowledge and the most recent findings regarding H. pylori virulence factors and their relationship with gastric premalignant lesions and further carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Alicja Forma
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Sitarz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “Augusto Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Danuta Krasowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Paediatric Dermatology of Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
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Zarzecka U, Matkowska D, Backert S, Skorko-Glonek J. Importance of two PDZ domains for the proteolytic and chaperone activities of Helicobacter pylori serine protease HtrA. Cell Microbiol 2020; 23:e13299. [PMID: 33277762 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Helicobacter pylori HtrA protein (HtrAHp ) is an important virulence factor involved in the infection process by proteolysis of components of the tight (claudin-8 and occludin) and adherens junctions (E-cadherin) between epithelial cells. As a protease and chaperone, HtrAHp is involved in protein quality control, which is particularly important under stress conditions. HtrAHp contains a protease domain and two C-terminal PDZ domains (PDZ1 and PDZ2). In the HtrA protein family, the PDZ domains are proposed to play important roles, including regulation of proteolytic activity. We therefore mutated the PDZ1 and PDZ2 domains in HtrAHp and studied the maintenance of proteolytic activity, assembly and rearrangement of the corresponding oligomeric forms. Our in vitro experiments demonstrated that at least PDZ1 is important for efficient substrate cleavage, while both PDZ domains are dispensable for the chaperone-like activity. However, in living H. pylori cells, only the mutant containing at least PDZ1, but not PDZ2, ensured bacterial growth under stressful conditions. Moreover, we can demonstrate that PDZ1 is crucial for HtrAHp oligomerization. Interestingly, all truncated proteolytically active HtrAHp variants were functional in the in vitro infection assay and caused damage to the E-cadherin-based adherens junctions. These findings provide valuable new insights into the function of HtrAHp in an important pathogen of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Zarzecka
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dorota Matkowska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Sharafutdinov I, Esmaeili DS, Harrer A, Tegtmeyer N, Sticht H, Backert S. Campylobacter jejuni Serine Protease HtrA Cleaves the Tight Junction Component Claudin-8. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:590186. [PMID: 33364202 PMCID: PMC7752809 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.590186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni express the high temperature requirement protein A (HtrA), a secreted serine protease, which is implicated in virulence properties of the pathogen. Previous studies have shown that C. jejuni HtrA can cleave the epithelial transmembrane proteins occludin and E-cadherin in the tight and adherens junctions, respectively. In the present report, we studied the interaction of HtrA with another human tight junction protein, claudin-8. Confocal immunofluorescence experiments have shown that C. jejuni infection of the intestinal polarized epithelial cells in vitro leads to a relocation of claudin-8. Wild-type C. jejuni induced the downregulation of claudin-8 signals in the tight junctions and an accumulation of claudin-8 agglomerates in the cytoplasm, which were not seen during infection with isogenic ΔhtrA knockout deletion or protease-inactive S197A point mutants. Western blotting of protein samples from infected vs. uninfected cells revealed that an 18-kDa carboxy-terminal fragment is cleaved-off from the 26-kDa full-length claudin-8 protein, but not during infection with the isogenic ΔhtrA mutant. These results were confirmed by in vitro cleavage assays using the purified recombinant C. jejuni HtrA and human claudin-8 proteins. Recombinant HtrA cleaved purified claudin-8 in vitro giving rise to the same 18-kDa sized carboxy-terminal cleavage product. Mapping studies revealed that HtrA cleavage occurs in the first extracellular loop of claudin-8. Three-dimensional modeling of the claudin-8 structure identified an exposed HtrA cleavage site between the amino acids alanine 58 and asparagine 59, which is in well agreement with the mapping studies. Taken together, HtrA operates as a secreted virulence factor targeting multiple proteins both in the tight and adherens junctions. This strategy may help the bacteria to open the cell-to-cell junctions, and to transmigrate across the intestinal epithelium by a paracellular mechanism and establish an acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Sharafutdinov
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Delara Soltan Esmaeili
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aileen Harrer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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In Silico Structural and Functional Characterization of HtrA Proteins of Leptospira spp.: Possible Implications in Pathogenesis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5040179. [PMID: 33260771 PMCID: PMC7709667 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5040179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by the pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The identification of conserved outer membrane proteins among pathogenic strains is a major research target in elucidating mechanisms of pathogenicity. Surface-exposed proteins are most probably the ones involved in the interaction of leptospires with the environment. Some spirochetes use outer membrane proteases as a way to penetrate host tissues. HtrA is a family of proteins found in various cell types, from prokaryotes to primates. They are a set of proteases usually composed of a serine protease and PDZ domains, and they are generally transported to the periplasm. Here, we identified four genes—annotated as HtrA, LIC11111, LIC20143, LIC20144 and LIC11037—and another one annotated as a serine protease, LIC11112. It is believed that the last forms a functional heterodimer with LIC11111, since they are organized in one operon. Our analyses showed that these proteins are highly conserved among pathogenic strains. LIC11112, LIC20143, and LIC11037 have the serine protease domain with the conserved catalytic triad His-Asp-Ser. This is the first bioinformatics analysis of HtrA proteins from Leptospira that suggests their proteolytic activity potential. Experimental studies are warranted to elucidate this possibility.
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17
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Zheng M, Sun S, Zhou J, Liu M. Virulence factors impair epithelial junctions during bacterial infection. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 35:e23627. [PMID: 33070380 PMCID: PMC7891540 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are typically connected through different types of cell junctions that are localized from the apical membrane to the basal surface. In this way, epithelium cells form the first barrier against pathogenic microorganisms and prevent their entry into internal organs and the circulatory system. Recent studies demonstrate that bacterial pathogens disrupt epithelial cell junctions through targeting junctional proteins by secreted virulence factors. In this review, we discuss the diverse strategies used by common bacterial pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Helicobacter pylori, and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, to disrupt epithelial cell junctions during infection. We also discuss the potential of targeting the pathogenic mechanisms in the treatment of pathogen-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxi Zheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuang Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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18
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Kriaa A, Jablaoui A, Mkaouar H, Akermi N, Maguin E, Rhimi M. Serine proteases at the cutting edge of IBD: Focus on gastrointestinal inflammation. FASEB J 2020; 34:7270-7282. [PMID: 32307770 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000031rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases have been long recognized to coordinate many physiological processes and play key roles in regulating the inflammatory response. Accordingly, their dysregulation has been regularly associated with several inflammatory disorders and suggested as a central mechanism in the pathophysiology of digestive inflammation. So far, studies addressing the proteolytic homeostasis in the gut have mainly focused on host serine proteases as candidates of interest, while largely ignoring the potential contribution of their bacterial counterparts. The human gut microbiota comprises a complex ecosystem that contributes to host health and disease. Yet, our understanding of microbially produced serine proteases and investigation of whether they are causally linked to IBD is still in its infancy. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the emerging roles of host and bacterial serine proteases in digestive inflammation. We also discuss the application of available tools in the gut to monitor disease-related serine proteases. An exhaustive representation and understanding of such functional potential would help in closing existing gaps in mechanistic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Kriaa
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Amin Jablaoui
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Héla Mkaouar
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nizar Akermi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Moez Rhimi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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19
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Simson D, Boehm M, Backert S. HtrA-dependent adherence and invasion of Campylobacter jejuni in human vs avian cells. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 70:326-330. [PMID: 31981418 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether HtrA is responsible for differences in adherence and invasion of Campylobacter jejuni towards human and chicken cell lines. Gentamicin protection assays were performed with either human Caco-2 or chicken 2G4 cells using C. jejuni strain NCTC11168 to compare the adhesion and invasion rates towards these two cell types. The results revealed significant differences in the adhesion and invasion rates between the human and avian cells. Deletion of the Campylobacter htrA gene, coding for the dual function of serine protease and chaperonin with a role in pathogenesis, led to a reduction of the rates in both cell lines. Using a single-amino acid substitution mutant (ΔhtrA/htrAS197A ) that lacked protease activity, but retained chaperonin activity, we show that the first is involved in the invasion of human Caco-2 and chicken 2G4 cells, whereas the latter mutant invaded at lower levels. Adherence towards the chicken cells is higher than towards Caco-2 cells and this is also dependent on HtrA. Together, these data suggest that the proteolytic activity of HtrA is involved in the difference in host response of C. jejuni towards human and chicken-derived cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Campylobacter jejuni is the main cause for bacterial foodborne enterocolitis worldwide. While colonization of the human intestine can lead to severe problems, avian hosts - as the major source of infection - remain unaffected by the bacteria. We showed that the bacterial serine protease and chaperonin HtrA are involved in adhesion and invasion in both species and not responsible for the discrepancy of virulence between the different hosts. In future, HtrA might act as a target for inhibitors to avoid or eradicate colonization in chickens as a less problematic alternative to antibiotics in commercial livestock breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Simson
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen/Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Boehm
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen/Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen/Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Sharafutdinov I, Backert S, Tegtmeyer N. Cortactin: A Major Cellular Target of the Gastric Carcinogen Helicobacter pylori. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E159. [PMID: 31936446 PMCID: PMC7017262 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortactin is an actin binding protein and actin nucleation promoting factor regulating cytoskeletal rearrangements in nearly all eukaryotic cell types. From this perspective, cortactin poses an attractive target for pathogens to manipulate a given host cell to their own benefit. One of the pathogens following this strategy is Helicobacter pylori, which can cause a variety of gastric diseases and has been shown to be the major risk factor for the onset of gastric cancer. During infection of gastric epithelial cells, H. pylori hijacks the cellular kinase signaling pathways, leading to the disruption of key cell functions. Specifically, by overruling the phosphorylation status of cortactin, H. pylori alternates the activity of molecular interaction partners of this important protein, thereby manipulating the performance of actin-cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell movement. In addition, H. pylori utilizes a unique mechanism to activate focal adhesion kinase, which subsequently prevents host epithelial cells from extensive lifting from the extracellular matrix in order to achieve chronic infection in the human stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; (I.S.); (S.B.)
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Zarzecka U, Harrer A, Zawilak-Pawlik A, Skorko-Glonek J, Backert S. Chaperone activity of serine protease HtrA of Helicobacter pylori as a crucial survival factor under stress conditions. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:161. [PMID: 31796064 PMCID: PMC6892219 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine protease HtrA exhibits both proteolytic and chaperone activities, which are involved in cellular protein quality control. Moreover, HtrA is an important virulence factor in many pathogens including Helicobacter pylori, for which the crucial stage of infection is the cleavage of E-cadherin and other cell-to-cell junction proteins. METHODS The in vitro study of H. pylori HtrA (HtrAHp) chaperone activity was carried out using light scattering assays and investigation of lysozyme protein aggregates. We produced H. pylori ∆htrA deletion and HtrAHp point mutants without proteolytic activity in strain N6 and investigated the survival of the bacteria under thermal, osmotic, acidic and general stress conditions as well as the presence of puromycin or metronidazole using serial dilution tests and disk diffusion method. The levels of cellular and secreted proteins were examined using biochemical fraction and Western blotting. We also studied the proteolytic activity of secreted HtrAHp using zymography and the enzymatic digestion of β-casein. Finally, the consequences of E-cadherin cleavage were determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS We demonstrate that HtrAHp displays chaperone activity that inhibits the aggregation of lysozyme and is stable under various pH and temperature conditions. Next, we could show that N6 expressing only HtrA chaperone activity grow well under thermal, pH and osmotic stress conditions, and in the presence of puromycin or metronidazole. In contrast, in the absence of the entire htrA gene the bacterium was more sensitive to a number of stresses. Analysing the level of cellular and secreted proteins, we noted that H. pylori lacking the proteolytic activity of HtrA display reduced levels of secreted HtrA. Moreover, we compared the amounts of secreted HtrA from several clinical H. pylori strains and digestion of β-casein. We also demonstrated a significant effect of the HtrAHp variants during infection of human epithelial cells and for E-cadherin cleavage. CONCLUSION Here we identified the chaperone activity of the HtrAHp protein and have proven that this activity is important and sufficient for the survival of H. pylori under multiple stress conditions. We also pinpointed the importance of HtrAHp chaperone activity for E- cadherin degradation and therefore for the virulence of this eminent pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Zarzecka
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aileen Harrer
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Zawilak-Pawlik
- Department of Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Isaeva GS. Pangenomic studies of Helicobacter pylori: a key to understanding pathogenesis and human history. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.19.02564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ansari S, Yamaoka Y. Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors Exploiting Gastric Colonization and its Pathogenicity. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E677. [PMID: 31752394 PMCID: PMC6891454 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric epithelial cells of at least half of the world's population, and it is the strongest risk factor for developing gastric complications like chronic gastritis, ulcer diseases, and gastric cancer. To successfully colonize and establish a persistent infection, the bacteria must overcome harsh gastric conditions. H. pylori has a well-developed mechanism by which it can survive in a very acidic niche. Despite bacterial factors, gastric environmental factors and host genetic constituents together play a co-operative role for gastric pathogenicity. The virulence factors include bacterial colonization factors BabA, SabA, OipA, and HopQ, and the virulence factors necessary for gastric pathogenicity include the effector proteins like CagA, VacA, HtrA, and the outer membrane vesicles. Bacterial factors are considered more important. Here, we summarize the recent information to better understand several bacterial virulence factors and their role in the pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshul Ansari
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur 44200, Chitwan, Nepal;
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
- Global Oita Medical Advanced Research Center for Health, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabaru, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
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Establishment of serine protease htrA mutants in Helicobacter pylori is associated with secA mutations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11794. [PMID: 31409845 PMCID: PMC6692382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. The serine protease HtrA, an important secreted virulence factor, disrupts the gastric epithelium, which enables H. pylori to transmigrate across the epithelium and inject the oncogenic CagA protein into host cells. The function of periplasmic HtrA for the H. pylori cell is unknown, mainly due to unavailability of the htrA mutants. In fact, htrA has been described as an essential gene in this bacterium. We have screened 100 worldwide H. pylori isolates and show that only in the N6 strain it was possible to delete htrA or mutate the htrA gene to produce proteolytically inactive HtrA. We have sequenced the wild-type and mutant chromosomes and we found that inactivation of htrA is associated with mutations in SecA – a component of the Sec translocon apparatus used to translocate proteins from the cytoplasm into the periplasm. The cooperation of SecA and HtrA has been already suggested in Streptococcus pneumonia, in which these two proteins co-localize. Hence, our results pinpointing a potential functional relationship between HtrA and the Sec translocon in H. pylori possibly indicate for the more general mechanism responsible to maintain bacterial periplasmic homeostasis.
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Zarzecka U, Modrak-Wójcik A, Figaj D, Apanowicz M, Lesner A, Bzowska A, Lipinska B, Zawilak-Pawlik A, Backert S, Skorko-Glonek J. Properties of the HtrA Protease From Bacterium Helicobacter pylori Whose Activity Is Indispensable for Growth Under Stress Conditions. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:961. [PMID: 31130939 PMCID: PMC6509562 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The protease high temperature requirement A from the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori (HtrAHp) belongs to the well conserved family of serine proteases. HtrAHp is an important secreted virulence factor involved in the disruption of tight and adherens junctions during infection. Very little is known about the function of HtrAHp in the H. pylori cell physiology due to the lack of htrA knockout strains. Here, using a newly constructed ΔhtrA mutant strain, we found that bacteria deprived of HtrAHp showed increased sensitivity to certain types of stress, including elevated temperature, pH and osmotic shock, as well as treatment with puromycin. These data indicate that HtrAHp plays a protective role in the H. pylori cell, presumably associated with maintenance of important periplasmic and outer membrane proteins. Purified HtrAHp was shown to be very tolerant to a wide range of temperature and pH values. Remarkably, the protein exhibited a very high thermal stability with the melting point (Tm) values of above 85°C. Moreover, HtrAHp showed the capability to regain its active structure following treatment under denaturing conditions. Taken together, our work demonstrates that HtrAHp is well adapted to operate under harsh conditions as an exported virulence factor, but also inside the bacterial cell as an important component of the protein quality control system in the stressed cellular envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Zarzecka
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Modrak-Wójcik
- Division of Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Donata Figaj
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Apanowicz
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Lesner
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bzowska
- Division of Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Lipinska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Zawilak-Pawlik
- Department of Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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26
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Neddermann M, Backert S. How many protein molecules are secreted by single
Helicobacter pylori
cells: Quantification of serine protease HtrA. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13022. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Neddermann
- Department of Biology, Division of MicrobiologyFriedrich Alexander University Erlangen Erlangen Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of MicrobiologyFriedrich Alexander University Erlangen Erlangen Germany
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Tegtmeyer N, Harrer A, Schmitt V, Singer BB, Backert S. Expression of CEACAM1 or CEACAM5 in AZ-521 cells restores the type IV secretion deficiency for translocation of CagA byHelicobacter pylori. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12965. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology; Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen; Erlangen Germany
| | - Aileen Harrer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology; Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen; Erlangen Germany
| | - Verena Schmitt
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Bernhard B. Singer
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology; Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen; Erlangen Germany
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28
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Abstract
In this review, we highlight progress in the last year in characterizing known virulence factors like flagella and the Cag type IV secretion system with sophisticated structural and biochemical approaches to yield new insight on the assembly and functions of these critical virulence determinants. Several aspects of Helicobacter pylori physiology were newly explored this year and evaluated for their functions during stomach colonization, including a fascinating role for the essential protease HtrA in allowing access of H. pylori to the basolateral side of the gastric epithelium through cleavage of the tight junction protein E-cadherin to facilitate CagA delivery. Molecular biology tools standard in model bacteria, including regulated gene expression during animal infection and fluorescent reporter gene fusions, were newly applied to H. pylori to explore functions for urease beyond initial colonization and establish high salt consumption as a mediator of gene expression changes. New sequencing technologies enabled validation of long postulated roles for DNA methylation in regulating H. pylori gene expression. On the cell biology side, elegant work using lineage tracing in the murine model and organoid primary cell culture systems has provided new insights into how H. pylori manipulates gastric tissue functions, locally and at a distance, to promote its survival in the stomach and induce pathologic changes. Finally, new work has bolstered the case for genomic variation as an important mechanism to generate phenotypic diversity during changing environmental conditions in the context of diet manipulation in animal infection models and during human experimental infection after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langgeng Agung Waskito
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University, Yufu-City, Oita, Japan.,Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nina R Salama
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University, Yufu-City, Oita, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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29
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Boehm M, Simson D, Escher U, Schmidt AM, Bereswill S, Tegtmeyer N, Backert S, Heimesaat MM. Function of Serine Protease HtrA in the Lifecycle of the Foodborne Pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2018; 8:70-77. [PMID: 30345086 PMCID: PMC6186014 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2018.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major food-borne zoonotic pathogen, responsible for a large proportion of bacterial gastroenteritis cases, as well as Guillian-Barré and Miller-Fisher syndromes. During infection, tissue damage is mainly caused by bacteria invading epithelial cells and traversing the intestinal barrier. C. jejuni is able to enter the lamina propria and the bloodstream and may move into other organs, such as spleen, liver, or mesenteric lymph nodes. However, the involved molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. C. jejuni can transmigrate effectively across polarized intestinal epithelial cells mainly by the paracellular route using the serine protease high-temperature requirement A (HtrA). However, it appears that HtrA has a dual function, as it also acts as a chaperone, interacting with denatured or misfolded periplasmic proteins under stress conditions. Here, we review recent progress on the role of HtrA in C. jejuni pathogenesis. HtrA can be transported into the extracellular space and cleaves cell-to-cell junction factors, such as E-cadherin and probably others, disrupting the epithelial barrier and enabling paracellular transmigration of the bacteria. The secretion of HtrA is a newly discovered strategy also utilized by other pathogens. Thus, secreted HtrA proteases represent highly attractive targets for anti-bacterial treatment and may provide a suitable candidate for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Boehm
- Department of Biology, Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen/Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Simson
- Department of Biology, Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen/Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Escher
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen/Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen/Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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30
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Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi HtrA (HtrABb) is a serine protease that targets damaged or improperly folded proteins. In our previous studies, HtrABb specifically degraded basic membrane protein BmpD, chemotaxis phosphatase CheX, and outer membrane protein P66. In addition, HtrABb degrades virulence factor BB0323 and components of the extracellular matrix fibronectin and aggrecan. A proteomics-based analysis (two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis [2-D DIGE], liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry [LC-MS]) of an HtrABb-overexpressing strain of B. burgdorferi (A3HtrAOE) revealed that protein levels of P66 were reduced in comparison to wild-type B. burgdorferi, confirming its status as an HtrABb substrate. Hbb, a P66-DNA-binding transcription factor, was specifically degraded by HtrABb, providing supportive evidence for a role for both in the regulation of P66. A3HtrAOE exhibited reduced motility in swarm assays, a possible link between overabundance of HtrABb and its enzymatic specificity for P66. However, the ΔP66 strain did not have reduced motility in the swarm assays, negating a role for this protein. The proteomics analyses also identified three enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), and glycerol kinase (GK), and one enzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism, diphosphate-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, which were reduced in A3HtrAOE. Consistent with its reduced protein levels of these glycolytic enzymes, A3HtrAOE was also deficient in production of pyruvate. We propose a model for a role for HtrABb in contributing to a decrease in metabolic activity of B. burgdorferi. Being a vector-borne bacterium, B. burgdorferi must remodel its protein content as it transfers from tick to mammal. Proteolysis is a mechanism whereby remodeling can be accomplished. HtrABb degrades a number of proteins whose disappearance may help in preparing this organism for a stage of low metabolic activity.
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31
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Unusual Manifestation of Live Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Corynebacterium urinapleomorphum, and Helicobacter pylori in the Gallbladder with Cholecystitis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071826. [PMID: 29933576 PMCID: PMC6073424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture-independent studies have identified DNA of bacterial pathogens in the gallbladder under pathological conditions, yet reports on the isolation of corresponding live bacteria are rare. Thus, it is unclear which pathogens, or pathogen communities, can colonize the gallbladder and cause disease. Using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, culture techniques, phylogenetic analysis, urease assays and Western blotting, we investigated the presence of live bacterial communities in the gallbladder of a cholecystitis patient after cholecystectomy. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of isolated bacterial colonies revealed the presence of pathogens most closely resembling Corynebacterium urinapleomorphum nov. sp., Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Helicobacter pylori. The latter colonies were confirmed as H. pylori by immunohistochemistry and biochemical methods. H. pylori cultured from the gallbladder exhibited both the same DNA fingerprinting and Western cagA gene sequence with ABC-type EPIYA (Glu-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Ala) phosphorylation motifs as isolates recovered from the gastric mucus of the same patient, suggesting that gastric H. pylori can also colonize other organs in the human body. Taken together, here we report, for the first time, the identification and characterization of a community consisting of live S. saprophyticus; C. urinapleomorphum, and H. pylori in the gallbladder of a patient with acute cholecystitis. Their potential infection routes and roles in pathogenesis are discussed.
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32
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Backert S, Bernegger S, Skórko-Glonek J, Wessler S. Extracellular HtrA serine proteases: An emerging new strategy in bacterial pathogenesis. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12845. [PMID: 29582532 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The HtrA family of chaperones and serine proteases is important for regulating stress responses and controlling protein quality in the periplasm of bacteria. HtrA is also associated with infectious diseases since inactivation of htrA genes results in significantly reduced virulence properties by various bacterial pathogens. These virulence features of HtrA can be attributed to reduced fitness of the bacteria, higher susceptibility to environmental stress and/or diminished secretion of virulence factors. In some Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens, HtrA itself can be exposed to the extracellular environment promoting bacterial colonisation and invasion of host tissues. Most of our knowledge on the function of exported HtrAs stems from research on Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter jejuni, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bacillus anthracis, and Chlamydia species. Here, we discuss recent progress showing that extracellular HtrAs are able to cleave cell-to-cell junction factors including E-cadherin, occludin, and claudin-8, as well as extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin, aggrecan, and proteoglycans, disrupting the epithelial barrier and producing substantial host cell damage. We propose that the export of HtrAs is a newly discovered strategy, also applied by additional bacterial pathogens. Consequently, exported HtrA proteases represent highly attractive targets for antibacterial treatment by inhibiting their proteolytic activity or application in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Bernegger
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Microbiology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Joanna Skórko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Silja Wessler
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Microbiology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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33
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Albrecht N, Tegtmeyer N, Sticht H, Skórko-Glonek J, Backert S. Amino-Terminal Processing of Helicobacter pylori Serine Protease HtrA: Role in Oligomerization and Activity Regulation. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:642. [PMID: 29713313 PMCID: PMC5911493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HtrA family of serine proteases is found in most bacteria, and plays an essential role in the virulence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Secreted H. pylori HtrA (HtrA Hp ) cleaves various junctional proteins such as E-cadherin disrupting the epithelial barrier, which is crucial for bacterial transmigration across the polarized epithelium. Recent studies indicated the presence of two characteristic HtrA Hp forms of 55 and 52 kDa (termed p55 and p52, respectively), in worldwide strains. In addition, p55 and p52 were produced by recombinant HtrA Hp , indicating auto-cleavage. However, the cleavage sites and their functional importance are yet unclear. Here, we determined the amino-terminal ends of p55 and p52 by Edman sequencing. Two proteolytic cleavage sites were identified (H46/D47 and K50/D51). Remarkably, the cleavage site sequences are conserved in HtrA Hp from worldwide isolates, but not in other Gram-negative pathogens, suggesting a highly specific assignment in H. pylori. We analyzed the role of the amino-terminal cleavage sites on activity, secretion and function of HtrA Hp . Three-dimensional modeling suggested a trimeric structure and a role of amino-terminal processing in oligomerization and regulation of proteolytic activity of HtrA Hp . Furthermore, point and deletion mutants of these processing sites were generated in the recently reported Campylobacter jejuni ΔhtrA/htrAHp genetic complementation system and the minimal sequence requirements for processing were determined. Polarized Caco-2 epithelial cells were infected with these strains and analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy. The results indicated that HtrA Hp processing strongly affected the ability of the protease to disrupt the E-cadherin-based cell-to-cell junctions. Casein zymography confirmed that the amino-terminal region is required for maintaining the proteolytic activity of HtrA Hp . Furthermore, we demonstrated that this cleavage influences the secretion of HtrA Hp in the extracellular space as an important prerequisite for its virulence activity. Taken together, our data demonstrate that amino-terminal cleavage of HtrA Hp is conserved in this pathogen and affects oligomerization and thus, secretion and regulatory activities, suggesting an important role in the pathogenesis of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Albrecht
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joanna Skórko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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34
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Backert S, Haas R, Gerhard M, Naumann M. The Helicobacter pylori Type IV Secretion System Encoded by the cag Pathogenicity Island: Architecture, Function, and Signaling. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75241-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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35
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Kabamba ET, Tuan VP, Yamaoka Y. Genetic populations and virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 60:109-116. [PMID: 29471116 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that has infected more than half of the human population worldwide. This bacterium is closely associated with serious human diseases, such as gastric cancer, and identifying and understanding factors that predict bacterial virulence is a priority. In addition, this pathogen shows high genetic diversity and co-evolution with human hosts. H. pylori population genetics, therefore, has emerged as a tool to track human demographic history. As the number of genome sequences available is increasing, studies on the evolution and virulence of H. pylori are gaining momentum. This review article summarizes the most recent findings on H. pylori virulence factors and population genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evariste Tshibangu Kabamba
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-City, Oita 879-5593, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Mbujimayi Faculty of Medicine, Mbujimayi, The Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Vo Phuoc Tuan
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-City, Oita 879-5593, Japan; Department of Endoscopy, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-City, Oita 879-5593, Japan; Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. Debakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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